Chapter 07.1 - Connections - Welds

CHAPTER 07
CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTIONS
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

INSTRUCTOR

INTRODUCTION
In welded connections, di erent elements are connected by heating their surfaces to a plastic or uid state. There
may or may not be pressure, and there may or may not be ller material. Arc welding is the general term for the
many processes that uses electrical energy in the form of an electric arc to generate the heat necessary for welding.
CHAPTER O7
CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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TYPES OF WELDING Electrode wire
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Coating on electrode
Arc stream
Slug
Gaseous shield
Weld
Molten arc pool

Base Metal
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

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INSTRUCTOR
TYPES OF WELDING
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Electrode
Slug
Arc stream
Flux
Weld
Base Metal
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

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INSTRUCTOR
TYPES OF WELDING
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
In this process the electrode is a continuous wire that is fed from a coil through the electrode holder.
The shielding is entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture. The GMAW process using CO
shielding is good for the lower carbon and low-alloy steels which are usually used in buildings and
bridges.
Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
This process is similar to GMAW, except that the continuously fed ller metal electrode is tubular and
contains the ux material within its core. The core material provides the same functions as does the
coating in SMAW or the granular ux in SAW. This process is useful procedure for eld welding in
severe cola weather conditions as well as to speed up high rise construction.
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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TYPES OF WELDING
Table 3.1 - Electrodes Used for Welding
Process
Minimum yield
Minimum tensile
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
stress, Fy (MPa) strength, Fu (MPa)

AWS A5.1 or A5.5 AWS A5.17 or A5.23 AWS A5.18 or A5.28 AWS A5.20 or A5.29
E60XX E6XT-X 345 425
F6XX-EXXX 345
425-550
E70XX ER70S-X E7XT-X 415 485
F7XX-EXXX 415 485-465
E80XX 460 550

F8XX-EXXX E8XT 470 550-690
ER80S 450 550
E100XX 600 690
F10XX-EXXX 605 690-895
ER100S 620 690
E10XT 605 690-830
E110X 670 760
F11XX-EXXX 675 760-895
ER110S 675 760
E11XT 675 760-860
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INSTRUCTOR
FORMS OF WELDED JOINTS
Lap Joints Tee Joints
Single fillet lap joint Double fillet lap joint

Square tee joint
Butt Joints
Square groove joint Single-vee groove joint Single bevel groove joint
Double-vee groove joint Single-U groove joint

Double bevel groove joint
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INSTRUCTOR
TYPES OF WELD
Groove Welds
Two two common types of welds in welded steel structures are groove welds and llet welds. Fillet
welds are much more popular in structural steel design than groove welds.
Types of Groove Welds
(a) Partial Penetration

(Single-V) (a) Square (b) Single-V (c) Double-V
(d) Single bevel (e) Double bevel (f) Single-U
(b) Full Penetration

(Double-V)
(g) Double-U (h) Single-J (i) Double-J
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INSTRUCTOR

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TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Welds
Depending on the direction of the applied load and the
line of the llet weld, llet welds are classi ed as
longitudinal or transverse llet weld. In longitudinal llet
weld, the shear force to be transferred is parallel to the
weld line; in transverse llet weld, the force to be
transmitted is perpendicular to the weld line.
(a) Longitudinal fillet (b) Transverse fillet
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Welds
Face Face
Theoretical Face Theoretical Face
Leg, w Leg, h
Root Root Leg, w
t a
Leg, w
ro
a
ro
Th
Th
(a) Equal Leg (b) Unequal Leg
wh
Throat, t = 0.707w Throat, t=
w2 + h2
The shear stress is the controlling factor in the design of llet welds; it is customarily calculated by dividing the force
P acting on the weld by the e ective throat area of the weld. The e ective throat area is computed by multiplying
the throat thickness by the length of the llet weld. This method of nding average shear stress is used for both
longitudinal and transverse llet welds.
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INSTRUCTOR
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TYPES OF WELDS
Plugs and Slot Welds
The principal use of plug or slot welds is to transmit shear in a lap joint when the size of the connection limits the
length available for llet or other edge welds. Slot and plug welds are also useful in preventing overlapping parts
from buckling.
A A
A A
Section A-A Section A-A
(a) Slot weld (b) Plug weld (c) Combination of slot & fillet (d) Combination of plug & fillet
welds welds
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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WELDING SYMBOLS
Basic Weld Symbols
Groove or Butt
Back Fillet Plug or Slot
Square V Bevel U J Flare V Flare Bevel
Supplementary Weld Symbols
Contour
Weld all
Backing Spacer Field Weld
Around
Flush Convex
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INSTRUCTOR
WELDING SYMBOLS
Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
Finish Symbol
Groove angle or inclined Angle or
countersink for plug welds
Contour Symbol
Length of weld in mm
Root opening, depth of filling for plug F Pitch (c. to c. spacing) of welds in mm
and slot welds A
Effective throat
Field weld symbol
Depth of penetration or size in mm
Weld-all-around symbol
Reference line R
Other
(Both sides)
side
Specification, process, or other S(E) L@ P
reference T B
Arrow
side
A
Tail (omitted when reference is not used)

