Angle Modulation

Chapter 4.
Angle Modulation
Fundamentals of Communication Systems

John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi
27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 1

Angle Modulation
❖In Chapter 3
▪ We considered amplitude modulation of the carrier as a means for
transmitting the message signal
▪ Amplitude-modulation methods are also called linear modulation methods,
although conventional AM is not linear in the strict sense
❖Another class of modulation methods include frequency and phase modulation
which are described in this chapter
▪ In frequency-modulation (FM) systems, the frequency of the carrier fc is
changed by the message signal
▪ In phase modulation (PM) systems, the phase of the carrier is changed
according to the variations in the message signal
▪ Frequency and phase modulation are nonlinear, and often they are jointly
called angle modulation methods
Angle Modulation cont…
▪ Due to its inherent nonlinearity, is more complex to implement and much more
difficult to analyze
▪ In many cases, only an approximate analysis can be done.
▪ The FM and PM systems generally expand the bandwidth such that the
effective bandwidth of the modulated signal is usually many times the
bandwidth of the message
▪ The major benefit of these systems is their high degree of noise immunity
▪ FM systems are widely used in high-fidelity music broadcasting and point-to-
point communication systems, where the transmitter power is quite limited.
▪ Another advantage of angle-modulated signals is their constant envelope,
which is beneficial when the signal is amplified by nonlinear amplifiers.

4.1 Representation of FM and PM signals
▪ An angle-modulated signal is 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙(𝑡)
• where fc denotes the carrier frequency and ϕ(t) denotes a time-varying phase
1 𝑑
▪ The instantaneous frequency of this signal 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 +
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
𝜙(𝑡)
▪ If m(t) is the message signal, then in a PM system, the phase is proportional to the
message, 𝜙(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)
▪ In an FM system, the instantaneous frequency deviation from the carrier frequency

1 𝑑
is proportional with the message signal 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) − 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝜙(𝑡)
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
▪ where kp and kf are phase and frequency deviation constants
Representation of FM and PM signals cont…
▪ The frequency changes with the phase angle
▪ The rate at which frequency changes with time

varying phase angle is given by
𝑑
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜙 𝑡 fi(t) is instantaneous frequency
𝑑𝑡
or 1 𝑑
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜙 𝑡
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
▪ Hence instantaneous frequency of this signal
u (t ) = Ac cos(2f c t +  (t ) )
is given by
1 𝑑
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝜑(𝑡)
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
From the preceding relationships, we have

𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡), 𝑃𝑀
𝑡
𝜙(𝑡) = ൞
2𝜋𝑘𝑓 න 𝑚(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 , 𝐹𝑀
−∞
Since 1 d
f i (t ) - f c = k f m(t ) =  (t )
2 dt
Note that if we phase modulate the carrier
with the integral of a message, it is
equivalent to the frequency modulation of Figure 4.1 A comparison of
frequency and phase modulators
the carrier with the original message

On the other hand, this relation can be

expressed as
𝑑
𝑑 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡), 𝑃𝑀
𝜙(𝑡) = ൞ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2𝜋𝑘 𝑚(𝑡), 𝐹𝑀
𝑓
which shows that if we frequency

modulate the carrier with the
derivative of a message, the result is
Figure 4.1 A comparison of
equivalent to the phase modulation of
frequency and phase modulators
the carrier with the message itself

◼ Figure 4.2 illustrates a square-wave signal and its integral, a sawtooth signal, and their
corresponding FM and PM signals
Figure 4.2 Frequency and phase modulation

of square and sawtooth waves.

