Trans formations

Transformation geometry and the movement of point/s on the Cartesian point by reflecting
and translating points to form a new image. We can transform points on the whole shape.
When we transform a point or shape, we form an image.
Given ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, the image will be ∆𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′
We are able to do multiple transformations on a point or shape, and form multiple images.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∆𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′ ∆𝐴′′𝐵′′𝐶′′ ∆𝐴′′′𝐵′′′𝐶′′′

Translations:
Translations are the movements of points: up, down, left and right.
When we move a shape up and down, we add or subtract from the y-coordinate of a point.
If a shape is moved down, we subtract from the y-coordinate.
If a point is moved up, we add to the y-coordinate.

When we move a shape left and right, we add or subtract from the x-coordinate of a point.
If a shape is moved left, we subtract from the x-coordinate.
If a point is moved right, we add to the x-coordinate.

Examples:
Given 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦)
1. Move the point up 6 units : 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(𝑥; 𝒚 + 𝟔)
2. Move the point down 4 units: 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(𝑥; 𝒚 − 𝟒)
3. Move the point 2 units to the left: 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(𝒙 − 𝟐; 𝑦)
4. Move the point 9 units to the right: 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(𝒙 + 𝟗; 𝑦)
Reflections:
The reflections we focus on, are across the x-axis and across the y-axis.
When we reflect across the x-axis, the x-coordinate stays the same, but the sign on the y-
coordinate changes
When we reflect across the y-axis, the y-coordinate stays the same, but the sign on the x-
coordinate changes

Examples:
Given 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦)
1. Reflect the point across the x-axis : 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(𝑥; −𝒚)
2. Move the point across the y-axis: 𝐴(𝑥; 𝑦) 𝐴′(−𝒙; 𝑦)

Reflections are mirror Images!

!segamI rorrim era snoitcelfeR

Reflections
across the y-axis

Reflections
across the x-axis
Perimeter
The perimeter of a shape is the measure of the length of the outside boundary of the shape.
We can refer to the perimeter as the “fence” of the shape.
The perimeter of the shape calculated by adding the lengths of all the side of the shape.
We say that it is the sum of all side, except for in the case of a circle, which has no side.
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference and it has a special formula. The unit of
measurement for perimeter can be mm, cm, m, and km. If there is no unit given, you must
write the word “unit”.

Shape Perimeter formula

Square A B

𝑃 =𝑠+𝑠+𝑠+𝑠

C D

Rectangle A B

𝑃 =𝑠+𝑠+𝑠+𝑠

C D

Triangle A

𝑃 =𝑠+𝑠+𝑠

B
C

Circle

𝑃 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
r
 Examples
A
4cm Question 1: Calculate the perimeter of square ABCD
B
Answer 1: 𝑃 = 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠
𝑃 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 [all sides of a square are =]
𝑃 = 16 cm

C D

A B Questions 2: If AB = 12 m and AC = 6 m, calculate the perimeter of

ABCD.
Answer 2: 𝑃 = 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠
𝑃 = 12 + 6 + 12 + 6 [opposite sides of a rectangle =]
𝑃 = 36 m

C D

A Question 3: Calculate the perimeter of ΔABC

Answer 3: 𝑃 = 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠
8.5cm 5cm 𝑃 = 8.5 + 5 + 9
𝑃 = 22.5 𝑐𝑚

9 cm
B
C
A Question 4: Calculate the perimeter of ΔABC
Answer 4: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶 [Pythagoras]
𝐴𝐵 = (5) − (4)
5 𝐴𝐵 = 25 − 16
𝐴𝐵 = 9
𝐴𝐵 = √9
𝐴𝐵 = 3 units
∴𝑃 = 𝑠+𝑠+𝑠 =5+4+3
B C 𝑃 = 12 units
4

Question 5: What is the circumference of the circle?

3 Answer 5: 𝐶 = 𝜋𝑟
𝐶 = (3.14 … )(3)
𝐶 = 28,27 units
Area
The perimeter of a shape is the measure how much space the shape takes up, or how much
area the shape would cover. This is the “inside space” of a 2-dimensional shape.
The unit of measurement for area is mm , cm , m , and km . If there is no unit given, you must
write the word “units ”.

Shape Area formula

Square A B

𝐴=𝑙x𝑏

C D

Rectangle A B

𝐴=𝑙x𝑏

C D

Triangle
A
1
𝐴 = bh
A h
2
B C
b
h NB: the ℎ is always perpendicular to the
base.
If the triangle is an obtuse angle, you can
B C A
b

h
construct the height outside the triangle.
B
C
b

Circle

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
r
Converting Units
Sometimes we are required to convert our final answers from unit of measurement to another.
The following keys can be used.

From a smaller unit of measurement to a bigger unit of measurement, we must divide.

From a bigger unit of measurement to a smaller unit of measurement, we must divide.

mm cm m km
÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000 Small to Big

km x 10 m x 100 cm x 1000 mm
Big to Small

mm ÷ 10 cm ÷ 100 m ÷ 1000 km
Small to Big

km x 10 m x 100 cm x 1000 mm
Big to Small

mm ÷ 10 cm ÷ 100 m ÷ 1000 km
Small to Big

km x 10 m x 100 cm x 1000 mm
Big to Small

Converting Capacity
1 ml = 1 cm
1 kl = 1 m

X 1000 X 1000

m 𝑙 cm
kl 𝑙 ml
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

Sometimes we will also be asked to calculate the perimeter and area of irregular shapes. The
irregular shapes are made up of the 4-5 basic shapes above. Next are examples of these.
Volume
Volume is the measurement of how much depth a 3-dimensional shape has.
It tells us how much the object can obtain. The unit of measurement for area is
mm , cm , m , and km . If there is no unit given, you must write the word “units ”.

Shape Volume formula

Cuboid
E G

𝑉=𝐴 x Height
F H E F 𝑉 = (𝑙 x 𝑏) x ℎ
A C
A C

G H
B D

B D

Triangular Prism

F
𝑉=𝐴 x Height
h
D
1
𝑉 = ( 𝑏ℎ) x ℎ
2
B
C

Cylinder
r
A C

𝑉=𝐴 x Height
𝑉 = (𝜋𝑟 ) x ℎ

r
B D
Surface Area
Surface area is the measurement of how much area a 3-dimensional shape will cover if it were
expanded into a net.
The unit of measurement for area is mm , cm , m , and km . If there is no unit given, you must
write the word “units ”.

The formula for surface area is as follows: SA = sum of the area of all surfaces