Toronto Metropolitan University

W23 MTH240 Lab 10 Problem Sheet

Taylor and Macluarin Series

1. [(v2) 6.3 Problem 118] Find the Taylor polynomials of degree two
approximating the given function centered at the given point.

f (x) = cos(2x), x=π

Solution:

Consider the function:

f (x) = cos(2x)

The related Taylor polynomial is:

Pn f (n) (a)
f (x) = n=0 n!
(x − a)n .

For Taylor polynomial of degree two, n = 2, and in this problem, it is

centred at x = π.

The second degree Taylor polynomial is determined as follows:

Evaluate the function at x = π, f (π) = 1.

Find the first derivative as follow:

f (1) (x) = (cos(2x))′

= −2sin(2x).

1
 Evaluate the first derivative at x = π, f ′ (π) = 0

Find the second derivative as follows:

′
f (2) (x) = f (1) (x)

= (−2 sin(2x))′

= −4 cos(2x)

Evaluate the second derivative at x = π, f ′′ (π) = −4

Substitute the above values into the formula for Taylor polynomial

P2 f (n) (a)
f (x) = n=0 n!
(x − a)n .

1 −4
f (x) = 0!
(x − π)0 + 1!0 (x − π)1 + 2!
(x − π)2 .

f (x) = 1 − 2(x − π)2 .

Therefore the Taylor polynomial is:

f (x) = 1 − 2(x − π)2 .

t3
2. [(v2) 6.3 Problem 130] Integrate the approximation sint ≈ t − 6
+
t5 t7
R1
120
− 5040 evaluated at πt to approximate 0 sinπt
πt
dt

Solution:

Considering that;

t3 t5 t7
sint ≈ t − 6
+ 120
− 5040

2
 R1 sinπt
Evaluating πt to approximate 0 πt
dt as;

(πt)3 (πt)5 (πt)7

sinπt ≈ πt − 6
+ 120
− 5040

sinπt (πt)2 (πt)4 (πt)6

πt
≈1− 6
+ 120
− 5040

Hence;

R1 sinπt
R1 (πt)2 (πt)4 (πt)6

0 πt
dt ≈ 0
1− 6
+ 120
− 5040
dt
 1
(π)2 3 (π)4 5 (π)6 7
= t− 6·3
t + 120·5
t − 5040·7
t
0

π2 π4 π6
=1− 18
+ 600
− 35280

≈ 0.58678

Therefore,

R1 sinπt
0 πt
dt = 0.58678

3. [(v2) 6.3 Problems 150] Find the Taylor series of the given function
centred at the indicated point.

∞
√ Z x X tn
F (x) = cos( t) dt; f (t) = (−1)n at a = 0
0 0
(2n)!
√
Note: f is the Taylor series of cos( t)

Solution:

Since the given function is:

3
 Rx √
F (x) = 0
cos( t) dt

√
and the Taylor expansion for f (t) = cos( t) is:

P∞ (−1)n n
f (t) = n=0 (2n)! (t)

n
t t2 t3 (t)
=⇒ f (t) = 1 − 2!
+ 4!
− 6!
+ .... + (−1)n (2n)! + ....

Therefore, the given function will be:

Rx √
F (x) = 0
cos( t) dt

Rx t t2 t3 (t)n

=⇒ F (x) = 0
1− 2!
+ 4!
− 6!
+ .... + (−1)n (2n)! + .... dt
 x
t2 t3 t4 (t)n+1
=⇒ F (x) = t − + − + .... + (−1)n (n+1)·(2n)! + ....
 
2·2! 3·4! 3·6!
0

n+1
x2 x3 x4 (x)
=⇒ F (x) = x − 2·2!
+ 3·4!
− 3·6!
+ .... + (−1)n (n+1)·(2n)! + ....

This Taylor expansion of the given function F (x) at a = 0 can be ex-

pressed as:

n+1
x2 x3 x4 (x)
F (x) = x − 2·2!
+ 3·4!
− 3·6!
+ .... + (−1)n (n+1)·(2n)! + ....

P∞ n+1
n (x)
=⇒ F (x) = n=0 (−1) (n+1)(2n)!

Conclusion:

Rx √
The obtained Taylor series for the function F (x) = 0
cos( t) dt at
a = 0 is:

P∞ n+1
n (x)
F (x) = n=0 (−1) (n+1)(2n)!

4
4. [(v2) 6.4 Problems 176] Use appropriate substitutions to write down
the Maclaurin series for the given binomial.

(1 − x)1.01

Solution:

We will use the following Maclaurin series

P∞ r

n r(r−1) 2
(1 + x)r = n=0 n x = 1 + rx + 2
x ...

Substituting −x for x and r = 1.01 we get

P∞ 1.01


(1 − x)1.01 = n=0 n
(−x)n = 1 − 1.01x + 0.00505x2 ...

5. [(v2) 6.4 Problems 218] In the following exercise, compute at least

the first three nonzero terms (not necessarily a quadratic polynomial)
of the Maclaurin series of f .

π
 π  π 
f (x) = sin x + = sinx · cos + cosx · sin
4 4 4

Solution:

The Maclaurin series expansion of f (x) is:

f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) 2 (n) (0)

f (x) = f (0) + 1!
x + 2!
x + ... f n!
xn + ...

From given data

5
f (x) = sin(x + π4 )

= sinx · cos( π4 ) + cosx · sin( π4 )

= √1 (sinx + cosx)
2

let g(x) = sinx

=⇒ g(0) = 0

g ′ (x) = cosx =⇒ g ′ (0) = 1

g ′′ (x) = −sinx =⇒ g ′′ (0) = 0

g ′′′ (x) = −cosx =⇒ g ′′′ (0) = −1

The Maclaurin series expansion is:

g ′ (0) g ′′ (0) 2 (n) (0)

g(x) = sinx = g(0) + 1!
x + 2!
x + ....... g n!
xn

−1
= 0 + 1!1 (x) + 2!0 (x2 ) + 3!
(x3 ) + .......

x3 x5 x7
=x− 3!
+ 5!
− 7!
+ ........

P∞ n x2n+1
The Maclaurin series of sinx = n=0 (−1) (2n+1)!

Similarly,

P∞ n x2n
The Maclaurin series of cosx = n=0 (−1) (2n)!

f (x) = √1 (sinx + cosx)

2

6
 P 
∞ n x2n+1
P∞ 2n
= √1 n x
2 n=0 (−1) (2n+1)! + n=0 (−1) (2n)!

√1 (1 x2 x3 x4 x5
= 2
+x− 2!
− 3!
+ 4!
+ 5!
− ......)

Therefore, the Maclaurin series of f (x)

√1 (1 x2 x3 x4 x5
2
+x− 2!
− 3!
+ 4!
+ 5!
− ......).