SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

REPORT SHEET
Laboratory Activity 1

RESULTS
Chemical Weathering. Insert a photograph of the reaction of the space
provided. In the photo clearly label each component of the set-up.

a. Effect of acid
Chalk+ water Chalk+ acid

Observation: In the video when the Observation: When chalk putted in

chalk put in water there is no vinegar it started to produce
reaction and if you mix it, it has no bubbles.
bubbles.

b. Effect of surface area

Whole chalk+ acid Crushed chalk+ acid

Observation: When the whole chalk Observation: When the crushed

was put on acid it did not easily chalk
dissolve. Put on acid it is easy and fast to
dissolve than the whole chalk.

c. Effect of Temperature
chalk+ acid (Heated) chalk+ acid (room temperature)

The Video posted in Google

Classroom is unavilable, so I search
what happened if chalk put in
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

heated acid.

Observation: When the acid is in Observation: When the acid is on

high temperature the chalk is faster low temperature it takes more time
to dissolve as well as the bubbles to to dissolve.
removed.

Physical Weathering. Insert a photograph of the results on the space

provided. In the photo clearly label each component of the set-up.

a. Influence of Freeze and Thaw

Before Freezing and Thawing After Freezing and Thawing

Observation: Before freezing and Observation: After freezing and

thawing, the rock remains solid and thawing there are many times the
did not have an any tiny particles of rock is slowly falling apart into
rock. particles.

b. Influence of Friction (Vigorous Movement)

Before Shaking After Shaking

Observation: Before Shaking the Observation: After Shaking the salt

salt, it has no color and the chalk is and the chalk, the color of the chalk
whole and not blended in the salt. blend in on the salt to change the
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

color of the salt.

c. Influence of Friction (Wind)

Before Rubbing After Rubbing

Observation: Before rubbing the Observation: After rubbing the rock,

rock, it is solid and did not have a the rock makes a smaller particle
tiny particle falling. that falling and the shape of rock is
change.

2. Characterization of Rocks and Mineral. Categorize the rocks

enumerated by placing them in the appropriate column.
Schist, marble, diorite, andesite, siltstone, breccia, gabbro, shale, basalt,
granite, pegmatite, dacite, sandstone, slate, quartzite, hornfels, peridotite,
conglomerate, flint, limestone, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, tuff, chert,
dolomite, coal, petrified wood, gneiss, novaculite, phyllite
A. ROCKS
Igneous1 Sedimentary2 Metamorphic
3
Intrusive Extrusive Clastics Chemical Biogenics
Gabbro Basalt Siltstone Flint Marble Schist
Granite Andesite Breccia Limestone Coal Slate
Diorite Dacite Shale Chert Petrified Quartzite
Wood
Peridotite Obsidian Sandston Dolomite Hornfels
e
Pegmatite Pumice Conglom Gneiss
erate
Rhyolite Novaculite
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Scoria Phyllite
Tuff

1
Igneous rocks are formed when hot molten magma from deep under the earth cools and
solidifies and are classified into two types; Intrusive are formed when magma is forced
towards the earth’s surface and slowly cools before they reach the surface, while extrusive
rocks are formed when magma forces its way to the surface and bursts out from a volcano,
appearing first as molten lava, then cools and hardens into a rock.
2
Sedimentary rocks are made up from loose materials which had built up in layers and
solidified. There are three types namely; clastic, which are made from clasts or fragments
of previously existing rocks, which are built up layers of sediments and after it is compressed,
the heavy weights created new beds of rock; chemical sedimentary rocks are made up from
the buildup of minerals that dissolved in water, such as salt; biogenic sedimentary rocks are
made from organic (living matter) and are combined with inorganic minerals.
3
Metamorphic rocks have undergone some changes depending on the variations of
temperature and pressure in which they have been exposed.
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B. Minerals. Give the physico-chemical properties of the minerals enumerated below.

