CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Mobile phones are nowadays far more than mere devices to communicate with. Especially,
smartphones are products that help to make our work and everyday life easier. As mobile
devices like smartphones become ever more powerful and affordable for a majority of
people, they are starting to access all different parts of life. The use of smartphones which
comes along with the excessive use of mobile applications is becoming more and more
common, especially in the polytechnic domain. Along with the advance in technology and
popularity of these devices, the use of mobile applications increased enormously in the last
years. Based on new techniques like the Global Positioning System (GPS) and sensors, like
compass and accelerometer, that can determine the orientation of the device, location-based
applications are possible.

Besides the functionality of surfing the web, reading and writing emails, smartphones offer
the ability of context aware applications. The majority of these mobile devices have built-in
techniques to determine their geographical position. These techniques combined with the
right software can provide the user with location-based information, which can help a user in
different ways.

For polytechnics or university campuses, it can be quite challenging to navigate from one
building to another. Whether as a first year student, final year student, lecturer or a visitor, it
can take quite a while to get used to understanding where you are or need to go on the school
campus. Especially, when there are no campus maps in circulation.

However, with an app developed for the mobile platform providing an interactive map, a user
could easily see where they are and they could navigate themselves whilst receiving
directions to their desired location. With an interactive map of the campus, once the user gets
to his/her destination, the user can clicked on the corresponding building to view the front
image of the building so as to confirm if they are at the right building, the image is then
quickly loaded and shown to the user, displaying a highlighted path to their personal location.

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The system is a Location based services that hope to provide personalize services to the
mobile client according to their current location using GPS. With this, People can track them
on location and also navigate from one location to another easily.
The location tracking technique is called Geographic Information System (GIS); it is a
system which is used to store, retrieve, map and analyze geographical data. These systems
store any kind of information which is related to a geographical location. These spatial
features are stored in a coordinate system which references a certain place on the surface of
the earth. The main use of geographic information systems is resource management,
development planning and scientific research.
This location tracking technique will be integrated with smart phone which works with
an internet network.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A school campus is a complex infrastructure. Especially, for new students and people who
are on it for the first time have a hard time to orientate themselves and find places.
The campus has many different buildings and more buildings are being added, but
unfortunately there are no system put in place to guide people to their destination on the
campus.
Since, new structures are erected, department are added and class venues are changed or
modified. There comes a need for students or people who wish to navigate the campus for an
updated navigation system.
Many a time students writing exams or admission aspirant are being posted to an exam venue
using building codes and it often discovered that most student do not even know the building
code or how to get to popular buildings in the school.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to develop a mobile campus navigating system for The Federal
Polytechnic, Ede, for easy guidance of people and ease the stress of looking for and using
static maps that are unavailable. The objective includes:

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 i. To develop a system that provides a easy navigation especially for pedestrians and
real time feedback through the use of internet and Global positioning system (GPS)
based android phone for prospective users.
ii. To develop a system that will eliminate unnecessary stress of going to the wrong
building and also getting to the right building on time if need be.
iii. To provide an affordable and efficient means of navigating the campus
iv. To provide an always updated navigating system.

1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The application will be built using the client-server software architecture. Client-server
software architecture is a software model consisting of two parts, client systems and server
systems, both communicating over a computer network or on the same computer (“Client-
server”, 2019). Client server architecture provides for a better way to share the workload.
The client process always initiates a connection to the server, while the server process
always waits for requests from any client.

The application will be designed in such a way that when a client (the user), types a
destination or location (request) in the search box that will be provided. With the aid of
suggestions features, available names will be display to help the user type a correct location.
The request is first sent to the server, which then sends the corresponding map layout of the
requested location to the client.
The campus navigation system application will be built as a software application for the
Android mobile operating system, using some software tools as summarised below:

 JAVA: is an object-oriented, class defined programming language. It is language

which the Android operating system is based on. It is developed and owned by oracle
sun systems. It can be used in building mobile, desktop applications, web applications
and also for backend respectively.

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  XML: Extended Markup Language is an open source and free to use mobile
application interface development language. It is use for crafting high quality layout
of how the mobile design should look like.

 Android Studio: Android Studio is the official integrated development environment

(IDE) for Google‟s Android operating system, built on JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA
software and designed for Android development (Durochet, Norbye, Chou, 2013).

 Git: Git is a Distributed Version Control System (DVCS), for tracking changes
insource code during software development. Its goals include speed, data
integrity, and support for non-linear workflows (“Git”, 2019).

