BTEC FPT INTERNATIONAL

COLLEGE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 1
UNIT: NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

STUDENT : HUYNH VO TRUNG NGUYEN

CLASS : Networking SE06202
STUDENT ID : BD00471
SUPERVISOR : NGUYEN BAO QUOC

DaNang, June 2023

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 ASSIGNMENT FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number
Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
and title

Date received
Submission (1st sub-
15/06/2023 15/06/2023
date mission)

Date received
Re-submission (2nd
date submission)

Huynh Vo Trung
Student name Nguyen Student ID BD00471

Nguyen Bao
Class SE06202_Networking Assessor name
Quoc

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my work and I fully

understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false
declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature:

Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D1

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Summative Feedbacks: Resubmission Feedbacks:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my
mentor, Nguyen Bao Quoc, for his unwavering support throughout my studies
and research. His patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and vast knowledge have
been invaluable to me. His guidance has been instrumental in shaping and
completing this thesis. I would not have been able to achieve this without his
exceptional assistance.

I would also like to extend my thanks to my friends, who have

contributed to expanding my knowledge in my field of study. Not only have
they provided valuable insights and discussions, but they have also been a
constant pillar of support whenever I needed them.

Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the school for providing me

with all the necessary resources and facilities, enabling me to complete my
work effectively. Their commitment to creating an environment conducive to
learning and research has been pivotal in my academic journey.

Lastly, but most importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt

appreciation to my family: my parents, Huynh Thanh Thuy and Vo Thi Giang,
who have been there for me from the very beginning. Their unwavering love,
encouragement, and support have fueled my drive to excel in my work.

Once again, I extend my sincere thanks to all those who have

contributed to my academic and personal growth.

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 1

 ASSURANCE
I hereby affirm that this work is entirely mine, derived from my own
research. I acknowledge and attribute all materials and sources utilized in its
creation, including books, papers, reports, lecture notes, and any other relevant
documents, both electronic and personal communication. Additionally, I
confirm that this assignment has not been previously submitted for assessment
in any other course, unless explicit permission has been granted by all unit
coordinators involved, nor have I duplicated or plagiarized ideas from others'
work in any form.

Declaration of the learner

I verify that the work I've submitted for this assignment is all my own, and that all
research sources have been properly credited.

Signature of the student: Date:

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 2

 INTRODUCTION
Networking also plays a crucial role in our lives. In this report, we will explore
the world of networking, including concepts such as networking protocols,
network architecture, and basic network programming. This knowledge will
enable us to gain a deeper understanding of how networking functions, how
protocols are defined, and the process of building network applications. Let's
delve into the fascinating world of networking in this assignment!
 This report includes the following:
Chapter 1: Examine networking principles and their protocols(LO1)
1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
(P1)
2.  Network topology & communication and Bandwidth requirements(P2)
3.  Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the
effectiveness of networked systems.(M1)
Chapter 2 Explain networking devices and operations(LO2)
1. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types.(P3)
2. Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant
networking
software.(P4)
3. Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server,
considering a
given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization(M2)
4. Considering a given scenario, identify the topology protocol selected for the
efficient utilization of a networking system.(D1)

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 Content

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................................................................1

ASSURANCE..............................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 1. EXAMINE NETWORKING PRINCIPLES AND THEIR

PROTOCOLS (LO1)..................................................................................................8

1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
(P1)............................................................................................................................................8

1.1 Define Network.................................................................................................................8

1.1.1 Role of networks..............................................................................................8

1.1.2 Clients and Servers:.........................................................................................9

1.1.3 Peer-to-peer Networks:....................................................................................9

1.2 Network Types................................................................................................................10

1.2.1 Local Area Networks (LAN).........................................................................10

1.2.2 Wide Area Networks (WAN):.......................................................................11

1.2.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):.............................................................12

1.3 Protocol And Standards.................................................................................................13

1.3.1 Network protocol definition:..........................................................................13

1.3.2 Some common Network Protocols:...............................................................14

1.3.2.1 TCP/IP:.......................................................................................................14
1.3.2.2 DNS (Domain Name System):...................................................................14
1.3.2.3 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):........................................................14
1.3.2.4 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):..............................................15

