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Ares(2017)3892493 - 03/08/2017

POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS

WINETWORK MATERIAL

IFV
FANNY PREZMAN
20/07/2017

Project Start: April 2015 www.winetwork.eu

Duration: 30 months
 Network for the exchange and transfer of innovative
knowledge between European wine-growing regions to
increase the productivity and sustainability of the sector

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under grant agreement No 652601

DELIVERABLE 3.4
WORK PACKAGE N° 3

Nature of the deliverable

R Document, report (excluding the periodic and final reports)

DEM Demonstrator, pilot, prototype, plan designs
DEC Websites, patents filing, press & media actions, videos, etc. X
OTHER Software, technical diagram, etc.

Dissemination Level

PU Public, fully open, e.g. web X

CO Confidential, restricted under conditions set out in Model Grant Agreement
CI Classified, information as referred to in Commission Decision 2001/844/EC

Document Review

www.winetwork.eu
Page 2 on 4
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report forms is part of the deliverables from a project called "Winetwork" which has received
funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant
agreement No 652601.

Winetwork project aims to create a network for the exchange and transfer of innovative knowledge
between European wine-growing regions to increase productivity and sustainability of the sector. For
30 months, 11 partners of 7 European countries, representing more than 90% of the EU wine
production, will exchange on their knowledge on two important diseases in vineyard: the grapevine
trunk diseases and flavesence dorée. These diseases are well-known in many vineyards and have been
extending for several years in different European countries. This network will promote interactions
between scientists and practitioners to gather and share experiences and knowledge of different
actors from the main wine producing European regions.

More information on the project can be found at http://www.winetwork.eu.

www.winetwork.eu
Page 3 on 4
 SUMMARY
The knowledge collected through winetwork project, with the help of interview and the review of
scientific literature allow to create technical datasheets (deliverable 2.5) and technical articles.
Datasheets aims to inform on a precise topic or practice the technicians, support services and
winegrowers with a good technical and scientific knowledge. Datasheets provide as much as possible
accurate and technical information on a practice. Some of these datasheets (15 published) served as a
basis to create the end-user flyers. End-users flyers and destined to winegrowers and provide a rapid
and user-friendly information.

4 technical articles were written by IFV and served as a basis to create 4 PowerPoint presentations.
These presentations are tools for technicians and other support services to disseminate helpful
information on a topic and can be reused. The topics of technical articles were defined by FAs and
approved by the leaders of SWG. These article aims to describe precisely the current state of
knowledge on a topic, with both practical and scientific knowledge.

Grapevine trunk diseases Flavescence Dorée

Application of Trichoderma spp. in the
management of grapevine trunk diseases in
Europe
Global Strategy for the Control of Wood
Diseases
Flavescence Dorée and its management at the
vineyard: contain the disease and avoid further
spread
Flavescence Dorée: the importance of territory
monitoring

These articles are uploaded on the knowledge reservoir and will be translated by FAs in all languages.
4 PowerPoint presentations on the same subject, created using the content of the technical article
were created. The presentations were translated by FAs in their languages and will be uploaded online
on the Knowledge Reservoir

Access of PPT presentations

English

French

Italian

Spanish

German

Portuguese

Croatian

Hungarian

www.winetwork.eu
Page 4 on 4
Application of Trichoderma spp.
in the management of GTDs in
Europe

Data collected in the framework of WINETWORK project from practice through the
help of 219 and from a review of scientific litterature on the subject

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 652601
Summary

1. Presentation of Trichoderma fungi

• Mode of action

2. How Trichoderma help to control GTDs ?

• Existing strains for viticulture

3. How to use Trichoderma-based products?

• Time and application method

• Products available in Winetwork european regions

4. What is the efficiency of Trichoderma ?

 1. Presentation of Trichoderma fungi
Trichoderma genus gather several saprophytes fungi commonly
found on soil, dead wood, green debris, and plants
Trichoderma spp. are presenting antagonism towards a high
number of pathogens, discovered in 1887
What does antagonism mean ?
It is the capability of a living organism to suppress or delay growth or
activity of pathogenic agent
Ability in protecting plant roots from infection caused by
pathogens
Trichoderma can control pathogens by several
modes of action
 1. Presentation of Trichoderma fungi
• Mode of action

1) Antibiosis
Production of substances inhibiting the growth of other competitors,
including plant pathogens
2) Competition for nutrients
Trichoderma use the same nutrition ressources as pathogens
3) Competition for space
High rate of growth of Trichoderma compared to other microorganisms
4) Hyperparasitism
Destruction of pathogens by the production of enzymes (lytic enzymes)
lethal for pathogen’s cells.

