Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
R.T. Lim Blvd., Zamboanga City
Tel. No.(062) 993-0023

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING STUDIES

Vision: ZCSPC as the leading provider of globally Mission: Provide effective and efficient services through
competitive human resources. advanced technological studies and researches for the
empowerment of the nation’s human resources.

INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the System Integration & Architecture 2 Subject

By:

September 20 2021
INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, due to advantage in the development of technologies that can be

used for locating something, it is possible to develop systems which include software
solutions for the user locating and guidance in the interior. Whether closed or covered
areas, where the existing location technologies for locating and guidance applicable at
open, outdoor areas that cannot be used. The integration of hardware, software and
network technologies which can be used for creating a positioning system for interior,
closed area or covered area. Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is a system of network
connected devices which is used for wireless locating of something and persons inside
buildings and partly covered areas (Lemmens, 2013). The technologies that is used by
those systems become commercially available in various forms (required hardware) and
with various characteristics (functionality by means of visual contact, radio-frequency,
magnetic field, sound). There is also a big number of available technologies that can be
used in the IPS system. The IPS system is composed of three distinct elements
(Senion,2016). A dynamic platform of the positioning system, location devices or signal
transmitters, a mobile application that retrieves and interprets signals.

The integration of software and hardware in IPS is that, IPS constantly operates
in order to determine the exact location of the device, The coordinates (latitude,
longitude, and the height or the numbers of floors) are the output of operation. In other
words in order for the coordinates to be applicable, they need context, that is a map
(Senion,2016) and a technology that allows obtaining information on the location of
objects within the building results in the two concepts knowing when the user is located
near a certain point, IPS uses multiple signals from location devices, as well as motion
sensors and other sensors on the users smart mobile device. And by combining these
elements the IPS can accurately calculate the position of the user.
 The contribution of IPS in our organization is that it helps us monitor and track
people, equipment, merchandise and etc. This provides the continuous real – time
location of things or people within a closed space through measurements, it is usually
used in retail floors, warehouses, factories and offices to monitor.

a. Scope of the study

The study only comes the indoor Positioning system that operate
in order to determine the exact location of the device. The coordinate
like height/number of floors are the output of such operation. It also
covers the functions of the indoor Positioning system

b. Objectives of the study

1. To know on how to find the user’s location

2. To know and understand that IPS enables other functionalities for
applications, Route search, search friends, enhanced marketing
opportunities and detailed analysis.
 c. Related review literature of the study
c.15 Foreign Study

Foreign Studies
The Capabilities of GPS

The location tracking capabilities of global positioning system (GPS)

devices, we may gather more detailed information on adolescent travel. In
addition, GPS-enabled devices such as cell phones allow a mode of contact with
the study participant in several ways – monitoring study compliance,
troubleshooting problems with the device or data collection, and collecting
additional information pertaining to health-risk behaviors. This is a unique
application of GPS-enabled cell phones and addresses several key limitations in
research relating to contextual determinants of health. In a population where it
is often difficult to assess accurate and reliable information on behavior. GPS
offer a timely, objective, and potentially more acceptable method of evaluating
contextual exposure.

GPS technology has been used in a variety of applications to measure

exposure or activities. GPS technology has greatly expanded the scope of space-
time analyses by allowing the recording of not only trip origins and destinations,
but also the routes traveled. Traditionally. GPS technology has been used for
business and leisure applications: e.g. guiding agricultural machinery for planting
and pesticide application. (Holton,2000)
 According to Mr. Eric Groves, director of development, PLNU, the idea of
using the Vital-Signs system grew out of the school’s desire to recognize the
efforts and contribution of the benefactors that made construction of the facility
possible. Interactive Touch Screen Vital Visitor Center from Vital Signs helps
university fundraising programs add high Touch to donor recognition. “We were
thrilled when it was suggested to use that we could profile each smeehall
honoree with a photo and biography, complete with scrolling names and
rotating photo, “Mr. Groves recalled. “ The dynamic screen.