1.3.3 Some Common Network Standards:..............................................................15

2. Explain the impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth

requirements. (P2).................................................................................................................16

2.1 Network topology definition...........................................................................................16

2.1.1 Bus Topology:................................................................................................16

2.1.2. Ring Topology:............................................................................................17

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 2.1.3 Star Topology:...............................................................................................17

2.1.2.4 Tree Topology:............................................................................................18

2.1.2.5 Mesh Topology:..........................................................................................19

2. 2 Communication and Bandwidth...................................................................................19

2.2.1 Define commutations  in terms of networking..............................................19

2.2.2 Rules of Communication...............................................................................19

2.3 Bandwidth.......................................................................................................................20
2.3.1 Bandwidth Requirements for the Networks..................................................20

3. Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the

effectiveness of networked systems. (M1)...........................................................................20

3.1 Compare LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN.................................................................................20

3.2 Compare physical topologies and logical topologies.....................................................21

3.3 Compare between OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model.........................21

3.4 Compare TCP between UDP..........................................................................................21

CHAPTER 2. Explain networking devices and operations. (LO2)......................21

1. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server

types. (P3) ..................................................................................... 21

1.1 Network devices..............................................................................................21

1.1.1 Hub:................................................................................................................21

1.1.2 Switch:...........................................................................................................22

1.1.3. Router:...........................................................................................................22

1.1.4 Firewall:.........................................................................................................22

1.1.5 Bridge.............................................................................................................23

1.2 Server types:....................................................................................................23

1.2.1 File Server:.....................................................................................................23

1.2.2. Web Server:..................................................................................................23

1.2.3. Mail Server:..................................................................................................24

1.2.4. Database Server:...........................................................................................24

2. Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant

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 networking software.(P4).....................................................................................................24

2.1 Explain what is meant by interdependencies.................................................................24

2.2 Give examples of interdependency.................................................................................24

2.3 Define workstation hardware.........................................................................................25

2.4 Define networking software...........................................................................................25

2.5 Discuss and explain the interdepencies of workstation hardware with networking
software................................................................................................................................25

3. Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server,

considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization(M2)..........26

4. Considering a given scenario, identify the topology protocol selected for the
efficient utilization of a networking system.(D1)................................................................26

CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................27

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................28

LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURE

Figure 1.Computer network[2]..............................................................................8
Figure 2. Local Area Networks (LAN)[3]...........................................................11
Figure 3. Wide Area Networks (WAN)[4]..........................................................12
Figure 4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)[5]...............................................13
Figure 5. Definition network protocol[6]............................................................13
Figure 6. TCP/IP [7]............................................................................................14
Figure 7. DNS [8]................................................................................................14
Figure 8. HTTP [9]..............................................................................................15
Figure 9. ICMP....................................................................................................15
Figure 10. Network topology..............................................................................16
Figure 11. Bus topology[10]...............................................................................17
Figure 12. Ring topology [11].............................................................................17
Figure 13. Star topology [12]..............................................................................18
Figure 14. Tree topology [13].............................................................................18
Figure 15. Mesh topology[14].............................................................................19
Figure 16 Communication...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 17. Bandwidth..........................................................................................20
Figure 18.HUB....................................................................................................22
Figure 19. Switch................................................................................................22
Figure 20. Router.................................................................................................22
Figure 21. Firewall..............................................................................................23

Table 1. Compare LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN..................................................................

Table 2. Compare physical topologies and logical topologies........................................
Table 3. Compare between OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model.............

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 Table 4. Compare TCP between UDP.............................................................................