 Firebase: Firebase is a mobile and web back-end as a service development platform that
helps software developers develops high-quality applications (“Firebase”, 2019).

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on creating an application prototype for a smartphone, which supports
people on the polytechnic campus. The proposed system will aid the guiding of people
navigating the school campus, provide new updates on newly added structure and also help
to get familiar with the campus using mobile devices connected to the internet.

Although the prototype is focused on the campus of the Federal polytechnic, Ede, it can be
easily portable to other areas.

1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Giving the resources available, for the development of this application, the application will
only be developed and compiled for the android operating system. Reason being that it has
the largest market share and it is the most popularly used.

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Although, similar concepts can be used for the IOS operating system which took the next
share of the market, but a new codebase will have to be developed entirely as the current
codebase is not cross platform compatible.
Another point to note is that users of the application need to be connected to the internet as
some crucial features like current user location and real time feeds of map layouts cannot
work without internet services.

1.6 ORGANISATION OF STUDY

This work is organised into five chapters. The first chapter, which is the Introduction,
provides a background overview of this research work. The next chapter, which is the
Literature Review, consists of relevant texts on the subject matter. The third chapter, System
Design and Methodology, provides a detailed description of the phases and approach in the
development of the study by providing an analysis of the existing system and a design of the
proposed system. It shows the details about the user interface, by describing the basic
thoughts of adapting the user interface for mobiles and enhancing it with certain features that
are helpful for pedestrian use.
Chapter four, System Implementation, describe the implementation process of the server and
client software of the proposed system, the management of data sources, the integration of
different information sources from the server, and it also states the results gathered in the
course of implementation. Here the software concept is explained, and also the information
about the architecture, installation and system requirements for the designed application is
provided.
Finally, Chapter five Summarizes this work, Recommendations are then laid out. It gives an
overall Conclusion, limitations of the resulting application. At the end of this chapter, future
tasks to enhance this application are listed.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 OVERVIEW OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Navigation refers to the method of determining aspects such as position, speed, and direction
during travel. In the pre-modern era, direction and position were determined using an
azimuth, a compass, and a map; these are now considered primitive forms of navigation
(Nathan, 2016).

As a result of modern developments in science and technology, exact positions and speeds
are determined using equipment such as artificial satellites, global navigation satellite system
(GNSS), inertial navigation systems (INS), etc. In the modern sense, navigation is
mechanical devices equipped in ground vehicles, ships, and aircraft to determine their
positions.

Navigation is classified into two categories in this study: physical model-based methods
(PMMs) and external data-based methods (EDMs). Examples of PMMs are inertial
navigation systems (INS) and dead-reckoning navigation. They determine the existing
position of an object by measuring various changes in its state, such as velocity and
acceleration (Yamaguchi, 2006).

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is an excellent representative of EDMs.

Methods to determine longitude and latitude using polar stars or the sun considered as
EDMs, which is utilized in the spacecraft nowadays (Woodman, 2007).

PMM and EDM have duality. The accuracy of PMMs is exponentially proportional to the
cost, and the error increases over time. However, information can be obtained for three axes
(X, Y, and Z); this is a stable configuration as no communication problems are incurred.
EDMs are relatively cheap and the accuracy is pre-defined according to sensor (Tanaka,
2006). However, there may be some restrictions on communication. The navigation
equipment in ground vehicles and the orbit propagator in spacecraft are designed to
complement each other, considering the properties of tools such as the INS/GNSS.

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In the case of spacecraft, auxiliary navigation systems using data compression were proposed
due to the unpredictable space environment and limited communication. The orbital equation
used in spacecraft is represented by a nonlinear differential equation containing multiple
perturbation terms, which makes the determination of orbit numerically complex.

Generally, a precise determination of orbit is made on the ground, and the information is then
transmitted to the spacecraft periodically. However, Deep space communication is restrictive
and expensive.

Therefore, the cost of communication can be reduced by compressing orbital data. For Low
Earth Orbit satellites, the deviations between nominal and real orbit are compressed in the
form of Fourier coefficients by using the periodic characteristics of the trajectory. Deep space
explorer orbit compression and transmission were proposed using B-spline (Kim, Noh, Joe,
and Kim, 2011).

