1. The word perspective means “the way a person looks at something”.

A True
B False

2. We all may be a little guilty of the common problem of "mine-is-better" thinking when
we favour our own home town, our local sports team, or our alumnus.
A True
B False

3. Reflective thinking is a fast and prompt process.

A True
B False

4. Donald Trump claims to be a politician, but really he's just another rich snob who is
trying to buy his way into the White House.
A Post Hoc Ergo Propter
B Oversimplification
C False Authority
D Ad-Hominem

5. Why is it always important to anticipate and refute possible opposing views in your
argumentative paper?
A Otherwise, you will be more likely to encourage a consensus among your
audience on your topic
B Otherwise, your reader may not let go of the opposing views that he or she may
 have about your essay topic
C Otherwise, your reader will be more likely to accept the position that you're
arguing
D Otherwise, your reader will not be aware that there are any views in opposition
to your own

6. What is a fallacy?
A A false statement
B An illogical argument that does not support a conclusion
C A deliberately misleading statement
D A logical argument that leads to a flawed conclusion

7. Wearing pants that are flame retardant and shaped like a parachute is cool because
that's all that Justin Bieber wears.
A Appeal to Authority
B Begging the Question
C False Cause
D False Dilemma

8. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate place to present an opposing view and
your counter-argument to that view?
A Anywhere in the body of your paper where you can make a smooth transition
into the opposing view
B At the very end of the body of your persuasive paper
C Right after you've made your own point that's closely related to the opposing
view
D During the writing of your thesis, at the end of the introduction
9. An interruption between the initial idea and the conclusion.
A Non sequitur
B Bandwagon Fallacy
C Straw man Fallacy
D Ad Hominem

10. When a source is viewed negatively because of its connection with another person or
group.
Takin
A Straw man argument
B Ad hominem
C Bandwagon fallacy
D Guilt by association

11. When Janet was in Egypt she was told she ate with the "wrong" hand. This could be
seen as an example of:
A Resistance to change
B Mine is better thinking
C Conformity
D Face saving

12. Barbara frequently took all the packets of sugar off the table at her local diner. She told
herself that it wasn't really stealing because she felt the diner overcharged for their lunch
specials. Barbara might be guilty of which of the following?
A Resistance to change
B Stereotyping
C Rationalization
D Begging the question

13. Which of the following is incorrect for fostering reflective thinking?

A Allocate less time for reflection.
 B Record of his/her success or failure in employing a strategy
C Attend to feelings especially the positive and pleasant ones.
D Recount the experiences that he/she has had.

14. Jenny insisted drinking champagne on New Year's Eve even though she didn't like the
taste of it. When her friends asked her why, she said: "Because drinking champagne is what
is always done!" Jenny might be guilty of which of the following fallacies?
A Appeal to ignorance
B Appeal to tradition
C Appeal to common belief
D Appeal to authority

15. Which one of the following is NOT the attributes of critical thinker.
A Has a sense of curiosity
B Suspends judgement until all facts have been gathered and considered
C Is unable to adjust opinions when new facts are found
D Is able to reject information that is incorrect or irrelevant.

16. Teachers should develop strong belief amongst the students to not change one point of
view and remain confident about their beliefs even if someone examines and re-examines
their beliefs/ideas and proves the opposite
A True
B False

17. There is an insightful cognitive approach in __________.

A Critical thinking.
B Reflective thinking.

18. The acronym for (HOTS) in critical thinking is also known as ____________________.
 A Higher Older Thinking Scheme
B Higher Older Thinking Skills
C Higher Order Thinking Skills
D Higher Order Thinking Scheme

19. In a faulty analogy, the things being compared are:

A Sufficiently similar
B Sufficiently similar in irrelevant ways
C Complete opposites
D Not sufficiently similar in relevant ways

20. In academic argument, the focus should be on your point-of-view.

A True
B False

21. Challenging the argument by addressing the position of someone who may not agree
with the argument
A turn back/rebuttal
B counterargument

22. The fallacy of appeal to the person is rejecting a claim by:

A Using rhetoric
B Making false statements
C Ignoring the person
D Criticizing the person who makes it

23. Fallacies can be psychologically persuasive even though they are:

A Psychologically impotent
 B Logically flawed
C Deductively valid
D Inductively valid

24. The appeal to popularity is arguing that a claim must be true because:
A No one has rejected it
B No one has proven it false
C A substantial number of people doubt it
D A substantial number of people believe it

25. The distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone's position so it can be more

easily attacked is the fallacy of:
A Red herring
B Straw man
C Begging the question
D Appeal to the person

26. Cultural relativism is the view that what makes an action right is that it ____________.
A Is approved by oneself
B Is approved by one's culture
C Conforms to universal moral standards
D Is in one's best interests

27. An expression of a person's feelings that cannot be proven is called...

A Emotion
B Opinion
C Expression
D Objective

28. "It's too late for me to get honor roll so I might as well not even try to do well." What
type of ANT is this an example of?
 A All or Nothing
B Mind Reading
C Fortune Telling
D Labeling

29. Author, sources, purposes, bias, and publication date are all things to consider when
determining a source's what?
A Rationality
B Comments
C Credibility
D Reliability

30. If the same information is found in multiple sources, it is most likely what?
A Reliable but Not Useful
B Unreliable and Not Useful
C Unreliable but Useful
D Reliable and Useful

31. Seeing situations as "glass half empty" is what kind of ANT?

A Focusing on the Negative
B Mind Reading
C Fortune Telling
D Guilt Beating

32. What does the term "mind-set" mean?

A The ability to think quickly
 B Having a narrow mind
C The set of attitudes or beliefs held by someone
D Not minding if someone does not like you

33. A critique must be written __________ based on observations of the text.

A Subjectively
B Objectively

34. Which of the following states how critiques benefit the writer of the text being
critiqued?
A Critiques help the writer make his work better.
B Critiques give the writer concrete ideas for a new text.

