NETWORK BASED CAMPUS

NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Dinesh R R Jeswin W Jeya Ganesh A V
Dept of Information Technology Dept of Information Technology Dept of Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, India. Madurai, India. Madurai, India.
dineshrr@student.tce.edu jeswin@student.tce.edu jeyaganesh@student.tce.edu

Rahul Hariesh B Sanjaykumar S

Dept of Information Technology Dept of Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, India. Madurai, India.
rahulhariesh@student.tce.edu sanjaykumars@student.tce.edu

Abstract— It is crucial for newcomers to receive assistance with buildings so that the users can quickly find their designated
campus navigation because universities are organizing more and buildings in shorter time thus their time.
more educational, scientific, and College Admissions events. The Thus, after determining the quickest route between the two
network-based campus navigation system can be used to find the
buildings, students, staff, and visitors can arrive at the
preferred path by analysing the relationship (distance) between each
landmark in the campus. The shortest path between the landmarks building quickly and without experiencing too much delay.
can be found easily. Another use of the network-based campus is that
II. RESEARCH PAPERS
we can find the most central landmarks using different centralities.
Finding the required path and the route therefrom will be made much
easier with a good application. Research Paper

Keywords - Navigation, Shortest path, Central landmarks, Paths
I. INTRODUCTION
A university campus consists of several places like a
college office, library, different departments, canteen,
auditorium and several other places. Every year a lot of
students get admitted to the college campus. Many new
buildings are built, new courses started and some places are
changed to other places. Moreover a lot of students, faculties
inside the campus facing issues in finding the proper location
sometimes and newcomers too. A network based campus
navigation system will help us to locate the desired location
and a shortest path from the location. Thus, It will reduce the
frustration among newcomers for finding the desired path in
college. Navigation is the process of correctly configuring the
after determining the user's location, displaying directions to
guide them over safe routes to their intended desired
destination spot. We first determine the length of each
feasible path between two points, and then we present the
users with the quickest route to avoid wasting their time. In
our application, the initial connections are made between the
buildings that are used as nodes and corridors for various
structures.
In order to find the shortest distance between the two
buildings in the college campus we are using the concepts of
social network analysis such as centrality, degree centrality,
connectedness, eccentricity, average clustering, breadth first
tree, eigenvector centrality, betweenness centrality. The
buildings are transformed into nodes and with the help of
these social network analysis concepts we can able to figure
out the shortest path between the nodes also known as the
1. Edge Eye: A voice assisted campus navigation system
for visually impaired
The proposed model is a combination of multiple
small IoT devices and a server device. The architecture is
basically giving preferences to edge-based computations. The
sheer amount of data transfer to the server for every single
calculation to the server will only add more latency to our
system. So our endeavour is to construct a system of multiple
devices which can perform computation on its own. We refer
to this group of devices and their performance as “edge
intelligence”. The system starts with an ESP32 camera
module as the input node. The camera module will always be
in an accepting state and whenever it comes across a name
board, it will take a picture of the name board. The picture
will be used for identifying the text.[1]
2. A Smartphone based Campus Navigation System for
the Visually Impaired
In this research paper data collection is performed
through a separate Android application. Both GPS and IMU
sensor data are collected. The data is stored in the cloud based
geo-data store in Tier 3. This data is queried and analysed in
Tier 2 to give feedback to Tier 1 application.[2]
3. Event Driven Campus Navigation System on android
platform
The user can find the proper location with proper
description. The user can get information about different
college events. A user should have an Android phone with a
stable Internet connection. There is no notification on the
update. The rationale behind using a cloud-based
infrastructure is to exploit its ubiquitous availability, thereby
making the solution scalable. Also, most of the universities
now have campus wide WIFI installation for Internet
connectivity. This fact adds two-fold advantages to the
design.[3]
4.Campus Navigation System Based on
Mobile Augmented Reality
In this paper, the tracking and detection algorithms