Improved Indoor Location Systems in a Controlled Environments

GPS and cellular based systems are suitable for outdoor environments
and not for indoor localization. Present indoor localization techniques work on
Wi-Fi Access Points and they use radio signal strength (RSS) which produces high
errors in results. Hence, more fast and adaptable techniques are required for
commercial purposes. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based systems
are growing at a great pace in two ways. One is passive localization and one is
active localization. In this study a new model is introduced improving
conventional RSS systems by considering/eliminating strong RSS levels and using
close distance error elimination algorithm (CDEEA) with a combination of median
filters. Using Wi-Fi units present on laptops local signal strengths were collected.
Then close distance error elimination algorithm (CDEEA) was applied. Then
median filters were used and access point-based path loss model was generated.
In the end, the suggested algorithm predicted the location result within a
 maximum mean error of 2.96m for 90% precision level. The performance of
traditional RSS based systems has been improved by 12% by employing
proposed solution. Weakness of solution: The study does not take into account
close antenna wall affects. Opinion: The proposed model gives good results
however it can be improved. The study however is not satisfactorily composed
and should be improved. This study should also incorporate results generated
from professional Wi-Fi receivers.

Growing an Organic Indoor Location System

Growing an Organic Indoor Location System. The paper tries to develop

localization or locating system that is based on user fingerprints in a bounded
area by using organically growing data rather than using experts. The paper uses
Voronoi diagrams to minimize errors and predict precision of localization. The
development of fingerprint based locating system is done by multiple APs that
move in a bounded region by using RSS, accelerometer, compass etc. The
development of algorithm is to be done in a way that the database can be built
organically without the use of experts and the precision of the system to grow
with time.

An Indoor Positioning System Based on Static Objects in Large Indoor Scenes by

Using Smartphone Cameras

The demand for location-based services (LBS) in large indoor spaces, such
as airports, shopping malls, museums and libraries, has been increasing in recent
years. However, there is still no fully applicable solution for indoor positioning
and navigation like Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) solutions in
 outdoor environments. Positioning in indoor scenes by using smartphone
cameras has its own advantages: no additional needed infrastructure, low cost
and a large potential market due to the popularity of smartphones, etc.
However, existing methods or systems based on smartphone cameras and visual
algorithms have their own limitations when implemented in relatively large
indoor spaces. To deal with this problem, we designed an indoor positioning
system to locate users in large indoor scenes. The system uses common static
objects as references, e.g., doors and windows, to locate users. By using
smartphone cameras, our proposed system is able to detect static objects in
large indoor spaces and then calculate the smartphones' position to locate users.
The system integrates algorithms of deep learning and computer vision. Its cost
is low because it does not require additional infrastructure. Experiments in an art
museum with a complicated visual environment suggest that this method is able
to achieve positioning accuracy within 1 m.

Combination of Smartphone MEMS Sensors and Environmental Prior Information

for Pedestrian Indoor Positioning

In view of the inability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to

provide accurate indoor positioning services and the growing demand for
location-based services, indoor positioning has become one of the most
attractive research areas. Moreover, with the improvement of the smartphone
hardware level, the rapid development of deep learning applications on mobile
terminals has been promoted. Therefore, this paper borrows relevant ideas to
transform indoor positioning problems into problems that can be solved by
artificial intelligence algorithms. First, this article reviews the current mainstream
 pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) optimization and improvement methods, and
based on this, uses the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor on a
smartphone to achieve better step detection, stride length estimation, and
heading estimation modules. In the real environment, an indoor continuous
positioning system based on a smartphone is implemented. Then, in order to
solve the problem that the PDR algorithm has accumulated errors for a long
time, a calibration method is proposed without the need to deploy any
additional equipment. An indoor turning point feature detection model based on
deep neural network is designed, and the accuracy of turning point detection is
98%. Then, the particle filter algorithm is used to fuse the detected turning point
and the PDR positioning result, thereby realizing lightweight cumulative error
calibration. In two different experimental environments, the performance of the
proposed algorithm and the commonly used localization algorithm are compared
through a large number of experiments. In a small-scale indoor office
environment, the average positioning accuracy of the algorithm is 0.14 m, and
the error less than 1 m is 100%. In a large-scale conference hall environment, the
average positioning accuracy of the algorithm is 1.29 m, and 65% of the
positioning errors are less than 1.50 m which verifies the effectiveness of the
proposed algorithm. The simple and lightweight indoor positioning design
scheme proposed in this article is not only easy to popularize, but also provides
new ideas for subsequent scientific research in the field of indoor positioning.