35. What do you think "reframing" your thoughts means?

A. Looking at yourself in a critical way.
B. Identifying your thinking patterns and being able to shape them into more
positive ways.
C. Writing your ideas down and then putting them on a wall.
D. Stop thinking about something altogether.

36. "I made a mistake. I am such a loser."

A Labeling
B Personalisation

37. A will happen then B comes after and A was caused by B

A Overgeneralization
BC False cause and effect
Red Herring
D Oversimplification

38. Which is not the characteristic of a critical thinker?

 A He uses logical skills in reasoning
B He refuses to recognize the limitations of his mind and consistently pursues
excellence
C He thinks independently and does not always succumb to peer pressure
D He upholds the standards of critical thinking

39. What is the problem with relativistic thinking?

A There's no problem with it
B Relativistic thinking promotes group opinions
C Relativistic thinking promotes absolute truth
D Relativistic thinking promotes the view that something is the truth because it is
the truth in my point of view

40. What do you think "automatic thoughts" are?

A Things in your head which you can't remember easily
B Things you have been programmed to think by someone else, like, brainwashing
C Thoughts which you automatically forget because they are not useful to you
D Ideas which "pop" into your head without deliberate thought

Part 1(10 Marks)

Identifying informal fallacies. Name or describe the fallacy committed and analyze the
difficulty it introduces.

1. At first she will study in the evening, after cleaning the kitchen, when the children
are sleeping. But as exams approach and papers are due, she will gradually neglect
more and more of the housework: She will not cook, the shopping won't be done,
and she will even forget to check her daughter's homework and take her son to his
doctor's appointment. Eventually the whole family will be in immense chaos.
Nobody should try to finish a degree and care for small children at the same time.

Slippery slope

2. We need more government regulation of the media. TV news becomes more and
more influential every year, and as the Sesame Street generation comes of age, it is
 coming to be their sole source of information. If the situation is not brought in check,
the news anchors on the major networks will have more influence than the
President.

Slippery slope

3. Finishing my degree is important for my self-esteem, because graduating is essential

for my own sense of worth.

Circular

4. Never let your neighbor borrow anything. First it's a cup of sugar, then your favorite
scarf, and the next thing you know she'll want to borrow your spouse to do some
"jobs" around the house.

Slippery slope

5. In one of his songs, jazz and blues singer Mose Allison describes someone by saying,
"Your mind is on vacation, but your mouth is workin' overtime." Apparently some
people oppose campus speech codes because they believe that the condition
described in the song is perfectly all right for college students. We should expect
more, though. Campus speech codes require you to think before you speak, and
everyone should favor such a standard in a university community.

Straw man

Part B (30 marks)

Identify Conclusions and Premises from the paragraphs below
1. If there is any implication that is clear from the U.S. Constitution it is that each of us
has a right to control the processes that take place in our own bodies. This right to
self-determination obviously covers everything that takes place in our bodies. A
medical doctor can advise me on when to have an operation, but he or she cannot
force me to have one. A woman has this same right to self-determination. Hence,
abortion should be legal.

Conclusion: Abortion should be legal.

Premises: All the other sentences.

2. The government has a duty to protect the individual rights of all citizens. Because an
unborn baby is as much a citizen as anyone else, the elimination of this citizen's life is
tantamount to murder. Therefore abortion should be illegal.

Conclusion: Abortion should be illegal.

 Premises: All the other sentences.

3. Contrary to popular opinion, from a scientific point of view it is very unlikely that
extraterrestrial intelligent life exists in our galaxy. This is so, for the following
reasons: The Sun is a star that is about 4.6 billion years old. The Earth was formed
with the Sun, and intelligent life took at least this long to evolve on Earth. In
assessing another star's chances for having planets with intelligent life, the star must
be at least as old as the Sun. However, roughly half the stars in our galaxy are
younger than the Sun. If intelligence takes 4 to 5 billion years to develop, these
young stars cannot have intelligent life around them yet. We should also keep in
mind that at least half the stars in our galaxy are part of binary star systems,
and lifebearing planets could not survive the monstrous gravitational forces of binary
systems. Only a very small percentage of stars in our galaxy are suitable for planets
with intelligent life.

Conclusion: Contrary to popular opinion, from a scientific point of view it is very

unlikely that extraterrestrial intelligent life exists in our galaxy.
Premises: All the other sentences.

4. For more than forty years Congress has been controlled by the Democratic party,
and look at the state of the country. It is time for a change. Vote Republican this
November.

Conclusion: Vote Republican this November.

Premises: The other sentences.

5. Argument against allowing women to be priests in the Catholic Church:

Women who are clamoring for the priesthood just are not too observant. The
mission for women in the church has always been, and always will be, a different
service. If they would only look at the history of the Roman Catholic Church, they
would realize that they traditionally have the greatest power in the Church the
formation of minds and hearts in education, a ministry to the sick, and the teaching
of the Church to future generations.

Conclusion: (implied) Women should not be priests in the Catholic Church.

Premises: The mission for women in the church has always been, and always will be,
a different service. If they would only look at the history of the Roman Catholic
Church, they would realize that they traditionally have the greatest power in the
Church the formation of minds and hearts in education, a ministry to the sick, and
the teaching of the Church to future generations.