Anhydrite, apatite, augite, azurite, benitionite, biotite, calcite, pyrite, chlorite, chromite, corundum, diamond,
dolomite, feldspar, fluorite, galena, garnet, hematite, hornblende, halite, kyanite, lepidolite, magnetite,
malachite, molybdenite, muscovite, olivine, orthoclase, plagioclase, pyroxene, quartz, serpentinite, sulfur, talc,
topaz, tourmaline, turquoise, uraninite, variscite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, illite, kaolinite, beidellite

Physical Characteristics2 Potential

Specific
Mineral Minera Chemical Moh’s Soil
Cleavage/ Gravity3
Name l Group Composition1 Color Luster Streak Hardnes Nutrient
Fracture g/cc
s Element
Greenish
Breaks along
e.g. Brass black-
Sulfide FeS2 Metallic conchoidal 6.0-6.5 4.9-5.2 Fe, S
Pyrite Yellow brownish
fracture
black
Anhydri Sulfide CaSO⁴ Colorl Vitreous Cubic-shaped White 3-3.5 2.9 - 3 Ca,SO
te ess to cleavage
pearly fragments
Apatite Phospha Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F Green Vitreous Poot to White 5 3.1 -3.3 Ca,PO,CO,
te ,O) to indistinct F,O
subereo
us
Augite Monocli (Ca,Na) Dark Vitreous Prismatic on White to 5.5 - 6 3.2 to 3.6 Ca,Na,Mg,
nic (Mg,Fe,Al) green, on two directions gray to very Fe,Al,Si,Al,
(Si,Al)2O6 black, cleavage pale green O
brown
Azurite Carbona Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Deep Vitreous Two distinct Light blue 3.5 - 4 3.7 – 3.9 Cu,Co,O,H
te blue to , Earthy direction one
violet perfect one
blue poor
Barium BaTiSi3O9 Violet’ Vitreous Poor White 6 – 6.5 3.6 Ba,Ti,Si,O
Binitioni Titaniu s blue
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te m
Silicate
Dark K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3 Black, Vitreous Basal,perfect White to 2.5 - 3 2.7 – 3.4 K,Mg,Al,Si,
Biotite mica O10)(F,OH)2 dark gray O,F,H
green,
dark
brown
Calcite Carbona CaCO3 Usuall Vitreous Perfect White 3 2.7 Ca,C,O
te y
white
but
also
colorle
ss
Chlorite Silicate (X,Y)4- Variou Vitreous Perfect in on Greenish to 2-3 2.6 to 3.3 X,Y,Si,Al,O,
6(Si,Al)4O10(OH, s ,pearly,d direction greenish H
O)8 shade ull gray
of
green
Oxide FeCr2O4 Dark Metallic None Dark brown 5.5 -6 4.0 -5.1 Fe,Cr,O
Chromit gray to to
e black submeta
llic
Corundu Oxide Al2O3 Gray Adaman None,Corundu Colorless 9 3.9 to 4.1 Al,O
m to tine to m
brown vitreous
Diamon Native C Brown Adaman Perfect Harder than 10 3.4 – 3.6 C
d element or tine octahedral streak plate
-Carbon yellow
Carbona CaMg(CO3)2 Colorl Vitreous Perfect White 3.5- 4 2.8 – 2.9 Ca,Mg,C,O
Dolomit te ess , pearly
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e
Silicate X(Al,Si)4O8 Usuall Vitreous Perfect in to White 6 – 6.5 2.5 – 2.8 X,Al,Si O
Feldspar y, two directions
white
Fluorite Halide CaF2 Typica Vitreous Perfect White 4 3.2 Ca,F
lly, cleavage
purple
Sulfide PbS Bright Metallic Perfect Lead gray to 2.5+ 7.4 to 7.6 Pb,S
Galena silver om black
fresh
surface
Garnet Silicate X3Y2(SiO4)3 Typica Vitreous None Colorless 6.5 to 7.5 3.5 -4.3 X,Y,Si,O
lly red
Hematit Oxide Fe2O3 Black Metallic, None Red to 5 to 6.5 5.0 to 5.3 Fe,O
e to submeta reddish
steel- llic, brown
gray to earthy
silver;
red to
reddis
h
brown
to
black
Silicate (Ca,Na)2– Usuall Vitreous Two White, 5 to 6 2.9 to 3.5 Ca,Na,Mg,
Hornble 3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al, y directions colorless - Fe,Al,Si,O,
nde Si)8O22(OH,F)2 black, intersecting at (brittle, H,F
dark 124 and 56 often leaves
green, degrees cleavage
dark debris
brown behind
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

