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Lecture Booklet 4
Integral
Calculus
SACE Subtopics:
3.1 Anti‐differentiation
3.2 The Area under Curves
3.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
3.4 Applications of Integration
Name: …………………………………
I often think that the relationship between integrating a function and differentiating a function (which we
explore in this chapter) is similar to the relationship between expanding and factorising an expression.
Question: Expand the following:
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
Question: Factorise the following:
𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
Like with expansion and factorising, often doing things mathematically ‘in reverse’ is much more challenging
than ‘going forward’
Real world example: It is easy to get stuff out of a fire extinguisher, but it is much more challenging to get stuff
back into it!
Currently, as you know how to differentiate functions you should be able to apply logical processes to integrate
more simplistic functions (i.e. find the antiderivative)
However, before trying one of these, it’s important to notice that in the process of differentiating a function, we
‘lose’ information, and hence when integrating it (reversing the process), we cannot create a ‘unique’
expression for the so called antiderivative (without additional information)
Question: Find 𝑓 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑐 for the following values of 𝑐
𝑐 1 2 3 2021
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2021
𝑓′ 𝑥
Question: If 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥, determine 𝑓 𝑥 .
IMPORTANT NOTE: Eventually, much like differentiation, we will have a set of rules that allow us to integrate
(find the antiderivative) functions (as having to think about the reverse process of differentiation is not optimal
[i.e. imagine if we always tried to reverse expand when factoring, instead of applying a specifically designed
process to factorise])
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
For a continious function 𝑓 𝑥 , with antiderivative 𝐹 𝑥 ,
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹 𝑏 𝐹 𝑎
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus was a hugely important proof for Mathematicians as it proved the link
between the concepts of Differentiation and Integration (anti‐differentiation).
Your journey with Calculus started with Differentiation, such
that you are at the point where you understand that:
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 .
You began with the idea of “average rate of change (i.e. the
slope of the chord)” between two points on your function,
before moving to using First Principles to find the
“instantaneous rate of change” of your function, as given by the
slope of the tangent at the point on the curve.
Revision Homework: Using first principles, find 𝑓′ 𝑥 for 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 .
Watch these videos: https://youtu.be/WUvTyaaNkzM
Integration (anti‐differentiation), is the “reverse” of this process. That is the Indefinite Integral of a function
𝑓 𝑥 , with respect to 𝑥, is the function 𝐹 𝑥 𝑐. This English sentence is written with the mathematical
notaion;
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑐. (Please note the capital F)
(Don’t forget, this means that 𝐹 𝑥 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 .)
Its conceptual foundation (its ‘First Principle’ if you like), can be understood by studying the area under the
graph of a function to the 𝑥‐axis over a given domain. In the diagram below, the value of the Definite Integral
from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is given by the area bounded the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥‐axis and the vertical lines
𝑥 𝑎 and 𝑥 𝑏.
𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝐹 𝑏 𝐹 𝑎 𝐴
𝑎
By the end of this topic you should be as confident knowing
that:
𝑥 3𝑥 and that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐
Let the next part of your Calculus journey begin.
Areas bounded by Curves
The question of how the areas of shapes with one or more curved boundaries could be calculated played
an important part in the history of Calculus, and has culminated in the field of Integral Calculus.
Consider the curve 𝑦 𝑥 as shown below in Figure 1
Figure 1
Let the 𝐴 be the area bounded by the curve, the 𝑥‐axis and the vertical lines 𝑥 1 and 𝑥 2.
Question: On the axes in Figure 1, shade 𝐴
We can gain an of this area using standard shapes (i.e. shapes we have a formula to
calculate an area). Possible shapes include, just to name a few:
Chiliagon
When working with a standard shapes to gain an estimate of an area, the base of the standard shape(s) is
drawn on the on the 𝑥‐axis and we generally use the entire interval of the bounded area. i.e. for the area,
A, in Figure 1, the shape would go from 𝑥 1 to 𝑥 2.
To gain an underestimate, one example of using a standard shape could be a:
Calculation of
underestimate:
To gain an overestimate, one example of using a standard shape could be a:
Calculation of
overestimate:
If 𝐴 is the true area bounded by the curve, the 𝑥 axis and the vertical lines 𝑥 1 and 𝑥 2, then
𝐴
This is an example of “the squeeze theorem” that is often used by Mathematicians. (It is what Archimedes
used to estimate 𝜋‐ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ‐HwrOpIps – prepresented on the front cover)
Integral Calculus 1
A good estimate of this area, 𝐴, can be achieved by dividing the area into:
and calculating the sum of their areas.