The Categories of the Navigation system are further explained below:

2.1 PHYSICAL MODEL-BASED METHODS (PMMS)

Representative PMMs include dead-reckoning navigation (DR) and the inertial navigation
system (INS). They determine the current position by measuring the vehicle‟s own velocity
and acceleration in addition to initial position data. Due to the nature of PMMs, the error
increases with time.

2.1.1 Dead-reckoning navigation (DR)

Dead-reckoning navigation is a method of estimating the current position using the moving
direction, velocity, and time. It considers errors according to true north and magnetic north.
In the case of ground vehicles, only their own velocity needs to be considered, but aircraft
and ships must calculate positions by considering ocean currents, wind, and so on. In fact, all
navigation systems currently use this dead-reckoning method. Because the accuracy of this
method decreases as time and distance increase, celestial navigation is used to determine the
accurate position, and then the dead-reckoning method is used from that point forward. The

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traditional dead-reckoning method used a plotter (a protractor attached to a straight ruler) or a
flight computer to determine position. At present, it is calculated automatically using an
electronic flight computer.

2.1.2. Inertial Navigation System (INS)

The Inertial Navigation System is a stand-alone navigation system that continuously

calculates the position, direction, and velocity of the main body through its own
accelerometer, rotation sensor, and arithmetic unit, without receiving any external
information (Kaman, 2017). Although GPS offers a precise navigation system, it has
limitations in space, deep seas, tunnels, and similar places because the GPS operates only
when it can receive signals from the satellite. Furthermore, INS can avoid GPS jamming
issues. Because an INS is a PMM, the error increases with time. Moreover, the price
increases exponentially as the precision is enhanced. One critical factor in an INS is the
accurate entry of the initial position and velocity. After that, the data measured by the
accelerometer and rotation sensor are integrated consecutively. The accelerometer provides
position data whereas the rotation sensor (gyroscope) provides attitude data. Velocity and
position data can be obtained by integrating the acceleration twice.

2.2. EDMs

EDMs include GNSS, which is represented by GPS. The application scope is very broad, and
includes ground vehicles, ships, and airplanes. In this chapter, the use of GNSS for satellites
and deep space probes is explained. Defining the current position and velocity of a satellite is
called “orbit determination.” The orbit determination problem can be largely divided into a
system model part, a measurement model part, and an estimation technique part. Each can be
explained as follows. First, the system model is a mathematical model that represents the
orbital motion and various specific variables. It has to be approximated to some degree
because many assumptions are included in the process of deriving the equation of motion.
Second, for the measurement model, the GPS navigation solution or the tracking data (line of
sight, elevation angle, azimuth angle, etc.) of the ground station is used. Here, the
measurement values cannot be the true values due to sensor errors and other reasons, and

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always include some errors. Third, the estimation technique part estimates the optimum
prediction values, that is, the position and velocity of the satellite using the approximated
system model and inaccurate measurement values. Among these estimation techniques, the
batch mode and the sequential model are widely used.

2.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system which is used to store, retrieve, map and
analyze geographical data. These systems store any kind of information which is related to a
geographical location. These spatial features are stored in a coordinate system which
references a certain place on the surface of the earth.
The main use of geographic information systems is resource management, development
planning and scientific research.

2.3.1 DESCRIBING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

To describe a geographical position the terms latitude and longitude are used. They are
measures of the angles from the center of the earth to a point on the surface.

Fig 2.1 shows the spherical shape of the earth with lines that represent
latitudes and longitudes.

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The red dot in this figure is described by the coordinates 50 degrees east (3) and 40 degrees
north (4).

To transform the surface of the earth onto a two dimensional plane, map projections are
needed. Therefore, a projection surface, which is unfolded or unrolled in the end, has to be
chosen. Fig 2.2 shows three examples of projection surfaces.

Fig 2.2 GIS - Projection Surfaces

No map projection is perfect. Parts of the map are always distorted when represented in a 2D
plane. In Figure 2.3 the distortion problem is illustrated. The projection surface (1), in this
case a cylinder, is attached to the sphere of the earth at the secant lines (2). These lines are
the only part of the projection without distortion. Inside these lines (4) features are smaller;
outside (5) they are bigger.

Fig 2.3 GIS - Projection Problems

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To reduce distortion, different projections are used for different areas on the earth. A GIS is
able to project geospatial features from one map projection to others.

2.4 LOCATION TRACKING OF MOBILE DEVICES

As location-based services have increased in popularity over the last years, the need for
positioning of mobile devices becomes more and more important.