instead of a
streak)
Halide NaCl Colorl Vitreous Perfect, cubic, White 2.5 2 NA,Cl
Halite ess or three
white directions at
when right angles
pure;
impuri
ties
produ
ce any
color
but
usuall
y
yellow
, gray,
black,
brown,
red
Kyanite Silicate Al2SiO5 Blue, Vitreous Perfect in two White, Kyanite 3.5 to 3.7 Al,Si,O
white, , pearly directions, colorless often
gray, faces occurs in
green, sometimes long,
colorle striated bladed
ss crystals.
These
have a
hardness
of 4.5 to 5
along the
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

length of
the
crystals
and 6.5 to
7 across
the width
of the
crystals.
Lepidoli Silicate - K(Li,Al3) Usuall Pearly Perfect in one White to 2.5 to 3.5 2.8 to 3.0 K,Li,Al,Si,
te Phyllosil (AlSi3)O10(OH,F y pink, to direction. colorless. O,H,F
icate )2 red, or vitreous. Often sheds
purple tiny flakes
, often upon
grayis hardness
h. testing.
Rarely
colorle
ss or
yellow
.
Magneti Oxide Fe3O4 Black Metallic None Black 5 to 6.5 5.2 Fe,O
te to to
silvery submeta
gray llic
Malachit Carbona Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 Green Rare Most Green 3.5 to 4.0 3.6 to 4.0 Cu,C,O,H
e te crystals specimens are
are opaque.
vitreous Crystals are
to translucent.
adamant
ine.
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

Fibrous
specime
ns are
silky.
Massive
specime
ns are
dull to
earthy.
Polishes
to a very
bright
luster.
Molybde Sulfide MoS2 Bluish Metallic Perfect basal Bluish gray, 1 to 2 4.6 to 4.8 Mo,S
nite gray to gray
silver
Muscovi Silicate KAl2(Si3AlO10) Thick Pearly Perfect White, often 2.5 to 3 2.8 to 2.9 K,Al,Si,O,H
te (OH)2 specim to sheds tiny
ens vitreous flakes
often
appear
to be
black,
brown,
or
silver
in
color;
howev
er,
when
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

split
into
thin
sheets
musco
vite is
colorle
ss,
someti
mes
with a
tint of
brown,
yellow
,
green,
or rose
Olivine Silicate (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 Usuall Vitreous Poor cleavage, Colorless 6.5 to 7 3.2 to 4.4 Mg,Fe,Si,O
y olive brittle with
green, conchoidal
but fracture
can be
yellow
-green
to
bright
green;
iron-
rich
specim
ens
are
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

