Home Automation:

Home automation is the residential extension of “building automation”. It is automation of the

home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of
lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to
provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Home Automation for
the elderly and disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise
require caregivers or institutional care.
A home automation system integrates electrical devices in a house with each other. The
techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the
control of domestic activities, such as home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard
watering, pet feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or
parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a computer
network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow remote access from
the internet. Through the integration of information technologies with the home environment,
systems and appliances are able to communicate in an integrated manner which results in
convenience, energy efficiency, and safety benefits.

Overview and Benefits:

 In modern construction in industrialized nations, homes have been wired for electrical
power, telephones, TV outlets (cable or antenna), and a doorbell.
 Many household tasks were automated by the development of special appliances. E.g.
automatic washing machines and water heaters.
 A remote control for moving vessels and vehicles was first patented by Nikola Tesla in
1898.
 With the invention of the microcontroller, the cost of electronic control fell rapidly.
Remote and intelligent control technologies were adopted by the building services
industry and appliance manufacturers worldwide, as they offer the end user easily
accessible and/or greater control of their products.
 As the number of controllable devices in the home rises, interconnection and
communication becomes a useful and desirable feature. For example, a furnace can
send an alert message when it needs cleaning or a refrigerator when it needs service.
Rooms will become "intelligent" and will send signals to the controller when someone
enters. If no one is supposed to be home and the alarm system is set, the system could
call the owner, or the neighbors, or an emergency number.
 In simple installations this may be as straightforward as turning on the lights when a
person enters the room. In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the
presence of a person inside but know who that person is and perhaps set appropriate
lighting, temperature, music levels or television channels, taking into account the day of
the week, the time of day, and other factors.
 Other automated tasks may include setting the air conditioning to an energy
saving setting when the house is unoccupied, and restoring the normal setting when an
occupant is about to return. More sophisticated systems can maintain an inventory of
 products, recording their usage through bar codes, or an RFID tag, and prepare a
shopping list or even automatically order replacements.
 Home automation can also provide a remote interface to home appliances or the
automation system itself, via telephone line, wireless transmission or the internet, to
provide control and monitoring via a smart phone or web browser.
 An example of a remote monitoring in home automation could be when a smoke
detector detects a fire or smoke condition, and then all lights in the house will blink to
alert any occupants of the house to the possible fire. If the house is equipped with
a home theatre, a home automation system can shut down all audio and video
components to avoid distractions, or make an audible announcement. The system could
also call the home owner on their mobile phone to alert them, or call the fire
department or alarm monitoring company.

Tasks performed by Home Automation:

 HVAC (Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning) solutions include temperature and
humidity control e.g. an internet controlled thermostat.
 Lightning Control systems can be used to control household electric lights.
 Audio & Video category includes audio & video switching and distribution.
 Security category includes control & distribution of security cameras.
 An intercom system allows communication via a microphone & loud speaker between
multiple rooms.
 Domotics includes completely automated systems that control entertainment, heating,
broadband, lighting and security from one of many types of digital computer control
devices, panels and mobile handset. Domotics is used to improve the quality of life
increasing comfort, security and the same time obtaining costs and energy savings. 

Speech Recognition:
Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition, computer speech
recognition, speech to text, or just STT) converts spoken words to text. Speech recognition is a
broader solution that refers to technology that can recognize speech without being targeted at
single speaker—such as a call system that can recognize arbitrary voices.
Speech recognition applications include voice user interface such as voice dialing (e.g., "Call
home"), call routing (e.g., "I would like to make a collect call"),domotic appliance control,
search (e.g., find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g.,
entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g., a radiology report),
speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails), and aircraft (usually termed Direct
Voice Input).
Speaker Recognition:
Speaker recognition is the computing task of validating a user's claimed identity using
characteristics extracted from their voices.

Difference between Speech Recognition & Speaker Recognition:

 Speaker Recognition means recognizing who is speaking.
 Speech Recognition means what is being said.