Example 4.1.1: The message signal m(t) =a cos(2π fmt) is used to either frequency modulate, or
phase modulate the carrier Ac cos(2 π fct). Find the modulated signal in each case.
Solution: In PM, we have In FM, we have
ɸ(t) = kpm(t) = kp acos(2πfmt)
Therefore, the modulated signals will be
Where Modulation index of PM Modulation index of FM
or
▪ The modulation index for a general non-sinusoidal signal m(t) is defined as

𝑘𝑓 max 𝑚(𝑡)
𝛽𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 max 𝑚(𝑡) 𝛽𝑓 =
𝑊
▪ where W denotes the bandwidth of the message signal m(t)

▪ The maximum phase deviation in a PM system is max = k p max m(t ) 
▪ The maximum frequency deviation in an FM system is f max = k f max m(t ) 
▪ Modulation index in terms of the maximum phase and frequency deviation is

Δ𝑓max
𝛽𝑝 = Δɸmax 𝛽𝑓 =
𝑊

Narrowband Angle Modulation
❖ Consider an angle modulation system in which the deviation constants kp and kf
and the message signal m(t) are such that for all t, we have ϕ(t)<<1
u (t ) = Ac cos(2f c t +  (t ) )
𝒖 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ɸ 𝒕 − 𝑨𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏ɸ(𝒕)
≈ 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 − 𝑨𝒄 ɸ(𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
◼ Where we have used the approximations cos (t)1 and sin (t) (t) for  (t) << 1
◼ The modulated signal is very similar to a conventional-AM signal
◼ The only difference is that the message signal m(t) is modulated on a sine carrier rather
than a cosine carrier
◼ The bandwidth of this signal is similar to the bandwidth of a conventional AM signal,
which is twice the bandwidth of the message signal
◼ Of course, this bandwidth is only an approximation of the real bandwidth of the FM signal
Narrowband Angle Modulation cont…
❖ A phasor diagram for this signal and the comparable

conventional-AM signal are given in Figure 4.3
▪ Compared to conventional AM, the narrowband angle-
modulation scheme has far less amplitude variations
▪ The angle-modulation system has constant amplitude
▪ There should be no amplitude variations in the phasor-
diagram representation of the system
▪ These slight variations are due to the first-order
approximation that we have used for the expansions of
sin((t)) and cos((t))
▪ The narrowband angle-modulation method does not provide
better noise immunity than a conventional AM system
▪ Therefore, narrowband angle-modulation is seldom used in
practice for communication purposes
▪ However, these systems can be used as an intermediate stage Figure 4.3 Phasor diagram for the
for the generation of wideband angle-modulated signals, as conventional AM and narrowband
we will discuss in Section 4.3 angle modulation.
4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle
Modulated Signals
❖ Due to the inherent nonlinearity of angle modulation systems, the precise
characterization of their spectral properties, even for simple message signals, is
mathematically intractable.
❖ Therefore, the derivation of the spectral characteristics of these signals usually
involves the study of simple modulating signals and certain approximations.
❖ Then the results are generalized to the more complicated messages.
❖ We will study the spectral characteristics of an angle-modulated signal when the
modulating signal is a sinusoidal signal.

4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal
❖ Consider the case where the message signal is a sinusoidal signal (to be more
precise, sine in PM and cosine in FM).
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin 2 𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
▪  is the modulation index that can be either p or f ejθ =cosθ +j

▪ Using Euler's relation, the modulated signal 𝑒 𝑗𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 or cos θ=Re
𝑢(𝑡) = Re 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
▪ Since sin2fmt is periodic with period Tm = 1/fm, the same is true for the
complex exponential signal
▪ Therefore, it can be expanded in a Fourier-series representation

Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signals cont…
▪ The Fourier-series coefficients are obtained from the integral
1
𝑓𝑚
𝑐𝑛 = 𝑓𝑚 න 𝑒 𝑗𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑢=2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 1 2𝜋 𝑗 𝛽 sin 𝑢−𝑛𝑢

