Module 3 Development Studies Paper 1&2

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
PAPER ONE & TWO

MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) Describe three negative aspects of rural life
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Module 3: Rural Development - The negative aspect of rural life is dependence poor agricultural production due to
Paper 1 overworked soils and poor farming methods.
- The negative aspect of rural life is that poverty is common.

1 (a) What is rural development?
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of high cost of goods.
- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the
countryside - The negative aspect of rural life is that of fear of witchcraft.
- Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of - The negative aspect of rural life is that of less job opportunities.
people in villages or remote areas or the country side.
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of recreational facilities.
(b) Describe three positive aspects of rural life
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of shortage of market.
- The positive aspect of rural life is that life is cheap as people depend on agricultural
products that they produced for themselves. - The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of variety of goods to choose from.
- There is less pollution in rural areas as there are few industries. - The negative aspect of rural life is that of poor educational facilities.
- There is still the spirit of communal co-operation in rural areas, for example, people - The negative aspect of rural life is that of poor roads
help each other during events such as weddings and funerals
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of access to health facilities.
- The positive aspect of rural life is that of cultural bondage / familiarity with other
people from the same village / kinship ties - The negative aspect of rural life is that of deforestation because people use trees for
firewood.
- The positive aspect of rural life is that of extended family structure which brings
social security
3 (a) What are agricultural communities?
2(a) What is meant by hunter and gatherer societies?
- Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and rearing
- Hunter-gatherer societies are communities that lived directly from their natural livestock.
environment, which provided wild plants and animals for food.
- Agricultural communities are groups of people or societies that depend on arable
- Hunter and gathering societies is a group of people that lived a nomadic lifestyle and pastoral farming.
in search of food from environment.
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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Questions Module 3
(b) Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer - Commercial farming is a source of foreign exchange as products are usually for
societies. export.
- The way in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer societies is - The benefit of commercial farming is that productivity tends to be high due to use of
that agricultural communities get food from domestic animals and plants while machinery and division of labour.
hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables.
- Commercial farming enhances self- sufficiency in food production.
- Agricultural communities live in permanent settlement while hunter-gatherers are
nomadic or built temporary structures as shelter. - Commercial farming allows for production to take place throughout the year with the
help of better methods of farming like irrigation.
- Agricultural communities use sophisticated technology, for example, iron tools while
hunter-gatherers use simple technology.
4 (a) What is subsistence farming?
- Subsistence agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock for

family consumption.
(b) Describe three disadvantages of subsistence farming.
- Subsistence farming is cheap due to the use of simple technology.
- Subsistence farming helps poor farmers sustain themselves and their families.
- Subsistence farming requires semi-skill, hence can be done by almost anyone.
- Subsistence farming is less destruction to the environment due to the use of simple
technology.
5 (a) What is commercial farming?
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale.
(b) Describe three benefits of commercial farming.
- The benefit of commercial farming is that it creates employment as labour is

provided by paid workers.
- Commercial farming produces high quality goods due to use of complex technology.
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(a) Name One country that in 1914 was: - The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction
of modern health systems to cure killer diseases such as polio and measles.
(i) Colonised by Portugal
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction
- Mozambique of cash economy/change from barter system to money system.
- Angola
(d) Suggest three reasons for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists
(ii) Not colonised
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for infrastructural
- Empire of Ethiopia development, for example, construction of tarred roads and railway lines
- Liberia
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to carryout
(b) Identify the two most dominant European powers in Africa in 1914. mining activities
- Britain /British - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for agricultural
- France/French production, for example, plantations and ranching
(c) State three positive effects of colonialism on the traditional African societies. - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for permanent
settlement of Europeans population
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is improved
technology
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for extraction of
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is modern raw materials
clothing
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for expansion of
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is colonial influence/ political power
Infrastructural development, for example built roads and railway lines
- Introduction of western or modern education - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to establish
markets
of commercial farming/large scale farming/introduction of cash crops/improved - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for strategic
technology/new methods of farming/hybrid seeds reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade routes
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is political and