are simple. Works well irrespective of light changes. Doesn’t
require any sensors for tracking for any requirements. High
resolution camera required. A user should have an Android
phone with a stable Internet connection.[4]
5. Impact of an Augmented Reality Navigation System
(SIRIO)
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact
of an augmented reality navigation system (SIRIO) for
percutaneous biopsies and ablative treatments on bone
lesions, compared to a standard CT-guided technique.
Methods: Biotic and ablative procedures on bone lesions
were retrospectively analysed.[5]
6. AR Smart Navigation System
The approach to solve the problem will be using
SLAM I. Simultaneous Localization and mapping. This
method provides an accurate and faster navigation system as
well as allows us to add rare components using Google’s AR
core. This project can be implemented for any and every
industry possible. The AR Smart Navigation can be thus
enhanced more by adding new modules to the existing
project. The new modules can consist of a gaming section
where students can play AR games like X and 0 or may be an
AR View section for professors to explain various devices or
its parts and motors etc, to make new posters for upcoming
workshops or even adding a GPS module to make it usable
for off campus areas etc.[6]
7. Mobile Augmented Reality (AR) Marker-based for
Indoor Library Navigation
The tools used to develop and register the marker and how
the AR application is designed are described in this section.
figure 1 shows the flowchart of the AR application. Since the
camera is the main component of this AR technology; hence,
it needs permission to access and activate the camera located
on the Smartphone. After that, it gains access to the data from
the camera and gains control to change the display of the
camera. The virtual objects will be triggered when the tag
with markers is detected by written codes. Once the marker is
identified by the camera, the 3D objects will directly display
on the device’s screen to indicate the marker is now
recognized. If the marker is not detected, the camera will
continue capturing images, and the application will try to
search for the edges or marker to trigger the AR objects.[7]
8.Application of Augmented Reality in
Campus Navigation
The college campus has become a popular tourist
destination, and there is an increasing need for help
navigating the campus. Using the smartphone's GPS to
determine its location and orientation and IMU data, making
it possible to correctly understand the visitor's or phone's
point of view. After that, the visitor sees a combination of the
actual and virtual worlds as a result of the application of
multi-sensor fusion technologies for spatial registration,
which not only helps the visitor comprehend the school's style
but also its history, traditions, and culture in depth. The
application's implementation also gives designers of Smart
Campus Projects a good notion and a technological path to
follow. It can be integrated with the Push or the Smart
Campus Projects.[8]
9.Location Navigation Assistance for
Educational Institutions using Augmented Reality
There are a number of processes involved in this
entire AR application. They are: I) Searching process: This
process is used to help finding buildings and locations nearby
using text-based search, ii) Navigation process: This process
is used to handle navigation between two different points in
the exposed system, iii) Mapping and marker process: It is
used to hold marker information of the mapped real world
images, AR process: It is responsible for adding augmented
information on screen, v) Drop pin process: It allows users to
save locations on the application for future use or back
tracking, vi) User interface process: It is used to handle all
user interfaces and design of the application.[9]
10. A Navigation System for the Visually Impaired
In this research paper data collection is performed through a
separate Android application. Both GPS and IMU sensor data
are collected. The data is stored in the cloud based geo-data
store in Tier 3. This data is queried and analysed in Tier 2 to
give feedback to Tier 1 application.[10]
11. A Computer Vision and Maps Aided Tool for Campus
Navigation
The AR Smart Navigation can be thus enhanced more by
adding new modules to the existing project. The new modules
can consist of a gaming section where students can play AR
games like X and 0 or may be an AR View section for
professors to explain various devices or its parts and motors
etc, to make new posters for upcoming workshops or even
adding a GPS module to make it usable for off campus areas
etc.[11]
12. A Web-Based Campus Navigation System with
Mobile Augmented Reality Intervention
The user's feedback is gathered to determine the
system’s requirements such as the options that they expect to
have in the system based on the initial idea (see figure 1). This
allows initial modelling and prototypes to be created. The
user design phase consisted of prototype development,
testing, and refinement based on the requirements. In the