Voice Recognition:
Voice recognition is combination of the two(speech recognition & speaker recognition) where it
uses learned aspects of a speakers voice to determine what is being said; the system cannot
recognize speech from random speakers very accurately, but it can reach high accuracy for
individual voices for which it has been trained. Voice recognition is aimed toward identifying
the person who is speaking.
Microcontroller:
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP
ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers
are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal
computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost
compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as
4 kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the
ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other
interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just
nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other
microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like
a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

Task No. 1:
To study ATMEL and do the following works:
a. To blink LED
b. To light LED constantly
Components:
ATMEL 8051:
Pin Layout:

Pin Description:
Pin Number Description
1-8 P1.0 - P1.7 - Port 1
9 RST - Reset
10 - 17 P3.0 - P3.7 - Port 3
18 XTAL2 - Crystal
19 XTAL1 - Crystal
20 GND - Ground
21 - 28 P2.0 - P2.7 - Port 2
29 PSEN - Program Store Enable
30 ALE - Address Latch Enable
31 EA - External Access Enable
32 - 39 P0.7 - P0.1 - Port 0
40 Vcc - Positive Power Supply

Features:
  Compatible with MCS-51 Products
 4K bytes of in-system Reprogrammable Flash Memory
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Three level Program Memory Lock
 128 x 8 bit Internal RAM
 32 programmable I/O lines
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Six Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle & Power-down Modes
 40-pin DIP

Program Written on ATMEL 89C051:

org 000h

loop:

cpl P2.0

call delay

jmp loop

end

delay:

mov r7,#200

L2_delay:

mov r6,#200

L1_delay:

djnz r6, L1_delay

djnz r7, L2_delay

ret

end
Task 2:
To study PIC and implement the following tasks on it on software and hardware
a. To blink LED
b. To light LED for a constant time
Components:
PIC 16F877

Features:
 8-bit machine
 Operating speed: Up to 20 MHz
 8K 14-bit Words Flash Memory
 368 bytes Ram
 256 bytes EEPROM
 Power Saving Mode
Software used for programming of PIC:
The mikroC Pro for PIC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers. It
is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to developing
applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.

Features:

 mikroC PRO for PIC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:
 Write your C source code using the built-in Code-Editor.
 Use included mikroC PRO for PIC libraries to dramatically speed up the level opment:
data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communication etc.
 Monitor your program structure, variables and functions in the code explorer.
 Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all
programmers.
 Use the integrated microICD (in-circuit debugger) real-time debugging tool to monitor
program execution on the hardware level.
 Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated software
simulator.
 Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM & ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing,
calling tree and more.
 mikroC PRO for PIC provides plenty of examples to expand, develop, and use as building
bricks in your projects.

MC7805:

MC7805 is a 3 terminal 1A positive voltage regulator. It is designed for a wide range of

applications. These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. In addition, it can be used with
power-pass elements to make high current voltage regulators.

Features:

 Output current up to 1A
 No external components required
 Internal short circuit current limiting
 Internal thermal overload protection
 Output transistor safe-area compensation
 Output voltage offered in 4% tolerance
 Output voltage: 5V
  Pb-free package

Application:

 Current regulator
 Adjustable output regulator
 Current boost regulator
 Short circuit protection

Oscillator:

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often

a sine wave or a square wave. They are widely used in innumerable electronic devices.
Common examples of signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast
by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clock, and
the sounds produced by electronic beepers and video games. A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is
an electronic oscillator that generates an AC waveform at a frequency below ≈20 Hz. This term
is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an audio frequency
oscillator. Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually
called inverters. There are two main types of electronic oscillator: the harmonic oscillator and
the relaxation oscillator.
Program for our given task:
void main() {

TRISB = 0x00;

while(1) {

PORTB = 0xFF;

Delay_ms(500);

PORTB = 0x00;

Delay_ms(500);

Software Implementation:
Hardware Implementation: