CMY 117 Study Guide

Study Guide
Chemistry Department
CMY 117
General Chemistry
2023
© Copyright reserved
2023 CMY 117 STUDY GUIDE
Contents
Anti-Discrimination statement ...................................................................................................................3
CMY 117 is on-campus ...............................................................................................................................3
Nature of the course ..................................................................................................................................4
THE COURSE ORGANISATION ...................................................................................................................4
Contact hours .............................................................................................................................................4
Course coordinator, lecturers, chief tutors and administrative manager ............................................4
External University support services ..........................................................................................................6
Course clickUP Web page...........................................................................................................................7
Repeater students ....................................................................................................................................8
Study Material ..........................................................................................................................................8
A calculator and the Chemikit® molecular model Set ................................................................................8
Lectures .....................................................................................................................................................9
Discussion Board ......................................................................................................................................10
Practicals .................................................................................................................................................10
(i) Organisation and Administration ..........................................................................................10
(ii) Exemption from practical session activities (repeater students) .......................................11
(iii) Pregnant students ...................................................................................................................11
(iv) The Laboratory Book ..............................................................................................................11
(v) First Year Code of Conduct .....................................................................................................12
(vi) Dress Code in the laboratory..................................................................................................12
(vii) Preparation for the practical sessions before coming to the laboratory ............................12
(viii) Punctuality...............................................................................................................................13
(ix) Time spent during the session in the laboratory ..................................................................14
(x) Tutors .......................................................................................................................................14
Tutorials ...................................................................................................................................................14
Tutorials and Practicals Timetable ...........................................................................................................17
THE COURSE ASSESSMENTS .....................................................................................................................17
1) Academic dishonesty and Plagiarism ..........................................................................................17
2) Marks record ...............................................................................................................................18
3) OWL (Online Web-based Learning) .............................................................................................18
Note on OWL assignments .....................................................................................................................19
4) Class (Tutorial) Tests....................................................................................................................19
5) Semester Tests ............................................................................................................................20
6) Semester Marks...........................................................................................................................20
7) Examination admission and Final marks .....................................................................................20
8) Absenteeism ................................................................................................................................21
9) Sick Test .......................................................................................................................................22
10) Summer School ...........................................................................................................................22
11) Extra-time students .....................................................................................................................22
THE COURSE CONTENT ............................................................................................................................23
Syllabus and lecture themes ....................................................................................................................23
Outcomes of the course ...........................................................................................................................26
Lecture Themes and Tests Timetable ......................................................................................................29
Additional Study material ........................................................................................................................31
Names and symbols of the elements .......................................................................................................31
Names of ions (alphabetical)....................................................................................................................32
Names of polyatomic ions by element.....................................................................................................33
Names of some common compounds .....................................................................................................34
General solubility guidelines ....................................................................................................................34
Information page (included in all the class tests, semester tests and the examination) ........................35
Make your own notes ..............................................................................................................................36
General Chemistry 2 / 36 © University of Pretoria

Anti-Discrimination statement
The University of Pretoria is committed to building an inclusive, affirming and transformed
institutional culture, curriculum and campus life. It rejects all forms of discrimination and
has committed to the eradication of discriminatory practices as laid out in the Anti-
Discrimination Policy adopted in 2019. As the lecturers and presenters of this course, we
undertake to ensure that any such concerns can be raised without fear of intimidation or
recrimination.
The information in this Study Guide is subject to change, and any such shall be clearly
and promptly communicated.
CMY 117 is on-campus

The entire course and associated activities will be presented in-
person in different venues on the Hatfield campus. We aim to
present a few smaller activities on-line and these details shall be
communicated as and when required.
If it should be required due to any Covid–related ( or similar)
issues, the course may move online. We sincerely hope that this will
not be required!! In this case, we shall provide guidance as to what is required for online
learning – it may not be your preferred option or what you thought you signed up for, but
UP will do all it can to ensure that the academic year is successful. The staff in this course
were actively involved in the online offering the previous years and we feel confident that
we can support you.
The following is a concise overview of the course offering that will be presented:
On-campus activities
Lectures In person sessions following the timetable – 4 lectures per week.
Lecture style Dependant on individual lecturer’s strategy:

• Traditional approach: Content is discussed guided by PowerPoint lecture slides.
• Flipped class-room approach: Students work through detailed lecture slides before the start of the
session and students submit questions to be discussed during the lecture.
Tutorials In-person tutorial sessions with lecturers, chief tutors and an assisting group of tutors every second
week in the same time-slots as the practical periods formally assigned on the timetable – Working
through prescribed tutorial problems and allowing students the opportunity to ask any questions they
may have. After completion of a session, a tutorial (class) test is written, approximately one hour.
Practicals On-campus practicals during the assigned periods on the timetable every second week alternating
with the tutorials: NB! Students are required to make certain preparations prior to entering the
laboratories. All students will be assigned a tutor for the semester to assist during the experiments.
The reports must be completed and handed in at the end of each session.
Assessments Variety of continuous assessments

(ALL COMPULSORY):
• OWL assignments
• Class tests (on-campus; some may be on-line)
• Semester tests (on-campus)
• A Final Examination (on-campus)

Nature of the course

The semester course CMY 117 affords sixteen credits. Each credit allocated to the module
amounts to ten hours of learning. This implies that the course will also require extensive
self-study outside of formally scheduled activities.
The course builds extensively on the application and integration of fundamental concepts.
You are therefore strongly advised to keep all your notes, summaries etc. and the
knowledge(!) that was gained in your school career, close to hand and regularly do revision
of all the related material.
You have to take responsibility for your own learning by being actively engaged in the
module. To successfully complete any module, you will have to apply yourself, arrive at
class on time and come prepared to participate, work diligently, submit all assessments,
and attend all contact sessions, as some information may only be conveyed during contact
sessions.
Actively engage and discuss the study material with tutors, peers and lecturers. However,
the views of others should be respected even if you do not agree with them. The lecture
halls, laboratories and tutorial venues are to be seen as safe spaces where questions can be
freely asked without fear of judgement. Competitiveness is healthy, but it should not be
done at the expense of others. Respect other students who want to learn; don’t hinder them
with noisy private discussions or other activities during contact sessions.
THE COURSE ORGANISATION

The following sections explain all the administrative and organizational arrangements
regarding the logistics, presentation and evaluation of this semester course. You must
closely follow the instructions given:
Contact hours
4 Lectures per week and 1 × 3 hour practical/assignment/model-building/tutorial
session (=7 hours contact) per week.
There are two compulsory semester tests written.
All these activities must be completed during the semester.
Course coordinator, lecturers, chief tutors and administrative manager

Course Coordinator & Lecturer Lecturer
Mr N de Beer Dr N Nombona
Office: Chemistry Building, Room 3-16 Office: Natural Science I Building,
Telephone: 012-420-4783 (on-campus) Room 3-47
Email: nick.debeer@up.ac.za Telephone: 012-420-2626 (on-campus)
Email: nolwazi.nombona@up.ac.za
Lecturer Lecturer
Dr. A Mosai Dr. K Mathabathe
Office: Natural Science I Building, Office: Information Technology Building,
Room 2-19.1 Room 3.58.5
Telephone: 012-420-4322 (on-campus) Telephone: 012-420-3323 (on-campus)
Email: alseno.mosai@up.ac.za Email: kgadi.mathabate@up.ac.za

Course Administrator Me. Dry handles ALL marks administration, practical

allocations & exemptions, as well as sick notes.
Me. Daleen Dry Please ensure that you include the course code CMY
Office: Chemistry Building, Room 1-39 117 and your student number in ALL electronic
ONLY 08h00 – 12h30
correspondence with her!
Telephone: 012-420-5156 (on-campus)
Email: daleen.dry@up.ac.za
Senior Tutor Senior Tutor
Ms L Rakhunwana Ms L Cajada
Email: help.cmy117.Prac.Tut@gmail.com Email: help.cmy117.Prac.Tut@gmail.com

You are welcome to consult with your lecturers. It is a good idea to make an appointment
via email to arrange to meet with your lecturer. Each lecturer will announce her/his
consultation arrangements in class. All administrative matters are handled by the course
coordinator(s) or by the administrative manager. Should any problems arise that cannot
be solved in class you must follow the official grievance procedure:
Head of
Class representative Coordinator Head of Department
First Years
All issues should be reported in writing, providing details of the complaint or issue. First
consult the individual lecturer concerned about the complaint or issue. If the matter is,
however, not resolved, you should consult the class representative (the primary function of
the class representative is to serve as a two-way communication channel between the class
and the lecturer.) If the matter remains unresolved you should consult the module
coordinator in the case of large module classes with multiple lecturers. Where the
coordinator is unable to or fails to resolve the matter, you should consult the Head of First
year and/or the Head of the Department. Should the matter remain unresolved, you may
approach the Dean of the Faculty.
Head of First Years Head of Department

Prof L Pilcher Prof P Ndungu
Chemistry Building, Room 1-35 Natural Sciences I Building, Room 3-11
Tel: 012-420-5384 Tel: 012-420-3772
Email: lynne.pilcher@up.ac.za Email: patrick.ndungu@up.ac.za
External University support services

• Think carefully before
dropping modules (after the
closing date for
amendments or cancellation
FLY@UP: of modules). www.up.ac.za/fly@up
The Finish • Make responsible choices
Line is Yours with your time and work email: fly@up.ac.za
consistently.
• Aim for a good semester
mark. Don’t rely on the
examination to pass.
Academic support for students
with learning disabilities:
• Assistive technological https://www.up.ac.za/disability-
services unit
• Facilitation of test and
Disability
examination 012 420 2064
Unit
accommodations email: du@up.ac.za
• Test and exam concession
applications
• Accessible study venues and
a computer lab

• Referrals for recommended

textbooks in electronic
format
Student
Provides counselling and
Counselling 012 420 2333
therapeutic support to students
Unit
Student
Promotes and assists students 012 420 5233
Health
with health and wellness 012 420 3423
Services
Provides support for UP

The Careers careerservices@up.ac.za
students and graduates as they
Office 012 420 2315
prepare for their careers
24-hour Operational 012 420-2310

Department Management Centre 012 420-2760
of Security
Services 24-hour Operational Manager 083 654 0476
Crisis Line 0800 006 428
Enquiries concerning studies,

Department 012 420 2371/4001
accommodation, food, funds,
of Student Roosmaryn Building, Hatfield
social activities and personal
Affairs campus
problems
Centre for
Sexualities, Identifies and provides training
012 420 4391
AIDS and of student peer counsellors
Gender
Fees and http://www.up.ac.za/enquiry

012 420 3111
funding www.up.ac.za/fees-and-funding
012 420 3051

IT Helpdesk For student IT related queries studenthelp@up.ac.za
Course clickUP Web page

NB!! All information for this course, such as announcements, notices, information,
documents, marks, due dates for OWL assignments, test announcements, etc. will be made
available on the CMY 117 S1 2023 course clickUP page. Lecturers will not always announce
that notices and documents have been added.
It is therefore every student's responsibility to visit the clickUP pages regularly(daily)
and look for announcements, updates and new information!!

Repeater students
CMY 117 activities receives preference to subsequent year modules. A student may not
register for a module of a subsequent year if a timetable clash occurs with CMY 117. No
excuses or exceptions will be accepted for clashes with any of the officially scheduled
activities. (See General Regulation 11)
Study Material
Each student must have the following prescribed textbook. This book is essential to this
module since all course material is based on this book. The e-book is available to ALL
students as part of their course fees!
Title: Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity
Authors: JC Kotz, PM Treichel and JR Townsend
Edition: Tenth (2018)
Publisher: Thomson Brooks Cole
ISBN: 978-1-337-39907-4
Other very interesting material is available on the official website of the publisher. Students
are invited to visit this site to read/download and print any relevant material.
If you would like a hard-copy of the textbook, you are welcome to purchase it (or a second-
hand copy) in either the tenth or ninth editions.
You are, however, strongly encouraged to consult additional sources. The following
textbooks are recommended as useful sources for additional study, and are available
in the Merensky Library (Reserved Study Collection):
• Chemistry the Central Science, TL Brown, H LeMay and BE Bursten.

• General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis by KW Whitten, KD Gailey / ML Peck
and RE Davis, Saunders College Publishing, third ed., 1991; sixth ed., 2000.
• Chemistry. The Molecular Science. by J Olmsted and GM Williams, McGraw& Hill

second ed., 1997.
The scientific journals, Chemical and Engineering News, Chemistry in Britain, New Scientist,
Nature, Scientific American and the Journal of Chemical Education, amongst others, are also
available from the library (level 5), and offer many interesting articles.
A calculator and the Chemikit® molecular model Set

Students purchase their own calculators, any type is allowed, preferably one that can solve
equations.
It is important to be able to visualise the structures and shape of molecules. In fact, this is
what greatly influences their chemical behaviour! To assist you in this, a Chemikit®
molecular modelling set (kit) will be issued by the Department at a time to be announced.
These kits are charged to the course fees of CMY 117. EVERY student is expected to have
such a kit!
NB! Please note that this kit will be used even more extensively during the second semester
CMY 127 course. It is therefore vital that you do NOT lose this kit!

If this kit is lost /stolen, the replacement costs are for the student’s own private account.
Lectures
Based on their own personal lecture timetable, students choose to attend lectures in one
of three possible lecture groups as shown in the timetable at the bottom of this page ( A
larger version is also available elsewhere on clickUP). Four lectures are provided per
student per week. Once you have chosen a particular group, you are very strongly advised
to stay with the group, as this will provide the necessary continuity in your experience of
the course.
These will be presented in-person by the lecturers. Attendance for these lectures is
compulsory . It is strongly recommended that you prepare before each lecture by at the
very least reading through the material that will be covered (This can be gauged with
reference to the Course Syllabus and the Lecture Theme Timetable available on clickUP –
see also page 30 of this Study Guide).
The exact format of the lecture depends on the individual lecturer’s approach, and may
consist of (i) the traditional approach where the lecture is guided by Powerpoint slides or
(ii) the flipped classroom approach where students work through detailed lecture slides
before the start of the session, and they may submit their resulting questions to be
discussed during the live sessions.

Discussion Board
Apart from consultations with lecturers and tutors, any question that students may have
regarding lectures, practicals, tutorials and other related matters can be posted 24/7 on the
relevant forums in a “discussion board”. The link to this is available elsewhere on clickUP
This tool contains specific ‘forums’ and ‘threads’ for the course. Students are to use the
(i) correct and (ii) previously created forums and threads and NOT create their own,
otherwise postings and questions may be overlooked.
- Lecturers and tutors will regularly monitor the posts and attempt to answer any
questions.
- In addition, students may attempt to answer each other’s questions. We strongly encourage
this, as such ‘peer learning’ is formally recognized as a powerful pedagogical activity!
- When posting about a particular assigned textbook problem related to the coursework,
students MUST submit proof of their working/attempt at the question by uploading a
screenshot, picture, etc. otherwise the question will NOT be answered!
Practicals
(i) Organisation and Administration
It is compulsory for students to complete all of five scheduled activities.
The central timetable office allocates each student to one of five (P01 – P05) possible
sessions per week - P01 (Tuesdays 10:30 – 13:20), P02 (Tuesdays 14:30 – 17:20), P03
(Wednesdays 10:30 – 13:20), P04 (Wednesdays 14:30 – 17:20) and
P05 (Thursdays 10:30 – 13:20). Each student is assigned (via clickUP) to one session on one
of these days throughout the semester in a specific laboratory. Practicals occur every second
week. A timetable for the practicals is indicated on page 17 of this Study Guide and a full
version is also available elsewhere on clickUP.
Students, who, for academic reasons, may find it necessary to change their allocated
laboratory sessions, should contact the Administrative Manager, Mrs Dry (Contact details
given above). Changes will be accommodated ONLY if there is room in another group. Please
note that a student is only allowed to change if the Senior Tutor permits it.
Each scheduled session consists of a 3-hour practical period, during which practical work is
carried out in the laboratory. All the activities/instructions associated with each practical
are located in the “Practicals” content area/folder on clickUP:
1. Any queries about the content of the practicals should be referred firstly to the chief
tutors and/or then the course coordinator.
2. Any queries related to marks should be referred to the course administrator Mrs Dry.
3. Links to the relevant documents and material will be made available at the latest on the
Friday preceding a scheduled practical cycle.
4. Students will engage with the material in their own time.
5. NB! Students will be required to provide ‘proof’ of preparation prior to being allowed
entrance to a laboratory. If you are not adequately prepared, you will be refused entrance
which implies that a mark of “zero” will be allocated for that practical session!
6. Students will complete a Report Sheet during the practical that has to be handed in at
the end. This report sheet will allow students to enter their recorded observations
and/or to process the data that was obtained.
During the weeks that a student is not scheduled to do laboratory work, he/she is expected
to attend a tutorial session.
Please refer to the Absenteeism section for details (see page 21of this Study Guide) if you
missed a practical. As indicated per the timetable on clickUP, students who missed a
practical will be granted the opportunity of writing a sick practical during the week of 5 – 9
June.
(ii) Exemption from practical session activities (repeater students)

The practicals for the 2021 and 2022 academic years were conducted online. The difference
between online activities and the on-campus activities in the laboratory are quite significant.
Therefore, repeater students will NOT be granted any exemptions. NB! If you experience
timetable clashes with other subjects, it is your own responsibility to contact the
Administrative Manager, Mrs Dry (Contact details given above) ASAP to be assigned to
another session.
(iii) Pregnant students
A pregnant student is required to inform the Course Coordinator as soon as the pregnancy
is confirmed. The Coordinator will provide a pregnant student with information so as to
enable her to make an informed decision about her pregnancy and participation in
practicals. The student will not be forbidden to complete practicals.
(iv) The Laboratory Book
Each student must have a laboratory book which is used for each practical session of this
course:
1. The laboratory book should be an A4 32 page soft-cover exercise book without
perforations.
2. It is used for each practical for preparation before a practical AND note-taking during
a practical.
3. It is also used by the student for reference during the preparation for practical tests.
4. All preparation in this book must be in the handwriting of the student, and no printed
material from the webpage or photocopied documents may be pasted into this book.
Exceptions are the First Year Code of Conduct and MSDS template (see below).
5. When a student enters the laboratory, tutors will check the laboratory book of each
student for the required preparation. No student will be allowed into the
laboratory without proof of the necessary preparation in the student’s own
laboratory book, in his/her own handwriting.
6. The book should form a portfolio of all the practicals done by a student in this course.
7. At the end of the semester these books will be submitted and will become the property
of the Department of Chemistry. The books of students with borderline marks in the
final examination may be re-evaluated to provide input to the mark.
(v) First Year Code of Conduct
The First Year Code of Conduct is a document with an undertaking by the student to abide
by all the rules and safety regulations of the laboratory. The Code of Conduct must be read
in conjunction with the information pertaining to the Practical sessions presented in this
Study Guide. However, the information provided in the Code of Conduct supersedes any
communication which may have been omitted from this Study Guide with regard to Practical
sessions and vice versa.
(vi) Dress Code in the laboratory
The following rules strictly apply for all students at all times in the laboratory:
1. A long, white laboratory coat with long sleeves which can be fully-buttoned up. It is
advisable to buy a size larger than required to make allowance for jerseys and jackets
during winter.
2. A pair of laboratory safety glasses (sunglasses, 3D glasses etc. will not be permitted).
Spectacles are sufficient as long as they are worn throughout the laboratory session.
3. A pair of long pants, or a long skirt which fully covers the legs down to the ankles (no
leggings, stockings, yoga pants, torn jeans, etc.).
4. Closed shoes – no sandals, bare feet or pumps will be permitted.
5. Hair must be tied to the back and out of the student’s face – this applicable for all hair
types, hairstyles and genders.
6. No caps or full-brimmed hats.
Note that these rules are for your own safety. Students who do not fully comply with these
rules will not be allowed into the laboratory and will forfeit the marks for the practical.
(vii) Preparation for the practical sessions before coming to the laboratory
It is essential for each student to do the necessary preparation prior to each scheduled
session. The Department of Chemistry views the preparation of practicals in a very serious
light, and no student will be allowed to enter the laboratory without thorough
preparation of that particular practical.
The preparation for each practical consists of the following steps:
1. NB! Consult the CMY 117 timetable for your group to see which practical is scheduled
on a particular date.
2. Download and print out the documents (Instruction sheet, Report/Observation sheet,
MSDS1 template) for that practical from clickUP. Include the First Year Code of Conduct
for Practical 1.
3. Carefully read through the material, consult the references in your textbook and note
the objectives;
1
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that contains information on the potential hazards (health,
fire, reactivity and environmental) and how to work safely with the chemical product. It is an essential starting point
for your preparation to handle chemicals in the laboratory.
4. In your laboratory book:

Paste (do not staple or ‘sellotape’) your signed copy of the First Year Code of Conduct on
the first page of your laboratory book.
For each experiment:
4.1. Note the heading and aims of the experiment.
4.2. Paste the MSDS into the book.
4.3. Complete the MSDS in its entirety, in your own handwriting. This will require some
online searches for the relevant information. Ensure you include ALL chemical
reagents, solvents and products formed in your MSDS.
4.4. Make a list of all the reactants, their chemical formulae and other physical data you
may need. Also write all the necessary chemical equations of the reactions in the
practical as well as mathematical equations necessary to answer any questions in
the Observation Sheet.
4.5. Make a flow diagram of the experimental procedure in your laboratory book. See
clickUP for details about this diagram.
4.5.1. Add sufficient detail to this diagram so that you will know exactly what to do
in the laboratory, without consulting the instruction sheet from the website.
(The instruction sheet will not be allowed in the laboratory.)
4.5.2. Do not merely copy the experimental procedure and other instructions from
the clickUP document into your laboratory book. Instead: summarize the
procedure; add your own notes and abbreviations so that it can be used to carry
out the experiment.
5. Bring your lab book, a non-permanent marker pen, as well as your printed observation
sheet to the laboratory.
6. Note carefully what to look out for during the experiment. (You should write notes of
all your observations during the practical in your laboratory book.)
Write detailed personal notes of the practical, keeping in mind the future test questions
related to the practical.
(viii) Punctuality
1. It is advisable to arrive 10 minutes before the scheduled time of the practical.
2. All preparation in your laboratory book, must be done BEFORE you arrive at the
laboratory. Students will not be allowed to do last-minute preparation outside
the laboratory.
3. Each practical starts with a pre-practical talk in the laboratory by each tutor with
his/her group of students. Vital information is given to students during this talk and
must be attended by each student.
4. Students arriving once the pre-practical talk has begun will not be allowed into the
laboratory

(ix) Time spent during the session in the laboratory

1. Listen carefully to the tutor for more information during the pre-practical talk in the
laboratory
2. Perform the practical step-by-step, using your own flow diagram as a guide.
3. During the practical session each student must go through the prescribed experimental
procedure and make all observations as guided by the Observation Sheet. Aspects like
smell, colour changes, reagents, precipitates, solubility, reactivity, etc. should be noted
and recorded on the Observation Sheet. The student must use the time in the
laboratory to understand the experimental work and related results in depth.
4. Think for yourself. Do not rely on other students. Ask your tutor if in doubt.
5. Write detailed notes of the practical, with the future test on the practical in mind.
6. Complete the Observation Sheet with these observations and other information.
7. Sign in the attendance register, both directly after the pre-practical talk and before you
leave the laboratory. This is the proof of the Department of Chemistry that you have
attended the practical. No marks will be awarded if the attendance register has not
been signed twice per practical – it is the students’ responsibility to ensure he/she
has signed the attendance register.
8. No copying of of any kind will be tolerated during the practical session. Each student
is required to do his/her own work. If an experiment is to be conducted in pairs, each
student will still complete their Observation Sheet and all calculations individually. The
Department of Chemistry views copying in a very serious manner and any student
caught copying from any source whatsoever, or allowing another student to copy their
work will be penalized and their information recorded on the Department’s Register.
(x) Tutors
The tutors are available to assist you during the practical; you will be allocated a tutor for
the semester. They are trained to guide you through the experiments and calculations and
will not simply provide you with answers. Your tutor will present a pre-practical talk
before the start of the practical and will be available to assist you during the session. Tutors
are employed by the Department of Chemistry to ensure all safety protocols are adhered to
and to provide a platform whereby students can gain clarity on their misconceptions during
the practical and will be treated with respect. Any student who fails to respect their tutor in
any way will be told to leave the practical session and forfeit his/her marks for the practical.
Tutorials
The work covered in the tutorials will provide guidance in how to apply the theory presented
in the lectures and expose you to the depth of understanding required to succeed in the class
assessments.
It is compulsory for students to participate in all of the scheduled sessions.
The central timetable office allocates each student to one of five (T01 – T05) possible
sessions per week - T01 (Tuesdays 10:30 – 13:20), T02 (Tuesdays 14:30 – 17:20), T03
(Wednesdays 10:30 – 13:20), T04 (Wednesdays 14:30 – 17:20) and
T05 (Thursdays 10:30 – 13:20).
Each student is assigned (via clickUP) to one session on one of these days throughout the
semester in a specific venue.
Tutorials occur every second week, spread over 8 different cycles of three-hour sessions.
The detailed timetable for the tutorials is indicated on page 17 of this Study Guide and is also
available elsewhere on clickUP.
Students, who, for academic reasons, may find it necessary to change their allocated tutorial
sessions, should contact the Administrative Manager, Mrs Dry (Contact details given above).
Changes will be accommodated ONLY if there is room in another group. Please note that a
student is only allowed to change if the Senior Tutor permits it.
Repeater students are strongly advised to attend all the tutorials and model-building sessions.
1. In the week prior to the tutorial cycle, a set of prescribed textbook problems are
provided on clickUP under “Tutorials”.
2. Students are expected to download these lists and work on as many of the problems as
possible in their own time before the tutorial cycle commences. This will allow for you
to experience maximum productivity during the contact time
3. During the tutorial, a Senior Tutor will be in charge, supported by a group of other
tutors and a lecturer(s).
4. Students may have any material at hand that they think may be of use. In some
tutorials, called “model building” sessions, the use of the modelling kit is compulsory.
5. During the first two hours of the session, the Senior Tutor will facilitate regular periods
of time during which students may attempt a sub-set of the complete problem set. In
this manner, students are guided to work through representative examples for the
whole set of problems in the time available.
6. Due to time constraints, it is not possible to work though every single problem, hence
the requirement for students to work on the questions before attending.
7. If you have any remaining questions after the tutorial session is over, you are welcome
to take it up with your lecturer and/or post it on the Discussion Board as mentioned
previously.
8. During the tutorial session students may ask any questions related to the prescribed
set of problems.
9. When you ask a question, you will be asked to first present your working. This enables
the tutor/lecturer to quickly see where you are “stuck”.
10. NO questions will be answered if this working is not shown!
11. You will not simply be provided with the full direct memorandum for answers to your
questions! You will rather receive guidance and prompts from the tutors and staff, to
enable you in solving the problems yourself. This is a superior method to gaining
understanding and mastery of the work.
Take note, this is a tutorial session, not a 5th lecture, and thus it requires your active
participation in doing preparation beforehand, and asking questions during the session!
12. In the last hour of each session, a Class (Tutorial) test will be written. It will consist
of short multiple-choice type questions whose answers are to be encoded on a specific
computer answer sheet.
13. Details about the test format and coding will be available elsewhere on clickUP.
The timetable for Practicals and Tutorials is provided on the next page:
Note that
1. Public holidays and the recess days are provided in different colours.
2. Due to the occurrence of such holidays, some lecture days are ‘lost’. To make up for
this, days with alternative lecture timetables are provided. In this regard, please note
especially 3 April and 3 May.
3. Due to this disruption of the normal ‘flow’ there are some weeks where certain
students are scheduled for a practical and others are doing a tutorial. NB!! It is your
own responsibility to ensure that you are aware of this and to prepare accordingly. Due
to time constrains NO exceptions can (and will) be made to accommodate students who
‘forgot’ the correct timetable!
4. A larger version of this timetable is available elsewhere on clickUP.

Tutorials and Practicals Timetable
THE COURSE ASSESSMENTS

Student performance in this course will be measured by OWL® assignments, class tests,
semester tests, practicals and an examination. The organisation, guidelines and
contributions for each component are set out below:
1) Academic dishonesty and Plagiarism

The University of Pretoria places great emphasis upon integrity and ethical conduct in the
preparation of all work submitted for academic evaluation. You should be aware of the Rules
and Policies of the University, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or improper conduct
during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment. Note that no
student or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student, or attempt to
obtain help from another student or any other person during tests, assessments,
assignments, examinations and any other forms of assessment. Copying answers from
another source and submitting them as your own is dishonest.

Several covert anti-copying mechanisms have been put in place in CMY 117 where copying
will be automatically detected and reported.
NB!! At the beginning of the course, you will be required to complete an “Integrity
Declaration”. If you do not complete this, you may be understood not to have completed the
course!
Details of this activity are provided elsewhere on clickUP.
2) Marks record
It is each student’s responsibility to check her/his record of marks on an ongoing basis. These
marks are shown in ‘My Grades’ on clickUP and are updated regularly by the Chemistry
Department as marks become available. It includes electronic assignments called OWL, class
tests, practicals, and semester test marks.
Any queries should be submitted to the course administration manager (Mrs Dry) within a
week of marks being released. Do not wait until the semester mark is calculated to submit your
queries.
All recorded marks are considered final on the day of the final examination and no further
corrections will be accepted.
Please note that this is the responsibility of the student to ensure that his/her marks are correct
on the day of the final examination. The Department of Chemistry does not take any
responsibility for errors in marks records after this date.
3) OWL (Online Web-based Learning)
In this course emphasis is placed on independent work. It is expected of students to read the
textbook, make their own notes and summaries and to do homework exercises on a
continuous basis.
To aid students to achieve this goal, compulsory computer-based assignments (work

sessions) are prescribed, known as OWL assignments (short for Online Web-based
Learning)
Students are required to register for OWL on the Textbook Publisher’s website. A link for this
(with instructions) is provided elsewhere on clickUP. This must be completed during the
first week of the semester.
This link also allows for access to the electronic version of the textbook.
Exemption from OWL assignments are NOT granted to repeater students!
These assignments are done online and marks are assigned automatically. These marks are
taken into consideration in the calculation of the semester mark.
The due dates for the OWL assignments will be available on the platform. However, please
note that each session (assignment) will be open and available for at least a couple of weeks
before the closing date. These sessions may take some time to complete, and thus students
should NOT wait for the closing date to attempt to complete the exercises in a particular
assignment! If an assignment is not completed and submitted before the closing date, the
marks for that session will be forfeited and such a session cannot be made up!
One or more OWL assignments may be assigned per week, all of which are compulsory.
Note on OWL assignments

1. All the assignments will be available to attempt at the start of the semester, with
staggered due dates after which you cannot do them anymore.
2. You can do them in any order, at any time.
3. When an OWL exercise has expired, you can still view the content and practice, but
you will receive no further credit for it.
4. The time for each assignment is unlimited, but you must (in most cases) submit one
correct answer in the same session for a credit.
5. You can attempt an assignment an unlimited number of times, until you get the credit
for it. However, while the type of question will always be the same, the numerical
values and compounds will differ.
6. Learn from the feedback with each question. This is the big advantage of the OWL
system.
7. Recommendation: Write down the questions and answers. Also make notes of the
simulations. These can be valuable study notes.
8. Use the numerical values from the OWL tables (like Avogadro’s number) and the
Periodic Table (like molar masses). Do not use values from other sources.
9. Many assignments consist of two similar questions. Both must be attempted, of which
one must be answered correctly for the credit.
10. Reserve at least two hours at the computer for you to complete an assignment.
However, some assignments are shorter and others can take longer.
11. Revise the particular section of the work in your notes and in the textbook before you
attempt an assignment.
12. When you do an assignment you should have your calculator, textbook and stationery
ready.
13. Numerical answers can be entered either in decimal or scientific notation. Again: click
“Scientific Notation” in the table at the top of a question to learn how to enter
scientific notation in OWL if needed.
14. Do not be in a hurry – some sections of OWL load slowly, especially the simulations.
15. All dates are displayed in American format, e.g. month/day/year.
16. Flash Player 9.0 (or later) must be installed and working on your browser to view the
animations. (Note: The Google Chrome browser already includes this.)
17. Again: all the assignments are available from the start. Do not wait for their due dates.
They can be done any time before the due dates, in any order.
4) Class (Tutorial) Tests

A class test will be written (approximately every second week) at the end of each tutorial
session - see page 17 of this Study Guide. The scope of these tests will cover all the material
dealt with in a particular two-week cycle, not just the content of the tutorial sessions. It is

therefore important that you prepare for the class tests by covering the lecture content, two
weeks of tutorials and any other material. More details on the format, work-flow, logistics
and scope provided elsewhere on clickUP.
NO sick tests or make-up tests are available for these class tests! Students who do not write
these tests simply forfeit the learning opportunity. Please refer to the Absenteeism section
(Page 21 of this Study Guide) for details if you missed a class test.
5) Semester Tests
Two official semester tests and one official final exam will be written, the dates of which
are available on the official timetable of the University, and also on the accompanying CMY
117 calendar (see page 30 of this Study Guide). Important information regarding the scope,
logistics and precise format will be placed on clickUP before each test or examination.
6) Semester Marks
The semester mark is calculated from the student’s performance in semester tests, class
tests, practicals, tutorials and OWLs. These marks will appear under “My Grades” on
clickUP. A semester mark is only awarded if all of the practical / tutorial requirements are
met. The provisional guidelines for the calculation of the semester mark are as follows:
Semester test 1 25%
Semester test 2 25%
Class tests 15%
Practicals 20%
OWL assignments 15%
The Chemistry Department reserves the right to change the formula for calculating the
semester mark.
7) Examination admission and Final marks

The scope of the Final examination will consist of ALL the material presented in the course.
Details regarding the scope, format and logistics wiil be made available on clickUP.
A minimum semester mark of 40% and a mark of 60% minimum for the laboratory
component is required to be admitted to the examination, on condition that candidates
have completed all scheduled activities of the course, i.e. practical and tutorial sessions.
NB! This applies ONLY if this mark is supported with completion of ALL practicals (P1-P5).
You will receive an examination exclusion if this is not the case, even if you have a semester
mark of ≥40%. Satisfactory performance in tutorial sessions, OWL assignments and any
other tasks set during the semester may be a consideration in borderline cases.
The final mark which determines whether a candidate will pass, fail, or qualify for a
supplementary examination will be calculated provisionally as the arithmetical average of
the semester mark and the exam mark.
Final Mark calculation: (Semester Mark % + Exam Mark %)/2
Final marks will be released by the NAS Faculty only and can be accessed on the UP Portal.
A final mark of at least 50% is necessary to pass.
However, a subminimum of 40% in the examination is required, irrespective of the semester

mark. Failing this, a student will be required to write a supplementary examination. In other
words, this refers to a candidate with a final mark of 50% or higher but an examination mark
under 40% (This will appear as a result code 992 on your final grade).
A final awarded mark of 75% or higher is a distinction.
Candidates with final marks from 40% to 49% may sit for supplementary exams, which
are written during a designated period after the June Examination period (This will appear
as a result code 999 on your final grade).
Students who are absent from the examination, and who submit valid and verified medical
certificates (See Absenteeism on page 21 of this Study Guide) for detailed requirements of
such.) to the Faculty administration within three days of the examination being written (As
per official University regulations, the chemistry department accepts NO responsibility for
handling this documentation!), will write a special (aegrotat) / sick examination as their
final examination and forfeit the opportunity of a re-examination (This will appear as a result
code 994 on your final grade).
The semester mark is not retained in determining the final mark for a student who has
successfully passed the supplementary examination. The maximum mark that will be
awarded in a case like this is 50%.
After successfully passing the special/ sick examination the semester mark is retained and
the final mark is calculated as (Semester mark+ Supplementary examination mark )/2 = 100.
NB!! Students must ensure that they are able to easily reach the campus
- until their final results are made available
- so that they can write the supplementary examination if required
- so that they are able to take part in any script perusals. NO alternative arrangements will
be made to accommodate students that cannot come to the university campus for these
activities!
8) Absenteeism
Absence from any formal activities included during the course (class tests, semester tests,
assignments and practical quizzes) must be supported by a medical certificate. Such a
certificate MUST:
1. reach the Administrative Manager (Mrs Dry), or the course coordinator(s) or the
chief tutors within 3 working days after the activity has taken place.
2. be issued and signed by a medical doctor.
3. contain the name, qualifications and contact details of the doctor.
4. contain the date of the medical examination.
5. certify that the medical professional has physically examined the patient (certificates
simply stating that the doctor was ‘informed’ of a certain medical condition will not be
accepted!)
6. contain the dates of the period during which you are to be exempted from academic
activities.
It is the prerogative of the Chemistry department and/or the University to perform an
independent check on the validity of a medical certificate if it is deemed necessary.
(Please be reminded once again that absence from the examination requires the submission
of the medical certificate to the Faculty within three days of the examination being written -
as per official University regulations, the chemistry department accepts NO responsibility for
handling this documentation!)
Students should note that uncertified absence from tests, practicals, tutorials and
unfinished OWL sessions may lead to serious consequences such as and tutor sessions will
definitely lead to having to repeat part of the course or even non-admission to examinations.
This also applies to students who qualify for the sick test and the sick practical.
NB! The results obtained in tests or exams are regarded as final. If you feel unwell just before
the START of an assessment activity, contact the invigilator before it starts, in order to obtain
permission to write a ‘sick test’ or ‘sick exam’. No appeal on the grounds of sickness during an
assessment will be entertained when a student performs poorly in a test or examination!
In the case of a long illness, the lecturer or course coordinator must be contacted by the
parents of the student. It is the responsibility of the student to contact the course coordinator
and make arrangements to catch up.
9) Sick Test
NB! A student can miss only one official semester test due to illness.
For candidates with authorized and confirmed absence, a catch-up opportunity is provided
at the end of the semester (The provisional date is Monday 5 June - see the test timetable on
page 30). Once again, be reminded that NO such repeat opportunities will be granted for
tutorial/class tests, or similar assignments during the course of the semester.
10) Summer School

A summer school may be presented early in 2024 for students with a final mark of 40-49%.
However, please note that no guarantee can be given that such a summer school will take
place every year. The entrance requirements for the summer school also change from year
to year. Thus, students should not plan for it and should not place their hope on a possible
summer school.
Students enrol for the summer school at the Faculty Student Administration offices in the
Agricultural Building. More information about the possible summer school will be available
at the end of the semester.
11) Extra-time students
Candidates with certain medical conditions may apply for extra time for semester tests and
examinations. A formal letter from a qualified professional, like a medical doctor or
psychologist, recommending extra time, should be submitted to the Department of Student
Services (DSA). Those students will be referred to the Disability Unit of the DSA who will
present the necessary documentation of official approval to the student.
These students should organise (well in advance of the test or exam!) directly with the
course coordinator(s) for the student’s intention to opt for extra time. Please note that it is
not the responsibility of the lecturers of the Department of Chemistry to organise this, since
they will have no knowledge of a specific matter, without the student’s intervention.

Extra time is allowed only for semester tests and for examinations. No additional time is given
for class tests, practicals or for computer-based assignments.
THE COURSE CONTENT
Syllabus and lecture themes

The semester course comprises fourteen lecture themes. These fourteen themes
represent a broad division of the learning contents of the semester course. Some of the
themes are divided into study units
A number of learning outcomes/objectives are supplied for each study unit. These
learning objectives are also described at the end of each chapter in the prescribed textbook.
As part of standard pedagogy, students are required to engage with examples of problem
solving provided during lectures. In addition to this, opportunities are provided for practice
and testing of understanding by a set of practice exercises that can be found at the end of
each chapter in the prescribed textbook. The answers to the uneven-numbered problems
are available at the back of the textbook. First attempt these questions, ensuring that you
become confident of your ability to do the even-numbered questions, even though you may
not have their answers. You will not be successful without completing a good number of
these problems. It is important to do the problems with the higher numbers. A few suggested
exercises from the textbook are listed in the syllabus on page 23 (Note that this is not the set
of prescribed problems that will be posted for a particular tutorial session!).
The summarised Syllabus is presented in the following Table (A separate copy is available
elsewhere on clickUP). Note that the last column gives a rough idea of when a particular
lecture theme will start. This is only a guide, as some of the time during lectures will
inevitably be given over to student questions and the resulting discussions, which can lead
to lecturers ‘falling behind’.



Outcomes of the course
The different themes are designed to achieve the following major outcomes:
• Knowledge and understanding of atoms as the basic building blocks of matter.
• Understand how chemical compounds may form by the combination of atoms.
• An understanding of the resulting properties of such compounds and how this determines
the chemical reactions that they may undergo.
• Knowledge and understanding of the thermodynamics (energetics) of chemical reactions.
• Knowledge and understanding of the factors that influence the rates of reactions (kinetics).
You will find a summary of the expected outcomes at the end of each chapter in the textbook, see
the sections labelled “Chapter Goals Revisited”.
Syllabus theme 1: Matter & Measurement

Candidates must understand and apply the principles, rules, conventions and theories according to
which atoms, chemical compounds and their structures are named, described and classified. In
addition, the basis of scientific measurement is presented. You are expected to
• classify and describe matter qualitatively - at the microscopic, macroscopic and symbolic
levels;
• distinguish between elements and compounds; atoms and molecules and know and apply the
naming conventions used for each.
• use the tools of quantitative chemistry – units used in scientific measurement and unit
conversions;
• understand and use significant figures in all calculations.
Syllabus theme 2, 3 and 4: Atomic Model & Periodicity

Candidates must understand the models used to describe atoms and compounds, based on the
information in the Periodic Table. You are expected to
• explain how the atom is constituted;
• distinguish isotopes and calculate relative atomic mass and isotope abundances;
• correctly name chemical compounds;
• interpret chemical names and formulas;
• understand and use the atomic model of orbitals to allocate quantum numbers to electrons;
• understand the principles of periodicity to determine electron configurations and predict
the properties of a specific element;
• understand the composition and structure of the Periodic Table.
Syllabus theme 5: Bonding & Molecular Geometry

Candidates must understand the models used to describe compounds, based on atomic structure and
elemental properties. You are expected to
• distinguish between ionic and covalent bonding;
• use the concept of Lewis structures to determine the structures of covalently bonded simple
molecules and ions;
• understand the VSEPR model of chemical bonding and predict the geometry of compounds
and ions;
• use the VSEPR model of bonding to predict if a compound will be polar;
• use the elements of the periodic table and construct compounds with certain molecular
geometries.
Syllabus theme 6: Mole concept and Formula Stoichiometry

Candidates must understand the mole concept and apply it to the interpretation of the formulas of
compounds. You are expected to
• apply the mole concept for elements and compounds;

• calculate and apply the mass percentage composition of compounds.
Candidates must understand chemical analysis and apply it to determine the formulas of compounds.
You are expected to
• determine chemical formula from mass percentage analytical data;
• determine chemical formula from combustion analysis analytical data.
Syllabus theme 7: Chemical reaction equations

Candidates must understand the format of chemical reaction equations and the need to classify
reactions. You are expected to
• balance reaction equations;
• identify types of reactions in aqueous solution;
• interpret electron transfer (redox) reactions and balance these reaction equations with the
half-reaction method.
Syllabus theme 8: Reaction Stoichiometry

You must be able to
• apply principles of stoichiometry to general chemical reactions and calculations;
• apply all stoichiometric principles to reactions in solutions.
Syllabus theme 9: Thermochemistry

Candidates must understand the relationship between chemical reactions and energy and how it is
represented in thermochemical reaction equations. You must be able to
• apply and use aspects of heat transfer and the units involved;
• understand energy changes during phase changes;
• understand state functions;
• determine enthalpy of formation and enthalpy changes of reactions;
• apply Hess’s law;
• understand and apply the principles of chemical calorimetry.
Syllabus theme 10: Gases

You must be able to:
• Describe how pressure measurements are made and the units of pressure, especially
atmospheres (atm) and millimeters of mercury (mm Hg);
• Understand the basis of the gas laws (Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Avogadro’s hypothesis)
and know how to use those laws;
• Apply knowledge of the gas laws to the stoichiometry of chemical reactions;
• Understand the basis and apply the concept of partial pressures.
Syllabus theme 11: Intermolecular forces

• Know what types of intermolecular forces exist and their effect on molecular properties;
• Know what determines the strength of the interaction between ions and molecules with
permanent dipoles and the effect of that interaction;
• Identify instances where a dipole can be induced by interaction with a polar molecule;
• Identify instances where molecules interact by induced dipole–induced dipole forces
(London dispersion forces)
Syllabus theme 12: Intermolecular forces and liquids

• Define the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid, and explain the relationship between the
vapor pressure and boiling point of a liquid;
• Describe how intermolecular interactions affect the energy necessary to break through the
surface of a liquid (surface tension), capillary action, and the resistance to flow, or viscosity,
of liquids;
• Describe the phenomena of the critical temperature, TC, and critical pressure, Pc, of a
substance;
• Calculate enthalpy changes for changes of state;
• Graphically represent the connection between vapor pressure and temperature;
• Use the Clausius–Clapeyron equation to relate vapor pressure and enthalpy of vaporization.
Syllabus theme 13: Solutions

• Calculate and use the concentration units: molality, mole fraction, weight percent, and parts
per million (ppm);
• Recognize the difference between molarity and molality;
• Describe the effects of pressure and temperature on the solubility of a solute;
• Use Henry’s law to calculate the solubility of a gas in a solvent;
• Apply Le Chatelier’s principle to predict the change in solubility of gases with temperature
changes;
• Using Raoult’s law, calculate the effect of dissolved solutes on solvent vapor pressure
(Psolvent);
• Calculate the effects of a dissolved solute on the boiling point and freezing point of a
solvent;
• Calculate the osmotic pressure (Π) for solutions.
Syllabus theme 14: Chemical kinetics

• Calculate the average rate of a reaction from concentration–time data;
• Relate the rates for the disappearance of reactants and formation of products for a chemical
reaction;
• Describe how reaction conditions (reactant concentrations, temperature, presence of a
catalyst, and the state of the reactants) affect reaction rate;
• Use the relationships between reactant concentration and time for zero-order, first-order,
and second-order reactions;
• Apply graphical methods for determining reaction order and the rate constant from
experimental data;
• Use the concept of half-life (t1/2), especially for first-order reactions;
• Describe the collision theory of reaction rates and use collision theory to describe the
effects of reactant concentration, molecular orientation, and temperature on reaction rate
• Relate activation energy (Ea) to the rate of a reaction;
• Understand reaction coordinate diagrams;
• Use the Arrhenius equation, or one of its modified forms, to calculate the activation energy
from rate constants at different temperatures;
Describe the functioning of a catalyst and its effect on the activation energy of a reaction.

Lecture Themes and Tests Timetable
The following timetable sets out the dates for the semester tests and the sick test, as well as the
approximate length of time to be spent on the different lecture themes as set out in the syllabus.
1. NB! Please ensure that you understand the following notation in each of the
individual cells in the table:
• L1-1, refers to the first lecture of Theme 1 for lecture Groups 1 and 3, etc.
• L1-1, refers to the first lecture of Theme 1 for lecture Group 2, etc.
• For example, theme 1 will be lectured from 20 February - 24 February, Theme 4
from 6 March to 8 March, etc.
• Note that the lectures become misaligned amongst the groups after the public
holiday of 21 March
2. NB! According to the detailed syllabus, (See pages 23- 25 of this Study Guide) part of
Theme 10 and the entire Theme 11 is for self-study, and will not therefore form part of
the lectures.
3. The dates shown for the semester tests corresponds to the official times and dates
published on the UP portal. These dates are allocated centrally by the University and
cannot be changed by the Chemistry Department. Their format, scope, etc. shall be
communicated elsewhere on clickUP
4. A “sick test” is scheduled for Monday, 5 June.

• This is to allow an opportunity for students to write either of the two semester
tests that they may have missed due to illness. (Students may miss only one
semester test)
• Please ensure that you are available at this time, as this is the only opportunity that
is provided for this activity.
• The exact format of this test will be communicated closer to the scheduled time.
5. Likewise, a “sick practical” will take place during the week of 5 June to 9 June. This
allows students to make up a mark for one missed practical. Detailed arrangements
will be communicated at a later date.


Additional Study material

Names and symbols of the elements
Z Symbol English Z Symbol English Z Symbol English
1 H hydrogen 55 Cs caesium 109 Mt meitnerium
2 He helium 56 Ba barium 110 Ds darmstadtium
3 Li lithium 57 La lanthanum 111 Rg roentgenium
4 Be beryllium 58 Ce cerium 112 Cn copernicium
5 B boron 59 Pr praseodymium 113 Nh nihonium
6 C carbon 60 Nd neodymium 114 Fl flerovium
7 N nitrogen 61 Pm promethium 115 Mc moscovium
8 O oxygen 62 Sm samarium 116 Lv livermorium
9 F fluorine 63 Eu europium 117 Ts tennessine
10 Ne neon 64 Gd gadolinium 118 Og oganesson
11 Na sodium 65 Tb terbium
12 Mg magnesium 66 Dy dysprosium
13 Al aluminium 67 Ho holmium
14 Si silicon 68 Er erbium
15 P phosphorus 69 Tm thulium
16 S sulphur 70 Yb ytterbium
17 Cℓ chlorine 71 Lu lutetium
18 Ar argon 72 Hf hafnium
19 K potassium 73 Ta tantalum
20 Ca calcium 74 W tungsten
21 Sc scandium 75 Re rhenium
22 Ti titanium 76 Os osmium
23 V vanadium 77 Ir iridium
24 Cr chromium 78 Pt platinum
25 Mn manganese 79 Au gold
26 Fe iron 80 Hg mercury
27 Co cobalt 81 Tl thallium
28 Ni nickel 82 Pb lead
29 Cu copper 83 Bi bismuth
30 Zn zinc 84 Po polonium
31 Ga gallium 85 At astatine
32 Ge germanium 86 Rn radon
33 As arsenic 87 Fr francium
34 Se selenium 88 Ra radium
35 Br bromine 89 Ac actinium
36 Kr krypton 90 Th thorium
37 Rb rubidium 91 Pa protactinium
38 Sr strontium 92 U uranium
39 Y yttrium 93 Np neptunium
40 Zr zirconium 94 Pu plutonium
41 Nb niobium 95 Am americium
42 Mo molybdenum 96 Cm curium
43 Tc technetium 97 Bk berkelium
44 Ru ruthenium 98 Cf californium
45 Rh rhodium 99 Es einsteinium
46 Pd palladium 100 Fm fermium
47 Ag silver 101 Md mendelevium
48 Cd cadmium 102 No nobelium
49 In indium 103 Lr lawrencium
50 Sn tin 104 Rf rutherfordium
51 Sb antimony 105 Db dubnium
52 Te tellurium 106 Sg seaborgium
53 I iodine 107 Bh bohrium
54 Xe xenon 108 Hs hassium

Names of ions (alphabetical)

Name Formula Name Formula
hydronium
acetate CH3 COO− 𝐻3 𝑂+
(oxonium)
amide NH2− hydroxide 𝑂𝐻 −
ammonium NH4+ hyperoxide 𝑂2−
arsenide As 3− hypobromite 𝐵𝑟𝑂−
arsenate AsO3−
4 hypochlorite 𝐶𝑙𝑂−
arsenite AsO3−
3 hypoiodite 𝐼𝑂−
azide N3− iodate 𝐼𝑂3−
borate BO3−
3 iodide 𝐼−
boride B 3− iodite 𝐼𝑂2−
bromate BrO−
3 mercury(I) 𝐻𝑔22+
bromite BrO−
2 nitrate 𝑁𝑂3−
carbide C 4− nitride 𝑁 3−
carbonate CO2−
3 nitrile 𝑁𝑂2+
chlorate ClO−
3 nitrite 𝑁𝑂2−
chlorite ClO−
2 nitrosyl 𝑁𝑂+
chromate CrO2−
4 oxalate 𝐶2 𝑂42−
cyanate NCO− oxide 𝑂2−
cyanide CN − ozonide 𝑂3−
dichromate Cr2 O2−
7 perbromate 𝐵𝑟𝑂4−
dihydrogen
H2 PO− perchlorate 𝐶𝑙𝑂4−
phosphate 4
disulphide S22− periodate 𝐼𝑂4−

fluoride F− permanganate 𝑀𝑛𝑂4−
hydrazide N2 H3− peroxide 𝑂22−
hydrazonium N2 H5+ phosphate 𝑃𝑂43−
hydride H− phosphide 𝑃3−
hydrogen carbonate
HCO− sulphate 𝑆𝑂42−
(bicarbonate) 3
hydrogen sulphate HSO−

4 sulphide 𝑆 2−
hydrogen phosphite HPO2−
3 sulphite 𝑆𝑂32−
hydrogen phosphate HPO2−
4 thiocyanate 𝑁𝐶𝑆 −
hydrogen sulphide HS − thiosulphate 𝑆2 𝑂32−
hydrogen sulphite HSO−
3 triiodide 𝐼3−

Names of polyatomic ions by element

1. arsenide 𝐴𝑠 3− 34. hypoiodite 𝐼𝑂− /𝑂𝐼 −
2. arsenite 𝐴𝑠𝑂33− 35. iodite 𝐼𝑂2−
3. arsenate 𝐴𝑠𝑂43− 36. iodate 𝐼𝑂3−
37. periodate 𝐼𝑂4−
4. boride 𝐵3−
5. bromide 𝐵𝑟 − 38. permanganate 𝑀𝑛𝑂4−
6. hypobromite 𝐵𝑟𝑂− / 𝑂𝐵𝑟 − 39. mercury (I) 𝐻𝑔22+
7. bromite 𝐵𝑟𝑂2−
8. bromate 𝐵𝑟𝑂3− 40. nitride 𝑁 3−
9. perbromate 𝐵𝑟𝑂4− 41. azide 𝑁3−
42. cyanate 𝑁𝐶𝑂−
10. carbide 𝐶22− (𝐶 4− ) 43. thiocyanate 𝑁𝐶𝑆 −
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− 44. ammonium 𝑁𝐻4+
11. acetate
or 𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2− 45. nitrite 𝑁𝑂2−
12. cyanide 𝐶𝑁 −
46. nitrate 𝑁𝑂3−
13. carbonate 𝐶𝑂32−
47. nitrile 𝑁𝑂2+
14. oxalate 𝐶2 𝑂42−
48. nitrosyl 𝑁𝑂+
15. chloride 𝐶𝑙 −
49. oxide 𝑂2−
16. hypochlorite 𝐶𝑙𝑂− / 𝑂𝐶𝑙 −
50. peroxide 𝑂22−
17. chlorite 𝐶𝑙𝑂2−
51. hydroxide 𝑂𝐻 −
18. chlorate 𝐶𝑙𝑂3−
19. perchlorate 𝐶𝑙𝑂4−
52. phosphide 𝑃3−
53. phosphate 𝑃𝑂43−
20. chromate 𝐶𝑟𝑂42−
21. dichromate 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂72−
54. sulphide 𝑆 2−
55. disulphide 𝑆22−
22. fluoride 𝐹−
56. sulphite 𝑆𝑂32−
57. sulphate 𝑆𝑂42−
23. hydride 𝐻 −
58. thiosulphate 𝑆2 𝑂32−
hydrogen carbonate
24. 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− Uncommon ions (optional)
(bicarbonate)
25. hydronium(oxonium) 𝐻3 𝑂 + 59. amide 𝑁𝐻2−
26. hydrogen phosphate 𝐻𝑃𝑂42− 60. borate 𝐵𝑂33−
27. dihydrogen phosphate 𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− 61. hydrazide 𝑁2 𝐻3−
28. hydrogen phosphite 𝐻𝑃𝑂32− 62. hydrazonium 𝑁2 𝐻5+
29. hydrogen sulphide 𝐻𝑆 − 63. ozonide 𝑂3−
30. hydrogen sulphite 𝐻𝑆𝑂3−
31. hydrogen sulphate 𝐻𝑆𝑂4−
32. iodide 𝐼−
33. triiodide 𝐼3−

Names of some common compounds
Formula Name Formula Name

Acids 𝐹𝑒2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 iron(III) sulphate
𝐻𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞) hydrochloric acid 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 ammonium chloride
𝐻𝐹 (𝑎𝑞) hydrofluoric acid 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 sodium sulphate
𝐻𝐵𝑟(𝑎𝑞) hydrobromic acid 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂3 sodium sulphite
𝐻𝐼 (𝑎𝑞) hydroiodic acid 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 potassium nitrate
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 sulphuric acid 𝐾𝑁𝑂2 potassium nitrite
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂3 sulphurous acid 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙𝑂4 lithium perchlorate
𝐻𝑁𝑂3 nitric acid 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙𝑂3 lithium chlorate
𝐻𝑁𝑂2 nitrous acid 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙𝑂2 lithium chlorite
𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂4 perchloric acid 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙𝑂 lithium hypochlorite
𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂3 chloric acid (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑂4 ammonium sulphate
𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂2 chlorous acid 𝑁𝑎𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 sodium acetate
𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂 hypochlorous acid 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 sodium carbonate
𝐻𝐵𝑟𝑂4 perbromic acid sodium bicarbonate
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
𝐻𝐵𝑟𝑂3 bromic acid sodium hydrogen carbonate
𝐾𝐵𝑟𝑂4 potassium perbromate
𝐻𝐵𝑟𝑂2 bromous acid
𝐾𝐵𝑟𝑂3 potassium bromate
𝐻𝐵𝑟𝑂 hypobromous acid
phosphoric acid 𝐶𝑎(𝐵𝑟𝑂2 )2 calcium bromite
𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
𝐶𝑎(𝐵𝑟𝑂)2 calcium hypobromite
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 acetic acid
carbonic acid 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 sodium dichromate
𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3
Oxides
Binary compounds
nitrogen monoxide
𝐻𝐵𝑟 hydrogen bromide 𝑁𝑂
nitrogen(II) oxide
𝐻𝐶𝑙 hydrogen chloride dinitrogenoxide
hydrogen fluoride 𝑁2 𝑂
𝐻𝐹 nitrogen(I) oxide
𝐻2 𝑆 hydrogen sulphide 𝑁𝑂2 nitrogen dioxide nitrogen(IV) oxide
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 sodium sulphide dinitrogen pentoxide
𝑁2 𝑂5
ammonia nitrogen(V) oxide
𝑁𝐻3
𝐶𝑂 carbon monoxide
𝐶𝑎𝐵𝑟2 calcium bromide
𝐶𝑂2 carbon dioxide
Ionic compounds with oxyanions and/or ammonia
𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 sodium oxide
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 sodium hydroxide
𝐾𝑂2 potassium superoxide
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 potassium permanganate
𝑁𝑎2 𝑂2 sodium peroxide
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 sodium chromate
𝐻2 𝑂2 hydrogen peroxide
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 sodium thiosulphate
𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 iron(II) sulphate
General solubility guidelines

SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS
Almost all salts of Almost all salts of Salts containing Salts of Most salts of Most metal
sodium chloride fluoride sulphate hydroxides and
bromide carbonate oxides
potassium
iodide phosphate
ammonium oxalate
Salts of chromate
nitrate sulphide
chlorate
perchlorate
acetate
Exceptions: None Exceptions Exceptions Exceptions Exceptions Exceptions
(not soluble in (not soluble in (not soluble in (soluble in (soluble in
combination combination combination with) combination with) combination
with) with) calcium ammonium and the with)
silver(I) magnesium strontium alkali metal cations alkali metal
mercury(I) calcium barium cations
lead(II) strontium lead(II) strontium
barium sliver(I) barium
lead(II)

Information page (included in all the class tests, semester tests and the
examination)
The Periodic Table of the elements with electronegativities
1 Key 74 Atomic number 2
H W Element symbol He
1.0079 183.84 Relative Atomic mass (u) 4.0026
2.1 1.7 Electronegativity
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9898 24.3050 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.82 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.905 131.29
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.084 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.20 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) 226.025 227.028 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
0.7 0.9
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.115 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.038 231.036 238.029 237.048 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Equations
𝑝𝐻 = −log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] ; 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14; 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑝𝐾𝑏 = 14
𝑎𝐴(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑏𝐵(𝑎𝑞) ⇌ 𝑐𝐶(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑑𝐷(𝑎𝑞) 𝑎𝐴(𝑔) + 𝑏𝐵(𝑔) ⇌ 𝑐𝐶(𝑔) + 𝑑𝐷(𝑔)

𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑐 (𝑅𝑇)∆𝑛 For insoluble salts
[𝐶] [𝐷]𝑐 𝑑
𝑃𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝐷𝑑 𝑀𝑚 𝑋𝑥 (𝑠) ⇌ 𝑚𝑀 𝑥+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑥𝑋 𝑚− (𝑎𝑞)
𝐾𝑐 or 𝑄 = 𝐾𝑝 or 𝑄 = 𝑎 𝑏
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝑀 𝑥+ ]𝑚 [𝑋 𝑚− ]𝑥
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛ℱ𝐸 Constants
∆𝑟 𝐺° = −𝑛ℱ𝐸 𝑜 𝑐 = 2.998 × 108 𝑚∙𝑠 −1
∆𝑟 𝐻° = Σ𝑛∆𝑓 𝐻°(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ𝑛∆𝑓 𝐻°(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
∆𝑟 𝐺° = −RT ln 𝐾 𝑁𝐴 = 6.022 × 1023
∆𝑟 𝑆° = Σ𝑛𝑆°(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ𝑛𝑆°(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠) 𝑅𝑇
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 − ln 𝑄 ℱ = 9.6485 × 104 𝐶∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 or 𝐽∙𝑉 −1 ∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
∆𝑟 𝐺° = Σ𝑛∆𝑓 𝐺°(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ𝑛∆𝑓 𝐺°(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠) 𝑛ℱ
0.0257
𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶
∆𝑆°(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒) = ∆𝑆°(𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚) + ∆𝑆°(𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠) 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 − ln 𝑄 (25°C)
𝑛
𝑜
𝑜
𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑛𝐸 𝑜 The gas constant, R:
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = =− ln 𝐾 = (25°𝐶)
𝑇 𝑇 0.0257 = 8.3145 𝐽∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ∙𝐾 −1
Δ𝑟 𝐺° = Δ𝑟 𝐻° − 𝑇Δ𝑟 𝑆° = 8.3145 𝐿∙𝑘𝑃𝑎∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ∙𝐾 −1
Δ𝑟 𝐺 = ∆𝑟 𝐺° + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑄
𝑙𝑛K = 2.303𝑙𝑜𝑔K = 0.082057 𝐿∙𝑎𝑡𝑚∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ∙𝐾 −1
𝑙𝑛Q = 2.303𝑙𝑜𝑔Q = 62.36 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔∙L∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ∙𝐾 −1
Conversion Factors
1 𝑢 = 1.661 × 10−24 𝑔; 1 Å = 10−10 𝑚 ; 1 𝐿 = 10−3 𝑚3 = 1 𝑑𝑚3 = 103 𝑐𝑚3 ; 0°𝐶 = 273.15 𝐾;
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013 × 105 𝑁∙𝑚−2 = 1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑎 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟; 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1.000 × 105 𝑃𝑎
1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.184 𝐽
1 𝐽 = 1 𝑃𝑎∙𝑚3 = 1 𝑚2 ∙𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠 −2 = 1 𝑉∙𝐶 = 1 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡∙1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3.6 × 106 𝐽
1 𝐶 = 1 𝐴𝑚𝑝 ∙1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
IUPAC nomenclature suffix priority order

carboxylic acid > ester > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > thiol > amine > alkene > alkyne > alkane >> ether; halide

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Study Guide

General Chemistry 2 / 36 © University of Pretoria

CMY 117 is on-campus

Lecture style Dependant on individual lecturer’s strategy:

Assessments Variety of continuous assessments

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Nature of the course

THE COURSE ORGANISATION

Course coordinator, lecturers, chief tutors and administrative manager

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Course Administrator Me. Dry handles ALL marks administration, practical

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Head of First Years Head of Department

External University support services

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• Referrals for recommended

Provides support for UP

24-hour Operational 012 420-2310

Enquiries concerning studies,

Fees and http://www.up.ac.za/enquiry

012 420 3051

Course clickUP Web page

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• Chemistry the Central Science, TL Brown, H LeMay and BE Bursten.

• Chemistry. The Molecular Science. by J Olmsted and GM Williams, McGraw& Hill

A calculator and the Chemikit® molecular model Set

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(ii) Exemption from practical session activities (repeater students)

(iii) Pregnant students

(iv) The Laboratory Book

(v) First Year Code of Conduct

4. In your laboratory book:

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(ix) Time spent during the session in the laboratory

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Tutorials and Practicals Timetable

THE COURSE ASSESSMENTS

1) Academic dishonesty and Plagiarism

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To aid students to achieve this goal, compulsory computer-based assignments (work

Note on OWL assignments

4) Class (Tutorial) Tests

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7) Examination admission and Final marks

However, a subminimum of 40% in the examination is required, irrespective of the semester

10) Summer School

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THE COURSE CONTENT

Syllabus and lecture themes

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Outcomes of the course

Syllabus theme 1: Matter & Measurement

Syllabus theme 2, 3 and 4: Atomic Model & Periodicity

Syllabus theme 5: Bonding & Molecular Geometry

Syllabus theme 6: Mole concept and Formula Stoichiometry

• apply the mole concept for elements and compounds;

Syllabus theme 7: Chemical reaction equations

Syllabus theme 8: Reaction Stoichiometry

Syllabus theme 9: Thermochemistry

Syllabus theme 10: Gases

Syllabus theme 11: Intermolecular forces