6. It is time to trash the Hawaii Superferry for the following very clear reasons. The
majority of the people on Kauai and Maui don't want the Superferry. The majority of
 the local people in this State don't want the Superferry. The majority of the people
of this State want to preserve what little we have left of our precious Aina and are
against one more big business supported by powerful politicians ruining our local
lifestyle.

Conclusion: It is time to trash the Hawaii Superferry.

Premises: The other sentences.

7. If you are the chief of intelligence for a tyrant, then you will always be in
trouble. This is so, because if you tell the tyrant the truth and it contradicts his sense
of infallibility, you will be in trouble. If you tell the tyrant only what he wants to hear,
time will inevitably expose your lies and you will be in trouble. A chief of intelligence
either has to tell the truth or lie.

Conclusion: If you are the chief of intelligence for a tyrant, then you will always be in
trouble.
Premises: The other sentences.

8. A necessary condition for universal moral judgment is the existence of universal

moral principles. But the establishment of universal moral principles is possible if
and only if there is an objective method for ethical judgment. If there is one clear
anthropological fact it is that of cultural relativism -- there are vast differences
amongst the world's cultures as to what is considered right and wrong. So, do we
really have the right to judge those societies that still practice female circumcision?

Conclusion: We do not have a right to judge those societies that still practice female
circumcision.
Premises: The other sentences.

9. Justice is justice and fairness is fairness. It does not matter that judgments of right
and wrong are culturally relative. Slavery is wrong, period. It does not matter that it
was once popular. We have learned over the millennia that there is no inherent
difference between the so-called races of people on this planet. We have also
learned that there is no inherent intellectual difference and moral worth between
the sexes. It should be obvious that we do have a right to judge any culture that still
practices female circumcision.

Conclusion: We do have a right to judge any culture that still practices female
circumcision.
Premises: The other sentences.

10. Support President Bush and don't listen to his critics. Those who criticize the
president's foreign policy, his development of a new class of offensive-deterrent
 nuclear weapons, and his plans to drill for oil in Alaska are just the usual suspects of
leftwing crybabies who don't realize what the real world is like. It is a violent world
with very real evil people in it. We will some times need to kill people before they
have a chance to kill us. We need also to be more self-sufficient in terms of energy
production so that we don't have to rely on people (Arab countries) who don't like us
because we support Israel. (Letter to the Editor, 6/03)

Conclusion: Support President Bush and don't listen to his critics.

Premises: The other sentences..

11. If the members of the Islamic charity knew or not that they were being wiretapped,
the charity cannot sue the government. This is so, for the following reasons: The
Islamic charity cannot sue the government unless members of the charity knew they
were being wiretapped, but they could not know they were being wiretapped if and
only if the wiretapping was legally secret. However, the government seems to be
saying that even if the wiretapping was not legally secret, the charity could not
know. If members of the charity knew (because they found out), the Islamic charity
can sue the government only if the wiretapping was not legally secret.

Conclusion: If the members of the Islamic charity knew or not that they were being
wiretapped, the charity cannot sue the government.
Premises: The other sentences.

12. Argument aimed at getting African-American and minority support for electing
Barack Obama president:

It is time for an historic change. Think of what black people have been through in this
country and think of the opportunity we have now to elect the first African-American
president. Imagine we have the chance to vote for a Hawaiian born, grandson-of-a-
son from Middle America Kansas. People of color, people of Hawaii, this is our
chance. Vote for Obama.

Conclusion: Vote for Obama.

Premises: The other sentences.

13. Argument supporting Judge Sonia Sotomayor as the next Supreme Court justice.

It is time. It is time for some Latino justice in this county. It is time for some Latino
representation on the Supreme Court. Almost 30 million Americans list their
ancestry as Latino as of 2006. If confirmed Judge Sotomayor will be the first Latino
American on the Supreme Court. Support the Latino American Sotomayor for Justice
Project.

Conclusion: (implied) Support Judge Sonia Sotomayor as the next Supreme Court
 justice.

Premises: It is time. It is time for some Latino justice in this county. It is time for
some Latino representation on the Supreme Court. Almost 30 million Americans list
their ancestry as Latino as of 2006. If confirmed Judge Sotomayor will be the first
Latino American on the Supreme Court.

14. From a speech to a local women's organization by their president:

"Any modern woman ready to enter the twenty-first century knows that it is her
right to have abortion on demand. The antiquated arguments of the antiabortionists
are no longer worth considering. Arguments from natural law have been used for
centuries to oppress women. It is our time now and time for a new philosophy of
justice. Abortion is legal, should be legal, and will be legal in a new century of
equality."

Conclusion: Abortion should be legal.

Premises: Any modern woman ready to enter the twenty-first century knows that it
is her right to have abortion on demand. The antiquated arguments of the
antiabortionists are no longer worth considering. Arguments from natural law have
been used for centuries to oppress women. It is our time now and time for a new
philosophy of justice.

15. On being smart about global warming?

If the science on human influenced global warming is right, then we should act as if
the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, and if we act as
if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, then we will
have greater energy security. This is so, because acting as if the scientific evidence
on human influenced global warming is not right will cause us to produce
concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying immense risk, if the science on human
influenced global warming is right. Acting as if the scientific evidence on human
influenced global warming is right will cause us to investment in developing low-
carbon emission technologies, even if the scientific evidence on human influenced
global warming is not right. Investment in developing low-carbon emission
technologies will cause greater energy security and energy efficiencies. We don't
want to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying immense risk, even
though we act as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is
not right.

