Eugene Jay M.

Aquino
Jocelyn E. Concepcion
Nicole M. Admana

Master of Arts in Education Major in Science

 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education

Beginnings
of
Education
 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education

Historical
Foundations
Of
Education
 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education

Philippine
Educational
System
 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education

Latest
Development
in
Education
 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education

Other
Reforms
In
Education
 Education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes
that make man do better. It is not only a preparation for life but it is
life itself. This is so because throughout the life man learns many
things in and out of school that changes his life for the better.
 Foundation is a base which any
structure or system stands. A strong
foundation makes the structure of
system firmly established and strong
enough to be able to serve its
purpose and to survive calamitous
events. The structure or system is like
a house with strong foundation,
which cannot be blown down by a
typhoon nor wrecked by an
earthquake no matter how strong
these natural disasters are.
 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education
Foundations of Education are those systems or sciences
upon which education stands and has its roots, origin, or bases.
Foundations of education are those from which education
arose and came into being. They are the factors that affected
education so much particularly, curriculum content.

There are six foundations of education:

 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
The Historical Foundations of Education
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL
It deals with study of
past events that
makes us understand
the present situation,
and to enable us to
predict future events.
 It is the study of human behavior,
of how a person acts and reacts under
different situations, consciously or
unconsciously, mentally, physiologically,
physically, overtly or covertly. It is the
study of man’s reactions to life
stimulations.
 It deals with the study of human beings living in-groups, of how
people act and interact under different social situations, and how they
relate themselves to one another. Terms that indicate group action is
used here such as cooperate, team work, sociable, conflict, etc.
 It deals with a systematized truth or principle that
serves as a guide for conduct or thinking. Philosophy is
a fixed idea or principle arrived at after a very rigid
scrutiny or study of the state of things, situations or
events.
 It deals with the study of
civilizations and culture of
people: their origins, customs,
traditions, beliefs, mores,
folkways, and practices. Also
included are languages, forms
of writing, tools and weapons,
buildings and other physical
structures.
Legality refers to the conformity
to the laws passed by the State
establish and guide the conduct
of an educational system. The
Constitution is the most
important legal document that
establishes and guides the
conduct of an educational
system. It contains the
philosophy of education of the
country
 Origin

Education
•
•
THEORY OF DIVINE CREATION
 The Theory of Divine Creation advocates
when God, in the beginning of time, created
man according to His image and likeness
and commissioned him to multiply and
replenish the earth and subdue it and have
dominion over all other creations (Genesis
Chapter 1), He equipped man with intellect
and free will. But because man chose to
ignore God and disobey His will, the first
couple was banished from the “Garden of
Eden” and severed the former relation
between the Creator and man.
 Henceforth, the first couple multiplied,
passing the knowledge acquired from
God to their offspring’s, until the time
when their children inhabited the earth
possessing the intelligence they
inherited from their parents. These
include the ability to communicate, read
and write, knowledge in science and
arts, as well as other skills like hunting,
farming, fishing, etc.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The Theory of Evolution, on the other hand, believes
that education started when every primitive man, basically
savages, brutish and animalistic, for he had just evolved
from the lower primates, began his quest to find ways and
means to feed, clothe, shelter and protect
 TYPES OF
EDUCATION
TYPES OF EDUCATION
Formal
Non-Formal
Informal
FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal Education – refers to the hierarchy
structured and chronologically grade learning
organized and provided by the formal school
system and for which certification is required
in order for the learner to progress through
the grade or move to higher levels. It
corresponds to the following levels: ∙
elementary education ∙ secondary education ∙
tertiary education
FORMAL EDUCATION
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
Non-formal Education – refer to any
school-based educational activities undertaken
by the DECS and other agencies aimed at
attaining specific learning objectives for a
particular clientele, specially illiterates and the
out-of-school youths and adults, distinct from
and outside the regular offerings of the formal
school system. (B.P. 232 Art. III Chapter 1 and 2
Sections 19 and 24).
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
INFORMAL EDUCATION
Informal Education – a type of
education, which can be acquired
anytime, and anywhere. It is
otherwise known as the education
for all seasons.
INFORMAL EDUCATION
ANCIENT

Education
PRIMITIVE
EDUCATION
 PRIMITIVE EDUCATION
Primitive education focused
on survival and security. It was
simple, had relatively narrow social
contacts, and was conservative and
prone to be superstitious. Primitive
life was tribal, not political
 JEWISH EDUCATION
Jewish education was more
ethical and religious. Their
method of instruction was oral
and learning by doing was
emphasized. Corporal
punishment was considered an
essential element of training.
 JEWISH EDUCATION
• JEWISH – religious education
• 1. Synagogues – temple schools
• 2. Bible and the Talmud
• 3. Rabbis – teacher/priest
 China’s policy
China’s policy of isolation made them confident of their protection
because they had no intention of invading other countries. Its education was
composed of two important aspects: school and examinations. The
examinations were the bases for qualifying for government positions.

CHINESE – career oriented education

China’s policy of isolation made them
confident of their protection because
they had no intention of invading
other countries. Its education was
composed of two important aspects:
school and examinations. The
examinations were the bases for
qualifying for government positions.
 CHINESE – career oriented education
1. Analects of Confucius
2. Civil Service Examination (Han Dynasty 206 B.C.)
a) Flowering talent- whole day exam
b) Promoted man – 3 days exam
c) Entered scholar/fit for office – 13 days exam, and
those who passed became the ministers of the
emperor . Every examination that an individual
passed had a corresponding decoration in his dress,
in his household and certain privileges
 The Egypt was
considered the cradle of
ancient civilization
because very significant
historical events took
place in this country.
EGYPT = practical and
empirical education
1. Hieroglyphics – ancient picture-writing system
2. Papyrus – ancient paper
3. Mathematics – value of pi = 3.16
4. Engineering / architecture - Pyramids, dams, dikes, palaces
5. Geometry – land surveying and measuring
6. Astronomy – positions of stars and other heavenly bodies to determined tides, seasons , flood,
calendars composed of 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, months of 30 days with 365 days a year.
7. Medicine - explored human anatomy - Mummification of the dead
Spartan education aimed to develop the capacities of men for war, to prepare the men
to defend themselves and their country all times. Athens, on the other hand, aimed to
produce young men and women who were charming and graceful in manners.
 ATHENS EDUCATION
vs.
SPARTAN EDUCATION
ATHENS EDUCATION vs. SPARTAN EDUCATION
LIBERAL EDUCATION MILITARY ACADEMY
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT, EXPRESSION,
COMMUNAL LIFE
RELIGION
AT BIRTH, THE CHILD IS TAKEN CARE OF
THE MOTHER, BUT AT THE AGE OF 7
EDUCATION WAS A FAMILY
TURNED TO THE MILITARY DRILLMASTER
RESPONSIBILITY
THAT WILL TEACH HIM THE ART OF
WARFARE
EVERY MALE CHILD IS GIVEN A
PEDAGOGUES OR A TUTOR THAT WILL
TRAIN HIM TO BE GOOD AND
RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN
 ANCIENT
ATHENIAN SCHOOLS
• Ancient Athenian Schools
• 1. Palestra – gymnastic school
Paedotribe – teacher of gymnastics
• 2. Music school
Kitharist – music teacher
• 3. Grammar school
Grammatist – teacher of letters
 SOCRATES
The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to
counteract the influences of the Sophists who
were not Athenians. Among them were:
Socrates (469-399 B. C.)
• Advanced the idea of Gnoth Seauton or know
thyself
• He believed that knowledge is virtue and all
virtuous actions are based on Knowledge;
• He introduced Socratic dialectic method of
teaching which is compose of:
1. ironic (destructive) element
2. majestic (constructive) element
 • Proposed that the society should be divided into
classes of people based on their talent and
intelligence:
a) Philosophical class – guardians or rulers of the