2.4.1 GPS-BASED POSITIONING

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the leading technology to determine locations on
mobile devices. Almost every smartphone on the market has the capability to receive GPS
signals. GPS is a freely accessible system based on satellites.
Today, GPS is causing a renaissance of the navigation, surveying and mapping professions
and may, within only a few years, completely replace conventional methods of transportation
navigation and land surveying. This section introduces the GPS system, its structure and its
basic idea.

2.4.1.1 Global Positioning System Overview

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was
developed by the U.S. Department of Defence (DOD) in the early 1970s. GPS provides
continuous positioning and timing information, anywhere in the world under any weather
conditions (Barry, Drew and Halsey, 2013).
Initially, GPS was developed as a military system to fulfill U.S. military needs. However, it
was later on made available to civilians and is now a dual-use system that can be accessed by
both military and civilian users (Hilary, 2017).

2.4.1.2 GPS structure

GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment and the user segment.
The space segment is the set of satellites providing known locations for resection, the control

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segment is a set of ground control stations that communicate with the satellites and determine
their locations and the user segment is the receivers and people who use them.
As shown in Figure 2.2 the segments work together; the control stations locate the satellites
precisely in space, each satellite generates radio signals that allow a receiver (user) to
estimate the satellite location and distance between the satellite and the receiver, and the
receiver uses those measurements to calculate where on the Earth the user is located.

Fig 2.2 GPS structure

Further details on how GPS works

To determine a position the GPS receiver needs a line of sight to four or more satellites.
Given this fact, GPS only works outdoors.
Each satellite is equipped with a highly accurate atomic clock and sends out this time along
with position data of the satellites and error correction data. A GPS receiver compares the
satellite time with its own clock and computes based on the difference the distance to the
satellite. The distance to the satellite and its absolute position defines a sphere, centered at
the satellite (see Figure 2.3). The position of the receiver has to be at one point on this
surface. Adding data from a second satellite, another sphere can be drawn. Not considering
the unlikely event they intersect in one point, both spheres intersect in a circle. A third
sphere, computed by the data of the third satellite narrows the position of the receiver down

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to two points on this circle. For position determination used by smartphones, the intersection
point closest to the earth‟s surface is the correct position of the receiver.
The fourth satellite is to correct the error which arises by the fact that the clock of the
receiver is not as accurate as the atomic clocks of the satellites.

Fig 2.3 GPS - Intersecting Spheres

The accuracy of a position determined by GPS depends on the receiver. Most consumer
receivers have an accuracy of 5 to 10 meters (Allen, 2018).

2.4.2 WI-FI-BASED POSITIONING

While the GPS method for positioning works great outdoors it is not usable indoors, due to
the fact that it needs a line of sight to at least four satellites. With an accuracy of 50 - 300
meters, the location tracking method using the mobile phone network is also not suitable.
To determine a usable indoor location estimate, different approaches based on Wi-Fi
technology can be used.

2.4.3 SENSOR
The easiest way to get a location estimate based on wireless networks is to use the nearest
access point. This system is integrated into most of the access point management systems. It

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determines the access point to which a client is connected. Under the assumption that this is
the closest access point and based on the information of it, it computes how far the signal of
this access point radiates. The client has to be in range of this area.

2.4.4 RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATION (RSSI)

Similar to the computation of the GPS-based position, a location estimate can be calculated
by the received signal strength of the nearby wireless networks.
Whereas the time difference of arrival (TDOA) was used to determine the distance to the
satellite, the distance to Wi-Fi access points can be deduced from the RSSI. With the
outgoing power level of the access point and signal strength received by the client, the
absolute loss of the signal strength is calculated. With the free space path loss equation this
leads to the distance to a specific access point (Cameron and Webster 2005; Isaacs et al.
2002).
With the distance to three access points and their absolute position, the position of the client
can be computed by using a trilateration algorithm.

2.4.5 RADIO FREQUENCY FINGERPRINTING

A relatively high effort is needed for the initial setup of this method. A physical walk around
with special spectrum analysis units is needed to create radio frequency (RF) fingerprints for
different points of the area where the location should be tracked. A fingerprint identifies
locations by measures of the radio frequency setting, which is created by the wireless
network access points.
Management systems from different vendors include functionality to manage these
fingerprints. Based on the measured fingerprints these systems have the ability to compute
fingerprints for every other point of the needed area with sophisticated interpolation
algorithms.
To determine the position of a mobile device, the device sends the current RF fingerprint of
its environment to a server. The server compares this real-time fingerprint with the ones in
the database and computes a position based on the fingerprints which are similar to it.
The benefit of this system is that it also takes environmental effects like reflections on walls
or other objects into account.