Conclusion: If the science on human influenced global warming is right, then we

should act as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right,
and if we act as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is
right, then we will have greater energy security.

Premises: Acting as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is

 not right will cause us to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying
immense risk, if the science on human influenced global warming is right. Acting as
if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right will cause us to
investment in developing low-carbon emission technologies, even if the scientific
evidence on human influenced global warming is not right. Investment in developing
low-carbon emission technologies will cause greater energy security and energy
efficiencies. We don't want to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying
immense risk, even though we act as if the scientific evidence on human influenced
global warming is not right.

A. premises only

1. No brass instruments use reeds, and flutes don't use reeds, so flutes must be brass
instruments.

No brass instruments use reeds, and flutes don't use reeds, so flutes must be brass
instruments

[4 marks]

B. premises and conclusion

2. The government has a duty to protect the individual rights of all citizens. Because an
unborn baby is as much a citizen as anyone else, the elimination of this citizen's life is
tantamount to murder. Therefore abortion should be illegal
Conclusion: Abortion should be illegal.
Premises: All the other sentences.[3 marks]

C. premises and conclusion

3. Justice is justice and fairness is fairness. It does not matter that judgments of right and wr
ong are culturally relative. Slavery is wrong, period. It does not matter that it was once popu
lar. We have learned over the millennia that there is no inherent difference between the so-
called races of people on this planet. We have also learned that there is no inherent intellect
ual difference and moral worth between the sexes. It should be obvious that we do have a ri
ght to judge any culture that still practices female circumcision.
Conclusion: We do have a right to judge any culture that still practices female circumcision.
Premises: The other sentences.
[3 marks]

Part Two - (5 x 1 marks = 5 marks) Identify the fallacy in each of the following texts.
No Text Type of Fallacy
1 At first she will study in the evening, after cleaning Slippery Slope
the kitchen, when the children are sleeping. But as
exams approach and papers are due, she will
gradually neglect more and more of the housework:
She will not cook, the shopping won't be done, and
she will even forget to check her daughter's
homework and take her son to his doctor's
appointment. Eventually the whole family will be in
immense chaos. Nobody should try to finish a degree
and care for small children at the same time.

2 We need more government regulation of the media. Slippery Slope

TV news becomes more and more influential every
year, and as the Sesame Street generation comes of
age, it is coming to be their sole source of
information. If the situation is not brought in check,
the news anchors on the major networks will have
more influence than the President.

3 “Finishing my degree is important for my self- Circular

esteem, because graduating is essential for my own
sense of worth.

4 Never let your neighbor borrow anything. First it's a Slippery Slope
cup of sugar, then your favorite scarf, and the next
thing you know she'll want to borrow your spouse to
do some "jobs" around the house.

5 In one of his songs, jazz and blues singer Mose Straw Man
Allison describes someone by saying, "Your mind is
on vacation, but your mouth is workin' overtime."
Apparently some people oppose campus speech
codes because they believe that the condition
described in the song is perfectly all right for college
students. We should expect more, though. Campus
speech codes require you to think before you speak,
and everyone should favor such a standard in a
university community.
SECTION B - Critical Thinking and Problem solving [35 marks]

Read the mini cases and answer the questions.

1. Eric is a student with the Foundation in Arts program and has been having a really
good time during his last semester. He enjoys the program but the program can be
stressful at times as the subject matter is challenging and very bulky. Eric has a 3
months break coming up soon and is deciding if he should be taking a break and
relaxing or enrol himself into an internship program. The internship will be paying
him RM 1500 a month and that would be a great help for him as his parents do not
give him enough allowance for his daily expenditure. His friends are planning to go
for a short holiday to Thailand that will cost them RM 1000 each as they want to
explore Thailand for 2 weeks. Eric is very excited but he realises that he needs to
save for his upcoming semester. Eric is looking to make a decision using the 6
thinking hats method by Edward de Bono .

Help Eric make a decision using the 6 thinking hats.

A. Identify the 6 thinking and how it will be used to solve the dilemma that Eric
finds himself in (12 marks)
B. Explain the sequence of usage of the 6 thinking hats. Which hat will you use
first to last and the reasoning (6 marks)
C. If you were in Eric’s situation, what would you do? Please provide TWO
justifications. (7 marks)

White Hat (Salary vs Expenditure of trip)

Red Hat (Need a break because is stressful vs having to earn money for allowance)
Green Hat (Maybe should get a remote job that you can do while travel)
Yellow Hat( Relaxing and spend time with friends vs More allowance next semester)
Black hat (The relaxing time can be had locally for a cheaper price or during non work hours
vs fear of burn out )
Blue hat ( Use the hats in this sequence WHITE , YELLOW, BLACK, RED, GREEN AND BLUE )
Blue hat ( Conclude the decision)

B. As long students can justify we can evaluate

C. Student must show the ability to explain their decision using critical thinking and decision
making skills
 2. Jack your friend is working at a multi-national company that is in charge of laying the
Electricity cables all over rural Sabah. He has to visit the cable laying site every week
and ensure the work is going on smoothly. Last week when he visited the site there
were a group of orang asli villagers that have come to meet him, they were saying
that the cable is not passing through their village and that will leave them out from
receiving electricity. Jack is very conflicted as his company is not allowed to redirect
the route of the cables as they have signed a contract with TNB. The villagers have
even brought the local assemblyman to speak to Jack, he has offered Jack a huge
amount of money to Jack to redirect the cable. The villagers are pressuring him, he is
very conflicted and would like to make the right decision. Jack has contacted you to
help him make a decision.