LIST OF ACRONYM
LAN Local Area Networks
WAN Wide Area Networks
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
DNS Domain Name System
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
BPS Bits Per Second
CAN Campus Area Network
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
VPN Virtual Private Network

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 CHAPTER 1. EXAMINE NETWORKING PRINCIPLES AND THEIR
PROTOCOLS (LO1)
1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
(P1)
1.1 Define Network.
A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices for
transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices include everything from a
mobile phone to a server. These devices are connected using physical wires such as
copper cable, and fiber optics, but they can also be wireless.[1]

Figure 1.Computer network[2]

1.1.1 Role of networks
Networks serve a variety of purposes and offer numerous benefits in various aspects of
work. Here is an overview of the role of networks in terms of purpose, benefits,
communications, and information sharing:
 Purpose:
- Facilitating communication and collaboration among individuals or entities.
- Sharing and exchanging information, knowledge, and resources.
- Enabling cooperation and coordination for mutual benefit.
- Supporting innovation, learning, and problem-solving.
- Enhancing efficiency and productivity through the pooling of resources and expertise.
 Benefits:
- Access to a broader range of knowledge, ideas, and perspectives.
- Opportunities for professional or business growth, and networking.

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 - Increased visibility, reputation, and influence within a specific industry or community.
- Potential for finding new customers, partners, or suppliers.
- Enhanced problem-solving capabilities through collective intelligence and diverse expertise.
 Communications:
- Networks facilitate communication through various channels, including online platforms,
email, video conferencing, or social media.
- Communication within networks often involves sharing ideas, updates, feedback, and seeking
advice or assistance.
- Networks enable real-time or asynchronous communication, allowing for flexible and
convenient interactions.
 Information sharing:
- Networks enable the sharing of industry-specific insights, news, trends, and best practices
among members.
- They can serve as a platform for disseminating information, research, or educational resources
to a broader audience.
 A computer network consists of three main parts:
- End Devices (Computer, Printer, Phone, Camera, ...)
- Intermediate Devices (Routers, Switches, Hub, ...)
- Connection Cables

1.1.2 Clients and Servers:

Client-server is a computer network model consisting of two main components: the
client (client) and the server (server). The server is the place to help store resources as
well as install service programs according to the client's requirements. In contrast, the
Client includes computers as well as general electronic devices that will send requests to
the server.[16]

Figure 2 Client and server

 Advantage
- Server is not required.
- Management users are assigned individually to all computing devices.
- Anyone can use it without the need for advanced technical skills.
- Suitable for small businesses and home environments, existing P2P networks.

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 - The transport network is reduced.
 Disadvantage
- Centralized backup cannot be performed with the given data on the machine.
- Performance is affected when multiple computing devices are accessed at the same time.
- All users are responsible for the security of the network.
- No advanced security features are provided, only limited permissions.
1.1.3 Peer-to-peer Networks:
Peer - to – Peer Networks are a form of peer-to-peer network and computing devices
will have a similar role. Each individual device is allowed to provide resources directly
to other machines on the same system.

Figure 3. Peer-to-peer
 Advantage
- Server is not required.
- Management users are assigned individually to all computing devices.
- Anyone can use it without the need for advanced technical skills.
- Suitable for small businesses and home environments, existing P2P networks.
- The transport network is reduced.
 Disadvantage
- Centralized backup cannot be performed with the given data on the machine.
- Performance is affected when multiple computing devices are accessed at the same time.
- Locating files can be quite a challenge as they are not organized in any particular way; instead,
they are stored on personal computers at random.
- All users are responsible for the security of the network.
- No advanced security features are provided, only limited permissions.
1.2 Network Types.
1.2.1 Local Area Networks (LAN)
Benefits:
- LANs are suitable for small networks spread across a small geographic area.
- They are cost-effective and easy to set up.

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 - LANs offer high-speed connectivity with low latency, making them ideal for
real-time applications like video conferencing.
- LANs provide a high level of security, with firewalls and other security
measures readily available for implementation.
Constraints:
- LANs can’t connect networks over long distances, and their range is limited to
the physical location they cover.
- They can’t handle a high volume of traffic and are not scalable beyond a
particular size.
- LANs require hardware and software maintenance, which could financially
burden small businesses.