Local Studies

Infrared Technology (IR) for IPS uses electromagnetic radiation with

wavelengths longer than the visible light spectrum. An Infrared simple system is
composed of an Infrared light emitter diode, which emits an Infrared signal as bursts of
nonvisible light, and a receiving photodiode to detect and capture the light pulses,
which are then processed to retrieve the info. Infrared location can be used in active or
passive configurations.
IR system reliability is affected by many characteristics of the emitted optical signal, such
as its directivity (to which degree it is unidirectional), as well as its way of reacting to
obstacles, such as the reflectivity and scattering (irregularities in direction and when
hitting obstacles). Many domestic IR devices, such as remote controls, are intended to
have low directivity because the user is not supposed to point exactly to the receiving
sensor. Most IR systems require line-of-sight clearance from the emitter to the sensor,
though sometimes reflected signals have enough power to activate the sensor. Of
course, in the context of IR IPS systems, the requirement of LOS clearance is a great
disadvantage, as it suffers from no-detection areas that are occluded from the
transmitter or sensor.

A pioneering “active" system was the Active Badge developed by Want et el. The system
is intended to locate employees, who carry am IR “tag" in an office environment . The
badge emits a unique infrared code every 10 seconds. The codes are picked up by the
infrared sensor networks that are placed around the office environment. The
information received by the sensor networks is then processed by a computer that is
also connected to the network. The system makes the location of a user available to
portable devices that may display it. The system presents two limitations: it requires LOS
between the receivers and the badge and the system performance is affected by
sunlight. It has been reported that this system compromised user privacy. During the
implementation, some employees declared to be “horrified “ to learn that their location
was known at all times by the organization.

C. 2.1 Synthesis table of the study

Author Year Country Purpose Term of Source Summary
Points
Holton, 2000 Internet
Eric Groves
Helhel, S., & GPS and Internet Using Wi-Fi
Kocakusak, A cellular based units present
(2016) systems are on laptops
suitable for local signal
outdoor strengths were
environments collected. Then
and not for close distance
indoor error
localization. elimination
Present indoor algorithm
localization (CDEEA) was
techniques applied. Then
work on Wi-Fi median filters
Access Points were used and
and they use access point
radio signal based path loss
strength (RSS) model was
which generated. In
produces high the end, the
errors in suggested
results. Hence, algorithm
more fast and predicted the
adaptable location result
techniques are within a
required for maximum
commercial mean error of
purposes. 2.96m for 90%
 precision level

Park, J. G., The paper tries The paper uses

Charrow, B. to develop Voronoi
(2010, June) localization or diagrams to
locating minimize
system that is errors and
based on user predict
fingerprints in precision of
a bounded localization.
area by using
organically
growing data
rather than
using experts.
The paper uses
Voronoi
diagrams to
minimize
errors and
predict
precision of
localization.
Xiao A, Chen R, The purpose Internet The system
Li D, Chen Y, of indoor integrates
Wu D. (2018) positioning algorithms of
July system to deep learning
locate users in and computer
large indoor vision. Its cost
scenes. The is low because
system uses it does not
common static require
objects as additional
references, infrastructure.
e.g., doors and
windows, to
locate users.
By using
smartphone
cameras, our
proposed
system is able
to detect static
objects in large
indoor spaces
and then
calculate the
smartphones'
position to
locate users.
Huang L, Li H,  the Internet The simple and
Yu B, Gan X, performance lightweight
Wang B, Li Y, of the indoor
Zhu R. proposed positioning
algorithm and design scheme
 the commonly proposed in
used this article is
localization not only easy
algorithm are to popularize,
compared but also
through a large provides new
number of ideas for
experiments. subsequent
In a small-scale scientific
indoor office research in the
environment, field of indoor
the average positioning.
positioning
accuracy of the
algorithm is
0.14 m, and
the error less
than 1 m is
100%.

c. Methodology of the Study

This chapter deals with the method and techniques used by the researchers in
conducting the study. The researchers utilize different ideas. information to learn and
understand what is IPS, it’s importance and its advantages. It discusses the integration
of software and hardware and the contribution of IPS in our organization.
 e. SDLC Approach

The SDLC Approach used in this study is Waterfall Model, This model is simple
and easy to understand and use. It is easy to manage due to right rigidity of the model-
each phase has specific deliverables and a review process in this model phases are
processed and completed one at phases do not understood overlap. It work’s well and
requirements are very well understood.

Waterfall Model

Initial
Study
Initial Study – in this phase we are determining what type of document to prepare.
Data
Collection
Data Collection – in this phase we are gathering an information of our interest.

Investigati
on
Investigation – in this phase we express the idea of an active effort to find out
something,
investigation is a systematic, minute, and through attempt Analysis to learn the
facts about something complex or hidden.

Conclusio
Analysis – in this phase we are analyzing the study and the problem in order to
n
understand its nature and doing a careful analysis of the problem.

Conclusion – in this phase we conclude and understand the study, conclusion is

intended to help the reader understand why our research should matter to them after
they finished reading the paper.