prototype development, the AR-UUM Campus Navigation
System used HTML, JavaScript, and PHP to create the
website for the application which is accessible through
Glitch. AR Toolkit, which is an open-source software library
to create AR applications, is also used in this system.[12]
13.Augmented Reality Based Campus Guide Application
Using Feature Points Object Detection
A user should have an Android phone with a stable
Internet connection. There is no notification on the update.
The rationale behind using a cloud-based infrastructure is to
exploit its ubiquitous availability, thereby making the
solution scalable. Also, most of the universities now have
campus wide Wi-Fi___33 installation for Internet
connectivity. This fact adds two-fold advantages to the
design.[13]
14. Mobile based Indoor Library Navigation
The tools used to develop and register the marker
and how the AR application is designed are described in this
section. figure 1 shows the flowchart of the AR application.
Since the camera is the main component of this AR
technology; hence, it needs permission to access and activate
the camera located on the Smartphone. After that, it gains
access to the data from the camera and gains control to change
the display of the camera. The virtual objects will be triggered
when the tag with markers is detected by written codes. Once
the marker is identified by the camera, the 3D objects will
directly display on the device’s screen to indicate the marker
is now recognized. If the marker is not detected, the camera
will continue capturing images, and the application will try to
search for the edges or marker to trigger the AR objects.[14]
15.A Study for 3D Virtual Campus Navigation System Based
on GIS
This paper, as an example of Central China Normal
University (CCNU), creates a virtual campus scene that can
browse, realize several ways of roaming and browsing the
virtual campus on the internet, and have real 3D interactive.
In the process of virtual campus modelling, we resolved
modelling of trees and environment, and discussed a number
of methods to improve the browsing speed. This paper
focuses on the integration of GIS and realizes interactive
between two dimensional and three-dimensional, visitors can
choose any location to roam.[15]
III. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK
Students and Campus:
When new students arrive at the college, they
struggle to locate the necessary buildings and determine the
shortest path between them. This will not only make it easier
for them to get to their desired building faster, but it will also
help them feel less frustrated when they first arrive on
campus, improving their first impression of the campus. For
the campus side, it increases student mobility to lessen
conflict between newcomers and faculty members. As the
institution attempts to solve the issue of newcomers finding
the quickest route between buildings on campus, the college's
reputation gets better. Additionally, when a campus is large,
it can be difficult for newcomers to find the shortest route
between buildings because of signboards, direction boards,
and other students' opinions. However, using this algorithm
to determine the shortest route between buildings can help
newcomers save time in getting to their desired buildings.
Faculty and Campus:
To address various topics for various departments on
campus, the faculty working there will need to relocate to
separate facilities. It is important for the campus
administrators to take care of the faculties by preventing them
from traveling between different buildings to get them tired
and save time so that it improves the efficiency in the campus.
The faculty gets tired while moving to the different buildings
in the campus, and there is also a lot of time wasted while
moving between the buildings. Additionally, instructor
attendance in class at the scheduled hour aids in the campus's
increased productivity. Therefore, it's crucial to determine the
shortest route between the buildings in order to get to the
destinations on time, avoid being too weary, boost campus
productivity, and serve as an example for the students.
Anonymous and Campus:
When visitors who are not enrolled in college arrive
on campus, they are unfamiliar with the layout of the campus
and will suffer because they must locate signboards and
direction boards in order to locate the necessary buildings.
This will make it difficult to locate the buildings and to visit
them within the allotted time. Therefore, the campus needs
an algorithm to determine the shortest distance between
buildings so that visitors may get to them fast and save their
time, which will enhance the campus's reputation with
newcomers. Additionally, because of signboards, direction
boards, and the opinions of other students, it might be
challenging for newcomers to locate the shortest route
between buildings on a large campus. However, newbies
might save time by using this technique to find the quickest
path between buildings in order to reach their chosen
structures.