These modes of action are species and strain-specific

 2. How Trichoderma help to control GTDs ?
• A lot of scientific trials since 2000s: objective? Evaluate the
efficacy of Trichoderma spp. in controlling GTDs

How? Pathogens tested: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora,

Phaeoacremonium minimum, Diplodia seriata,
Neofusicoccum parvum
In vitro tests and artificial inoculation in pruning
wounds or plants in semi-field conditions

Results? A partial effect according to assessment methods

used in controlling GTDs pathogens
A broard spectrum activity and able to delay
infection of a wide range of GTDs pathogens
Trichoderma can stay viable in the woody tissues up
to 1 year
 2. How Trichoderma help to control GTDs ?

• Trichoderma is a living product, its efficiency could

be influenced by the environement:
- Wound colonization capability and presistence may
depend on intrinsic wounds factors, vine
physiological stage of application
- Trichoderma wound protection effect depends on
its interaction with grapevine
 2. How Trichoderma help to control GTDs ?

• The genus Trichoderma gather several species, and

in each species there is several strains.

Strains differ in their antagonistic potential and could not

have the same effects agaisnt all GTDs pathogens

Grapevine trunk diseases on

Sauvignon Fer Servadou Cabernet Franc
 2. How Trichoderma help
to control GTDs ?
Trichoderma atroviride
• Trichoderma atroviride SC1 has been
isolated from hazelnut tree wood and
selected for its high colonization capability
T. Atroviride I1237
and its high productivity of Lytic enzimes
degrading the pathogens.
• Trichoderma atroviride I1237 has the ability
to fast colonize pruning wounds, to compete
with pathogenic fungi for nutrients and
space and properties of antibiosis and
mycoparasitism.

T. Atroviride SC1
 2. How Trichoderma help
to control GTDs ?

Trichoderma asperellum ICC012 and

Trichoderma gamsii ICC080 can act as
mycoparasites on GTDs pathogens at 10°C
and 15°C respectively. Both species remain T. asperellum
viable at 5°C, and able to mycoparasite when
the temperature increase
 2. How Trichoderma help
to control GTDs ?

• Trichoderma spp. must be used as preventive treatment

since species don’t have a curative effect
• Trichoderma spp can efficiently prevent infection of pruning
wounds
• As fast growing fungi, Trichoderma could colonize pruning
wounds in optimal conditions
• They induce a high competition at the colonization site
• Mycelium from Tichoderma can colonize wood tissues below
wounds up to 2 cm and could inhibit germination of spores
 3. How to use Trichoderma-based
products? PRUNING WOUNDS PROTECTION

• Timing for application

After pruning, wound remain susceptible for a long time, most

critical time for infection by GTDs pathogens from 2 to 8 weeks
after pruning
Apply Trichoderma as soon as possible after pruning
Between grapevine dormancy and bleeding (BBCH 00- BBCH 05)
 At temperatures range from 0°C to 10°C according to strains
Consider weather: heavy rain can wash away Trichoderma-based
product

Recommendation: planting vine inoculated with Trichoderma in

nursery and repeat field treatment each year after planting
 3. How to use Trichoderma-based
products? PRUNING WOUNDS PROTECTION

• Application method: Spraying

Spores suspended in water

Localize the spraying on the pruning zone to cover big and small
wounds
High volume of water
Clean tank before application
Application of the product alone
 3. How to use Trichoderma-based
products? PRUNING WOUNDS PROTECTION