economic unity/unity brought many tribes together.
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is that of

market linkages/linked some African countries to the ports for export

of Christianity which lead to abolition of barbaric practices, for example,
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throwing of twins in the forest
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) Give three problems faced by arable farmers.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Module 3: Rural Development - The problem faced by arable farmers is of poor management strategies.
Paper 1
1 (a) What is meant by arable farming? - The problem faced by arable farmers is of overstocking and overgrazing.
- Arable farming refers to growing of crops only. - The problem faced by arable farmers is of shortage of water.
(b) State three problems faced by arable farmers.
- The problem faced by arable farmers is of outbreak of parasites and diseases, for
example, foot and mouth.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of poor storage facilities with most of
the harvest being lost to pests. - The problem faced by arable farmers is of resistance to change, with some refusing
to sell even during drought.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of shortage of labour due to rural-
urban migration. 3 (a) What is colonialism?
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of pests and diseases that destroy - Colonialism is when a country is ruled or controlled or dominated by another or a
crops. foreign country.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of drought and low and unreliable - Colonialism is a policy or system of rule or control in which a more powerful
rainfall. country takes complete or full control over a less powerful one.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of communal ownership of land (b) Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from being
which prevent/hinder farmers from effecting meaningful developments. colonised.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of soil erosion. - The way by which a country may benefit economically from being colonised is
that of having organized markets.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of a young and more educated nation
that shuns hard agricultural work. - The country benefited economically from being colonised by having large scale
farming or plantation agriculture or ranching.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of poor and infertile soils.
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having
commerce or trade or cash economy or use of money or cash cropping.
2 (a) What is meant by pastoral farming?
- The economic benefit of a country being colonised was of having paid
- Pastoral farming refers to keeping of livestock only. employment.
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having

technological advancement or skills development.
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having resource
development, for example, mining.
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4 (a) What is meant by land dispossession? (b) Describe three social causes of rural poverty in Botswana.
- Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on the - The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is high illiteracy rate.
earth surface from people
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by having large families/population
pressure.
(b) Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period.
- The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is traditional beliefs such as fear of
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for infrastructural witchcraft.
development, for example, construction of tarred roads and railway lines
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by migration to towns and cities of able
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to carryout bodied people/breadwinners
mining activities
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by government policies that encourage
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for agricultural laziness.
production, for example, plantations and ranching
- The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is diseases/ill-health/death of
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for permanent breadwinners, for example, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19.
settlement of Europeans population
Section B
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for extraction of
raw materials 6. Study the fig.6 below and answer the questions that follow
A Farmers’ Cooperative System
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for expansion of
colonial influence/ political power
Purchase of products from
Sale of inputs to farmers
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to establish farmers
markets
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for strategic Cooperative
reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade routes. Bank
Tractor & other
5(a) What is meant by rural poverty?
implements Farmers’ Veterinary Service
- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for themselves Cooperatives
- Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by people
in the country side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas Supply of fuel
Storage Depot
Advice & training for

farmers Transport
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Fig.6
(a) State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops
- There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial production
- Seeds; machinery; advice and training
- There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go down due to
(b) Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a cooperative different goods to choose from
- The advantage to farmers of selling their produce through co-operative is of - The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced gap between the rich
saving on marketing costs and the poor
- The farmers produce is preserved in storage depots - The positive effect of rural development increases in production of raw materials
for industries
(c) Explain two ways how a cooperative bank can help farmers
- There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide alternative
source of income
- The way a cooperative bank can help farmers is to deposit or save their money in
the bank earn interest
(e) Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry
- They farmers can get loans from the bank at low interest from cooperative bank.
- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other

