REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

Peace-Work-Fatherland
REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Paix-Travail-Patrie ………………….
…………………. MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE
COMMISSION NATIONALE D’ORGANISATION DE L’EXAMEN ORGANISATION OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAM (HND) EXAM (HND)
…………………. ………………….

NationalExamofHigherNationalDiploma

Speciality/option:NUS,MLS,MID,PHT,DTH,NUD,HCM,ULS

Paper:PublicHealthSet1

Duration:3hoursCredit:6/9

Answerallquestions

PARTI:MCQs(25MARKS).
Onlyoneansweroptioniscorrect(Eachquestionis1mark)

1. Epidemiologicalstudiesinvestigateinagivenpopulationthe______________ofadisease
A. Frequency
B. patterns
C. distribution
D. alloftheabove
2. Primaryhealthcareisanimportantcomponentofpublichealthbecauseitinvolvesallofthefollowing
except_______________
A. Communityparticipation
B. Intersectoralcollaboration
C. Essentialprimaryandpublichealthfunctions
D. Familyhealthsupport
3. IdentifyingtheCausalityorEtiologyofDiseaseInEpidemiologyIsDoneBy_______studies
A. analytic
B. statistical
C. descriptive
D. noneoftheabove
4.Incidence,prevalenceandhealthrisksareexamplesof____________inepidemiology
A. healthindicators
B. healthrisks
C. rates
D. noneoftheabove

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5.Inepidemiologyanexampleofafactorofthehostthatincreasesusceptibilitytoinfectioncanbe______
____________
A. hostimmunity
B. hostresistance
C. infectiousnessoftheagent
D. alloftheabove
6.Ratesofdiseasesinthegeneralpopulationcanbestudiedin____________epidemiology
A. qualitative
B. Analytic
C. Experimental
D. descriptive
7. Thenumberofnewcasesofadiseasethatoccurwithinaspecificpopulationwithinadefinedtimeinter
valis_____________
A. prevalence
B. incidence
C. rates
D. noneoftheabove
8. Environmentalfactorsthatinfluencehealthmayincludeoneofthefollowingnaturalfactors;
A. physical
B. chemical
C. biological
D. alloftheabove
9. Anactioninepidemiologycharacterizedbycontinuousmonitoringofadiseaseis;
A. screening
B. immunization
C. surveillance
D. noneoftheabove
10. Whichofthefollowingaspectsisverysensitiveduringsurveillance?
A. Timelydisseminationofinformation
B. Collationofdata
C. Analysisofdata
D. Interpretationofdata
11.Thefollowingaresignsandsymptomsofgasgangreneexcept…
A. absenceofpulsearoundthearea
B. canleadtopossibleanemia
C. rednessanderythema
D. increasingpainoutofproportion
12. Themainroleofpublichealthofficersisto____________
A. Understandhealthrelatedstatesorventsanddisseminatetheinformation.

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 B. Understandhealthrelatedstatesoreventsandpreventillnesses.
C. Understandhealthrelatedstatesoreventsandapplytheknowledgetocontrolhealthproblems.
D. Understandhealthrelatedstatesoreventsanddelivertheinformationtothosewhoneedtoknow
13. WhatisthemostprominentsignandsymptomofClustridiumtetaniinfection?
A. anxietyandfever
B. vomitinganddyspnea
C. musclespasmsandstiffness
D. headacheandtachycardia
14. Thekeyobservationofeconomicsisthatresourcesareknowntobe__________inquantity
A. Excess
B. Limited
C. Constant
D. Noneoftheabove
15. WhatdoyouunderstandbyIEC?
A. Healthapproachaimingatchangingorreinforcinghealth-relatedbehaviors.
B. Healthapproachaimingatchangingorreinforcinghealth-
relatedbehaviorsinatargetedpopulation.
C. ItiscommunicationforbehavioralchangeinCameroon
D. Alloftheabove.
16. Whichofthefollowingfactorsifanyaffecthealth?
A. Healthinsurance
B. Useofhealthcare
C. Education
D. Age
E. Alltheabove
17. Whichofthefollowingisnotareasonforincreasedhealthspending?
A. Peoplespendmoreontheirhealthastheirincomeincreases
B. Peoplearelivinglonger
C. Theaverageageofthepopulationisrising
D. Peoplearedyingearlier
18. Totalutilitywillbeamaximumwhen:
A. Marginalutilityisnegative
B. Marginalutilityequalsprice
C. Theratiooftherespectivemarginalutilitiesisequaltotheratioofprices
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 D. Marginalutilityispositive
19. Thebenefitsassociatedwiththebestalternativeuseofresourcesiscalled:
A. Healtheconomics
B. Healthresources
C. Opportunitycost
D. Alternativeactivities
20. Theaimofeconomicevaluationistoensurethatthebenefitsfromhealthcareprogramsimplemented
aregreaterthantheopportunitycostofsuchprogramsbyaddressingquestionsof______or_____.Se
lectthecorrectanswerfromthelistbelow.
A. InterpretiveefficiencyorInclusiveefficiency
B. EconomicefficiencyorEvaluativeefficiency
C. AllocativeefficiencyorTechnicalefficiency
D. InformationalefficiencyorRequirementsefficiency
21. Thebestpublichealthmeasureis?
A. killallstraydogs
B. vaccinatealldogs
C. addtherabbiesvaccinetothecountrys’immunizationschedule
D. captureallanimalsthatbitetoobservethemfor15daystoguidemedicalmanagement
22. Whichofthefollowingcauseofmeningitisisthemostseriousform?
A. viral
B. fungal
C. parasitic
D. bacterial
23. Thefollowingareriskfactorsofmeningitis,except…
A. skippingvaccination
B. compromisedimmunesystem
C. obesity
D. age
24. Whichofthefollowingsignsofcholeracaneasilyleadtodeathofthepatient?
A. stomachaches
B. dehydration