න 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
2𝜋 0
▪ This latter expression is a well-known integral called the Bessel function of
the first kind of order n and is denoted by Jn().
▪ Therefore, we have the Fourier series for the complex exponential as

e j sin 2 f m t
=  n
J (
n = -
 ) e j 2nf m t

▪ By substituting above Equation in u(t), we obtain
▪ The preceding relation shows that, even in this very simple case where the
modulating signal is a sinusoid of frequency fm, the angle-modulated signal
contains all frequencies of the form fc+nfm for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
▪ Therefore, the actual bandwidth of the modulated signal is infinite.
▪ However, the amplitude of the sinusoidal components of frequencies fc  nfm
for large n is very small
▪ Hence, we can define a finite effective bandwidth for the modulated signal
▪ For small , we can use the approximation
n
J n ( ) 
2 n n!
▪ For a small modulation index , only the sidebands corresponding to n = 0, 1 are
important
▪ Also, we can easily verify the following symmetry properties of the Bessel
function:
 J n (  ), n even
J -n ( ) = 
- J n (  ), n odd
▪ Plots of Jn() for various values of n are given in Figure 4.4.

▪ The values of the Bessel function are given in Table 4.1.
Plots of Jn() for various values of n are given in Figure 4.4


Example 4.2.1: Let the carrier be given by c(t) = 10 cos(2πfct), and let the message signal be
cos(20πt). Further assume that the message is used to frequency modulate the carrier with kf= 50. Fin
d the expression for the modulated signal and determine how many harmonics should be selected to
contain 99% of the modulated signal power.
Solution: The power content of the carrier signal is given by
The modulated signal is represented by
The modulation index is given by

therefore, the FM-modulated signal is
as fm=10
The frequency content o f the modulated signal is concentrated at frequencies of the form
fc + l0n for various n. To make sure that at least 99% of the total power is within the effective
bandwidth, we must choose a large enough such that
Using symmetry property of the Bessel function, above equation can be written as


▪ Taking Fourier Transform on both sides we get

∞
𝐴𝑐𝐽𝑛 𝛽
𝑈 𝑓 = ෍ 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑛𝑓𝑚 + 𝛿𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑛𝑓𝑚
2
𝑛=−∞
6
10𝐽𝑛 5
𝑈 𝑓 = ෍ 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 − 10𝑛 + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 − 10𝑛
2
𝑛=−6
▪ k=6, which means that -6 ≤ n ≤ 6 and β=5
n -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5(10Jn(5) 0.655 -1.305 1.955 -1.825 0.325 1.64 -0.89 -1.64 0.325 1.825 1.955 1.305 0.655

Starting with small values of k and increasing it, we see that the smallest value of k for which
the left-hand side exceeds the right-hand side is k = 6. Therefore taking frequencies fc ± l0k
for 0 ≤ k ≤ 6 guarantees that 99% of the power of the modulated signal has been included. This means
that if the modulated signal is passed through an ideal bandpass filter centered at fc with a bandwidth
of at least 120 Hz, only 1 % of the signal power will b e eliminated. This gives us a practical way to
define the effective bandwidth of the angle-modulated signal as 120 Hz.
Figure 4.5 The harmonics present inside the effective bandwidth of Example 4.2. 1 .
▪ In general, the effective bandwidth of an angle-modulated signal, which contains
at least 98% of the signal power, is given by the relation
Bc = 2(  + 1) f m
▪ where  is the modulation index and fm is the frequency of the sinusoidal message signal
▪ It is instructive to study the effect of the amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal
message signal on the bandwidth and the number of harmonics in the modulated
signal.
▪ Let the message signal be given by m(t ) = a cos(2f m t )
▪ The bandwidth of the modulated signal is given by
 2(k p a + 1) f m , PM
 k a 2(k p a + 1) f m , PM
Bc = 2(  + 1) f m =   f  Bc = 
 2(k f a + f m ), FM
or
 
2 f + 1 f m , FM
  m 
▪ The preceding relation shows that increasing a, the amplitude of the modulating
signal, in PM and FM has almost the same effect on increasing the bandwidth Bc.
▪ On the other hand, increasing fm, the frequency of the message signal, has a more
profound effect in increasing the bandwidth of a PM signal as compared to an FM
signal
▪ In both PM and FM, the bandwidth Bc increases by increasing fm, but in PM, this
increase is a proportional increase, and in FM, this is only an additive increase
which usually (for large β) is not substantial
▪ Now if we look at the number of harmonics in the bandwidth (including the
carrier) and denote it by Mc, we have
 2k p a  + 3, PM

M c = 2(   + 1) + 1 = 2  + 3 =   k f a 
2 f  + 3, FM
  m 
Figure 4.6 The effect of doubling the bandwidth (frequency) of

the message in FM and PM
Angle Modulation by an arbitrary message signal
❖ The spectral characteristics of an angle-modulated signal for a general message
signal m(t) is quite involved due to the nonlinear nature of the modulation process.
❖ However, there exists an approximate relation for the effective bandwidth of the
modulated signal.
▪ This is known as Carson's rule and is given by Bc = 2(  + 1)W
▪ where  is the modulation index defined as
 k p max m(t ) , PM

 =  k f max m(t ) 
 , FM
 W
▪ and W is the bandwidth of the message signal m(t)

▪ Since wideband FM has a  with a value that is usually around 5 or more, the bandwidth of an
angle-modulated signal is much greater than the bandwidth of various amplitude-modulation
schemes.
Example 4.4.2: Assuming that m(t) = 10 sinc( l 04t), determine the transmission bandwidth of an FM
modulated signal with kf= 4000.
Solution: For FM, we have Bc = 2(β + l ) W. To find W, we have to find the spectrum of
m (t). We have M(f) = 10-3 Π(10-4 f), which shows that m(t) has a bandwidth of 5000 Hz.
Since the maximum amplitude of m(t) is 10, we have

Exercise 4.1: The message signal m (t) = 10 sinc(400t) frequency modulates the carrier
c(t) = 100 cos 2πfct. The modulation index is 6.
1. Write an expression for the modulated signal u (t).
2. What is the maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal?
3. What is the power content of the modulated signal?
4. Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal
Solution:
1 𝑓
1 Since FT[10sinc(400t)]= ς( ),
40 400
the band width of the signal is 200 Hz.
Resulting modulation index is
𝑘𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥[ 𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑘𝑓 10 6×200
𝛽𝑓 = = =6 or kf = =120
𝑊 𝑊 10
27-04-2021 kf=120 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 30

Hence the modulated signal is
2) The maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal is

∆fmax=βfW = 6 × 200 as Δ𝑓max
∆fmax= 1200 Hz 𝛽𝑓 =
𝑊
3) Since the modulated signal is essentially a sinusoidal signal with amplitude A = 100, the
power content of the modulated signal as
4) Using Carson’s rule, the effective bandwidth of the modulated signal can be approximated by
Bc = 2(βf + 1)W = 2(6 + 1)200 or Bc= 2800 Hz
Exercise 4.5: An angle-modulated signal has the form u(t) = l00 cos [2πfct + 4 sin 2000 π t] ,
where fc = 10 M Hz.
1. Determine the average transmitted power.
2. Determine the peak-phase deviation.
3. Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
4. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.
Solution:
1) Since an angle modulated signal is essentially a sinusoidal signal with constant amplitude, we have
The same result is obtained if we use the expansion

∞ ∞ ∞
1 2
𝐴𝑐2 2
1002
𝑃 = ෍ 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 β = ෍ 𝐽𝑛 β = ෍ 𝐽𝑛 β 2 = 5000 W
2 2 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
Where σ∞ 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 β =1
2) The maximum phase deviation is ∆ϕmax = max |4 sin(2000πt)| = 4

3) The instantaneous frequency is

Hence, the maximum frequency deviation is
∆ fmax = max |fi − fc| = 4000
4) The angle modulated signal can be interpreted both as a PM and an FM signal.
It is a PM signal with phase deviation constant kp = 4 and message signal
m(t) = sin(2000πt) and it is an FM signal with frequency deviation constant
kf = 4000 and message signal m(t) = cos(2000πt).
2π kf ‫ = 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑚 ׬‬4 sin2000πt
𝑑
m(t) = sin2000πt=2000π cos2000πt
𝑑𝑡
2π kf ‫= 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑚 ׬‬4 2000π‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2000𝜋𝑡𝑑𝑡
=4000×2π‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2000𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
kf=4000
Exercise 4.8: An FM signal is given as
where m(t) is shown in Figure below
1. Sketch the instantaneous frequency as a function of time.
2. Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
Solution: From the figure, m(t) = ± 5.
1. The instantaneous frequency is given by
500
𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 𝑡 = 5
2𝜋
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = ቐ 500
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 𝑡 = −5
2𝜋

2) The peak frequency deviation is given by

Exercise 4.9: The carrier c(t) = 100 cos 2πfct is frequency modulated by the signal
m (t) =5 cos 20,000 π t, where fc = 108 Hz. The peak-frequency deviation is 20 kHz.
1. Determine the amplitude and frequency of all signal components that have a
power level of at least 10% of the power of the unmodulated carrier component.
2. From Carson's rule, determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal.
Solution:
1) The modulation index is
The modulated signal u(t) has the form

The power of the unmodulated carrier signal is
The power in the frequency component f = fc + k104 is
The next table shows the values of Jk(2), the frequency fc + kfm, the amplitude
100Jk(2) and the power Pfc+kfm for various values of k.

As it is observed from the table the signal components that have a power level
greater than 500 (= 10% of the power of the unmodulated signal) are those with
frequencies 108 + 104 and 108 + 2 × 104. Since J2n(β) = J2−n(β) it is conceivable that
the signal components with frequency 108 − 104 and 108 − 2 × 104 will satisfy the
condition of minimum power level. Hence, there are four signal components that
have a power of at least 10% of the power of the unmodulated signal. The
components with frequencies 108 +104, 108 −104 have an amplitude equal to 57.67,
whereas the signal components with frequencies 108 +2×104, 108 − 2 × 104 have
an amplitude equal to 35.28.
2) Using Carson’s rule, the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal is

Bc = 2(β + 1)fm = 2(2 + 1)104 = 6 × 104 Hz

Exercise 4.10: The carrier c(t) = A cos 2π l06t is angle modulated (PM or FM) by the
sinusoidal signal m(t) = 2 cos2000πt. The deviation constants are kp = 1.5 rad/V and
kf = 3000 Hz /V.
1. Determine βf and βp.
2. Determine the bandwidth in each case using Carson's rule.
3. Plot the magnitude spectrum of the modulated signal in each case. (Plot only those
frequency components that lie within the bandwidth derived in Part 2.)
4. If the amplitude of m (t) is decreased by a factor of 2, how would your answers
to Parts 1-3 change?
5. If the frequency of m ( t) is increased by a factor of 2, how would your answers
to Parts 1-3 change?

1) The modulation indices are
2) Using Carson’s rule we obtain

BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 8 × 1000 = 8000 Hz
BFM = 2(βf + 1)fm = 14 × 1000 = 14000 Hz
3) The angle modulated signal can be written as
The number of harmonics is given by

Mc= 9 for PM
Mc= 15 for FM
The spectrum of the angle modulated signal is given by
∞
𝑨𝒄𝑱𝒏 𝜷
𝑼 𝒇 = ෍ 𝜹 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒏𝒇𝒎 + 𝜹(𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒏𝒇𝒎
𝟐
𝒏=−∞
For PM: βp= 3 Ac=A Mc=9 -4 ≤ n ≤ 4 | Jn(3) |=| J-n(3) |
n 0 1 2 3 4
A Jn(3)/2 0.13005A 0.16955A 0.20305A 0.15455A 0.066A

For FM: βp= 6, Ac=A, Mc=15, -7 ≤ n ≤ 7, | Jn(6) |=| J-n(6) |
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A Jn(6)/2 0.07535A 0.1385A 0.1215A 0.0574A 0.1788A 0.18105A 0.1229A 0.0648A

4) If the amplitude of m(t) is decreased by a factor of two, then m(t) = cos(2π103t)
and max( |m(t)|)=1
i) The modulation indices are
ii) Using Carson’s rule we obtain
iii) The angle modulated signal can be written as

Mc= 5 for PM and Mc= 9 for FM
The spectrum of the modulated signal is
∞
𝑼 𝒇 = ෍ 𝜹 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒏𝒇𝒎 + 𝜹𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒏𝒇𝒎
𝟐
𝒏=−∞
For PM: βp= 1.5, Ac=A, Mc=5 -2 ≤ n ≤ 2 | Jn(1.5) |=| J-n(1.5) |
n 0 1 2
A Jn(1.5)/2 0.2559A 0.27895A 0.11605A

For FM: βp= 3, Ac=A, Mc=9 -4 ≤ n ≤ 4 | Jn(3) |=| J-n(3) |
n 0 1 2 3 4
A Jn(3)/2

5) If the frequency of m(t) is increased by a factor of two, then
m(t) = 2 cos(2π2 × 103t) and fm=2000Hz
i) The modulation indices are
ii) Using Carson’s rule we obtain
iii) The angle modulated signal can be written as

Mc= 9 for PM and Mc= 9 for FM
∞
𝑼 𝒇 = ෍ 𝜹 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒏𝒇𝒎 + 𝜹𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒏𝒇𝒎
𝟐
𝒏=−∞
For both PM and FM: βp= βf= 3 Ac=A Mc=9 -4 ≤ n ≤ 4 | Jn(3) |=| J-n(3)
|
n 0 1 2 3 4
A Jn(3)/2

Exercise 4.12: An angle-modulated signal has the form
u (t) = l00 cos [2πfct + 4 sin 2πfmt] ,
where fc = 10 MHz and fm = 1000 Hz.
1. Assuming that this is an FM signal, determine the modulation index and the transmitted-
signal bandwidth.
2. Repeat Part 1 if fm is doubled.
3. Assuming that this is a PM signal, determine the modulation index and the transmitted-
signal bandwidth.
4. Repeat Part 3 if fm is doubled.

1. Assuming that u(t) is an FM signal it can be written as
Thus, the modulation index is and
The bandwidth of the transmitted signal
2. If we double the frequency, then
u(t) = 100 cos(2πfct + 4 sin(2π2fmt))
Using the same argument as before we find that βf = 4 and
BFM = 2(βf + 1)2fm = 20 K Hz

3. If the signal u(t) is PM modulated, then
βp = ∆ϕmax = max[4 sin(2πfmt)] = 4
The bandwidth of the modulated signal is
BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 10 K Hz
4. If fm is doubled, then βp = ∆ϕmax remains unchanged whereas
BPM = 2(βp + 1)2fm = 20 K Hz

Exercise 4.17: A message signal m(t) has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a peak magnitude |m(t)|
of 1 volt. Estimate the bandwidth of the signal u(t) obtained when m(t) frequency
modulates a carrier with a peak-frequency deviation kf ( a) 10 Hz / V, (b) 100 Hz / V
and ( c) 1000 Hz / V.
Solution: We know that
𝑘𝑓 max 𝑚(𝑡)
𝛽𝑓 =
𝑊
(a) βf = 10-3 Bc=2 ( 10-3 +1)104 = 20020 Hz
(b) βf = 10-2 Bc=2 ( 10-2 +1)104 = 20200 Hz
(c) βf = 10-1 Bc=2 ( 10-1 +1)104 = 22000 Hz

Note: Units for kp and kf
max = k p max m(t )  or 𝑘𝑝 =

∆ϕ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
radians / Volt
𝑚𝑎𝑥|𝑚 𝑡 |
Hence unit of phase deviation constant is radians/volt
f max = k f max m(t ) 

∆𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
or 𝑘𝑓 = Hz/Volts
max |𝑚 𝑡 |
Hence unit of frequency deviation constant is Hz / Volts

4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and
Demodulators
❖ Any modulation and demodulation process involves the generation of new
frequencies that were not present in the input signal.
▪ This is true for both amplitude and angle-modulation systems.
❖ Consider a modulator system with the message signal m(t) as the input and
with the modulated signal u(t) as the output
▪ This system has frequencies in its output that were not present in the input.
▪ Therefore, a modulator (and demodulator) cannot be modeled as a linear
time-invariant system
▪ Because a linear time-invariant system cannot produce any frequency
components in the output that are not present in the input signal.

Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators cont…
❖ Angle modulators are generally time-varying and nonlinear systems.

▪ One method for directly generating an FM signal is to design an oscillator whose
frequency changes with the input voltage.
• When the input voltage is zero, the oscillator generates a sinusoid with frequency fc
• When the input voltage changes, this frequency changes accordingly.
▪ There are two approaches to designing such an oscillator, usually called a
VCO or voltage-controlled oscillator.
• One approach is to use a varactor diode.
• A varactor diode is a capacitor whose capacitance changes with the applied voltage.
• Therefore, if this capacitor is used in the tuned circuit of the oscillator and the
message signal is applied to it, the frequency of the tuned circuit and the oscillator
will change in accordance with the message signal.

Let us assume that the inductance of the inductor in the tuned circuit of Figure 4.7 is L0
and the capacitance of the varactor diode is given by
C(t) = C0 + k0m(t)
When m(t) = 0, the frequency of the tuned circuit is given by
In general, for nonzero m(t), we have

Assuming that and using the approximations
and we obtain
Hence which is the relation for a FM signal

▪ A second approach for generating an FM signal is to use a reactance tube.

▪ In reactance-tube implementation, an inductor whose inductance varies with the
applied voltage is employed
▪ The analysis is very much similar to the analysis presented for the varactor diode
▪ Although these methods are for the generation of FM signals, basically
the same methods can be applied for the generation of PM signals also

❖ Indirect Method for FM and PM Generation

▪ In this approach an angle-modulated signal is generated by generating a narrow band
angle-modulated signal and then changing it to a wideband signal
▪ Figure 4.8 shows the block diagram of a narrowband angle modulator.
[𝒖 𝒕 ≈ 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 − 𝑨𝒄 ɸ 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕]

Figure 4.9 Indirect generation of

angle-modulated signals
▪ The narrowband angle-modulated signal enters a frequency multiplier which

multiplies the instantaneous frequency of the input by some constant n.
▪ This is usually done by applying the input signal to a nonlinear element and then
passing its output through a bandpass filter tuned to the desired central frequency.
Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 61

27-04-2021
▪ If the narrowband modulated signal is represented by

u(t) = Accos (2πfc + ϕ(t))
▪ The output of the frequency multiplier is given by
u(t) = Accos (2πnfc + nϕ(t))
▪ In general, this is a wideband angle-modulated signal.
▪ However, there is no guarantee that the carrier frequency of this signal, nfc will be
the desired carrier frequency.
▪ In the last stage, the modulator performs an up/down conversion to shift the
modulated signal to the desired center frequency.

▪ This stage consists of a mixer and a bandpass filter.

▪ If the frequency of the local oscillator of the mixer is fLO and we are using a down
converter, then the final wideband angle-modulated signal is given by
u(t) = Accos (2π(nfc - fLO )t + nϕ(t))
▪ Since we can freely choose n and fLO, we can generate any modulation index at
any desired carrier frequency using this method.

❖Angle Demodulators:
▪ FM demodulators are implemented by generating an AM signal, whose amplitude
is proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal
▪ Then message signal can be recovered by using AM demodulator
• FM signal is converted into an AM signal, by passing the FM signal through an LTI
system, whose frequency response is approximately a straight line in the frequency
band of the FM signal.