PLATO
society.
b) Warrior Class – protectors of the society
c) Artisan or industrial class – workers of the society
• He believed that the social class should determine
education where the person belongs
• he established a school called Academy.
• Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)
• He was the pedagogues of Alexander the
Great
• He established a school called lyceum
• He believed that virtue is brought by
doing not by knowing
• He advanced the idea that man is a social
animal and must use his reason to attain
His ultimate end which is the summon
bonum or highest / supreme Good.
• He postulated that man is composed of
two distinct but united entities: Body and
soul.
The Romans were practical people
who successfully managed their
everyday affairs. Their education
was utilitarian and emphasized the
practical application of learned
theories. They developed the
virtues essential to the exercise of
their rights and the discharge of
their duties and obligations.
• ROMANS – pragmatic and
progressive education

1. Latin language
2. The Laws of the Twelve Tables
3. The Roman Senate
 ROMANS EDUCATION
• The Roman Schools
1. Elementary – school of the
literature Laudi Magister
2. Secondary – school of the
Grammatics or Literatus
3. Higher education – rhetorical
schools
 The early Christian Church ushered in a new hope for the world because it offered a new ethical force
that provided the basis for education. The Christian faith unified the different sectors of Western Europe through
its government and laws, its services and the work of monasteries in caring for the poor.
 The medieval period is also known as the middle age or the Dark Age that refers to the span of time
from the downfall of the Roman Empire in the year A.D. 476 to the beginning of the Renaissance period
about 1333. The different educational movements during this epoch in history are discussed hereunder:
 MEDIEVAL EDUCATION
Monastic education
was for the salvation of the
individual soul through
moral and spiritual
discipline guided by the
monastic life of obedience,
poverty and chastity.
 GUILD
• The Guild System – education for the middle
class. Towards the end f the medieval periods,
a new class of people arose between the
nobles and the peasant – the bourgeoisie
(burgher) or the middle class. These people
were not really rich like the landed gentry, or
poor like the vassals, but rather, they acquired
their fortune from the profits in commercial
and industrial endeavors brought about by the
“Crusades”. In order to protect their interest,
they set up organizations known as guilds.
 GUILDS
• As the number of the middle class increased,
the need for more schools to meet the
educational needs of their children also
increased which paved the way for the
establishments of the new types of schools,
viz:
Chantry schools – schools established
through the foundations under the clergy
Guild schools – served as vocational schools
who catered to the children of the members
of the craft guild Burgher schools –
established to educate the children of the
members of the merchant guilt
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
 EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

• Jesus was born ca.4 B.C. and was

crucified 33 years after apprx. AD 30.
In the short stay of Jesus Christ here
on earth. He revolutionized man’s
concept of religiosity and theology.
His methods of teaching people were
simple and direct and were intended
to touch man’s spirituality.
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