• Products available
Country Product Quantity Composition Price (commercial
product)
France Esquive 4 kg/ha Trichoderma atroviride I-1237 252€/ha
WP®
Vintec® 200g/ha Trichoderma atroviride SC1 200€/ha
Italy Patriot Dry® 1kg/ha Trichoderma asperellum ICC012+ From 45 to
Trichoderma gamsii ICC080 50€/ha
Remedier® 1kg/ha Trichoderma asperellum ICC012+ From 45 to
Trichoderma gamsii ICC080 50€/ha

Tellus WP® 200g/ha Trichoderma asperellum ICC012+ From 45 to

Trichoderma gamsii ICC080 50€/ha

Germany Vintec® 200g/ha Trichoderma atroviride SC1 180€/ha

 3. How to use Trichoderma-based
products? PRUNING WOUNDS PROTECTION

• Products submitted for registration

Country Product Composition

Portugal Esquive WP® Trichoderma atroviride I-1237

Spain Esquive WP® Trichoderma atroviride I-1237

Hungary Vintec® Trichoderma atroviride SC1

 3. How to use Trichoderma-based
products? PRUNING WOUNDS PROTECTION

Product Moment of Quantity Temperature Weather Other

application conditions
Esquive WP® BBCH 00 4 kg/ha in 150L ≥ 4°C Dry, no rain in the Storage at room
water/ha next 4 hours temperature
Vintec® BBCH 00- BBCH 200 g/ha with 100 L ≥ 10°C No rain or frost Suspension need to be
05 water/ha after treatment prepare just before use
and not be reused,
Storage between 0°C-
4°C
Patriot Dry® BBCH 00 250 g/l with 400 L ≥ 10°C Storage < 25°C
water/ha
Remedier® BBCH 00- BBCH 250 g/l with 400 L ≥ 10°C To promote spore
05 water/ha germination put the
product in water 24H
before treatment
Tellus WP® BBCH 00 250 g/l with 400 L ≥ 10°C Storage <25°C
water/ha Can be kept 15 months
if not open
 4. What is the efficiency of Trichoderma ?

• How Trichoderma act on grapevine ?

As fast growing fungi, in optimal

condition Trichoderma can colonize
pruning wounds
Induce a high competition rate for
nutrients and space with pathogens
Colonization of the tissues below the
wounds that prevent pathogens to
enter the wound
 4. What is the efficiency of Trichoderma ?

• Factors influencing Trichoderma efficacy

Trichoderma species and strain used

Mode of application
Phenological stage of vines
Time gap between pruning and
Trichoderma application
Weather conditions during and after
treatment
Vine-Trichoderma interaction
Environmental factors
 4. What is the efficiency of Trichoderma ?

Effectiveness of Trichoderma
species varying with local
conditions, it is essential to
complete the use of
Trichoderma with
management practices in the
vineyard: good pruning
practices, inoculum restriction,
vine balance…
 Winetwork project
WINETWORK is a Thematic Network funded by European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant
agreement No 652601
• Project duration: April 2015- Sept 2017
• 11 partners
• Budget 2 m€
This presentation was realized in the framework of
winetwork project using practical data through 219
interviews made in 10 european wine regions of 7
european countries and from a analysis of scientific
litterature on the topic.

More information on www.winetwork.eu

and www.winetwork-data.eu

Winetwork partners (white dot) and

involved wines regions (purple)
 Grapevine Trunk Diseases

Global vineyard strategy for their control

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 652601
 Introduction

• Complex of pathogenic fungi

• Increase since the prohibition of chemicals

• No efficient treatment

 Prophylactic methods to use both

in nursery and in the vineyard

2
 Main symptoms caused by GTDs fungi

• Affection of the perennial organs  lead to death

• Chronic or apoplectic form

• Foliar symptoms : necrosis / stunting

• Inflorescences & fruits : dry out / pumpkins and peas appearance

• Wood: degradation and necrosis

 Esca, Botryosphaeria dieback and Eutypa dieback

3
 Symptoms and causal agents of Esca

• Various pathogenic fungi (e.g P. chlamydospora, P. aleophilum)

• Chronic or apoplectic form

Symptoms on leaves
• Internervous staining
• Necrosis

Symptoms on wood
• Reducing growth of fruiting cane
• Change in leaf colour and curling leaves
• Premature leaf fall

Symptoms on fruits
• Failure to lignify
• Dessication of inflorescences and grapes
4
Symptoms and causal agents of Eutypa dieback

• Eutypa lata

Symptoms on vegetation
• Shorterned internodes
• Stunted branches
• Chlorotic or deformed leaves

Symptoms on wood
• Brown and hard sectorial necrosis

Symptoms on fruits
• Millerandage
• Sagging
5
 Symptoms and causal agents of botryosphaeria dieback

• B. obtusa, B. parva, B. stevensii, Diplodia seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum

• Symptoms similar to esca
• Chronic or apoplectic form

Symptoms on leaves
• Staining
• Necrosis

Symptoms on wood
• After removing the bark : brown band surrounded
by a yellow/orange zone or a brown/black sectorial
necrosis

Symptoms on fruits
• Rapid desiccation and destruction of the
inflorescences and fruits
6
 Factors influencing GTDs symptoms

• Biotic or abiotic factors

• Climatic conditions  role in the pathogen
development
• Dry periods = water stress  favorable to
pathogens development
• Of other microorganisms interfere with
pathogen
• Foliar symptoms differ from year to year

7
 Factors influencing GTDs symptoms

• Vineyard age and cultivar, training and pruning system

• Prevalence of Esca/BDA = 12/18 years and then
decreases until 40 years
• Prevalence of eutypiosis = 25/40 years

8
Preventive methods during planting

• Quality of grafted plants

• Hot Water Treatment, chemical or
biological methods during the plant
production process
• Sensitivity of grapes varieties or
rootstocks
• Planting conditions
• Watering to avoid water stress
• Tutor the plant
• Vine formation system

9
 Soil management

• Soil = main source of inoculum

• Avoid :
• plant stress
• unbalanced supply of nutrients
• unreasonable nitrogen fertilization
• bad drainage
• soil compaction

• To do :
• establishment of permanent or non-permanent vegetation cover crop

10
 Pruning system

• Pruning wounds = main entry point for pathogens

• Prune during dry periods
• Late pruning = better heal
• Wound susceptibility influenced by the relative
humidity and rainfall
• Contamination trough pruning scissors

11
 Pruning system

• Pruning wound correlated with underlying

necrosis  deteriorate the sap flux
• Residual length of the pruned spur : at least
1.5 times its diameter
• Guyot-Poussard pruning method =
preservation of sap flux
• Protect pruning wounds preventively using
fungicides , bio-control products or mastics
• Applied locally as soon as possible after
pruning.

12
 Destruction of inoculum sources

• Inoculum found on diseased and dead

plants
• Pruning debris, symptomatic and dead
vines = potential source of new
infections
• Get rid of all sources as quickly as
possible
• Pruning woods =crushed and buried in
the soil, burned, crushed and
compacted (40 to 50 °C for 6 months)
or removed

13
 Trunk renewal

• Cut the trunk above the rootstock and below necrosis

• Produce sucker to obtain a new trunk
• Simple technique
• Good results with vigorous varieties
• Effective in controlling Eutypa dieback and useful for Esca
and BDA
• Possible to anticipate the trunk renewal several years in
advance

14
Trunk renewal

• Done during the winter

• If possible protect the wounds
• Guideline “The Timely Trunk Renewal protocol”
• Estimated cost between 225 and 275 €/ ha for a
plot planted at 4500 vines/ha with a proportion
of 250 vines.

15
 Re-grafting

• Consists in grafting again a diseased vines

starting from its healthy rootstock.
• Slotted grafting is the most appropriate
method
• Carried out in spring or autumn during dry
periods by service provision or by the
winegrower himself
• Cut the vine and verify that the cut’s
location is healthy

16
 Re-grafting

• Production: the year after a half-harvest

then return to normal
• Root system and age preserved
• Complex technique (reach up to 80 - 90%)
• Cost of the service : from 1.35 to 2.05 €
HT/vine
• 3 months full-time to sustain grafted-vines
for 4500 vines

17
 Trunk cleaning

• Cleaning surgery to limit Esca and BDA

• Harvest of the year preserved if done early
• To clean, locate the pieces of rotten and spongy
wood
• Remove them from the trunk
• Preserve healthy wood and sap flux
• 5 minutes to cure/vine
• Need to be extended

18
 Use of phytosanitary

• Prohibition of sodium arsenite and Escudo®

• No fungicide allowed against GTDs

• Systemic fungicides
• Foliar application : calcium chloride, magnesium nitrate and fucal algae
extract
• Natural defectives : Trichoderma or fertilizers
• Preventive products :
• tebuconazol + synthetic resins or Esquive® WP
• Folicur (tebuconazole)
• Shirlan (fluazinam)
• Cabrio (pyraclostrobin)
• Bion (acibenzolar-S-methyl) + Cuprocol (Cu oxiclorure)
• Bion + Score (difeconazole)

19
 New methods

• Layering
• Copper nanoparticles
• Copper nails
• H2O2 injecting
• Soaking in fungicides

20
 Conclusion

• Symptoms influenced by many factors

• Indigenous microflora can interact with GTDs fungi
• Growing conditions and pruning system can be relevant factors
• Better knowledge would help to better understand the action
mode of these diseases
• Many promising methods but need to be scientifically
validated
• Single control method is only partially effective
• Apply different preventive technicals

21
 Flavescence Dorée
and its management in the vineyard

Contain the disease and avoid further spread

How to manage FD with more precision in the regions already infected?

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 652601
 Introduction

Flavescence dorée has been detected since 1950 in France

• Incurable quarantined disease

• Liste A2 EPPO

• Grapewine yellows symptoms

• Combination of a phytoplasma, a vector and a host

 Rapid spread, important yield losses

and vineyard dieback

2
 Spread of flavescence dorée

• Phytoplasma : European origin

Phytoplasma Several hypothesis of spread

FD 1, 2 and 3

Oncopsis Alni Dictyophara Scaphoïdeus

Alder and clematis ©Tristan Bantock
europaea titanus Vitis Vinifera
© Dimitri Geystor

• Vector : leafhopper named Scaphoïdeus titanus imported from North

America

3
 Spread of flavescence dorée

• Phytoplasma : European origin and spread from wild plant to grapevine

• Vector : leafhopper named Scaphoïdeus titanus imported from North

America

© EFSA
 Distribution of the
leafhoppers is wider
than the phytoplasma

 Leafhopper S. titanus
discovered in Alsace
in 2016

4
 Symptoms and impacts

Main symptoms but non distinguishable from other grapevine yellows

First symptoms
• Delay of budburst
• Lack of budburst

In spring
• Reducing growth of fruiting cane
• Change in leaf colour and curling leaves
• Premature leaf fall

In summer
• Failure to lignify
• Dessication of inflorescences and grapes

5
 Symptoms and impacts

In case of any doubts

Check the simultaneous presence of the three following
symptoms

Discoloration and curling

Failure to lignify Dessication of the grapes 6
leaves ©Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 Symptoms and impacts

Characteristic symtoms and non distinguishable from other grapevine

yellows
 More or less visible depending onthe variety
 Rootstocks can be asymptomatic

Similar symptoms to Stolbur disease

 If a flavescence dorée hypothesis exists, a PCR analysis is done
to identify the phytoplasma

7
 The actors of the disease

1) Infectious agents : FD 1, 2 and 3 phytoplasma

• Intracellular bacterium without wall living in the screened tubes of

phloem  Transmitted by a vector or cuttings / grafting

• 3 genetic groups causing flavescence dorée:

• FD1, mainly located in the South West of France
• FD2, major group in Europe
• FD3 mainly in Italy

• Wild compartiment : Aulnus and Clematis

Phytoplasma

8
 The actors of the disease

2) The vector : Scaphoïdeus titanus

Life cycle

– Only one generation per year

– Usually larvae remain on the

Hatching plant where they hatch

– Adults are very mobile and fly

from vines in vines

©Cuche

9
 The actors of the disease

2) The vector : Scaphoïdeus titanus

Feeding behavior

– A stinging and sucking insect that feeds on vine leaves

– Acquisition of the phytoplasma possible from the first larval

stage

– Incubation period of one month and then infectious for life

10
 The actors of the disease

3) The host: the vine

• Scaphoïdeus titanus depends vitaly on vines : the leafhopper can only

carry out its life cycle on Vitis vinifera
 very epidemic disease

• Phytoplasma present on other wild plants : Alnus or Clematis

 Associated with other vectors: possible transmission

Oncopsis Alni Dictyophara Clématis vitalba Alnus glutinosa

©Tristan Bantock © Visoflora © Visoflora
europaea 11
© Dimitri Geystor
 Management of the vector