▪ One such candidate is a simple differentiator with |H(f)|=2πf

▪ Another candidate is the rising half of the frequency characteristics of a tuned circuit,
as shown in Figure 4.11
▪ Many circuits can be implemented for FM to AM conversion
▪ Usually the linear region of the frequency characteristic may not be wide enough.
▪ To obtain linear characteristics over a wide range of frequencies, usually two circuits
tuned at two frequencies f1 and f2 are connected in a configuration, which is
known as a balanced discriminator.

▪r

4.4 FM RADIO BROADCASTING
Self study

Example: A block diagram of indirect (Armstrong) FM transmitter is shown below.
Compute the maximum frequency deviation ∆f of the output of the FM transmitter
and the carrier frequency fc if f1=200 kHz, fLO=10.8 MHz, ∆f1=25 Hz,
n1=64, n2=48
Maximum frequency deviation

∆f=(∆f1) (n1) (n2) = (25) (64) (48) = 76.8 kHz
To find carrier frequency fc
f2=n1 f1= (64) (200) (103) = 12.8 MHz
23.6 𝑀𝐻𝑧
f3=f2 ± fLO= (12.8 ± 10.8) (106 ) = ቊ
2.0 𝑀𝐻𝑧
When f3=23.6 MHz, then
fc= (n2) (f3) = (48) (23.6) (106) = 1132.8 MHz
When f3=2 MHz, then
fc = (n2) (f3) = (48) (2) (106) = 96 MHz

Angle Modulation

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Angle Modulation

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Chapter 4.

Fundamentals of Communication Systems

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 1

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 3

▪ In an FM system, the instantaneous frequency deviation from the carrier frequency

▪ The frequency changes with the phase angle

▪ The rate at which frequency changes with time

From the preceding relationships, we have

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 6

On the other hand, this relation can be

which shows that if we frequency

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 7

Figure 4.2 Frequency and phase modulation

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 8

ɸ(t) = kpm(t) = kp acos(2πfmt)

Therefore, the modulated signals will be

Where Modulation index of PM Modulation index of FM

▪ The modulation index for a general non-sinusoidal signal m(t) is defined as

▪ where W denotes the bandwidth of the message signal m(t)

▪ The maximum frequency deviation in an FM system is f max = k f max m(t ) 

▪ Modulation index in terms of the maximum phase and frequency deviation is

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 10

❖ A phasor diagram for this signal and the comparable

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 13

▪  is the modulation index that can be either p or f ejθ =cosθ +j

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 14

𝑢=2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 1 2𝜋 𝑗 𝛽 sin 𝑢−𝑛𝑢

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 15

▪ Plots of Jn() for various values of n are given in Figure 4.4.

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 18

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 19

The modulation index is given by

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 20

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 21

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 22

▪ Taking Fourier Transform on both sides we get

▪ k=6, which means that -6 ≤ n ≤ 6 and β=5

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 23

Figure 4.6 The effect of doubling the bandwidth (frequency) of

▪ and W is the bandwidth of the message signal m(t)

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 29

27-04-2021 kf=120 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 30

2) The maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal is

The same result is obtained if we use the expansion

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 32

2) The maximum phase deviation is ∆ϕmax = max |4 sin(2000πt)| = 4

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 33

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 35

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 36

The modulated signal u(t) has the form

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 37

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 38

2) Using Carson’s rule, the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal is

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 39

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 40

2) Using Carson’s rule we obtain

The number of harmonics is given by

For PM: βp= 3 Ac=A Mc=9 -4 ≤ n ≤ 4 | Jn(3) |=| J-n(3) |

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 42

27-04-2021 Latha, Department of ECE,ASE,Bengaluru 43

ii) Using Carson’s rule we obtain

iii) The angle modulated signal can be written as

The number of harmonics is given by