IV. DATASET DESCRIPTION

We have created our own dataset for the project

campus navigation system.

We created a graph using networkx. Then adding

different edges to the graph with source, destination place and
the weight for the particular edges.
Fig.1 Graphical representation of the campus

S.
Source Destination Weight
No
V. METHODOLOGY
1. Bus stop Men’s hostel 200
We came up with a technique that, to the best of our
knowledge, entails locating the location and taking the
2. Men’s hostel Play ground 40 shortest route possible after consulting numerous research
papers and patents.
3. Parking Men’s hostel 70
Initially we installed the network which is used for
creating, manipulating and doing some functions in the
4. Parking Main block 55 complex network. With this necessary package for plotting
the graph matplotlib is imported. Creating a graph which
consists of nodes and edges where source and destination for
5. Parking Mech Dept 55 different places in the college campus and weights for the
edges are to be mentioned.
6. Main block Play ground 40
For example, between different edges and their weights,

7. Main block FC 30 “Bus stop, Men’s hostel, weight=200

, “Men’s hostel, Playground, weight=40”.
8. Mech Dept FC 90
Then giving labels to the different nodes so that we
are able to visualize the graph as a complex network. The
9. FC CS Dept 35 important measures like degree for the particular graph,
average clustering, shortest path, breadth first tree,
eccentricity, degree centrality, eigen vector centrality,
10. FC IT Dept 40
betweenness centrality are calculated. Using spring layout
giving the positions and adding the node colour, bent cent,
11. IT Dept CS Dept 20 node size is represented in the Fig.2.

12. IT Dept Dispensary 35

The network for the campus navigation system is

shown in Fig. 1. It is made using the location's specific
labels.