brown
ish
green
to
brown
orthocla Silicate KAlSi3O8 White, Vitreous Perfect in two White 6 2.5 to 2.6 K,Al,Si,O
se gray, , pearly directions
pink, on intersecting at
reddis cleavage 90 degrees
h, faces
yellow
,
green,
colorle
ss
Plagiocl Silicate NaAlSi3O8 - Usuall Vitreous Perfect in two White 6 to 6.5 2.6 to 2.8 Na,Al,Si,O,
ase CaAl2Si2O8 y . Pearly directions that Ca,
white on some intersect at
or cleavage approximately
gray. faces. 90 degrees.
Also
colorle
ss,
yellow
,
orange
, pink,
red,
brown,
black,
blue,
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green.
Pyroxen Silicate XYZ2O6 Usuall Vitreous Most White 5 to 7 3 to 4 X,Y,Z,O
e y, dark to dull pyroxene
green minerals
to exhibit two
dark directions of
brown cleavage that
or intersect at
black. approximately
Some, 87o and 93o.
such Cleavage
as fragments
jadeite often have a
and nearly square
spodu cross-section.
mene,
occur
in a
range
of
colors.
Quartz Silicate SiO2 Quartz Vitreous None - Colorless 7 2.6 to 2.7 Si,O
occurs typically (harder than
in breaks with a the streak
virtual conchoidal plate)
ly fracture
every
color.
Comm
on
colors
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are
clear,
white,
gray,
purple
,
yellow
,
brown,
black,
pink,
green,
red.
Serpenti Silicate (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn, Usuall Greasy Poor to White Variable 2.5 to 2.6 Mg,Fe,Ni,A
nite Mn)2- y or waxy perfect between 3 l,Zn,Mn,Si,
3 (Si,Al,Fe) O
2 5(O variou and 6 O,H
H)4 s
shades
of
green,
but
can be
yellow
, black,
white,
and
other
colors.
Sulfur Native S Yellow Crystals None Yellow 1.5 to 2.5 2.0 to 2.1 S
element . are
Brown resinous
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ish to
yellow greasy.
to Powder
greeni ed
sh sulfur is
yellow dull or
. Red earthy.
when
molten
at over
200
degree
s
Celsius
. Burns
with a
flame
that
can be
difficul
t to
see in
daylig
ht but
is blue
in the
dark.
Talc Silicate Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Green, Pearly Perfect White to 1 2.7 to 2.8 Mg,Si,O,H
white, pale green
gray,
brown,
colorle
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ss
Topaz Silicate Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 Natura Vitreous Perfect basal Colorless - 8 3.4 to 3.6 Al,Si,O,F,H
l cleavage. harder than
colors the streak
includ plate
e:
colorle
ss,
yellow
,
orange
,
brown,
red,
pink,
blue,
green.
Occurs
in a
wide
range
of
treate
d
colors,
most
often
blue.
Tourmal Boron (Ca,Na,K, Black Vitreous Indistinct White when 7 to 7.5 2.8 to 3.3 Ca,Na,K,Li,
ine Silicate [vacancy]) is the softer than Mg,Fe,Mn,
(Li,Mg,Fe+2,Fe+3, most the streak Al,Cr,V,Si,
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

Mn+2,Al,Cr+3,V+3
comm plate. B,O,H
)3 (Mg,Al,Fe+3,V
on Colorless
+3
,Cr+3)6 ((Si,Al,
color. when
B)6O18) Also harder than
(BO3)3 (OH,O)3 
occurs the streak
(OH,F,O) in plate.
blue,
green,
yellow
, pink,
red,
orange
,
purple
,
brown,
and
colorle
ss.
Single
crystal
s are
often
color-
zoned.
Turquoi Phospha CuAl6(PO4)4(OH Sky Waxy to Perfect, but Bluish white 5 to 6 2.5 to 2.9 Cu,Al,P,O,
se te )8·4H2O blue subvitre rarely seen to greenish H
(the ous. Dull because of the white
most or small grain
desira chalky size of most
ble as when specimens
a weather
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

gemst ed.
one),
blue,
bluish
green,
green,
yellow
ish
green;
often
with
brown,
gray,
or
black
matrix
, as
spider
-
webbi
ng or
backgr
ound
color.
Uraninit Oxide UO2 Usuall Submeta Indistinct Brownish 5 to 6 The ideal U,O
e y gray llic, black, black, specific
to greasy, gray, gravity is
black, or dull greenish between
someti 10 and
mes 11.
brown Oxidatio
or n and
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

greeni radioacti
sh. ve decay
will alter
the
mineralo
gical
composit
ion and
can
reduce
the
specific
gravity
to as low
as 6.5.
Variscite Phospha AlPO4•2H2O Typica Waxy, Cleavage is White 3.5 to 5 2.6 Al,P,O,H
te lly subvitre rarely visible
yellow ous because
ish variscite
green usually occurs
to in
slightl microcrystalli
y ne aggregates.
bluish
green,
often
with
yellow
,
brown
or
black
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

matrix
. Also
known
to be
yellow
ish
brown
to
brown
ish
yellow
.
Montmo Monocli (Na,Ca) White, Dull, perfect 2-3 Na,Ca,Al,
rillonite c 0.33(Al,Mg) pale earthy Mg,Si,O,H
2(Si pink, 1–2
4O blue,
10)(OH) yellow
2·nH , red,
2O green
Vermicu Phyllosil (Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+ Colorl Greasy Perfect White or 2.4 – 27 Mg,Fe,Al,S
lite icates )3[(Al,Si)4O10] ess,wh or yellowish, 1.5 -2 i,O,H,
(OH)2·4H2O ite,yell vitreous translucent,
ow,gre shiny, light-
en,bro brown or
w,blac greenish in
k color, in
some cases.
For
example,
palabora
vermuculite.
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Illite Mica- (K,H Grey- Pearly Perfect white 2.6 - 2.9 K,H,O,Al,M
Phyllosil 3O)(Al,Mg,Fe) white to dull g,Fe,Si,
icates 2(Si,Al) to 1-2
4O silvery
10[(OH) -white,
2,(H greeni
2O)] sh-
gray
Kaolinit Phyllosil Al²(OH)⁴Si²O⁵ White Pearly Perfect White 2.16– Al,O,H,Si,O
e icates to to dull 2–2.5 2.68
kaolinite cream, earthy
- someti
serpenti mes
ne red,
blue or
brown
tints
from
impuri
ties
and
pale-
yellow
; also,
often
staine
d
variou
s hues,
tans
and
brown
 SO1100 (Principles of Soil Science Laboratory)

s being
comm
on.
Beidellit Smectite
e

*use additional sheet if necessary

2
Color is extremely variable. Surface of the minerals may be altered through constant exposure in air and moisture. The color of the broken
surfaces may be diagnostic enough
Luster refers to the way ordinary light is reflected from the surface from the surface of the minerals, which may be identified as metallic luster,
which is similar to that of a polished metal or non-metallic such as; vitreous luster is like that of a glass; other descriptions include resinous, pearly,
greasy, silky.
Cleavage is the property which enables minerals to break along certain well defined plane, leaving a smooth surface. Minerals may cleave in one,
two or three directions.
Fracture is the breakage which does not leave a well-defined surface. Some minerals break in directions other than those along cleavage planes
and form irregular patterns.
3
Specific gravity is the value representing the ratio of the weight of the substance to that of an equal volume of water. Minerals differ greatly in
their specific gravity.
DISCUSSION
In the first half of this project, I viewed videos showing chalk with water, chalk
with vinegar, crushed chalk with acid, full chalk with acid, and other
combinations. The second part of the activity is when I disperse the different
types of rocks that are in the box. The third and final section of the activity is
all about minerals, where I look for all of these and fill the entire box.

CONCLUSION

I gained a lot of knowledge about chemical and physical weathering, as well

as the classification of rocks and minerals, from this activity. In a chemical
weathering experiment, I discovered that chalk dissolves more quickly in hot
acids than in water, and the opposite is true when chalk is placed in water. I
discovered in Physical Weathering that the rock slowly breaks down into
smaller pieces when frozen and thawed. I learned that there are three types of
rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic in part 2. The physico-chemical
characteristics of minerals are listed in Mineral.

REFERENCES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnbHR4RskCo&t=122s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZIjcB-B0F4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-_aIeY9S7I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSVQClU2Oko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aLyn_kiMg8&t=88s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84ECvkbx5UA
https://geology.com/