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2.5 RELATED WORK
In this part applications are described, which are related to the topic of this thesis.

2.5.1 OREGON UNIVERSITY APP

In 2011 a team of graduate student developers and undergrad cartographers from the
University of Oregon implemented a mapping application for the university‟s 20,000+
students and faculty members.

Fig 2.4 Screenshots of Oregon University App

The main features of the application are browsing maps and routing on campus. Connected to
an ArcGIS server, the application offers users, after defining two places on campus, a route

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which leads to the destination point. Users of this software also have access to a campus tour,
which is set up as a predefined route on the GIS (Chad, 2012).

2.5.2 PROJECT GLASS

Project Glass is a program of Google for research and development of an augmented reality
application using glasses as a head mounted display.
Basically this device enables a user to do things that are normally only possible with a
smartphone. The user is, for example, able to look up context based information, take
pictures and videos, get directions to stores or other locations or do video chats with this
device. Information is displayed on a heads-up display as seen in Fig 2.5.

Fig 2.5 HUD of Project Glass

This project is based around a head mounted display in the form of glasses, shown in Fig 2.6.
It is voice controlled and offers the user hands free interaction.

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 Fig 2.6 Google Glass Explorer Edition

At the opening keynote of Google‟s I/O conference, they announced that they will ship the
device, named “Glass Explorer Edition”, in early 2013 for the price of $1,500.

2.6 BENEFITS OF MOBILE NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Some of the benefits of Mobile Navigation System are:

 Expert Guidance: The aspect of accuracy in technology makes it the most reliable
source of information! It seems rather logical to take directions from an automated
service that is guided by satellites instead of an unsure human mind with margin for
error. It isn‟t just about finding the right location; these applications guide you
through the best routes possible and ensure you reach your destination without
hurdles.

 Time Saving: Time and comfort are among the two most important pillars around
which all innovations are built. „Time is money‟ as is said and practiced in our fast-
paced generation that enjoys multitasking through different innovative mediums. It
helps to quickly get the current status of the user, locate the shortest and fastest way

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 to reach a venue and also knowing exactly how long it will take them to reach their
destination.

 Availability: It always available all-round the day as long there is an android phone
that has internet enabled on it.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

3.0 INTRODUCTION

A system can be defined as an organization of component sub systems which work together
to achieve common or desired and attainable goals. It can also be defined as an organized
collection of units, which work together coherently to achieve the desired or set objectives of
the organization.

Design means working out the structure or form of something, by making a sketch or plan
intended for a specific purpose.

System design has to do with the developer using his or her creative abilities by applying
judgment, skill and knowledge in interpreting the requirement specification to produce the
system specifications. The system specification is set of document that provides a detailed
documentation of a new system.

There are several aspects to consider in design of a piece of software. The importance of each
should reflect the goals the software is trying to achieve some of these aspects are:

1. Extensibility: new capabilities can be adapted to the software without major

changes to the underlying architecture.
2. Robustness: the software is able to operate under stress or tolerate unpredictable
or invalid input. For example, it can be designed with resilience to low memory
conditions.
3. Security: the software is able to withstand hostile acts and influences.
4. Maintainability: the software can be resorted to a special condition within a
specified period of time. For example, virus software may include the ability to
periodically receive virus definition updates in order to maintain the software‟s
effectiveness.
5. Compatibility: the software is able to operate product that are designed for
interoperability with another product. For example, a piece of software may be
downloads compatible with an older version of itself.

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3.1 ANALYSIS

System analysis is an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help someone (referred to as a
decision maker) identify a better course of action and make a better decision than he might
otherwise have made. Is a way of studying a problem and finding a solution to it or analyses
of the existing system to know how it is being operated, its strength, benefits and also its
weakness.

3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

The campus has many different buildings and more buildings are being added, but
unfortunately there are no system put in place to guide people to their destination on the
campus.
The only known system is a static banner map at the entrance of the school.
Since, new structures are erected, departments are added and class venues are changed or
modified. There comes a need for students or people who wish to navigate the campus for an
updated navigation system.

3.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SYSTEM

The new system is Location based services that provide personalize services to the mobile
client according to their current location using Global Positioning System (GPS).
People/users can track them on location and also navigate from one location to another
easily. The location tracking technique will be integrated with smart phone which will work
with an internet network.
One of the main advantage of this system is it portability and accessibility as the system is
develop as a mobile application.

3.2.2 WHY DO WE NEED A NEW SYSTEM

The school campus is a complex infrastructure. Especially, for new students and people who
are on it for the first time have a hard time to orientate themselves and find places.
Secondly, new structures are erected, departments are also added and class venues are
changed or modified.

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So, this brought about need for a digital and intuitive interactive navigation system. It is
portable and accessible as it is develop for mobile users.

3.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF THE NEW SYSTEM

The new System; Campus Navigation System have a lot of advantages and they Includes:
Accessibility
 Users can access the system easily from any location.
Portability
 The system can be used on any Android phone
Saves time
 It consumes less time as compare to checking styles on magazines or posters
Cheaper
 Mobile Application is generally economical, as it can be easily updated and be used
for long period of time without much cost, compare to printing of statics map and
constantly reprinting them when few changes are made.
Mobility
 It is obvious that most mobile phone users have their phones with them everywhere
they go, most people often leave their computer as home, or work sometimes, but
they will always have their phone on them.

3.2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF THE NEW SYSTEM

1. The system is only limited to people who used android phones.
2. The system also requires the availability of mobile network from the service provider
3. The system also requires the regular power supply on the Mobile phone.
4. Only GPS enabled or functioning device can use the service.

3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN

Design is the first step into the development phase for any engineering product or system.
Design is a creative process. A good design is the key to effective system, the term “design”
is defined as the process of applying various techniques and principle for the purpose of

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defining a process or a system in sufficient detail to permit its physical realization. Software
design sits at the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is applied
regardless of the development paradigm that is used. The system design develops the
architectural detail require to build the system. In system design, the design function and
operations are described in detail, including screen layout, process diagram and other
documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of
modules or subsystems. Design elements describe the desired software features in details,
screen layout diagrams, tables of rules, process diagrams. These design element are intended
to describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmer may develop the
software.

3.3.1 INPUT DESIGN:

Splash screen: The splash screen is the first screen the user encounters when the app is
clicked. The function of this screen to load essentials features and function that the app runs
on.

Fig 3.1: Splash screen

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User selection: This screen is the second screen that appears after the splash screen, it accept
users category in forms of selection. The outcome of the next screen depends on the category
of the user.

Fig 3.2: User Selection Screen

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Location category: These screens show the location categories available for the users to
choose. The outcome of the screen is determined by the decision made from the first screen.

Fig 3.3: Location category screen

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Location list: Figure 3.4 below shows the list of available locations that are ready to be
navigated. This screen is called by the action from the location category.

Fig 3.4: Location list

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3.3.2 OUTPUT DESIGN

Map: Figure 3.5 is the map screen; it shows the route to the corresponding location chosen
by the user from the previous location screen. The green marker shows the location of the
user. The red line shows the path direction for the user to take. The red marker shows the
destination image

Fig 3.5: Map screen

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Location Image: Figure3.6 shows the corresponding image for the destination‟s location.

Fig 3.6: Location Image

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 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCMENTATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

A system is a network of interdependent components that works together (to try) to

accomplish the aim of the system. Also it can be defined as an integrated set of element that
accomplishes a defined objective. The process of system implementation is the stage of
development that involves all the steps necessary to put the new system into operation.
System implementation is very important and necessary in system development because if
not properly planned and carried out, it could result in a waste of time and resources. After
system implementation takes place, the programs code for the system, program testing,
debugging and detailed documentation of the software are also presented. Others include
conversion of the data files, preparing the site for the new system testing, staff training and
changeover procedure.

System implementation can be described as the conversion from an old system to new
improved computerized one. User training is also a fundamental stage in the system
development life cycle. The user will be informed and enlightened (trained) about the new
system to convince them of its effectiveness and efficiency. System implementation involves
the following;

i. Installation.

ii. User training.

iii. System testing.

iv. Changeover procedure.

v. Review and maintenance.

4.1 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENT

The installation requirement for the system is divided into two major categories which are the
hardware and software requirement.

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4.1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware required for effective and efficient functioning of the new system is specified
as follows;

Technical Specifications:
General
 CPU: MTK Dual-Core 1.4GHz.
 GPU: Mali-450MP4.