Consider splitting the domain 1 𝑥 2 for the area 𝐴 into rectangles of equal width:
Underestimate Overestimate
Calculation of Underestimate: Calculation of Overestimate:
(also known as the lower estimate) (also known as the upper estimate)
Inequality continaing the true area, 𝐴:
To improve the estimate of the area under the curve we can:
Do not just ‘read’ the height of a rectangle off of the
scale on the 𝑦‐axis if it is not clearly an exact value.
Instead, sub in the relevant 𝑥‐value into the function
𝑓 𝑥 . In exams, often the 𝑦‐scale is missing from
the graph, necessitating the above‐mentioned
approach (see the graph of 𝑦 𝑥 in Figure 2
alongside) [add 4 rectangles of equal width]
Figure 2
Integral Calculus 2
As the number of rectangles, 𝑛, increases, we can use technology for the calculations.
A summary of results for our problem, where 𝐿 represents the underestimate (lower estimate) and 𝑈
represents the overestimate (upper estimate), when using 𝑛 rectangles of equal width. (NOTE: 4A.2 text
book, Q1,2,3 are not required. The maximum number of rectangles from old exams is only around 4)
https://www.geogebra.org/classic/vzhrrpmh
𝑛 𝐿 𝑈 Average
4 1.96875 2.71875 2.34375
10 2.185 2.485
25 2.2736 2.3936
50 2.3034 2.3634
100 2.33335
From the table it is evident that both 𝐿 and 𝑈 may ________ ______ on the same number, i.e.
Thus, our conjecture for 𝐴, the true area bounded by the curve, the 𝑥 axis and the vertical lines 𝑥 1 and
𝑥 2 is:
Formally then,
If 𝑓 𝑥 0 on the interval 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 , then there exists a unique
value, 𝐴 , such that for any positive integer value of 𝑛,
and as 𝑛 → ∞ (i.e. ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
Eventually in this chapter, we will calculate this exact area using a definite integral, from 𝑥 1 to 𝑥 2,
for the function 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 , written as 𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
Check this in your graphics Calculator now
in both Graph and Run mode.
NOTE: be careful with areas later in the chapter. In this example the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 was always above
the 𝑥‐axis. We will explore what happens when a function is below the 𝑥‐axes, or partially above and
below the 𝑥‐axes later in this chapter.
Integral Calculus 3
The Definite Integral
If 𝑓 𝑥 is a continuous positive function (𝑓 𝑥 0) on the interval 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏, then the area, 𝐴, can be
written as:
𝑏
𝐴 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝐹 𝑏 𝐹 𝑎
𝑎
Represent some 𝐴 on the axes alongside in Figure 3
Notation: remember, the function capital 𝐹 𝑥
is the integral of 𝑓 𝑥 , with respect to 𝑥, and
𝑓 𝑥 is the derivative of 𝐹 𝑥 , with respect to 𝑥.”
i.e.
Figure 3
Note, on the interval 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏, for 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 to be meaningful, the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 must be:
The proof of this definite integral is part of the “Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.”
While the proof of this theorem lies outside of this course, in tertiary mathematics classes you may be
required to demonstrate your knowledge of this result. (Kahn Academy: https://tinyurl.com/jpzzrpc)
As stated on the previous page, in future questions you will discover that you need to consider when the
graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 lies above or below the 𝑥 axis.
Let us take a look into the future. Calculators please.
In the run mode, evaluate the following definite integrals
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let’s check these values using graphs:
Integral Calculus 4
Archimedes famously searched for a value of 𝜋 using a unit circle. (If only he had a calculator like yours!)
𝑥 𝑦 1 (Remember: cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
What do you think is happening when you tried to find the area under the 𝑥‐axis using integrals?
Figure 4
(a) Complete the following:
(i) divide 0 𝑥 into 3 equal sections, (ii) divide 0 𝑥 into 3 equal sections,
and draw rectangles of equal width that and draw rectangles of equal width that
could be used to find an underestimate of could be used to find an overestimate of the
the area 𝐴. area 𝐴.
Figure 5 Figure 6
Integral Calculus 5
√
(b) Using the rectangles you drew in part (a), find an exact value [In the form 𝜋, 𝑎 ∈ ℤ] for
an:
(i) underestimate of 𝐴
(ii) overestimate of 𝐴
(c) Write down a definite integral expression for the exact area 𝐴.
