ENGLISH QUARTER 3

JUDGING THE
VALIDITY OF EVIDENCE
LISTENED TO

PRESENTED BY GROUP 4
CALUNSAG, CAMPEON, GONZALES, GUERRERO
OBJECTIVES
To know how to judge the
validity of evidence listened to

To know the different types of

evidence and their definition
WHAT IS VALIDITY?

 VALIDITY
The quality of being based on truth or
reason, or of being able to be accepted
The state of being legally or officially
binding or acceptable
WHAT IS EVIDENCE?

 EVIDENCE
The available body of facts or
information indicating whether a
belief or proposition is true or
valid
TYPES OF EVIDENCE
 TYPES OF
EVIDENCE
TESTIMONIAL
STATISTICAL
ANECDOTAL
ANALOGICAL
 TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
Statements of truth from a certain person
made under oath in a court or testimonies
offered to prove the truth of the matter
Any evidence that is not proven or supported
by the physical evidence but solely based on a
credible witness.
EX.
Jack is on trial, having been accused of driving his car
into the side of a building while he was drunk. Jane is a
witness who saw Jack walk from a restaurant to his car
and drive into the building. A judge may determine that
Jane could testify regarding her opinion that Jack was
drunk.
According to the Commission on Population and
Development (POPCOM), the incidence of teenage
pregnancy among girls aged 10 to 11 in the Philippines is
rising.
 STATISTICAL
EVIDENCE
The result of researches or surveys that can
never be proven because of probability or
likelihood which is from random sampling.
Statistical evidence provides a particular form of
proof related to the collection of information that
is aggregated and then summarized using some
mathematical representation.
EX.
1. According to studies, 27% of people in
the Philippines are poor.
2. Paulo used descriptive statistics to
summarize the data given to him.
3. Henard uses statistics to demonstrate
the rapid increase of students that are
addicted to online games.
 ANECDOTAL
EVIDENCE
Collected in a casual or
informal manner and relying
heavily or entirely on personal
statement.
EX.
1. My grandfather was a heavy smoker
most of his life but he lived to be 90
years old. Therefore, smoking is not
harmful to people.
2. After living for decades in Quezon, I can
honestly say that the people there are
kind and hospitable.
 ANALOGICAL
EVIDENCE
Based on the idea that two or more
things are similar in some aspect,
there is a tendency that they are
also similar in other aspect
EX.
1. Europa has oxygen in its atmosphere, just like
the Earth, so there might be life on Europa.
2. If you were trying to determine the value of a
house, you could find the sale price of a similar
house in the same area for comparison.
3. To determine which apple was sweeter, he
compared its sweetness to that of two others
from different retailers.
HOW TO JUDGE THE
VALIDITY OF
EVIDENCE?
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TIPS:

CREDENTIALS OF THE SOURCE

PUBLICATION DATE
CHECK FOR BIASES
CHECK THE EVIDENCE
 CREDENTIALS
OF THE SOURCE
Is the person qualified to say
something about a certain issue/topic?
Is he an expert in that particular field?
You may also want to consider his/her
educational background.
 PUBLICATION DATE
It’s a good idea to look for books published in
the last 10 years for a subject that's current.
EX.
The Middle Ages by Jeffrey L. Singman
(2013)

World War II: The Definitive Visual History

from Blitzkrieg to the Atom Bomb by DK
(2015)
 CHECK FOR BIASES
Is the book an objective
source on the subject?
Does it look at both sides of
an argument or is it biased in
favor of one side only?
 CHECK FOR BIASES
Information in a biased source may
still be useful but the author may
be overstating benefits,
overlooking negatives or otherwise
reflecting only one side of an
argument.
CHECK THE EVIDENCE
An author may cite specific studies
or other evidence to back up his or
her assertions. Authors who list their
sources are generally more credible,
particularly if they reference recent
studies or well-known authorities.
CHECK THE EVIDENCE
Use your judgment; a biased
author may have found biased
sources and/or may have
taken information out of
context to support a thesis.
CHECK THE EVIDENCE

Look at the author’s

evidence. Does the author
cite specific evidence to
back up his or her assertions?
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO
DETERMINE WHETHER
THE EVIDENCE YOU
LISTENED TO IS VALID OR
RELIABLE?
 IMPORTANCE
It's crucial to critically assess sources
because they help you become a better
writer by being trustworthy and credible.
Consider untrustworthy sources as
contaminants that might damage your
credibility; if you use them in your job,
your work may suffer as a result.