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 C. lossofappetite
D. excesstoxinproductioninlargeintestine

25. whyishealthnothavingcharacteristicsthatconventionalgoodshave

A. itcanbemanufactured
B. everyoneneedsit
C. peoplearewillingtopayforit
D. itisrelativelyscarce
E. alltheabove

SECTIONB:STRUCTURAL(25mks)

1. Whatismeantbyverticaltransmissionofdiseaseinepidemiology1mark
2. Definemorbidityandgivetwocommonmeasuresofmorbidityinepidemiologythatarerecordedeve
rydayinhospitalsettings2marks
3. Definecommunicablediseasesandgivetwoexamples3marks
4. Concernforthewelfareofothersinpublicheathpracticeiscalled___________1mark
5. Whatisthe“coldchain”?2marks
6. InIECfeedbackreferstowhosereactiontoamessage?1mark
7. ListthecomponentsofthehealthsysteminCameroon3marks

8. DefineeffectivecommunicationasusedinIEC1mark
9. WhatistheadvantageofinterpersonalcommunicationovermancommunicationinIEC1mark
10. Howcanwedefine“HealthforAll(HFA)”?1mark
11. Whichmedicationshouldnotbeadministeredtochildrensufferingfromchickenpoxbecauseitcanle
adtoReye’Ssyndrome?1mark
12. Whichspeciesofshigellacausesthemostseriousformofthedisease.________1mark
13. Whatisthemajorcomplicationofcholerathatmustbewatchedfor?1mark
14. ApatienttakingisoniazidforTBshouldbemonitoredforwhatdeficiency?1mark
15. WriteshortnotesonTechnicalefficiencyasappliedinhealtheconomics(5marks)

SECTIONC:ESSAY(50MARKS)

1. “AdiseaseisusuallyreferredfollowingthehealthcarepyramidofthepublichealthsystemofCameroo
n”Discuss
A. WhatisthenameofthefirstreferralhealthfacilityinCameroon?1mark
B. Givetworeasonswhyadiseaseisusuallyreferred.4marks

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 C. Givetwostructuralcharacteristicsandtwotypesofhealthcareservicesprovidedatthetertiarylev
elofthehealthcaresystemofCameroon.6MARKS
2. Definewastedisposalanddescribethethreemethodsofwastedisposalanddescribethethreemethods
ofsolidwastedisposal10marks
3. Youareanemployedasanoccupationalhealthtechnicianinanorganizationandtaskedwithenhancin
gthehealthoftheworkersintheorganization.
A. Whatistheaimofoccupationalhealth1mark
B. Givetwopointstoshowhowschoolhealthisrelatedtooccupationalhealth4marks
C. Nametwotypesofoccupationalhealthhazardsandgiveoneexampleofeachtype6marks
4. ThereisanoutbreakofcholerainacommunityinthesuburbsoftheforestregionofCameroonand200p
eoplehavealreadydied.Stateany4interventionstolimitthespreadofthisinfectiousdisease6marks
5. A33yearoldmalepatientcametothehealthfacilitywithalargevesicularpainfulanditchypatchoverth
erightfacelookingliketheburnofhotwater.Hereportshefeltsomewarmnessovertheareabeforelesio
nappeared.HesayshisHIVtestwasreactive5monthsago.Stateany4nursinginterventionsforthispati
ent(excludingservemedicationsasprescribed)(4mks)
6. Cost-benefitanalysisdifferentfromcost-utility(cost-
effectiveness)analysisforevaluatinghealthinterventionsorpublicprograms?(10marks)