• Treatment strategies :
- Use of insecticide  decrease vector population
- Apply at the right moment  national decree

• First treatment one month after hatching (emerging cages and field
monitoring)
• Second treatment at the end of remanence of the first
• Third treatment depends on the regions according to FD history
First
hatching
T1 T2 T3

3 treatments
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep strategy
Eggs
Larvae
Adults 12
 Management of the vector

• Treatment strategies in organic viticulture:

- Monitoring with more precision

- Limited efficacy  sensitive to hight temperature & UV radiation
- Natural pyrethrum and Azadirachtin
- Contact poison / Active principles-neurotoxic

© Wikipédia

13
 Prospecting and monitoring

Preventing infection by acting on potential reservoirs:

• Potential reservoirs of the vector: wild vines and other plants such
as Clematis or Alnus:
• Risk of epidemic emergence
• BUT also important for biodiversity and ecosystems

 To reason according to the situation

14
 Prospecting and monitoring

Recognition of the leafhopper

2 symmetrical black points in dorso-lateral position

Larval stages : L1 on the left, L3 in the center and L5 on the right

• Brown color
• Size between 4.8 and 5.8 mm
• 3 strips on the head for females
15
Scaphoïdeus titanus
 Prospecting and monitoring

Detection of the leafhopper

• Possible from the first larval stage by trained technicians

• Visual inspection on 100 to 200 leaves, on suckers and leaves close to

the base

• Insecticides treatments : mandatory dates

• Sticky traps to capture the adult

leafhopper in the plots or near wild
vines : decision for the third treatment

Sitcky trap use by IFV 16

 Atypical practices to control the vector

Can be used complementary to chemical treatments but can not

replace it

Orange oil application

- Not registred as insecticide
- Dessicate nymphs
- Side-effects

Kaolin application
- Mortality on nymphs and adults

17
 Management of infected vines

• Monitoring vineyard is the main key point

• Individual and regional scale
• Organized by a dedicated organism
• Laboratory analyses to confirm FD case
© Vitisphère

• National decree  uprooting and destruction of all

infected vines

• Complete uprooting if more than 20% infected vines in the plot

18
 Research on the vines

• Cultivar sensitivity

- Differences of sensitivity to FD  identify non attractive-cultivars

- Light or any symptoms on rootstocks
- Genetic resistance  Stimulate natural defenses

The less the cultivar express symptoms

The less the phytoplasma multiplies
 The less the disease spread

19
 Research on the host and phytoplasma

• Molecular inhibitors
- block phytoplasma before it reaches the cells

© INRA

• Air seeking
- using drones to early identify
FD symptoms

20
 Research to control the vector

• Mating disruption
- Disturbing signals emitted by males to attract females
- Inhibition of the reproduction
- Decrease of the population from one year to another

• Biological control
- Use parasitoids
- Impossible for a large scale

Anteoninae Pipunculidae

Gonatopodinae
© Dennis Haines ©kehlmaier.de
21
 Conclusion

• Rapidly spreading serious disease and considerable

economic losses

• Collective management is the key

• Importance of control measures of the vector and infected

vines

22
 Flavescence Dorée
The importance of the
territory monitoring
Guide of good practices for regions without FD

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 652601
 Introduction

Flavescence dorée has been detected since 1950 in

France

• Incurable quarantined disease

• Liste A2 EPPO

• Grapewine yellows symptoms

• Combination of a phytoplasma, a vector and a host

 Rapid spread, important yield losses

and vineyard dieback

2
 Spread of flavescence dorée

• Phytoplasma : European origin

Phytoplasma Several hypothesis of spread

FD 1, 2 and 3

Oncopsis Alni Dictyophara Scaphoïdeus

Alnus and Clematis ©Tristan Bantock
europaea titanus Vitis Vinifera
© Dimitri Geystor

• Vector : leafhopper named Scaphoïdeus titanus imported from North

America

3
 Spread of flavescence dorée

• Phytoplasma : European origins and spread from wild plant to grapevine

• Vector : leafhopper named Scaphoïdeus titanus imported from North

America

© EFSA
 Distribution of the
leafhoppers is wider
than the phytoplasma

 Leafhopper S. titanus
discovered in Alsace
in 2016

4
 Symptoms and impacts

Main symptoms but non distinguishable from other grapevine yellows

First symptoms
• Delay of budburst
• Lack of budburst

In spring
• Reducing growth of fruiting cane
• Change in leaf colour and curling leaves
• Premature leaf fall

In summer
• Failure to lignify
• Dessication of inflorescences and grapes

5
 Symptoms and impacts

In case of any doubts

Check the simultaneous presence of the three following
symptoms

Discoloration and curling

Failure to lignify Dessication of the grapes 6
leaves ©Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 Symptoms and impacts

Characteristic symtoms and non distinguishable from other grapevine

yellows
 More or less visible depending on the variety
 Rootstocks can be asymptomatic

Similar symptoms to Stolbur disease

 If a flavescence dorée hypothesis exists, a PCR analysis is done
to identify the phytoplasma

7
 The actors of the disease

1) Infectious agents : FD 1, 2 and 3 phytoplasma

• Intracellular bacterium without wall living in the screened tubes of

phloem  Transmitted by a vector or cuttings / grafting

• 3 genetic groups causing flavescence dorée:

• FD1, mainly located in the South West of France
• FD2, major group in Europe
• FD3 mainly in Italy

• Wild compartiment : Aulnus and Clematis

Phytoplasma

8
 The actors of the disease

2) The vector : Scaphoïdeus titanus

Life cycle

– Only one generation per year

Hatching – Usually larvae remain on the

plant where they hatch

– Adults are very mobile and fly

from vines in vines
©Cuche

9
 The actors of the disease

2) The vector : Scaphoïdeus titanus

Feeding behavior

– A stinging and sucking insect that feeds on vine leaves

– Acquisition of the phytoplasma possible from the first larval

stage

– Incubation period of one month and then infectious for life

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 The actors of the disease

3) The host: the vine

• Scaphoïdeus titanus depends vitaly on vines : the leafhopper can only

carry out its life cycle on Vitis vinifera
 very epidemic disease

• Phytoplasma present on other wild plants : Alnus or Clematis

 Associated with other vectors: possible transmission

Oncopsis Alni Dictyophara Clématis vitalba Alnus glutinosa

©Tristan Bantock © Visoflora © Visoflora
europaea 11
© Dimitri Geystor
 Prospecting and monitoring

Recognition of the leafhopper

2 symmetrical black points in dorso-lateral position

Larval stages : L1 on the left, L3 in the center and L5 on the right

• Brown color
• Size between 4.8 and 5.8 mm
• 3 strips on the head for females

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Scaphoïdeus titanus
 Prospecting and monitoring

Detection of the leafhopper

• Possible from the first larval stage by trained technicians

• Visual inspection on 100 to 200 leaves, on suckers and leaves close to

the base

• Sticky traps to capture the adult

leafhopper in the plots
or near wild vines

Sitcky trap use by IFV

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 Prospecting and monitoring

Preventing infection by acting on potential reservoirs:

• Potential reservoirs of the vector: wild vines and other plants such
as Clematis or Alnus:
• Risk of epidemic emergence
• BUT also important for biodiversity and ecosystems

 To reason according to the situation

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 Prospecting and monitoring

Monitoring of the territory

• Concerns all actors  collective prospecting sector

• Mandatory reporting of cases  confirm the diagnosis and inform

the official authorities

• Laboratory analyzes to identify the phytoplasma

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 Use of healthy material plants

• Three possibilities for the disease spread :

- Circulation of infected planting

material
- Transport or flight of infected vectors
- Transfer from the wild compartment

• Vine nurseries:
 Monitoring of mother vines
 HWT

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 Conclusion

• Rapidly spreading serious disease and considerable

economic losses

• Some areas free but monitoring is paramount

• Awareness and involvement of all stakeholders in the sector

to ensure better prospecting

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