Figure 4. Local Area Networks (LAN)[3]

1.2.2 Wide Area Networks (WAN):
Benefits:
- WAN connect businesses and organizations across different geographic
locations, making them ideal for large enterprises.
- WAN can handle a significantly higher volume of traffic and can connect to the
internet.
- WAN provides enhanced security features through the use of VPNs and other
security protocols.
- WANs offer scalability, and businesses can easily expand their network’s
capacity as they grow.

Constraints:
- WANs are more expensive to set up than LANs and require specialized
equipment.
- They are more complex to manage and require dedicated staff to handle issues.
- WANs have higher latency and slower connectivity rates than LANs due to their

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 geographic distances and increased security risks due to the increased number of
access points.

Figure 5. Wide Area Networks (WAN)[4]

1.2.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
Benefits:
- Coverage of an entire city or metropolitan area.
- High-speed data transfer rates.
- Facilitates communication between locations in the same city.
- Enables cost-efficient sharing of network resources.

Constraints:
- Limited coverage area as compared to WAN.
- Costly to set up the infrastructure.
- Requires complex network management.

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 Figure 6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)[5]

1.3 Protocol And Standards.

1.3.1 Network protocol definition:
A network protocol can be defined as a set of rules and standards that govern the
communication between devices or computers over a network. These protocols define
the format, sequence, and error control of data transmission over the network, allowing
devices to communicate with each other and share resources.
The protocols establish how data should be packaged for transmission, how it should be
sent over the network, how devices should recognize and connect, and how errors
should be handled if they occur.

Figure 7. Definition network protocol[6]

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 1.3.2 Some common Network Protocols:
1.3.2.1 TCP/IP:
A protocol suite that governs how data is transmitted, routed, and received over the
internet

Figure 8. TCP/IP [7]

1.3.2.2 DNS (Domain Name System):

A standard that translates domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access
websites by typing in a domain name rather than a numerical IP address.

Figure 9. DNS [8]

1.3.2.3 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
A standard protocol that governs how web pages are transferred and viewed in a web
browser.

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 Figure 10. HTTP [9]
1.3.2.4 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
A protocol used for sending error messages and operational information about network
conditions. ICMP is used by network devices such as routers and firewalls to
communicate with each other.

Figure 11. ICMP

1.3.3 Some Common Network Standards:

American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
is the official standards organization in the United States, coordinating and
publishing computer
and information technology standards.

➢ The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): is the world's

largest standards

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 organization, and it is a federation of over 100 standards organizations from
dozens of countries.
The OSI Reference Model is the ISO's most well-known networking product.

➢ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): An international

organization that
publishes several necessary networking standards, including the official standard
for the Ethernet
networking system.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The American National Standards

Institute (ANSI)
is the official standards organization in the United States, coordinating and publishing
computer
and information technology standards.

➢ The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): is the world's largest

standards
organization, and it is a federation of over 100 standards organizations from dozens of
countries.
The OSI Reference Model is the ISO's most well-known networking product.

➢ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): An international

organization that
publishes several necessary networking standards, including the official standard for the
Ethernet
networking system.
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) is the official requirements corporation withinside
the United States, coordinating and publishing laptop and statistics era
requirements.
- The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): is the world's largest
standards organization, and it is a federation of over 100 standards organizations
from dozens of countries. The OSI Reference Model is the ISO's maximum
famous networking product.
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): An international
organization that publishes numerous essential networking standards, inclusive
of the professionals well-known for the Ethernet networking system.
- OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model): The OSI model is a
conceptual framework that defines seven layers for network communication.
Each layer has specific responsibilities and interactions with neighboring layers,
providing a systematic approach to network design and troubleshooting.
- TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Model): The
TCP/IP model is a concise and widely used networking model. It combines

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 several layers of the OSI model, condensing it into four layers: Network
Interface, Internet, Transport, and Application. TCP/IP forms the foundation of
the modern internet.
2. Explain the impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth
requirements. (P2)
2.1 Network topology definition.
A network topology (network model) is a way of organizing connections between
devices in a computer network. It defines how computers in a network are connected so
that data can be transmitted and received. Common types of network models include the
star model, ring model, lattice model, and tree model. Each model type has its
advantages and disadvantages, and depending on the network tool requirements, the
administrator can use one network model or combine several types of network models
to design the most suitable network.

Figure 12. Network topology

 Physical topology is the arrangement of nodes and cables in a network. It refers
to how the physical components of a network are connected and how data is
transmitted through the network.
 Logical topology is the way that data is transmitted between nodes in a network.
It refers to how the nodes appear to be connected, rather than how they are
physically connected. Logical topology is determined by the network's
communication protocol.
2.1.1 Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, every device on the network is connected to a single cable called a
trunk or backbone. Communication occurs over this shared communication line. A bus
topology is simple and inexpensive to install and maintain. However, a single point of
failure may bring down the entire network.

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 Figure 13. Bus topology[10]

2.1.2. Ring Topology:

In a ring topology, each device is connected to two neighboring devices, forming a loop.
Data flows around the ring in only one direction, and each device acts as a repeater to
amplify the signal and send it to the next device. A ring topology provides high
bandwidth and fewer data collisions. However, if a device fails, the entire network can
go down

Figure 14. Ring topology [11]

2.1.3 Star Topology:

In a star topology, every device is connected to a central hub or switch. All devices
communicate through the hub or switch. A star topology is easy to set up and modify,
and if one device fails, other devices continue to function. However, a failure in the hub
or switch can bring down the entire network.

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 Figure 15. Star topology [12]
2.1.2.4 Tree Topology:
A tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It has a central root node,
to which other nodes are connected. The network can grow horizontally by adding more
branches and vertically by adding more levels. A tree topology provides high scalability
and fault tolerance. However, it is complex to install and maintain.

Figure 16. Tree topology [13]

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 2.1.2.5 Mesh Topology:
A mesh topology establishes a full-mesh network, in which every device is connected to
every other device. Mesh topology provides great redundancy and fault tolerance since
there are multiple paths to any given destination. Mesh topology creates multiple
connections, which increases the cost of installation and maintenance.

Figure 17. Mesh topology[14]

2. 2 Communication and Bandwidth 

2.2.1 Define commutations  in terms of networking 
Network communication, or internetworking, defines a fixed of protocols (that is,
regulations and standards) that permit software programs to speak with every different
without regard to the hardware and running structures wherein they may be run.
Internetworking allows application programs to communicate independently of their
physical network connections.
2.2.2 Rules of Communication 
The rules of communication in networking are defined by protocols. Protocols are a set
of rules and guidelines that govern communication between devices on a network. They
define how data is transmitted and how devices on the network can communicate with
each other.
There are three elements to any communication:
•There will be a source (sender).
• There will be a destination (receiver).
• There will be a channel (media) that provides for the path of communications to occur.

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 2.3 Bandwidth 
Bandwidth is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a network. It is
usually measured in bits per second (bps). Bandwidth determines how quickly data can
be transmitted from one device to another. It is important to have sufficient bandwidth
to ensure that the network operates efficiently

Figure 18. Bandwidth

2.3.1 Bandwidth Requirements for the Networks 
Bandwidth requirements for networks depend on the type and amount of traffic that the
network is expected to handle. For example, a network that is used for video
conferencing requires a higher bandwidth compared to a network that is used for
sending emails or browsing the web. Bandwidth can be increased by upgrading
hardware or by optimizing the network infrastructure.
3. Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the
effectiveness of networked systems. (M1)
3.1 Compare LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN
Full form Local Area Campus Metropolitan Wide Area
Network (LAN) Area Area Network Network (WAN)
Network (MAN)
(CAN)
Coverage Within a small Covers Covers a Covers a large
area geographical area, multiple metropolitan geographic area
e.g. a building or a buildings area such as a such as a country
campus within a city or a or multiple
campus or a county countries
city
Scope of Small scope - in a Shared range Shared range Unlimited sharing
tethering room, office, a school or a up to 50 km scope
campus. hospital
Data Typically ranges Ranges Ranges from Ranges from 1
transfer from 10 Mbps to from 100 100 Mbps to Mbps to 100
speed 10 Gbps Mbps to 1 1 Gbps Gbps
Gbps
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Ethernet, Leased lines,
Technologies Bluetooth Wi-Fi, SONET, satellite links,
used SONET, DWDM, microwave links,