 Memory: 1GB RAM.

 Storage: 8GB Memory.

 External Storage: 2GB minimum.

Screen

Screen Size: (4.5 – 5.0) inch.

Resolution: 480 * 720 and 720 * 1280 HD IPS.

SIM Card: If internet connection is by SIM card network provider.

Battery: Minimum of 1900 mAh Li-Ion.

4.1.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Basically, this application runs on any mobile operating system that has the following
requirements;

 Windows/IOS/Android Operating System that provide full multimedia

support facilities of smart phones.

Network
 2G: GSM850/900/1800/1900.
 3G: WCDMA850/2100.

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  Wi-Fi: 802.11b/g internet.

4.2 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE USED

The in-house modules of the system are designed using XML and JAVA Programming
language. The User module is designed using XML. The database used is Firebase. The
database was adopted because it supports the internet. Firebase has some features provided
by Google that made the design of the system easier and makes retrieval of data faster and
easier.

4.3 USER TRAINING

Since the system is an android based application, there will be little or no training as mobile
phone has become part of everybody. The app is very intuitive and fool-proof which makes it
easier for users to use.

4.4 SYSTEM TESTING

There are two types of testing;

i. Program testing: The system analyst will supply test data and accepts results, to
ensure that all contingencies as specified in the programs specification are met.
This involves checking errors within the line of codes whether they work or not.
ii. Procedure testing: Here all programs re-run and fully tested together to ensure
that all fit together with any procedure which precede the input. In respect to this
system, program testing was done which allowed each sub programs of the
program to be tested independently with test data. After the subprograms had
been tested thoroughly without any error, then the whole system as a whole to
ensure it performs all the tasks expected.

4.5 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

It is very essential that a newly designed system should be well documented, so as to ensure
strict compliance with the details of the system operation and installation. This is due to the
fact that the purpose of any designed system is to meet the needs of it intending user;
therefore a well-documented system would ensure that the new application is accurately and

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effectively implemented. System documentation consists of a written designed report,
detailed flowchart and program listing. This would enhance the maintenance of the system
and program during its lifetime. The documentations made are as follows:

i. System Documentation: this involves the documentation of the program used and
the procedures of operation.
ii. Operational Documentation: this is the manual for information on installation
procedure of the package and the implementation for the full operation of the system.
It contains installation process, input/output description, file operation and instruction
to run the system.
Running the System: to run the system, do the following things
a. Start the Mobile Phone.
b. Click on the Application Icon.
c. It shows the users selection category.
d. Click on your preferred category and then destination.
e. Wait for the app to get the route for the destination.

4.6 STRENGTH OF THE SYSTEM

The strength of the system includes the following:

i. It allows users to navigate to their favourite location easily.

ii. It provides interactive map features; which makes it intuitive.
iii. It reduces cost and stress of managing static maps.
iv. The system has large memory capacity for storage and can also prevent data
redundancy.

4.6.1 The System special Features

i. Real time updates.

ii. Mobility.
iii. GPS functionalities.

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4.7 SYSTEM EVALUATION

There is need to emphasize the importance of improving on the existing system. The new
system which uses static maps and are un-interactive, are greatly improved by the new digital
navigation system to the extent that it is self-sufficient as long as new locations are added,
making the system faster and accurate in operation. Its simple nature and attractive interface
allows students and users to easily navigate around the school campus.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 SUMMARY

This research work focuses on the use of computer system (mobile) with references to
navigation system on the school campus. The work was successfully developed using XML,
JAVA, Google APIs and Firebase for the mobile application. The package was tested and
improved upon which yields a very reliable result.

The project work cannot be said to be perfect, but however, its benefits cannot be avoided, it
has led to improvement in the navigation of the school environment. It also allow student to
quickly get familiar with the school environment through the use of destination images.

5.1 CONCLUSION

The importance of mobile app cannot be over emphasized because of its vast use in every
discipline of life, it is safe to say that most of the users have easy access to mobile phones
compare to other electronic systems.

Moreover, this project has taken care of the stress involves in navigating the school
environment by providing an interactive and real time map for users.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the achieved objectives of this project and the experience gained during its
designed and implementation, the following recommendations are suggested for future
improvement. Student should be exposed to serious practical exercise during their studies
and employ fact finding strategy which is necessary to accomplish effectively the objective
of a system and make sure all subsequent stages of system development life cycle (SDLC) is
followed.

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