(d) Describe three positive effects of rural development
- The positive effect of rural development is that employment creation by
encouraging investors to set up businesses in villages. - Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.
- The positive effect of rural development is empowerment of people in villages by

giving them financial assistance to start businesses.
- Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc.
- The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced rural
poverty/alleviation of rural poverty
- The positive effect of rural development is having access to health care facilities - Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer services
from
- The positive effect of rural development is provision of clean drinking water
- The positive effect of rural development is sewage facilities to reduce spread of

diseases
- The positive effect of rural development is increased life expectancy
- The positive effect of rural development is that of access to educational facilities

which increased literacy rate/increased school enrolment
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- The positive effect of rural development is reduction of rural-urban migration
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 (a) Define poverty.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Module 3: Rural Development - Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself
Paper 1
1 (a) Define the term family. - Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival
- Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and

adoption living together. (b) Describe three problems associated with rural poverty.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is soil degradation and erosion.
(b) Suggest three ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a
result of the development process. - The problem associated with rural poverty is deforestation as people in villages
cut trees for firewood.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
of the development process females look after large livestock, for example, - The water pollution and scarcity is associated with rural poverty.
Grandmothers, mothers, wives and daughters.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is wastage and rubbish disposal.
of the development process females do paid work/jobs, for example, - The problem associated with rural poverty is rural-urban migration as
Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters. breadwinners leave countryside to look for jobs.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result - The problem associated with rural poverty is increase in women fertility leading
of the development process males babysit/look after children, for example, to high population growth putting pressure on natural resources.
Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is loss of animal species.
of the development process females make decisions, for example, Grandmothers, - The problem associated with rural poverty is poor pastures / poor food production
mothers and wives.
3 (a) Define rural integrated development.
- The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process because Children attend school. - Integrated Rural Development is a strategy that aims to improve all aspects of
the lives of people living in villages.
of the development process males grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers,
fathers and husbands.
of the development process as Husbands do household chores.
development process females headed households, for example, Mothers,
grandmothers and wives.
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of the development process because of child headed families.
(b) Describe three changes brought by Rural Integrated Development. - The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
telecommunications networks.
- The change brought by rural integrated development is improvement in roads and - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
transport infrastructure that of construction of schools.
- The change brought by rural integrated development is introduction of cash crops - The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
construction of market centres such as Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board
- The change brought by rural integrated development is provision of social (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
services, for example, schools and clinics
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
- The rural integrated development has brought change through farm construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam, Dikgatlong dam and
modernisation drilling of boreholes.
- The change brought by rural integrated development is establishment of - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
cooperatives that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for example, stadia such as Masunga
Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports Complex.
- The change brought by rural integrated development is training of locals to
continue development - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
that of rural industries.
- The rural integrated development lead to setting up of industries
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The change brought by rural integrated development is introduction of credit that of clinics and hospitals.
schemes
that modern houses.
(a) Define infrastructure.
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support that of airports and airstrips.
production
(b) Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana.
that of rural electrification.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of piped
water.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of tarred
roads and bridges.
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5 (a)What are rural credit scheme? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Module 3: Rural Development
- Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in developing
Paper 1
countries try to develop remote areas/villages/country side.
1 (a) Define rural poverty.
(b)Give three reasons why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana
- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for themselves
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is due to severe and
persistent drought. - Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by people
in the country side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas
- The dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government to
provide them with everything.
(b) Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in rural
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most of the areas to solve their problems
grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems of rural
- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because they mostly benefited poverty.
the rich and literate farmers.
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through provision of
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most farmers did health facilities such as clinics
not co-operate.
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Old-age
- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because some farmers were pension
resistant to change.
- Rural industrialisation
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through

provision of extension services, for example, training/advice to farmers by
agriculture Demonstrators
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through provision of
farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through financial
assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for example, Citizen
Entrepreneurial Development Agency.
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through

redistribution of land to help the landless own land.

provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
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- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana to reduce - The problem colonialism caused for people in rural areas in countries in Southern
poverty by encouraging family planning Africa is that of increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is of resistance by some tribes, for
improvement of transport facilities example, liberation struggles
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Drought - The dikgosi lost their powers during colonialism in Southern African countries.
relief programme to help with job creation
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Food ration 3 (a) What is a farmers’ cooperative?
for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients.
- Farmers’ co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal
who bring together some of their resources such as money, tools, labour and
2 (a) Define colonialism. equipment in order to reduce production costs.
- Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled by a foreign country - Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear livestock,
who own resources together and who make decisions together about what to
- Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more powerful country produce, how to market it, buying materials and capital goods.
takes complete/full control over a less powerful one.
(b) Describe three advantages of joining a farmers’ cooperative.
(b) Describe three problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas
in countries in Southern Africa? (Negative impacts / effects of colonialism) - The advantage of joining a farmers’ co-operative is that members may buy inputs
such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and cheaper / collective purchase of
- The problem colonialism caused for people in rural areas in countries in Southern farm inputs
Africa is that of low agricultural production due to land dispossession.
- The farmers may come together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck
- The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is loss of culture and share its use
- Colonialism lead to exploitation through cheap labour in rural areas - The members of a farming co-operative may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather
than each having to pay for their own
- The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of sex imbalance due to more
women than men in rural areas - The farmers’ co-operative members may market their produce together and save on
transport and other costs
- The African raw materials were exported cheaply to the developed countries during
colonialism for rural areas. - The members of farmers’ co-operative may get and be able to share expert advice on
farming methods
- The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of loss of craftsmanship
- They members may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative
- The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of Tax enforcement leading
labour migration - The members may share communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collectively
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work on irrigation, dam building etc.
- The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of family breakdown
- The members of a co-operative may share profit and loan repayment
4 (a) What is meant by extension services? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Extension services is providing training and advice to farmers on better methods
Paper 1
of farming by agriculture Demonstrators.
1(a) What is rural development?
(b) Describe three services provided by cooperatives.
- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the
- The services provided by cooperatives is sales of agricultural equipment countryside
- The government extension services can be provided by cooperatives.
- The cooperatives can provide credit schemes/loans services - Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of
- The services provided by cooperatives is that of marketing and selling of produce people in villages or remote areas or the country side.
- The cooperative provide storage of produce for its members.
- The services provided by cooperatives is that of purchasing and supply of fuel, and - Rural development is the improvement of the quality of life of people living in
inputs villages/country side/remote areas
- The maintenance of vehicles service can be provided by cooperative.
- The cooperatives buy produce from farmers - Rural development is up-lifting the living standard of people living in the country
side/ villages/ remote areas
5 (a) Define the term infrastructure.
(b) Describe three positive effects of rural development.
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support
production - The positive effect of rural development is that of creation of employment.
(b) Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since - The rural development have positive effect by trying to reduce/alleviation of rural
independence poverty.
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is - The rural development helps people have access to health care facilities.
that of rural electrification
- The positive effect of rural development is that of access to educational facilities
- The change taken place in rural areas of Botswana is provision of piped water which increased literacy rate.
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence tarred - The rural development helps reduces rural-urban migration.
roads
- The positive of rural development is that of an increase in agricultural production
- The change taken place in rural areas of Botswana is provision of
Telecommunications networks. - The rural development helps people have variety of goods to choose from as
prices of goods may go down due to different goods to choose from
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is
allocation of land by land boards - The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced gap between the rich
and the poor
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is
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that of designated land use - The rural development helps with increase in production of raw materials for
- The commercialisation of agriculture is change taken in rural areas in Botswana industries
since independence
2 (a) What is commercial farming?
(b) Give three problems caused by labour migration on rural areas development in
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale/to
Botswana.
make money
- The problem caused by labour migration on rural areas in Botswana is of
breakdown of marriages.
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and domestication of livestock for
sale/for selling/for profit
- The problem of labour migration on rural areas development in Botswana is that
of disruption of division of labour as young able bodied people went away to
(b) Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women. look for jobs.
- The problem caused by labour migration on rural areas development in Botswana