(d) Evaluate this definite integral.
Figure 7
Huh? Why is not equal to cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 ?
We should find out.
Ex. 4A.1, pg 100
Q1, 2, 4 (only up to
n=5 without software)
Integral Calculus 6
The Definite Integral when f ( x) 0
Consider 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 1. The graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 is shown below in Figure 8.
(a) On the axes in Figure 8, shade the area bounded by the graph of
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥‐axis, the 𝑦‐axis for 𝑥 0.
(b) Calculate 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 .
Figure 8
Notice, the difference in the Area and the value of the definite integral:
Area Definite Integral
In general, if:
𝑓 𝑥 0 Area bounded the graph of the
Figure 9
𝑓 𝑥 0 Area bounded the graph of the
𝑥‐axis 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Figure 11
NOTE: algebraically to find the 𝑥‐
intercepts, you need to let:
Integral Calculus 7
Using Areas of Standard Shapes to calculate Integrals
Example:
The graph of y g (x) is illustrated below in Figure 12 for 0 𝑥 8. Note: the curved section is a semi‐
circle.
Figure 12
(a) Determine the value of each of the following (using standard shapes):
𝑥 0 and 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 and 𝑥 3 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 7
The Area contained by
the graph of the
function, the 𝑥‐axis
and:
(b) State the value of each of the following:
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(c) Write an integral expression that could be used to calculate the area between the graph of
y g (x) and the 𝑥‐axis for 0 𝑥 7 and determine its value.
NOTE: a nice cheat to get the area in one step (Spec students do this in their course)
Example: Use a simple graph and the area of a standard shape to find
𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 8
Properties of the Definite Integral
Rules:
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example:
(a) Use technology to evaulate the following integrals:
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Hence (i.e. no cheating with your graphics Separate question: evaluate 𝑑𝑥
calculator), evaluate 𝑑𝑥
Now you should check with your graphics
calculator!
Example: If ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8 and ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2, find ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
Ex. 4A.2, pg 104
Q4 & 5
Ex. 4G, pg 124
Q8 – 10
Review Set 4A, pg 124
Q1 & 2
Investigation 1, pg 132
Q3 & 4
Integral Calculus 9
Introduction to Algebraic Integration
Integration is the
Notation: Assume there exists a function 𝐹 𝑥 such that 𝐹 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 , then:
Where 𝑐 is some arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration
The integral above is read as “the indefinite integral of the function 𝑓 𝑥 , with respect to 𝑥” or “the anti‐
derivative”
Huh? Why c?
Reason: (We did this earlier) The derivative of each of the following functions is as follows:
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 10 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 3
(the constant term in the final 2 functions would just make their graphs vertical translations of the
graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 .
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/ntcrtirkhe
In differential calculus it was established that changing the constant term in a function 𝑓 𝑥 has:
Hence, using the functions above, we can write the following:
𝑑𝑥
Two Simple Rules of Indefinite Integrals
Much like with definite integrals, the following rules hold with indefinite integrals:
𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 10
Inverse Operations
Throughout the study of mathematics, many pairs of opposite (inverse) operations exist.
These pairs of operations make it possible to look at relationships that are essentially the same, but from
different points of view.
Example: Consider addition and its opposite operation subtraction.
The relationship 𝑎 𝑏 5, which currently has an ‘addition’ on the LHS.
This can also be expressed as:
Example: Consider multiplication and its opposite operation division.
The relationship 17𝑎 𝑏, which currently has a ‘multiplication’ on the LHS
This can also be expressed as:
Applying this concept within the topic of calculus:
So, if 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ↔
Antiderivatives
Examples:
𝑐? Wait, that makes
(a) If 𝑦 𝑥 , find and hence find 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sense as 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, and
would be the same
NOTE: you can use 𝑐
and 𝑐
Integral Calculus 11
(c) If 𝑦 cos 2𝑥 , find and hence find 10 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Simple Integral Rules
Function, i.e. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Integral, i.e. 𝐹 𝑥 𝑐 Examples
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Note: each of
these rules
could be
expressed 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, n 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
with a
constant out
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the front, i.e.
𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 0 in your course
𝑥
𝑘 𝑐
𝑛 1 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√
NOTE:
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals: [Note, we will simplify them to practice our algebra]
(a) 2𝑥 5𝑥 2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 12
(b) 𝑑𝑥
√
7
1
2
(c) 3𝑒 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 0
(d) 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 13
Examples:
(a) Find the derivative of 𝑦 𝑥𝑒
Ex. 4B, pg 106
Ex. 4D, pg 113
Ex. 4E.1, pg 117
Determining the Constant of Integration
In general, the result of the indefinite integral, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 has the form:
which represents a ‘family’ of possible functions.
Therefore, additional information, such as on a specific member of the family of
possible functions is required to solve for the value of 𝑐.
This additional information is often referred to as an
Integral Calculus 14
Example: The gradient function of a particular curve is 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑒 1. Given that 𝑓 0 3 and
𝑓 1 2, find the 𝑦‐intercept of the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 .
Example: Find 𝑓 𝑥 , given:
‐ 𝑓 𝑥 12𝑥 6𝑥 2
‐ the tangent to the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 at the origin has equation 2𝑥 𝑦 0.
Example:
(a) Find 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , and hence find 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Integral Calculus 15
(b) Given that 𝑥 sin 𝑥 is the gradient function of a curve that passes through the point , 2 ,
find the equation of the curve.
Ex. 4E.2, pg 119
Simple Anti‐Chain Rule Standard Integrals for your notes sheet.
Function, i.e. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Integral, i.e. 𝐹 𝑥 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
NOTE: do you
notice that all 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
of the functions
‘inside’ the
exponential, sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
trigonometric
and even the
first one are
only LINEAR. If cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
they were a
more
complicated 1 𝑏
𝑑𝑥, 𝑥
function (i.e. 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 ln 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑐
like a quadratic)
, we could not
integrate it 𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑐
using our rules
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
Not in the course!
𝑛 1
𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥 ln 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐
sin 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐
cos 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐
Proofs of the above require you to understand the link between Integration and Differentiation. This
could be examined at the end of the year and is the same as the reasoning you applied in the questions
before this section. That is, calculate a derivative of an expression, and hence, write the immediate
integral equation.
Integral Calculus 16
Example: Prove that 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 for 𝑛 1
Example: Find each of the following indefinite integrals:
(a) 7 7𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(b) 𝑑𝑥
(c) 3𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 17
(f) 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
Example:
(a) Show that .
Ex. 4F, pg 121
Integral Calculus 18
Calculating Definite Integrals
Now we return to definite integrals again, however, now we have the skills to find exact values without
having to resort to standard shapes.
When calculating the value of a definite integral, the following rule can be used:
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate the following definite integrals:
(a) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (hey, we finally proved our conjecture on page 3! That took a while….)
(b) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√
(c) 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integral Calculus 19
(d) 2 cos 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
Example: Prove 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex. 4G, pg 123
Qus. 1 – 6 & 11
Definite Integrals and Area
Areas between a Curve and the 𝒙‐axis
Earlier in the topic the following two properties were established:
Area bounded the graph of the function
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥‐axis, and the lines 𝑥 𝑎
and 𝑥 𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Figure 13
Area bounded the graph of the function
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥‐axis, and the lines 𝑥 𝑎
and 𝑥 𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Figure 14
Integral Calculus 20
Area bounded the graph of the function
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥‐axis, and the lines 𝑥 𝑎
and 𝑥 𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Figure 15
The integral (not considering above/below the 𝑥‐axis) for the function in Figure 15 over the domain
𝑎 𝑥 𝑑, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 would represent:
Therefore if:
𝑓 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥 0
Figure 16
Integral Calculus 21
Example: Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 √4 𝑥 and the 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 in Figure 17.
Figure 17
Extra Space for working/notes:
Integral Calculus 22
Example: Consider function 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥 for 𝑥 . The graph of 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
is shown below in Figure 18
Figure 18
(a) Explain why sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 cannot represent 𝐴 𝐴 .
Integral Calculus 23
Example: The curves 𝑦 3sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 4 cos 𝑥, where 0 𝑥 , intersect at point 𝐴, as shown below
in Figure 19:
Figure 19
(a) Let 𝑥 𝑎 be the 𝑥‐coordinate of 𝐴, the intersection of the two curves shown if Figure 19:
(i) Find tan 𝑎.
(b) Hence, find the shaded area.
Ex. 5A, pg 130
Q4 – 11
Ex. 5B, pg 134
Q1, 10 & 11
Ex. 4C pg 110 Q1 – 6
Integral Calculus 24
Area between two Curves
Figure 20 Figure 21
Shaded Area = Shaded Area =
Example: Find the exact area enclosed between the curve 𝑦 4 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 2𝑥 1
Example: Using an algebraic approach, find the exact area enclosed by the line 𝑦 𝑒 , the curve 𝑦 𝑥
and the 𝑦‐axis.