Fig.2 Betweenness measure of the Graph

 VI. MEASURES
Originally, the term "centrality" referred to the
position of central actors inside a network's structure. The
term itself detaches from its topological roots and now more
broadly describes the significance of an actor within a
network. Despite having a precise definition, topological
centrality has numerous operationalizations. On the other
hand, there are numerous operationalizations and definitions
for the term "importance" in a network. Here, we take into
account centrality's potential effects and operationalizations.
Degree, betweenness, proximity, and eigenvectors are four
widely used measurements of centrality. Each has benefits
and drawbacks.
A) Degree centrality
The easiest centrality metric to calculate is degree
centrality. Remember that a node's degree is just a count of
how many network connections (also known as edges) it has.
Simply said, a node's degree determines its degree centrality.
Having 10 network connections gives a node a centrality of
10. The centrality of a single-edged node is 1.
Total degree = in-degree + out-degree
𝐶𝐷(𝑣)= 𝑑𝑒𝑔(𝑣)
B) Betweenness centrality
C)
An approach to observe how nodes impact the
information flow in a diagram is through betweenness
centrality. Finding nodes that connect two distinct regions of
the diagram together is a common usage for it. The shortest
path between each pair of nodes in the network is calculated
by the algorithm. The number of shortest pathways that pass
through each node determines its score. Nodes with greater
betweenness centrality ratings are frequently on the shortest
paths between other nodes.
𝐶𝐵 𝑠𝑡
C) Closeness centrality
Finding nodes that may efficiently distribute
information across a graph is done using a concept called
closeness centrality. The average (inverse) distance between
a node and every other node is measured by a node's near-
centrality. The shortest distance among all nodes is to a node
with a high proximity score. The proximity centrality
algorithm determines the shortest paths between every pair of
nodes in order to calculate the total of distances to every other
node for each node. For that node's closeness centrality score,
the resulting sum is reversed.
𝐶(𝑣) = (𝑁 − 1)/∑𝑣𝑑 (𝑢, 𝑣)
D) Eccentricity
The greatest distance between any two nodes is
known as a node's eccentricity. The reciprocal of eccentricity
is a metric for assessing the significance of a node within
social networks. The accompanying centralization metric
then determines how much one node dominates the network
as a whole. In this study, we identify the most centralized
networks for a variety of network classes, including families
of bipartite networks (two-mode data) with specified partition
sizes and tree networks with a specific number of nodes and
a fixed maximum degree.
𝐶𝐵(𝑣) = 1/ (𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑢, 𝑣): 𝑢 ∈ 𝑉)
E) Shortest path
The shortest path problem is one of the most basic
shortest path combinatorial optimization problems to handle
reachability questions. It is challenging to determine which
vertices or edges are traversed during shortest path traversals.
In this study, we give an empirical analysis of how traversal
algorithms behave on social networks. A group of vertices'
shortest paths between them are first determined. The shortest
path is considered to be one transaction. We secondly use the
pattern mining method to ascertain the recurrence frequency
of the vertices. The findings are evaluated using network
properties like degree distribution and clustering coefficient.
The Dijkstra algorithm is a single-source shortest path
algorithm. The shortest path between the given source and all
other sources must be found.in this instance since all nodes
have a single source.
VII. TUNING PARAMETERS
In this inquiry, a key parameter is the Eigenvalues
and Vectors. More specifically, the cornerstone of
multivariate statistical models like factor analysis and
principal component analysis is made up of eigenvalues and
eigenvectors. Researchers question whether a set of p-
variables in these models can share enough covariance to be
sufficiently described by a single underlying principal
component or factor.
A person's "perceived health" and "mobility," for
instance, can both be scaled subjectively using the age idea
(or "factor"). can be defined as It is necessary to know a
person's age in order to determine their likely status in terms
of perceived health and mobility. Normalized Eigenvector
Centrality Rating Normalized eigenvector centrality, also
referred to as normalized prestige, and the assumption of
random hops form the basis of Google's PageRank. [1]
Recursively, the PageRank of other nodes that point to a node
affects its own PageRank. The normalized adjacency matrix
is described as follows:
 VIII. EIGENVALUES COMPUTATION
In this project, network is used to visualize the nodes
and edges in a graph. The purpose of creating the initially
empty graph object is to use the object to assign some nodes
and edges to the graph.
In Python, this will make it easier to design a virtual
graph. Create an empty Eigen object with a network graph
object for computing the Eigenvalues at first, making sure the
object is set to be an undirected graph.
For every node in the network, calculate the centrality
measure values for each one. Create a set of Eigenvalues and
metrics for the entire network using the centrality values.
GraphObject.event(directed=False) Using the
formula malva = max (Eigen), determine the centrality
degree's maximum value in the nodes in the social network
with a greater degree of Eigenvalues and degree of centrality.
IX. OBJECTIVES
After detecting the user's location, navigation
involves appropriately designing the path and providing
directions to lead them via safe paths to their intended
preferred destination area. To save customers time and
prevent them from squandering it, we first calculate the length
of each conceivable trip between two buildings. We are
employing social network analysis principles including
centrality, degree centrality, connectedness, eccentricity,
average clustering, width first tree, eigenvector centrality,
and betweenness centrality to determine the shortest distance