- The negative effect of colonialism is that women’s work increased or tripled due is sexually transmitted diseases brought by migrants.
to migration of men
- The labour migration lead to sex imbalance in rural areas in Botswana.
- The colonialism had negative effect on women because were employed in less
paying jobs, for example, cashiers and maids - The women’s work increased in rural areas in Botswana due to labour migration
- The negative effect of colonialism is that women earned less than men though 4(a) Define land reform.
doing the same job
- Land reforms is redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping
people to have access to land.
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that it lead to female headed
households increased due to labour migration
(b) Describe three ways in which modernising farming can help to promote development
- Colonialism had negative effect on women as it caused sex imbalances in rural in rural areas.
areas [more women than men found in rural areas due to labour migration]
- The way in which modernising farming can help to promote development in rural
- The negative effect of colonialism is that of low agricultural production.
areas by providing training to farmers on new methods.
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that migrant labour brought
- The modernising of farming can help to promote development in rural areas
diseases [STDs]
through provision of new technology that will improve agricultural production.
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that of social problems like
breakdown of marriages.
through introducing credit schemes to help farmers improve agricultural
production.
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that decision making was
delayed waiting for men to come back from where they are working
through provision of extension services, for example, farmers will be given
- Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child]
advices on how to improve their agricultural production.
3 (a) What is meant by labour migration?
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- Labour migration is when people move from one place to another to look for
employment.
5(a) What are rural credit schemes? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in developing
countries try to develop remote villages through provision of financial assistance.
Paper 1
1(a) What is a family?
(b) Give three reasons why rural development schemes often fail in Botswana.
- Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and
adoption living together
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is due to severe and
persistent drought.
(b) Describe three changing family roles in rural areas.
- The dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government to
- The role of family in rural areas have changed as a result of the development
provide them with everything.
process whereby females look after large livestock, for example, Grandmothers,
mothers, wives and daughters.
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most of the
grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
- The family role in rural areas has changed as females nowadays do paid work/jobs,
for example, Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters.
- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because they mostly benefited
the rich and literate farmers.
development process as males nowadays babysit/look after children, for example,
- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most farmers did
Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers.
not co-operate.
- The family member’s role in rural areas have changed since females make decisions
- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because some farmers were
in absence of men, for example, Grandmothers, mothers and wives.
resistant to change.
- The role of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process because Children attend school.
- The role of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process since males also grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers,
fathers and husbands.
of the development process as husbands do household chores.
2(a) What is meant by nomadic pastoralist?

