List the elements present in biomolecules

Carbon (C): Carbon is the central element in all biomolecules. It forms the skeletal structure
of organic molecules and allows for the diversity of shapes and functions in biomolecules.

Hydrogen (H): Hydrogen is present in all biomolecules and is bound to carbon and other
elements to form chemical bonds.
Oxygen (O): Oxygen is found in many biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids. It plays an important role in the release of energy during cellular respiration.

Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is found in amino acids, nucleotides, and other molecules essential
for cellular structure and function.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a key component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and is also
found in high-energy nucleotides used in metabolic processes.

Sulfur (S): Sulfur is present in certain amino acids and is essential for the structure and
function of proteins.
These are the most common elements present in biomolecules, but there may also be trace
elements in minimal amounts, such as calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, among others,
that play specific roles in living organisms.

Define polymer and monomer

Polymer: A polymer is a macromolecule formed by the repetition of smaller structural units

called monomers. These units are linked together by chemical bonds, forming a long and
complex chain. Polymers can be found in various materials such as plastics, rubbers,
proteins, and nucleic acids. Common examples of polymers include polyethylene, DNA, and
proteins.
Monomer: A monomer is a simple molecule that can join with other similar molecules
through chemical bonds to form a polymer. It is the basic repeating unit in the structure of
the polymer. Monomers can be organic or inorganic and can be small or large molecules.
When they join together, monomers form chemical bonds, such as covalent bonds, to
create larger chain or three-dimensional structures.
In summary, a polymer is a complex molecule formed by the repetition of smaller units
called monomers, which are linked together by chemical bonds. Polymers have a wide range
of applications and are found in many materials and biological compounds

State the biomolecules present in living tissues

• Proteins: Proteins are large biomolecules composed of amino acids. They play a vital
role in the structure, function, and regulation of tissues. Proteins are involved in
various biological processes and serve as enzymes, antibodies, structural
components, and transporters.
• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. They serve as a major source of energy in living tissues and are also involved
in cell recognition and signaling. Common carbohydrates include glucose, sucrose,
and cellulose.
• Lipids: Lipids are diverse biomolecules that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and
steroids. They serve as energy storage molecules, structural components of cell
membranes, and signaling molecules. Lipids are important for insulation, protection,
and hormone regulation.
• Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid), are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
They are involved in protein synthesis and carry the instructions for the functioning
and development of living organisms.

tate the characteristics of carbohydrates and lipids

• Chemical composition: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1. The general formula is (CH2O)n, where "n"
represents the number of carbon atoms.
• Energy source: Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy in living organisms.
When broken down, carbohydrates release glucose, which is utilized by cells for
various metabolic processes.
• Structural role: Certain carbohydrates, such as cellulose and chitin, serve as
structural components in cell walls and exoskeletons, providing support and
protection.
• Solubility: Most carbohydrates are water-soluble due to the presence of hydroxyl
(OH) groups. This solubility allows for efficient transport and distribution within
organisms.
 • Classification: Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars),
disaccharides (two sugar units), or polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates
consisting of many sugar units).
Characteristics of lipids:

• Chemical composition: Lipids are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen atoms. Unlike carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is higher,
resulting in a relatively low oxygen content.
• Energy storage: Lipids serve as a concentrated form of energy storage in organisms.
They provide long-term energy reserves and insulation against heat loss.
• Insolubility in water: Lipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules, meaning they
are insoluble in water. Instead, they are soluble in nonpolar solvents like alcohol and
ether.
• Structural role: Lipids contribute to the structure and integrity of cell membranes.
Phospholipids, a type of lipid, form the lipid bilayer that makes up the cell
membrane.
• Types of lipids: Lipids include triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids, and
waxes. Each type has specific functions and structures within living organisms

state one example of each kind of carbohydrate and its function in ,inving things

• Monosaccharide: Glucose
o Function: Glucose is a vital source of energy in living organisms. It is used by
cells as the primary fuel for various metabolic processes, including cellular
respiration and ATP production.
• Disaccharide: Sucrose
o Function: Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, serves as an energy
source and a transport form of carbohydrates in plants. It is transported
through the phloem vessels and is broken down into glucose and fructose for
energy utilization.
• Polysaccharide: Starch
o Function: Starch is the primary energy storage molecule in plants. It is
composed of long chains of glucose units and is stored in plant tissues such as
roots, tubers, and seeds. When needed, starch is broken down into glucose
to provide energy for plant growth and metabolism.
It's important to note that these are just examples, and there are many other types of
carbohydrates with different functions in living organisms. Carbohydrates are essential for
providing energy, serving as structural components, and participating in various biological
processes in living things.