Calcutta Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT :: Engineering Geology Laboratory

Name: SUBHANKAR JANA

Roll No: 17701322046 Semester: 4th

Year: 2nd

Teacher’s Signature: Date of Submission:

 1. GRANITE

It is a light-colored coarse-grained rock with granular and crystalline interlocking texture.

This rock consists mainly of following minerals:

1. K-Feldspar- It is identified by its felshic color, presence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. It represents 35% of whole rock by volume.

2. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and white color, absence of cleavage,

vitreous lustre and high hardness. 20% by volume id occupied by quartz.

3. Amphibole- It is identified by its light to dark green color, greenish white streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre.

4. Mica- It is identified by its colorless or black color, flaky habit, one set of basal
cleavage, vitreous lustre and very low hardness (<2.5).

The individual minerals grains are coarse grain with average dimension ranging from 1mm
to 5 mm. Grains are interlocked with each other. Occasionally some individual crystals
(phenocrysts) are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as
porphyritic.

It is nearly massive (lacking internal structures), hard and tough rock.

It is a plutonic igneous rock, named as Granite.

2. RHYOLITE

It is a light-colored very fine-grained rock with crystalline texture.

It is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition.

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and white color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

2. Orthoclase feldspar- It is identified by its light brown color, high hardness. 30% by

volume is occupied by orthoclase feldspar.

3. Plagioclase- It is identified by its off-white color, high hardness. 10% by volume is

 occupied by plagioclase.

Rhyolite is typically light to dark brown and has a glassy groundmass. It is a reddish color rock.

Rhyolite lava is too stiff and viscous to grow crystals except for isolated phenocrysts.

It has small angular spaces, known as vesicles, usually filled up by clay minerals formed later in

presence of water during weathering process.

It is a volcanic igneous rock, named as Rhyolite.

3. GABBRO-

It is a dark, coarse-grained, dense, greenish or dark-colored intrusive mafic igneous rocks.

The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath the Earth's
surface and cools into a crystalline mass.

The rock contains

1. Pyroxene- It is identified by its light to dark green color, light green streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre.

2. Plagioclase- It is identified by its off-white color, high hardness. 10% by volume

is occupied by plagioclase.

3. Amphibole- It is identified by its light to dark green color, greenish white streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre

It also contains minor amounts, typically a few percent, of iron-titanium oxides such as
magnetite, ilmenite etc.

It is coarse grained, with crystals in the size range of 1 mm or greater. It shows

equigranular interlocking texture.

It is a plutonic igneous rock, named as Gabbro.

4. BASALT

It is fine-grained dark grey to black colored compact rock showing interlocking texture. The

individual minerals are not visible, but they include flowing minerals.

1. Pyroxene- It is identified by its light to dark green color, light green streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre.

2. Plagioclase- It is identified by its off-white color, high hardness. 10% by volume

is occupied by plagioclase.

3. Amphibole- It is identified by its light to dark green color, greenish white streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre

It is an extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of lava exposed at
or very near the surface of Earth. It contains at least 65% of the plagioclase feldspar. It
has a fine-grained mineral texture due to the molten rock cooling too quickly for large
mineral crystals to grow.

It is a volcanic igneous rock, named as Basalt.

Some Basaltic rocks show with a vesicular texture is called vesicular basalt or scoria,
and forms when dissolved gases are forced out of solution and form vesicles as the lava
decompresses as it reaches the surface.

5. PEGMATITE-

The specimen is a very coarse grained crystalline, igneous rock composed of interlocking
crystals larger than 2.5 cm in size.

The rock is composed of quartz, feldspar, graphite and some proportion of mica (biotite).

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and white color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

2. Orthoclase feldspar- It is identified by its light brown color, high hardness. 30% by

volume is occupied by orthoclase feldspar.

3. Graphite- It is identified by its dark grey color, very low hardness, finger soiling
 features, greasy lustre. 5% by volume is occupied by Graphite.

4. Biotite mica- It is identified by its golden brown color, flaky habit, one set of basal
cleavage, vitreous lustre and very low hardness (<2.5).

Crystal size of individual mineral ranges from few millimeters to 5 cm. Feldspar grains are
larger in size. Their dimension is usually more than cm. Quartz grains are relatively less in
size.

It is an igneous rock, named as Pegmatite.

6. SANDSTONE

It is a light colored clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral

grains. The specimen shows clastic or detrital texture.

It is composed of following minerals:

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and light color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

2. Orthoclase feldspar- It is identified by its light brown color, high hardness. 30% by

volume is occupied by orthoclase feldspar. It has transformed to clay minerals.

Primary layers are present in the sample. The thickness varies from few millimeters to few
centimeters.

It is a sedimentary rock, named as Sandstone.

7. SHALE-

It is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay

minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz.

When the sample is broken into pieces some of the grains remain as tiny grains which are identified
as quartz as its hardness is very high. The ratio of clay to other minerals is variable. It is

characterized by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter

in thickness (fissility). Impression of plant roots and leaves may also be found within these

layering.

It typically exhibits varying degrees of fissility breaking into thin layers, often splintery and usually

parallel to the otherwise indistinguishable bedding plane because of parallel orientation of clay

mineral flakes. Smell of mud come from the sample in presence of water.