A. What are the facts that need to be considered before making the decision?
(4 marks)
B. Identify the problem and ethical issues involved? (5 marks)
C. What are some of the possible solutions in your opinion?
Please give 2 solutions (6marks)

A. Contract between Tnb and Jacks company, Orang Asli want electricity for their
village, Assemblyman offering big money to illegally run cables to village.
B. The problem is does Jack follow the contract and not take the money or take the
bribe as he will be helping many villagers and improve their lives.
C. Ask the assemblyman to write to TNB directly and ask them to change the contract,
He can report the offer of bribe to his company and ask them to engage directly with
the villagers

SECTION A- Identifying Terminologies and concepts [20 marks]

Part One - (10 marks)
For each of the arguments listed below, identify the:
a.premises only
 1. I'm on my way to school. I left five minutes late. Traffic is heavy. Therefore, I'll
be late for class. So I might as well stop and get breakfast.
[4 marks]

b.premises and conclusion

2. Azfar : Where is Maria, aunty? I’m counting on her for a ride to my early
class at 8.30am.
Maria’s mother: She must be asleep. (premise)
Azfar : Then her alarm didn’t go off.(conclusion)
[3 marks]
The conclusion can also be that Azfar will be late for class and the premise can be that
Maria is asleep and her alarm didn’t go off
c. premises and conclusion
3. When students who study art take a first look at art from the modern period,
such as modernist abstract paintings and sculptures, their eyes are
confronted by something that seems to them to contain completely
meaningless and incomprehensible patterns and squiggles. It is in fact quite
true that only after an extended duration and process,which consists in the
study of the historical development of art, that they can begin to appreciate
and grasp the meaning and significance of these pieces. This observation
affords us a very important insight about the educational methodology
regarding modern art. It is that it must always begin with lessons and learning
of the history of art. This cannot be avoided and will only benefit students.
[3 marks]
Part Two - (5 x 1 marks = 5 marks)
Identify the fallacy in each of the following texts.
No Text Type of Fallacy

1 I know it has been ages since any of our staff had a Red Herring
promotion but we are working really hard to
increase the productivity of our company.

2 X’s view is false or unjustified [but X’s view has been Straw Man
unfairly misrepresented]. Therefore, X’s view should
be rejected.
3 “The rate of organ donation in Spain is very high. The Non sequitur
fact that the average Spanish
family owns so many cars must be responsible for
that”
 4 “Retired persons in the Maldives are unhappy about Hasty Generalisation
the level of assistance they
receive from Social Security. After all, a report just
published by the Maldives Association of Retired
Persons surveyed 100 retirees in all parts of the
country and they all agreed that their Social Security
benefits were insufficient”

5 “Today’s newspaper says WARNING ISSUED ON Straw man/ apeeal to

PAIN-KILLER PILLS. What are they humor
thinking? Nobody is going to carry a magnifying glass
to read a warning written on
each of the pills in the bottle!”

Part Three - (5 x 1 marks = 5 marks)

Identify the following argument as either INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE for each of the following
texts.
No Argument Type of Argument
1 Nalin is an extrovert. It follows that he is outgoing. Inductive
2 All inductive generalizations are inductive. Some deductive
inductive generalizations are unreliable. Therefore,
some inductive arguments are unreliable.
3 Salman is the father of Shah. It follows that Salman deductive
is the grandfather of Muhammad because Shah is
the father of Muhammad.
4 Sutharshan says he can lift 1,000 pounds over his inductive
head. A full-grown cow weighs less than 1,000
pounds. So, Sutharshan can lift a full-grown cow
over his head.
5 Lee Chong Wei is one of the best badminton inductive
players in the world. Tiger Woods has never played
badminton in his life. It is certain, therefore, that
Tiger Wood could never beat Lee Chong Wei in a
round of badminton.
SECTION B - Critical Thinking and Problem Solving [15 marks]

Read the mini case and answer the questions.

Richard Gan, a second year student, works two part-time jobs while at tending Cahaya
University. Richard finds his course load for the semester two, very challenging and he
struggles to keep up with the assignments in his Moral and Ethics course. Richard knows
Moral and Ethics instructor, Professor Tharun, thinks highly of him. So, having missed the
deadline for submission of an assignment, Richard goes to Professor Tharun with the story
that he and his twin brother were in a serious car accident over the weekend. Professor
Tharun is, of course, very sympathetic and grants Richard an extension on the assignment.
Later in the semester, Richard finds himself left behind on another assignment for Moral
and Ethics.

i. Identify the issue or problem in this situation. [3 marks]

The issue is that he cant keep up with the 2 subjects as he is busy with 2 jobs and has lied
and misused the trust that his teacher has given him
ii. Suggest TWO solutions to solve the issue. [4 marks]
a. Quit one job and concentrate
b. Explain his issue to the teacher and come clean
iii. Justify with TWO reasons as to why you have chosen those solutions.
[8 marks]
a. He will have more time
b. His teacher might empathise with him

SECTION C - Case Study Analysis and Decision Making [15 marks]

Read the following case and answer the question in not more than 120 words.
 Micheal is a foundation in Law student in Spark College. He has been arriving late for
morning classes which starts at 8.30am . On one occasion, his lecturer, Mr Jeeva caught
him sneaking into the lecture hall using the back door at 9.30 am and demanded for an
explanation. Micheal explained that he could not wake up on time and that he was not a
‘morning person’. After a long lecture, Mr Jeeva issued him a warning letter and told
Micheal of his tardiness very seriously. Two days later, Mr Jeeva caught Micheal arriving
for morning class an hour late.

1. Do you think the reason given by Micheal for being late is reasonable?
Why or Why not? I [3 marks]
2. If you were the lecturer, what would you do? Why? [3 marks]

3. If you were Micheal, what would you do? Why? [3 marks]

4. How can the issue of punctuality be addressed or improved?

Provide TWO(2) [6 marks]

END OF QUESTIONS
1. If yes its beacause of some health issues that are unavoidable
If no its because it’s a habit that can be changed
2. I will hear him out and try to empathize with him. Since its college and he is
responsible for his own success he will have to change if not miss out on the
lecture
3. Will try and change my habit as its for the better
4. Can help by setting an alarm and sleeping early
Talk about his morning routine and even his before sleep routine in order for him
to plan his time and not be delayed

SECTION A- Identifying Logical Fallacies [5 marks]

Answer the following questions by circling the correct answer
1. Donald Trump claims to be a politician, but really he's just another rich snob who is
trying to buy his way into the White House.
A. Post Hog Ergo Propter
B. Oversimplification
C. False Authority
D. Ad- Hominem

2. What is a Fallacy

A. A False statement
B. An Illogical argument that does not support a conclusion
C. A deliberately misleading statement
D. A logical argument that leads to a flawed conclusion

3. An interruption between the initial idea and the conclusion is known as what Fallacy?
A. Non- Sequitur
B. Bandwagon Fallacy
C. Straw man Fallacy
D. Ad- Hominem

4. The distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone's position so it can be more

easily attacked is the fallacy of:
A. Red Herring
B. Straw Man
C. Begging the question
D. Appeal to the person

5. Fallacies can be psychologically persuasive even though they are:

A. Psychologically Impotent
B. Logically flawed
C. Deductively valid
D. Inductively valid
SECTION B- Identifying Premises and Conclusions. (15 Marks)
For each of the arguments listed below, identify the:
A. Premise only

1. No brass instruments use reeds, and flutes don't use reeds, so flutes must be brass
instruments.

2. Argument against allowing women to be priests in the Catholic Church:

Women who are clamoring for the priesthood just are not too observant. The mission for
women in the church has always been, and always will be, a different service. If they would
only look at the history of the Roman Catholic Church, they would realize that they
traditionally have the greatest power in the Church the formation of minds and hearts in
education, a ministry to the sick, and the teaching of the Church to future generations.

B. Conclusion only

3. The government has a duty to protect the individual rights of all citizens. Because an
unborn baby is as much a citizen as anyone else, the elimination of this citizen's life is
tantamount to murder. Therefore abortion should be illegal.

4. If there is any implication that is clear from the U.S. Constitution it is that each of us has a
right to control the processes that take place in our own bodies. This right to self-
determination obviously covers everything that takes place in our bodies. A medical doctor
can advise me on when to have an operation, but he or she cannot force me to have one. A
woman has this same right to self-determination. Hence, abortion should be legal.

5. The government has a duty to protect the individual rights of all citizens. Because an
unborn baby is as much a citizen as anyone else, the elimination of this citizen's life is
tantamount to murder. Therefore abortion should be illegal.
C. premises and conclusion
6. For more than forty years Congress has been controlled by the Democratic party, and
look at the state of the country. It is time for a change. Vote Republican this November.
Conclusion: Vote Republican this November.
Premises: The other sentences

7. Justice is justice and fairness is fairness. It does not matter that judgments of right and wr
ong are culturally relative. Slavery is wrong, period. It does not matter that it was once popu
lar. We have learned over the millennia that there is no inherent difference between the so-
called races of people on this planet. We have also learned that there is no inherent intellect
ual difference and moral worth between the sexes. It should be obvious that we do have a ri
ght to judge any culture that still practices female circumcision.

Conclusion: We do have a right to judge any culture that still practices female circumcision.
Premises: The The other sentences.

8. Contrary to popular opinion, from a scientific point of view it is very unlikely that
extraterrestrial intelligent life exists in our galaxy. This is so, for the following reasons: The
Sun is a star that is about 4.6 billion years old. The Earth was formed with the Sun, and
intelligent life took at least this long to evolve on Earth. In assessing another star's chances
for having planets with intelligent life, the star must be at least as old as the Sun. However,
roughly half the stars in our galaxy are younger than the Sun. If intelligence takes 4 to 5
billion years to develop, these young stars cannot have intelligent life around them yet. We
should also keep in mind that at least half the stars in our galaxy are part of binary star
systems, and lifebearing planets could not survive the monstrous gravitational forces of
binary systems. Only a very small percentage of stars in our galaxy are suitable for planets
with intelligent life.

Conclusion: Contrary to popular opinion, from a scientific point of view it is very unlikely
that extraterrestrial intelligent life exists in our galaxy.
Premises: All the other sentences.
9. It is time to trash the Hawaii Superferry for the following very clear reasons. The majority
of the people on Kauai and Maui don't want the Superferry. The majority of the local
people in this State don't want the Superferry. The majority of the people of this State want
to preserve what little we have left of our precious Aina and are against one more big
business supported by powerful politicians ruining our local lifestyle.

Conclusion: It is time to trash the Hawaii Superferry.

Premises: The other sentences.