There are lots of ways to check these on your graphics
calculator in Run‐Mode and Graph‐Mode
Integral Calculus 25
Example: The axes in Figure 22 shows the graphs of 𝑦 5𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑦 2𝑥 13𝑥 24
Figure 22
(a) Using the axes in Figure 21, complete the following table, stating the 𝑥‐coordinates of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and
𝐷.
Point 𝑥‐coordinate Working:
A
B
C
D
(b) Write an expression with integrals that could be used to calculate the shaded area and hence
determine the shaded area.
Extra Space for working/notes:
Integral Calculus 26
2010 Exam Question: The graph in Figure 23 shows the graphs of the functions 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 ,
which intersect when 𝑥 0, 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 3:
Figure 23
Region 𝐴 has an area of 22 units and Regions 𝐴 and 𝐵 have a combined area of 56 units .
(a)
(i) Find 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(c) Find 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex. 5B, pg 134
Q2 – 9, 12 – 14
Integral Calculus 27
Definite Integrals with Unknown Bounds
Example: Find 𝑘, given that 𝑑𝑥 ln 7, where 𝑘 2.
Integral Calculus 28
Question:
(a) Find all values of 𝑎 for which 3𝑥 10𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 9.
(b) Represent each solution in Figures 24, 25 and 26 below:
Ex. 5A, pg 131 Q12 – 14, Ex. 5B, pg134, Q15
RS 5A, pg 149, Q4 & 7, RS 5B, pg 151, Q5 & 6
Kinematics revisited
At a very simplistic level, consider a vehicle travelling at a constant velocity of 100 km/h for two hours.
Graphically, this is represented on a graph of: Analysing the area under the graph to the 𝑥‐axis:
Hence, for
𝑣 𝑡 0
Figure 27
Integral Calculus 29
Revision:
Function What is it? How do you Units 0
get it?
𝑠 𝑡 Displacement cm,m,mm… The particle is to The particle The particle is
𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
length the left of the is at the to the right of
𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑡 origin origin the origin
Speed decreasing (opposite Speed increasing (matching
signs) signs)
Decreasing: 0 𝑡 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑡 𝑐 Increasing: 𝑎 𝑡 𝑏, 𝑡 𝑐
Distance Travelled: Algebraically
How to Find the total distance travelled using integrals and 𝑣 𝑡 . NOTE: don’t start with 𝑠 𝑡 for this method.
Step 1 Check for times when the particle is stationary, positive, negative (changing direction) by solving:
Note: Always draw a graph of 𝑣 𝑡 (or 𝑠 𝑡 ) to get a better understanding of the motion of the
particle
Step 2 Write an appropriate integral that calculates the area under the curve depending on which case
you have:
Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30
Distance travelled from 𝑡 𝑎 Distance travelled from 𝑡 𝑎 Distance travelled from 𝑡 𝑎
to 𝑡 𝑏: to 𝑡 𝑏: to 𝑡 𝑐:
OR, Distance travelled from 𝑡 𝑎 to 𝑡 𝑏: |𝑣 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 (use calculator, as it cant be done easily
algebraically, only gives a decimal value of the distance travelled in most cases)
Integral Calculus 30
Question: What is the difference between ‘Distance’ and ‘Displacement’?
Diagram:
Displacement:
The displacement of a particle from 𝑡 𝑎 to 𝑡 𝑏 can be calculated using:
If value of above integral is negative: If value of above integral is positive:
Example: Consider a particle moving so that its velocity at any time is given by the function 𝑣 𝑡 𝑒
where 𝑡 0
(a) Explain why the particle is always moving to the right and always slowing down.
(b) Find the exact distance travelled in the first 10 seconds.
Example: A particle had an initial velocity of 27 𝑐𝑚𝑠 and moves in a straight line such that its
acceleration is given by 𝑎 𝑡 6𝑡 30 𝑐𝑚𝑠 .
(a) Determine the function that describes the particle’s velocity.
Integral Calculus 31
(b) Calculate and describe the displacement of the particle after the first 6 seconds.
Example: A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity function of 𝑣 𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡 3 cm.s‐1 for
𝑡 0. How far does the particle move in the first 5 seconds?