It is a sedimentary rock, named as Shale.

8. LIMESTONE

It is a sedimentary rock composed very fine grain minerals. The minerals are identified as
calcite as it effervesces when treated with dilute HCl acid.

The sample shows distinct layering. The thickness of the layers is more than cm.

The rocks are formed by chemical precipitation. It shows uniform grain size and the grains
are so fine that individual grains are not observed in naked eye. The sample has medium
specific gravity.

It is a sedimentary rock, named as Limestone.

9. CONGLOMERATE

It is a sedimentary rock consisting of individual rounded fragments / clasts within a

finer-grained matrix those have become cemented together. The sizes of clasts are larger
than sand (>2 mm). It shows clastic texture.

The individual grains are identified as quartz and some chart minerals,

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and white color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

 2. Chart- It is identified by its medium color, absence of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre and

high hardness.

It is a sedimentary rock, named as Conglomerate.

10. QUARTZITE

It is a hard, white to gray colored foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure
quartz sandstone. The often occurrences in various shades of pink and red due to varying
amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3).

The rock consists of quartz and feldspar-

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and white color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

2. Orthoclase feldspar- It is identified by its light brown color, high hardness. 30% by

volume is occupied by orthoclase feldspar.

3. Muscovite- It is identified by its colorless or black color, flaky habit, one set of basal

cleavage, vitreous lustre and very low hardness (<2.5).

The individual quartz grains are recrystallized along with the former cementing material to
form an interlocking mosaic of quartz crystals. Most or all of the original texture and
sedimentary structures of the sandstone are erased by the metamorphism.

It is a metamorphic rock, named as Quartzite.

11. SLATE

It is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock composed of clay through

low-grade regional metamorphism. Clay minerals are not identified in naked eye. It
contains fine quartz and other flaky minerals. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic
rock. Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but instead is in
planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression.

The very strong foliation is also called "slaty cleavage". It is caused by strong compression
causing fine grained clay flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression. It
is frequently grey in color, especially. The dark color may be due to presence of organic
material. It may shows impressions of plant roots or leaves indicating presence of carbon
in the rock. It is more compacted than shale.

12. MICA SCHIST

It is a medium-grade metamorphic rock with medium to large grains of mica flakes in a preferred

orientation.

1. Mica grains are identified as muscovite by its white color, vitreous lustre, very low

hardness.

2. Quartz occurs as drawn-out grains. It is identified by its colorless and light color,

absence of cleavage, vitreous lustre and high hardness. 60 % by volume is occupied by

quartz.

3. Garnet- It is identified by its dark brown color, equant dodecahedron habit, absence of

cleavage, vitreous lustre and high hardness.

It is defined by having more than 50 % platy and elongated minerals. It is garnetiferous.

Schist forms at a higher temperature and has larger mica grains than slate/phyllite.

The individual mineral grains, drawn out into flaky scales, can be seen by the naked eye.

It has been derived from either clays or muds which has passed through a series of
metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as
intermediate steps.

Foliation planes (metamorphic arrangement in layers) with medium to large grained mica flakes in
a preferred sheetlike orientation is called schistocity.

The sample shows strong folded structures with varying wavelength.

It is a metamorphic rock, named as Mica schist.

13. MARBLE

It is a non-foliated light colored metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized grains of

minerals.

Minerals grains are identified as Calcite as it shows medium hardness, subvitreous lustre,
reaction with dilute HCl.

The rock shows recrytallised texture. Grain boundaries form triple junction arranging
mutually at about 120o. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking
mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original
carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed.

Green coloration may be due to present of serpentine resulting from originally high
magnesium limestone. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallised
by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism.

It is a metamorphic rock, named as Marble.

14. GRANITE GNEISS

It is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic

processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks. It

is foliated (composed of layers of sheet-like planar structures). The foliations are characterized by

alternating darker and lighter colored bands, called "gneissic banding".

Light colored bands are composed of quartz and feldspar.

1. Quartz- It is identified by its colorless and light color, absence of cleavage, vitreous

lustre and high hardness. 60% by volume is occupied by quartz.

2. Orthoclase feldspar- It is identified by its light brown color, high hardness. 30% by

volume is occupied by orthoclase feldspar. It has transformed to clay minerals.

Dark colored bands are composed of amphibole and biotite

3. Amphibole- It is identified by its light to dark green color, greenish white streak,
prismatic habit, two sets of cleavage, sub-vitreous lustre.

4. Biotite mica- It is identified by its golden brown color, flaky habit, one set of basal
cleavage, vitreous lustre and very low hardness (<2.5).

It is a metamorphic rock, named as Granite gneiss.

Sedimentary rocks

1. Presence of layers defined by color variation or grain size with variable thickness

2. Fossil may be present

3. Clastic texture

Metamorphic rock

1. Layers of almost same thickness with/without color variation (Rock

cleavage/Schistosity/Foliation/Gneissosity)
 2. Presence mica (muscovite) with very uniform distribution

3. Presence some typical mineral line garnet, kyanite etc.

Igneous rock

1. Massive (absence of any layers) and strong

2. Absence of fossil

3. Interlocking texture