between the two buildings on the college campus. With the
aid of these social network analysis principles, the buildings
are turned into nodes, and we can then determine the shortest
path between the nodes, also known as the buildings, in order
for consumers to swiftly locate their intended buildings in less
time, saving them time.
X. NEED FOR THIS PROJECT
Students, faculty, and visitors to the university who
are newbies are the project's primary users. When a campus
is extensive, it may be challenging for newcomers to
determine the fastest path between buildings due to
signboards, direction boards, and the opinions of other
students. Therefore, there is a chance that the teachers will
give the students a negative opinion of them. For the
professors, going between the many buildings on campus
wears them out, and moving between buildings also wastes a
lot of time. When they arrive late for class, students get a
negative image of the faculty. The newbies are unfamiliar
with the campus's layout, and will suffer since they will spend
more time locating signboards and direction boards than they
should. Due to this, it will be challenging to find the buildings
and see them within the allocated time.
XI. BENEFITS
Students, professors, newcomers, and university
officials all benefit from this endeavour. When students come
on campus, they will feel less annoyed if they can get to the
building quickly using the quickest route, which will enhance
their initial image of the institution. To prevent becoming
overly exhausted, increase campus productivity, and set an
example for the students, it is essential for the teachers to
choose the quickest route between the buildings. The shortest
distance between buildings for visitors to travel between them
quickly and efficiently will improve the campus's reputation
with newcomers. It improves student mobility for the
administrators to decrease tension between newcomers and
faculty members. The college's reputation improves as the
school works to address the challenge of newcomers
discovering the quickest route between facilities on campus.
XII. LIBRARIES USED
A) Matplotlib
For Python and its numerical extension NumPy,
Matplotlib is a cross-platform data visualization and
graphical charting package. As a result, it presents a strong
open-source substitute for MATLAB. The APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces) for matplotlib allow programmers
to incorporate graphs into GUI applications.
The way a Python matplotlib script is written makes
it possible to create a visual data plot in the majority of cases
with just a few lines of code. Two APIs are covered by the
Matplotlib scripting layer:
A hierarchy of Python code objects with matplotlib
at its top makes up the pyplot API. A collection of OO
(Object-Oriented) API objects that can be put together more
easily than Pyplot. Direct access to Matplotlib's backend
layers is made possible using this API.
B) Pandas
Pandas is built using two fundamental Python
libraries: NumPy is used for math operations and data
visualization. Pandas provides access by acting as a wrapper
around these libraries. too many less-code-intensive
matplotlib and NumPy algorithms.
For .plot() in Pandas, for instance, combines various
Matplotlib plots. combining several methods into one,
enabling you to create a graph in a short line. Prior to this, the
majority of analysts utilized Python to gather data., but
changed to a more domain-specific approach. Using a
language like R for the remainder of their workflow.
To date, two new object kinds were added to make
analytical chores easier. Tool switching is no longer
necessary because of a series with list-like Data Frames
having tabular structure and structure.
 XIII. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS TOOLS activity type, such as data visualization
or performance enhancement. Each
A) Networkx section contains examples of the methods
A Python package called Network is used to analyse related to the activity category.
complex graph networks. We must first comprehend charts in
order to comprehend how NetworkX functions. In physical,
biological, social, and information systems, graphs are XIV. IMPLEMENTATION
mathematical constructions that are used to model many
kinds of linkages and processes. A graph is made up of nodes It is implemented in a method that, to the best of our
or vertices (which represent the components of a system) and knowledge, comprises finding the place and taking the
edges (which represent the connections between those shortest route. In the beginning, we set up the networkx,
components). The skill of navigating edges and nodes to find which is used to build, manipulate, and carry out some tasks
and comprehend complicated relationships and optimize in the intricate network. Matplotlib is loaded along with this
routes between related data in a network is known as graph necessary package for plotting the graph. creating a graph
manipulation. with nodes and edges that includes source and destination
locations for various locations on the college campus as well
as edge weights.
B) Streamlit
A Python-based open source app framework is Afterward, we need to assign labels to each node so
called Streamlit. It enables us to quickly develop web that we may visualize the graph as a complex network.
applications for data science and machine learning. Major
Python libraries like scikit-learn, Keras, PyTorch, SymPy
Importing necessary packages:-
(latex), NumPy, pandas, and Matplotlib are all compatible
with it.

You can easily visualize, modify, and share data

using Streamlet. The API reference is categorized by
Shortest path:-

Creating graph:-

BFS Tree:-
Creating network edges:-
Graph:- Degree centrality:-

Degree:- Average Clustering:-

Eigen_Vector centrality:-
Info:-

Spring_layout:-

Eccentricity:-

Betweenness Centrality:- XV. CONCLUSION

The personnel who oversee the campus, as well as

the students, staff, and newcomers who live there, are the
focus of this study. By using social network analysis and
treating the campus's architecture as a social network and the
buildings as nodes, this study will resolve the issue of
determining the quickest route between campus buildings,
saving users' time.
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