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 ATM MPLS fiber optic cables
Expense Short High High Very high
Table 1. Compare LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN
3.2 Compare physical topologies and logical topologies.
Physical Topology Logical Topology
The physical layout of devices and How data flows in a network
Definition connections in a network

Examples Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh Client-Server, Peer-to-Peer

Focus Hardware Software
Simple, reliable, easy to troubleshoot Efficient use of resources,
Pros easier to scale
Limited scalability, high maintenance Complexity, potential security
cost, susceptible to a single point of vulnerabilities, slower speeds
Cons failure

Impacted Cabling, hubs, switches, routers Protocols, addressing, routing,

by switching
Table 2. Compare physical topologies and logical topologies
3.3 Compare between OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model
Consists of seven layers Consists of four layers
Primarily used for theoretical and Primarily used in practical applications
educational purposes
Divides the entire communication Has an integrated approach that does not
process into different layers sharply distinguish between the layers
Follows the vertical approach, where Follows a horizontal approach, where
each layer interacts only with its adjacent each layer interacts with multiple layers
layer
Layers in the OSI model are Physical, Layers in TCP/IP model are Network
Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Interface Layer, Internet Layer, Transport
Presentation, Application Layer, Application Layer
Provides better interoperability between Provides better performance and
different systems simplicity in communication between
systems
Slower than TCP/IP model Faster than the OSI model
Appears after the Internet. Appeared before the Internet.

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 The minimum header is 5 bytes. The minimum header is 20 bytes.
Table 3. Compare between OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model
3.4 Compare TCP between UDP
Factor TCP UDP
(Transmission Control Protocol) (User Datagram Protocol)
Connection Requires an established connection No connection is needed to
type before transmitting data start and end a data transfer
Data sequence Can sequence data (send in a Cannot sequence or arrange
specific order) data
Data Can retransmit data if packets fail to No data retransmitting. Lost
retransmission arrive data can’t be retrieved
Delivery Delivery is guaranteed Delivery is not guaranteed
Check for Thorough error-checking guarantees Minimal error-checking
errors data arrives in its intended state covers the basics but may not
prevent all errors
Broadcasting Not supported Supported
Speed Slow, but complete data delivery Fast, but at risk of incomplete
data delivery
Protocols TCP is used by HTTP, FPT, SMTP UDP is used by DNS, DHCP
and Telnet
Table 4. Compare TCP with UDP

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 CHAPTER 2. Explain networking devices and operations. (LO2)
1. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types. (P3)
1.1 Network devices
It's a physical device that connects other physical devices on a network.(“The Most
Common Types of Network Devices,” n.d.) Sometimes, it just forwards information
packets to where they need to go. Other times, it functions as a translator or prevents
suspicious network traffic.
1.1.1 Hub:
A hub is a network device used to connect multiple devices to a network. It operates on
the physical layer of the OSI model by forwarding signals to all connected devices.

Figure 18.HUB

1.1.2 Switch:
A switch is a network device that operates on the data link layer of the OSI model. It
is used to connect multiple devices to a network and selectively forward packets only
to the appropriate destination.

Figure 19. Switch

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 1.1.3. Router:
A router is a network device that operates on the network layer of the OSI model. It is
used to connect multiple networks and route data between them.

Figure 20. Router

1.1.4 Firewall:
A firewall is a device that filters inbound and outbound traffic according to
established security policies. It helps protect networks from unauthorized access,
malware, and other threats.

Figure 21. Firewall

1.1.5 Bridge
Devices that connect two different networks, analyzing incoming network traffic and
forwarding it only to the necessary segments.

Figure 22. Bridge

1.2 Server types:
A server is a device that stores and processes data, connecting computers or software
systems in a network. It allows sharing and storage of information. In the past, servers
were small machines that transmitted data to larger computers. However, they have
evolved to become larger and capable of performing more complex tasks. The rise of
cloud computing has introduced virtual servers, which are accessed online from remote
locations, revolutionizing the way we work.