Arrow connects reference line to arrow. Use break as at A or B to signify that arrow is
Elements in this pointing to the grooved member in bevel or J-grooved joints
area remains as
Basic weld symbol or detail reference shown when tail
and arrow are
reversed
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
WELDING SYMBOLS
Note:
Size, weld symbol, length of weld, and spacing must read in that order, from left to right, along the reference line.
Neither orientation or reference nor location of the arrow alters this rule.
The perpendicular leg of , , , weld symbols must be at the left.
Arrow and other side welds are of the same size unless otherwise shown. Dimensions of llet welds must be shown
on both the arrow side and the other side symbol.
The point of the eld weld symbol must point toward the tail.
Symbols apply between abrupt changes in direction of welding unless governed by the "all around" symbol or
otherwise dimensioned.
These symbols do not explicitly provide for the case that frequently occurs in structural work, where duplicate
material (such as sti eners) occurs on the far side of a web or gust plate. The fabricating industry has adopted this
convention: that when the billing of the detail material discloses the existence of a member on the far side as well
as on the near side, the welding shown for the near side shall be duplicated on the far side.
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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WELDING SYMBOLS
Common uses of welding symbols 3
Back
Fillet Welds Groove Welds gouge
45˚
Square groove Single bevel with 3 mm root opening, 45˚

Number indicating leg (in mm) shown Weld all around
welded from both sides bevel on upper piece, and a backing weld
only on one weld when both sides are
the same used.
3
50 - 100 30˚
Indicates 50 mm long welds are intermittent

and staggered on 100 mm centers.
Single-V welded from one
having 3 mm root opening and
30˚ angle within the V.
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INSTRUCTOR
BALANCED WELD GROUP

In some cases, members subjected to direct axial To avoid any eccentricity, the following equations must
stresses are themselves unsymmetrical and cause be satis ed:
eccentricities in welded connections. Such is the case
of an angle section welded to a gusset plate as P = P1 + P2 + P3
shown:
[ΣMcg = 0] P1y1 + P3y3 = P2y2
P1 L1
where P1, P2, and P3 are capacities of each weld.
If all these welds are equal-leg llet and have the same
P3 y1
size, the following equations may be used:
L3 P cg
P2
y2 P = 0.707tLFv
L2
L = L1 + L2 + L3
L1y1 + L3y3 = L2y2

CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 7.1
The line of action of the force P coincides with the P
axis of the angle which is at distance a = 29 mm
100
from the back of the connected length.
a
100
Properties of one angle: 100 x 100 x 8mm
A = 1,770 mm2
Yield Stress, Fy = 248 MPa
Allow. Weld Shear Stress, Fvw = 93 MPa
1. Determine the maximum tensile capacity of the angle.