Jesus Christ emphasized His teaching as “Seek ye first the

kingdom of God and His Righteousness and all those things shall be
added unto you.” He used conversational, gnomic and parable methods
in teaching His followers.
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
• Upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ, He
commissioned His disciplines to “go into the
world and preach the Gospels….” (Mathew
28:19), but they received a lot of
persecutions from the unbelieving world.
However, when Emperor Constantine of the
Roman Empire proclaimed Christianity as
the official religion of the Roman world, the
Christians and their teaching became part
of the mainstream society, and the Emperor
himself supported the church and
established school. By virtue of this
support, the following Christian schools
were established:
• 1. Catechumenal – school for new converts
• 2. Catechetical – school for leadership
training
• 3. Cathedral/Episcopalian – school for the
clergy
 The Teaching Methods of Jesus Christ
• Parable – a short story, a weighty similitude used to convey instruction to
ignorant, prejudiced and inattentive hearers.
Ex. Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11:33)
• Conversational Method – an intimate, face-to-face, direct, natural,
personal and informal method. It is a sort of question and answer method.
Ex. John 3:1-11 between Jesus and Nicodemus
Mat. 22:15-17 about paying taxes.
• Proverbial or Gnomic Method – Jesus, in His teachings frequently used
gnomes or proverbs, some were quoted from the Old Testament and
others were His own.
Ex. “For many are called but few are chosen.” Mat. 22:14
 Saracenic religion was
founded by Mohammed
whose aim was to search of
knowledge, the application
of scientific facts to
everyday living, the
development of individual
initiative, and an emphasis
of social welfare.
 ISLAMIC INFLUENCES ON THE
EDUCATION
Islam, which means submission to God, a religion that was established by
the prophet Muhammad (570-632) is a monotheistic religion whose followers
worship only one God-Allah. The teaching of this religion is based on the Qu’ran,
their sacred scripture. At the peak of glory of the Islamic civilization they have
contributed the following to the world and to education:
• 1. Established the most complete curricula from elementary to university.
• 2. Hindu-Arabic numerals
• 3. Advanced learning in Pharmacy, surgery and medicine for the preservation of
life.
• 4. taught geography using globes
• 5. invented the pendulum cock, discovered the nitric acid and sulfuric acid
• 6. used compass, gunpowder
• 7. Cultivated rice, silkworm, sugar and cotton
• 8. Determined the height of the atmosphere, weight of the air and specific gravity
of bodies
THE RENAISSANCE
PERIOD AND THE
EDUCATIONAL
MOVEMENTS OF THE
2Oth CENTURY
 THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD AND THE
EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS OF THE
2Oth CENTURY
The latter part of the medieval period gave rise to different movements that rekindled the mind and the spirit. The
Renaissance was a period of revival, reawakening or rebirth of learning.
• Some of the movements during the 18th and 19th centuries were the following:
1. Humanism - as a way of life was concerned with the fullest realization of human existence
2. Reformation - was a movement during the 16th century against the abuses of the Catholic Church.
3. Catholic-Counter Reformation - was a movement of the Catholic Church to correct the abuses of the clergy and to regain the
confidence of the people.
4. Realism - was philosophy that emphasized that education should be concerned with the realities of life
5. Disciplinism - was a doctrine advocating the disciplinary theory of education, which believed that the mind of the child at
birth was a tabula rasa or blank tablet.
6. Rationalism - was a movement that upheld the right to opinion, liberty of conscience and the freedom of thought.
7. Naturalism - was an educational theory based on a doctrine that opposed those that were artificial.
8. Nationalism - was primarily concerned with the preservation and glorification of the state. It believed that the state must
depend on education as a safeguard against external aggression.
9. Developmentalism - was based on a child-centered point of view, recommending a careful study of the child.
HUMANISM
-as a way of life was
concerned with the fullest
realization of human
existence
REFORMATION
-was a movement during
the 16th century against
the abuses of the Catholic
Church – Martin Luther
CATHOLIC-COUNTER REFORMATION
-was a movement of the
Catholic Church to correct
the abuses of the clergy
and to regain the
confidence of the people.
REALISM
-was philosophy that
emphasized that education
should be concerned with
the realities of life
DISCIPLINISM
- was a doctrine advocating the
disciplinary theory of education,
which believed that the mind of
the child at birth was a tabula
rasa or blank tablet.
RATIONALISM
- was a movement that upheld
the right to opinion, liberty of
conscience and the freedom of
thought.
NATURALISM
- was an educational theory
based on a doctrine that
opposed those that were
artificial.
NATIONALISM
- was primarily concerned with the
preservation and glorification of the
state. It believed that the state must
depend on education as a safeguard
against external aggression.
DEVELOPMENTALISM
- was based on a child-centered
point of view, recommending a
careful study of the child.
 Eugene Jay M. Aquino
Jocelyn E. Concepcion
Nicole M. Admana

Master of Arts in Education Major in Science