10. If you are the chief of intelligence for a tyrant, then you will always be in trouble. This is
so, because if you tell the tyrant the truth and it contradicts his sense of infallibility, you will
be in trouble. If you tell the tyrant only what he wants to hear, time will inevitably expose
your lies and you will be in trouble. A chief of intelligence either has to tell the truth or lie.

Conclusion: If you are the chief of intelligence for a tyrant, then you will always be in
trouble.
Premises: The other sentences.

11. If the members of the Islamic charity knew or not that they were being wiretapped, the
charity cannot sue the government. This is so, for the following reasons: The Islamic charity
cannot sue the government unless members of the charity knew they were being
wiretapped, but they could not know they were being wiretapped if and only if the
wiretapping was legally secret. However, the government seems to be saying that even if
the wiretapping was not legally secret, the charity could not know. If members of the
charity knew (because they found out), the Islamic charity can sue the government only if
the wiretapping was not legally secret.

Conclusion: If the members of the Islamic charity knew or not that they were being
wiretapped, the charity cannot sue the government.
Premises: The other sentences.

12. Argument aimed at getting African-American and minority support for electing Barack
Obama president:

It is time for an historic change. Think of what black people have been through in this
country and think of the opportunity we have now to elect the first African-American
president. Imagine we have the chance to vote for a Hawaiian born, grandson-of-a-son from
Middle America Kansas. People of color, people of Hawaii, this is our chance. Vote for
Obama.

Conclusion: Vote for Obama.

Premises: The other sentences.

13. Argument supporting Judge Sonia Sotomayor as the next Supreme Court justice.

It is time. It is time for some Latino justice in this county. It is time for some Latino
representation on the Supreme Court. Almost 30 million Americans list their ancestry as
Latino as of 2006. If confirmed Judge Sotomayor will be the first Latino American on the
Supreme Court. Support the Latino American Sotomayor for Justice Project.

Conclusion: (implied) Support Judge Sonia Sotomayor as the next Supreme Court justice.

Premises: It is time. It is time for some Latino justice in this county. It is time for some
Latino representation on the Supreme Court. Almost 30 million Americans list their ancestry
as Latino as of 2006. If confirmed Judge Sotomayor will be the first Latino American on the
Supreme Court.

14. From a speech to a local women's organization by their president:

"Any modern woman ready to enter the twenty-first century knows that it is her right to
have abortion on demand. The antiquated arguments of the antiabortionists are no longer
worth considering. Arguments from natural law have been used for centuries to oppress
women. It is our time now and time for a new philosophy of justice. Abortion is legal, should
be legal, and will be legal in a new century of equality."

Conclusion: Abortion should be legal.

Premises: Any modern woman ready to enter the twenty-first century knows that it is her
right to have abortion on demand. The antiquated arguments of the antiabortionists are no
longer worth considering. Arguments from natural law have been used for centuries to
oppress women. It is our time now and time for a new philosophy of justice.

15. On being smart about global warming?

If the science on human influenced global warming is right, then we should act as if the
scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, and if we act as if the
scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, then we will have greater
energy security. This is so, because acting as if the scientific evidence on human influenced
global warming is not right will cause us to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide
carrying immense risk, if the science on human influenced global warming is right. Acting as
if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right will cause us to
investment in developing low-carbon emission technologies, even if the scientific evidence
on human influenced global warming is not right. Investment in developing low-carbon
emission technologies will cause greater energy security and energy efficiencies. We don't
want to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying immense risk, even though we
act as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is not right.

Conclusion: If the science on human influenced global warming is right, then we should act
as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, and if we act as if
the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is right, then we will have
greater energy security.

Premises: Acting as if the scientific evidence on human influenced global warming is not
right will cause us to produce concentrations of carbon dioxide carrying immense risk, if
SECTION C - Critical Thinking and Problem Solving [30 marks]

Read the mini cases and answer the questions.

Richard Gan, a second year student, works two part-time jobs while at tending Cahaya
University. Richard finds his course load for the semester two, very challenging and he
struggles to keep up with the assignments in his Moral and Ethics course. Richard knows
Moral and Ethics instructor, Professor Tharun, thinks highly of him. So, having missed the
deadline for submission of an assignment, Richard goes to Professor Tharun with the story
that he and his twin brother were in a serious car accident over the weekend. Professor
Tharun is, of course, very sympathetic and grants Richard an extension on the assignment.
Later in the semester, Richard finds himself left behind on another assignment for Moral
and Ethics.

iv. Identify the issue or problem in this situation. [3 marks]

v. Suggest TWO solutions to solve the issue. [4 marks]
vi. Justify with TWO reasons as to why you have chosen those solutions.
[8 marks]
 i. The issue is that he cant keep up with the 2 subjects as he is busy with 2 jobs and has
lied and misused the trust that his teacher has given him
ii. Quit one job and concentrate
Explain his issue to the teacher and come clean
iii. He will have more time
His teacher might empathise with him

Jack your friend is working at a multi-national company that is in charge of laying the
Electricity cables all over rural Sabah. He has to visit the cable laying site every week and
ensure the work is going on smoothly. Last week when he visited the site there were a
group of orang asli villagers that have come to meet him, they were saying that the cable is
not passing through their village and that will leave them out from receiving electricity. Jack
is very conflicted as his company is not allowed to redirect the route of the cables as they
have signed a contract with TNB. The villagers have even brought the local assemblyman to
speak to Jack, he has offered Jack a huge amount of money to Jack to redirect the cable. The
villagers are pressuring him, he is very conflicted and would like to make the right decision.
Jack has contacted you to help him make a decision.