Ex. 5C.1 – pg 139 Q1,2
Ex. 5C.2 – pg 141 Q1‐7
Ex. 5C.3 – pg 143 Q1‐6
Integral Calculus 32
Definite Integrals of Other Rates
In the Kinematics section above, we considered the distance travelled (for example the number of
centimetres travelled). In this case, the velocity can be considered as:
Consider the case when 𝑣 𝑡 0:
The area under the graph of velocity versus time
gives total distance travelled, i.e.
total distance travelled 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Now, this relationship exists for all rates of change!
Rule: When the rate of change, say 𝑄′ 𝑡 of a quantity or quality is graphed against the elapsed time, the
area under the graph, calculated using a definite integral will represent:
Example: The rate at which data is being downloaded over an internet connection in Megabytes per
second is shown below in Figure 31. Calculate each definite integral and explain what it represents in the
context of the problem:
(a) 𝑀′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(b) 𝑀′ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Figure 31 (represent these answer on the graph alongside)
Example: Given the rate that water, , in 𝑚𝐿 per hour flowing into a lake is shown in the graph below in
Figure 32, state what the value (and sign) of each definite integral would represent in the context of the
problem:
𝑑𝑊
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
NOTE:
Figure 32
Integral Calculus 33
Extra Space for working/notes:
Integral Calculus 34
Example: A department store opens at 9.00 am and closes at 5.00 pm. The rate, 𝐸′ 𝑡 , at which people
enter the store is given by 𝐸′ 𝑡 240𝑡𝑒 . 100 people per hour, and the rate, 𝐿′ 𝑡 , at which
people leave the store is given by 𝐿 𝑡 100𝑡𝑒 . people per hour, where 0 𝑡 8 and 𝑡 0 is
9.00 am.
(a) On the axes in Figure 33, add the graph of 𝑦 𝐸′ 𝑡 .
Figure 33
(b) Find the rate at which people are entering the store at 10.00 am?
(c) At what time of the day is the rate people are entering the store a maximum?
(d)
(i) On the graph, show a representation of the number of people which left the store between
12.00 noon and 1.00 pm.
(ii) Find the number of people which left the store between 12.00 noon and 1.00 pm.
(e) Find the number of people that are in the store at 11.00 am.
Integral Calculus 35
(f)
(i) Explain why the number of people in the store will be a maximum when 𝐸′ 𝑡 𝐿′ 𝑡 in
this situation.
(ii) Find the maximum number of people that were in the store at any one time over the
course of the day.
Ex. 5D, pg 145, Q3 – 7
NOTE: the graph of 𝐸 𝑡 𝐿′ 𝑡 in Figure 33 can be used in helping understanding this problem:
Figure 34
Integral Calculus 36
Example: From 2019 USC SAT 4
The rate at which rainwater flows into a drainpipe is modelled by the function 𝑅 𝑡 20000 sin
cm per minute, and 𝑡 is measured in minutes, and 0 𝑡 8. The pipe is partially blocked, allowing
3
water to escape out the other end of the drainpipe. The rate that the water flows out of the drainpipe is
modelled by the function 𝐷 𝑡 40𝑡 400𝑡 960𝑡 cm3 per minute.
3
(a) How many cm of water flowed into the drainpipe during the first two minutes, answer correct
to 3 significant figures.
(1 mark)
(b) Explain why the total volume of water in the drainpipe was increasing when 𝑡 7?
(2 marks)
There are approximately 3 litres of water (i.e. 3000 cm3) in the drainpipe at time 𝑡 0.
(c) Writing appropriate definite integrals, show that the total volume of water in the drainpipe after
7 minutes is approximately 14500 cm3.
(2 marks)
(d)
(i) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 𝑅 𝑡 𝐷 𝑡 on the axes below in Figure 354 for 0 𝑡 8.
Figure 35
(2 marks)
Integral Calculus 37
(ii) Using the graph in part d(i), determine the time when there was a minimum amount of
water in the drainpipe. Explain your reasoning.
(2 marks)
(iii) Determine the minimum volume of water in the drainpipe.
(1 mark)
The drainpipe can hold a maximum of 26 litres of water before it begins to overflow. For 𝑡 8 water
continues to flow into and out of the drainpipe at the given rates.
(e) In the context of this question, explain the significance of the value of 𝑘 in the definite integral
𝑅 𝑡 𝐷 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 23,000 where 8 𝑘 9.
There is no requirement to determine the value of 𝑘.
(2 marks)
Integral Calculus 38
Extra Space for working/notes:
Integral Calculus 39