L2
L1
2. Determine the value of L2 using 6 mm llet weld.;
3. What is the value of L2 when a weld size of 5 mm is

added at the end of the angle?
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INSTRUCTOR

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SITUATION NO. 7.1

P 1. Determine the maximum tensile capacity of the angle.
Pn Fy Ag 248(1,770)
100
29 Pa = = = Pa = 262,850.30 N
Ω Ω 1.67
100
2. Determine the value of L2 using 6 mm llet weld.
A = 1,770 mm2
P2 P2
Fvw = Fvw =
Avw 0.707tL2
ΣM@1 = 0
L2 0 = − Pa(100 − a) + P2(100)
L1
0 = − 262,850.30(100 − 29) + P2(100)
P2 = 186,623.71 N
P1 P2 186,623.71
93 = L2 = 473.06 mm
0.707(6)L2
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 7.1
P 3. What is the value of L2 when a weld size of 5 mm is
added at the end of the angle?
100
29 P3
Fvw = P3 = Fvw0.707tL3
100 Avw3
P3 = 93(0.707)(5)(100)
A = 1,770 mm2
P3 = 32,875.50 N
ΣM@1 = 0 0 = − Pa(71) + P2(100) + P3(50)
0 = − 262,850.30(71) + P2(100) + 32,875.5(50)
L2
L1 P2 = 170,185.96 N
P2 = Fvw0.707tL2
P1 P2 170,185.96 = 93(0.707)(6)(L2)
P3 L2 = 431.39 mm
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
CONNECTIONS WITH SHEAR AND BENDING STRESSES
A welded connection that must support both direct shear and bending moment.
P
P P The nominal shear stress is: fv =
e
Lt
The nominal bending stress is:
Mc M Pe
fb = = =
I S S
The value of S is given in following Table
L L The resultant stress N/mm is:
R= 2
fv + 2
fb R = Fvte
where
te = e ective weld size
= 0.707t for equal-leg weld
Welded connection is Combined Shear and Bending Fv = allowable shearing stress of weld metal
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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CONNECTIONS WITH SHEAR AND BENDING STRESSES
Properties of weld group (treated as lines)
Section Polar moment Section Polar moment
Weld Centroid Weld Centroid
modulus,
of inertia,
modulus,
of inertia,
con guration location con guration location

S = Icx / ȳ J = Icx + Icy S = Icx / ȳ J = Icx + Icy
x̄
d d 2
d 2 b2 d2 8b 3 + 6bd 2 + d 3 b4
ȳ = bd +
d
c c d x̄ = −
ȳ 2 6 12 2bd 6 12 2b + d
x x x x
b
b
b
d d 2 2
d(3b + d ) 2
d d2 (b + d)3
d ȳ = ȳ = bd +
2
d
c
ȳ
c
3 6 2 3 6
x x
x x
b b
d b(3d 2 + b 2) d d2 b 3 + 3bd 2 + d 3
d ȳ = bd ȳ = bd +
2
d
c
ȳ
c
6 2 3 6
x x x x
b d2
ȳ =
(b + d)4 − 6b 2d 2
x x
2
ȳ 2(b + d) 4bd + d r
d c c ȳ = r πr 2 2πr 3
x̄ =
b2 6 12(b + d)
x̄ 2(b + d) x x
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 7.2
Compute the size of E70 llet weld required for the SOLUTION:
shear and tension connection in Figure below under the
following data: P = 200 kN, e = 150 mm, b = 150 mm, and R = Fvte = Fv(0.707t)
d = 200 mm. Assume the column and bracket plate does
not control the strength.
Fv = 0.3Fu = 0.3(485) = 145.5 MPa
e
P P Fu = 485 MPa for E70 electrode
R= fv2 + fb2
(cut from T-Section)
Steel Column
Bracket
P 200,000
d fv = = = 285.71 N/mm
Lt 700
Total length of weld, Lt = 2b + 2d
t = 2(150) + 2(200)
Lt = 700 mm
b
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INSTRUCTOR

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SITUATION NO. 7.2
Compute the size of E70 llet weld required for the SOLUTION:
shear and tension connection in Figure below under the
6
following data: P = 200 kN, e = 150 mm, b = 150 mm, and M 30x10
d = 200 mm. Assume the column and bracket plate does
fb = = = 692.31 N/mm
S 43,333.3
not control the strength.
e
M = Pe 2
S = bd + (d /3)
P P = 200,000(150) = 150(200) + (2002 /3)
6
M = 30x10 N•mm S = 43,333.33 mm2
(cut from T-Section)
Steel Column
Bracket
2 2
d R= fv + fb = (285.71)2 + (692.31)2 = 748.95 N/mm
R = Fv(0.707t)
t
748.95 = 145.5(0.707)(t) × 1mm
b
t = 7.28 mm
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INSTRUCTOR

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ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION
Y
Py
R = Fvte
P
ex
Total load per millimeter length of weld:
Px 2 2
R= (RDx + RTx) + (RDy + RTy)
L1
Direct Load:
L2 RDx RTx ey Px Py
xG1 yG1 RDx = RDy =
yG2
T RDy
y L L
L = L1 + L2 + L3
∑
cg
X
L=
xG2 xG3 RTy
yG3 R Load due to moment:
Ty Tx
RTx = RTy =
L3 J J
L2
T = Pxey + Pyex + xG2 + yG2 ]
∑ 12
x J= L[
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 7.3
In the connection shown in Figure below, a load transmits SOLUTION:
40 kN load acting at an eccentricity of 200 mm. The load R = Fvte = Fv(0.707t) = fv(0.707t)
is transmitted to the column by the plates and 8 mm weld.
The plates are adequate to transmit the load to the weld.
2 2
Determine the maximum shear stress in the weld. R= (RDx + RTx) + (RDy + RTy)
e = 200 mm P = 40 kN
Direct load:
Px 0
Py = 40 kN RDx = = = 0 N/mm
A B Px B RDx L 400
RDy Py40,000
RDy = = = 100 N/mm
200 mm
L 400
Px = 0 N L = 200 + 200
Py = 40,000 N L = 400 mm
C D
200 mm
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 7.3
40 kN load acting at an eccentricity of 200 mm. The load Load due to moment:
is transmitted to the column by the plates and 8 mm weld.
The plates are adequate to transmit the load to the weld. Ty 8 × 106(100)
RTx = = = 150 N/mm
Determine the maximum shear stress in the weld. J 5,333,333
e = 200 mm P = 40 kN Tx 8 × 106(100)
ex = 200 mm RTy = = = 150 N/mm
J 5,333,333
Py = 40 kN
A B Px B RDx RTx
T = Pxex + Pyey = 0(100) + 40,000(200)
ey = 100 RDy
T = 80,000,000 N•mm
200 mm
T
RTy
L2 200 2
+ xG2 + yG2 ) = 2[200( + 02 + 1002)]
∑ 12
J= L(
12
C
200 mm
D J = 5,333,333 mm3
CHAPTER O7

J = 5,333,333 mm 3
INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 7.3
40 kN load acting at an eccentricity of 200 mm. The load
is transmitted to the column by the plates and 8 mm weld. R= (RDx + RTx)2 + (RDy + RTy)2
The plates are adequate to transmit the load to the weld.
Determine the maximum shear stress in the weld. = (100 + 150)2 + (0 + 150)2
ex = 200 mm P = 40 kN
R = 291.55 N/mm
Py = 40 kN Maximum stress in the weld (at B)

A B Px B RDx RTx
R = Fv0.707t R = fv0.707t
ey = 100 RDy
Considering 1 mm length of weld at B:
200 mm
T
RTy R
R = fv0.707t × 1mm
291.55 = fv(0.707)(8) × 1
C D fv = 51.55 MPa
200 mm
CHAPTER O7

INSTRUCTOR

Chapter 07.1 - Connections - Welds

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CHAPTER 07

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTIONS

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Molten arc pool

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

stress, Fy (MPa) strength, Fu (MPa)

E80XX 460 550

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Single fillet lap joint Double fillet lap joint

Double-vee groove joint Single-U groove joint

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Types of Groove Welds

(a) Partial Penetration

(d) Single bevel (e) Double bevel (f) Single-U

(b) Full Penetration

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

(a) Longitudinal fillet (b) Transverse fillet

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Root Root Leg, w

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Supplementary Weld Symbols

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Tail (omitted when reference is not used)

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

The perpendicular leg of , , , weld symbols must be at the left.

on both the arrow side and the other side symbol.

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Square groove Single bevel with 3 mm root opening, 45˚

Indicates 50 mm long welds are intermittent

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

BALANCED WELD GROUP

L1y1 + L3y3 = L2y2

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Allow. Weld Shear Stress, Fvw = 93 MPa

1. Determine the maximum tensile capacity of the angle.

3. What is the value of L2 when a weld size of 5 mm is

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

SITUATION NO. 7.1

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

con guration location con guration location

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

Py = 40 kN Maximum stress in the weld (at B)

CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTION

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