D. What are the facts that need to be considered before making the decision?
(4 marks)
 E. Identify the problem and ethical issues involved? (5 marks)
F. What are some of the possible solutions in your opinion?
Please give 2 solutions (6marks)

D. Contract between Tnb and Jacks company, Orang Asli want electricity for their
village, Assemblyman offering big money to illegally run cables to village.
E. The problem is does Jack follow the contract and not take the money or take the
bribe as he will be helping many villagers and improve their lives.
F. Ask the assemblyman to write to TNB directly and ask them to change the contract,
He can report the offer of bribe to his company and ask them to engage directly with
the villagers

50%
SECTION A- Identifying Definitions and concepts [5marks]

1. Which one of the following is NOT the attributes of critical thinker.

A Has a sense of curiosity

B Suspends judgement until all facts have been gathered and considered
C Is unable to adjust opinions when new facts are found
D Is able to reject information that is incorrect or irrelevant.

2. Which of the following is incorrect for fostering reflective thinking?

A Allocate less time for reflection.
B Record of his/her success or failure in employing a strategy
 C Attend to feelings especially the positive and pleasant ones.
D Recount the experiences that he/she has had.

3. What is a fallacy?
A A false statement
B An illogical argument that does not support a conclusion
C A deliberately misleading statement
D A logical argument that leads to a flawed conclusion

4. In academic argument, the focus should be on your point-of-view.

A True
B False

5. An expression of a person's feelings that cannot be proven is called...

A Emotion
B Opinion
C Expression
D Objective

Section B - Identify the fallacy in each of the following texts.(5marks)

No Text Type of Fallacy

1 I know it has been ages since any of our staff had a Red Herring
promotion but we are working really hard to
increase the productivity of our company.

2 X’s view is false or unjustified [but X’s view has been Straw Man
unfairly misrepresented]. Therefore, X’s view should
be rejected.
 3 “The rate of organ donation in Spain is very high. The Non sequitur
fact that the average Spanish
family owns so many cars must be responsible for
that”

4 “Retired persons in the Maldives are unhappy about Hasty Generalisation

the level of assistance they
receive from Social Security. After all, a report just
published by the Maldives Association of Retired
Persons surveyed 100 retirees in all parts of the
country and they all agreed that their Social Security
benefits were insufficient”

5 “Today’s newspaper says WARNING ISSUED ON Straw man/ apeeal to

PAIN-KILLER PILLS. What are they humor
thinking? Nobody is going to carry a magnifying glass
to read a warning written on
each of the pills in the bottle!”

SECTION C - Case Study Analysis and Decision Making [ 40 marks]

Read the following case and answer the question in not more than 120 words.

Micheal is a foundation in Law student in Spark College. He has been arriving late for
morning classes which starts at 8.30am . On one occasion, his lecturer, Mr Jeeva caught
him sneaking into the lecture hall using the back door at 9.30 am and demanded for an
explanation. Micheal explained that he could not wake up on time and that he was not a
‘morning person’. After a long lecture, Mr Jeeva issued him a warning letter and told
Micheal of his tardiness very seriously. Two days later, Mr Jeeva caught Micheal arriving
for morning class an hour late.

5. Do you think the reason given by Micheal for being late is reasonable?
Why or Why not? I [3 marks]
6. If you were the lecturer, what would you do? Why? [3 marks]
7. If you were Micheal, what would you do? Why? [3 marks]
8. How can the issue of punctuality be addressed or improved?
Provide TWO(2) [6 ma rks]
 5. If yes its beacause of some health issues that are unavoidable
If no its because it’s a habit that can be changed
6. I will hear him out and try to empathize with him. Since its college and he is
responsible for his own success he will have to change if not miss out on the
lecture
7. Will try and change my habit as its for the better
8. Can help by setting an alarm and sleeping early
Talk about his morning routine and even his before sleep routine in order for him
to plan his time and not be delayed

Eric is a student with the Foundation in Arts program and has been having a really good time
during his last semester. He enjoys the program but the program can be stressful at times as
the subject matter is challenging and very bulky. Eric has a 3 months break coming up soon
and is deciding if he should be taking a break and relaxing or enrol himself into an internship
program. The internship will be paying him RM 1500 a month and that would be a great
help for him as his parents do not give him enough allowance for his daily expenditure. His
friends are planning to go for a short holiday to Thailand that will cost them RM 1000 each
as they want to explore Thailand for 2 weeks. Eric is very excited but he realises that he
needs to save for his upcoming semester. Eric is looking to make a decision using the 6
thinking hats method by Edward de Bono .

Help Eric make a decision using the 6 thinking hats.

D. Identify the 6 thinking and how it will be used to solve the dilemma that Eric
finds himself in (12 marks)
 E. Explain the sequence of usage of the 6 thinking hats. Which hat will you use
first to last and the reasoning (6 marks)
F. If you were in Eric’s situation, what would you do? Please provide TWO
justifications. (7 marks)

White Hat (Salary vs Expenditure of trip)

Red Hat (Need a break because is stressful vs having to earn money for allowance)
Green Hat (Maybe should get a remote job that you can do while travel)
Yellow Hat( Relaxing and spend time with friends vs More allowance next semester)
Black hat (The relaxing time can be had locally for a cheaper price or during non work hours
vs fear of burn out )
Blue hat ( Use the hats in this sequence WHITE , YELLOW, BLACK, RED, GREEN AND BLUE )
Blue hat ( Conclude the decision)

B. As long students can justify we can evaluate

C. Student must show the ability to explain their decision using critical thinking and decision
making skills