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 25

 1.2.1 File Server:
A file server is a type of server that stores and manages files for clients on a network. It
provides a central location for users to access shared files.

Figure 23. File server

1.2.2. Web Server:
A web server is a type of server that hosts websites and web applications. It responds to
client requests for web pages by providing them with HTML files, images, and other
content.

Figure 24. Web server

1.2.3. Mail Server:

A mail server is a type of server that handles email traffic for a network. It receives an
incoming email and sends outgoing emails to other mail servers or clients.

Figure 25. Mail Server

1.2.4. Database Server:

A database server is a type of server that stores and manages data for applications and
users. It provides a central location for users to access and modify data.

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 26

 Figure 26. Database server
2. Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking
software.(P4)
2.1 Explain what is meant by interdependencies 
Interdependencies refer to the relationships and connections between different elements
or components of a system, where the functioning or performance of one component
depends on the others.
2.2 Give examples of interdependency.
- In a supply chain, the production of a product depends on the timely delivery of raw
materials.
- In a team project, the completion of one person's task relies on the input or output of
another person's task.
- In an ecosystem, the survival of one species may be interconnected with the
availability of resources provided by another species.
2.3 Define workstation hardware
Workstation hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that are
used by an individual user, typically including the computer itself, peripherals (such as
monitors, keyboards, and mice), and any associated hardware devices.
2.4 Define networking software
 Define networking software
Networking software refers to the programs, protocols, and applications responsible for
facilitating communication and data exchange between multiple computers or devices
within a network.
 Network software functions
- User management allows administrators to add or remove network users.
- This is particularly useful when hiring or relieving
- File management allows administrators to decide where data is stored and to
control user access to that data.
- Access allows users to enjoy uninterrupted access to network resources.
- Network security systems help administrators to secure and prevent violations.
2.5 Discuss and explain the interdepencies of workstation hardware with
networking software.
 The interdependencies between workstation hardware and networking software
are as follows:

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 27

 - Network Interface Cards (NIC) - Workstation hardware requires NICs, which are
physical devices that enable computers to connect to a network. Networking
software relies on NICs to establish network connections and facilitate data
transmission.
- Network Drivers - Workstation hardware, such as NICs, requires specific
network drivers to communicate with networking software effectively. These
drivers act as intermediary software that enables the hardware components to
interact with the networking software.
- Protocol Support - Workstation hardware and networking software must have
compatible protocol support. For example, if a workstation has hardware that
only supports Ethernet connections, the networking software should be
compatible with Ethernet protocols to establish proper communication.
- Bandwidth Management - Workstation hardware performance, such as CPU and
memory, can directly impact the networking software's ability to manage network
traffic effectively. Insufficient hardware resources may lead to network
congestion and negatively impact overall network performance.
 Example:
Let's consider a scenario where a company's workstations are equipped with outdated
NICs that do not support the latest network protocols. The networking software, in this
case, requires NICs with updated drivers to effectively establish connections and utilize
advanced networking features. The lack of hardware compatibility may result in
connectivity issues, reduced network speed, and limited access to certain network
functionalities. Upgrading the workstation hardware with NICs that support the required
protocols would resolve this interdependency and improve overall network
performance.
Overall, the interdependencies between workstation hardware and networking software
are crucial for ensuring efficient network communications and the smooth functioning
of interconnected devices.
3. Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering
a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization(M2)
4. Considering a given scenario, identify the topology protocol selected for the
efficient utilization of a networking system.(D1)

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 28

 CONCLUSION
After finishing this report, my understanding of networking improved significantly. I
now comprehend how to construct a fundamental algorithm, execute a program, and
understand the life cycle of an algorithm. Additionally, I have learned how to create a
flow chart to visually represent the functionality of an algorithm. Programming is truly
fascinating! Thanks to this knowledge, I have gained insights into the inner workings of
the devices in our surroundings. This subject is captivating and extraordinary. A
heartfelt thank you to my mentor for guiding me through this journey.

Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 29

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Perfomed Student: Huynh Vo Trung Nguyen 31