- Nomadic pastoralists refers to group of people rearing livestock only moving
from one place to another in search of grazing pastures and water.
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(b) Describe three obstacles to rural areas development in Botswana. - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread of diseases, for
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is shortage of land. example, HIV/AIDS.
- Most of the people in rural areas are credit unworthiness. - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of pollution.
- There is lack of markets in rural areas.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
- There is shortage of labour in rural areas. that of deforestation and soil erosion.
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is poor managerial and market - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
skills. that of low production in agriculture.
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is natural disasters. 4(a) What is meant by water resource management?
- Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct small
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is poverty. dams or providing safe water to the people.
3(a) What is meant by modernising farming? (b) Describe three challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying to
provide safe water in rural areas.
- Modernising farming is providing extension services to improve agricultural
production.
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam
(b) Describe three problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as development construction or piping is expensive.
occurs.
- There are few big rivers in Botswana which make difficult for the government to
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is provide water in rural areas.
that of loss of culture due to modernisation.
- The unreliable rainfall makes it difficult for the government of Botswana to provide
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is safe water in rural areas.
that of increase in crime.
- Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of economies of scale so
that it becomes cheap for government in Botswana to provide safe water in rural
that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and other areas.
infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and dams.
- The vandalism by rural people and livestock of water pipes makes it difficult for
government of Botswana to provide safe water in villages.
that of high cost of food.
- The relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by people.
that of commercialisation of life. - The culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts in providing water to
14
people living in rural areas.
5(a) What is meant by rural development projects? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
- Rural development projects are programmes that helps to improve living
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
standard of people found in the countryside or villages.
(b) Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.
Paper 2
- The importance of rural development project of road construction helps to improve 1 Study Fig.1 and use it to answer question 1(a)(i) and (ii) below
transport network
- The borehole drilling is carried out to supply clean water in rural areas.
- The connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean
water.
- The markets stalls in villages helps to provide shelter for small scale businesses
operations.
- The dam construction to supply clean water for both people and livestock in rural
areas.
- The bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather conditions.
Fig.1
- The construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people from harsh weather
conditions (a)(i) Describe the causes of rural poverty in developing countries.
- The construction of community halls to provide venues for activities in rural areas. - The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is that of population pressure
leading to less resource not for everyone.
- The construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist - The rural poverty in developing countries is caused by unemployment because of
learners to qualify for upper levels of education having few industries
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is lack of skills and technology.
- The construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve - The developing countries lack of alternative sources of income to use it to invest in
people’s health. rural areas or to start businesses
- The unequal access to land cause rural poverty in developing countries.
- The construction of houses by Village Development Committees to provide - The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is lack of money for investment
accommodation for public servants or officers. because most of the people are credit unworthiness
- The rural poverty in developing countries is caused by dependence on poor farming
- The rural electrification to provide power in homes, government offices and methods, for example, broadcasting method instead of raw planting method.
businesses - The rural poverty is caused by conservatism because some people do not what to
change how they do things or are afraid of change.
15
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is that of weak and inappropriate
representation by the authorities.
(ii) Describe the major impacts of poverty on people and the natural environment in - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by providing health
rural areas. education.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is soil degradation and erosion.
(ii) How is the government attempting to solve the problems of rural poverty in
- The problem associated with rural poverty is deforestation as people in villages Botswana?
cut trees for firewood.
- The water pollution and scarcity is associated with rural poverty. - The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through provision of
health facilities such as clinics.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is wastage and rubbish disposal.
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Old-age
- The problem associated with rural poverty is rural-urban migration as pension
breadwinners leave countryside to look for jobs.
- The government attempt to solve problem of rural poverty in Botswana through
- The problem associated with rural poverty is increase in women fertility leading rural industrialisation to create employment.
to high population growth putting pressure on natural resources.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is loss of animal species. provision of extension services, for example, training/advice to farmers by
agriculture Demonstrators.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is poor pastures / poor food production
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through provision of
(b)(i) Explain how women contribute to rural development in Botswana. farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery.
- The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by been active in
community projects, for example, Home Based Care. - The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through financial
assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for example, Citizen
- The women are involved in fundraising activities as their contribution to rural Entrepreneurial Development Agency.
development in Botswana.
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through
- The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by been active in redistribution of land to help the landless own land.
community based organisations (CBOs), for example, village Development
Committees (VDCs). - The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through
provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water.
- The women start income generating activities as their contribution to rural
development in Botswana, for example, tuckshop - The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana to reduce
poverty by encouraging family planning
- The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by getting involved in
decision making, for example, attending kgotla meetings
- The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by taking care of

elderly, orphans and sick members of society.
16
- The women form cooperatives as a way of contributing to rural development in
Botswana.
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(a)(i) Give reasons why European nations colonised Africa.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals and other
Module 3: Rural Development natural resources, for example, copper, gold and diamonds.
Paper 2 - The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour.
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European nations - The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for industries in
which colonised African countries. Europe.
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence.
(ii) Describe the negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in African
countries.
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

that of introduction of hut tax resulting in migration of labour.
- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing countries

due to introduction of cash crops, for example, cotton

that of land dispossession or Africans lost their land.

that of family breakdown due to labour migration or migrant labour.

that of introduction of unhealthy diets, for example, alcoholic beverages.

that of abolition of initiation schools

Fig.1 that Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers
17
loss of culture
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is (ii) Describe the negative effects of rural-urban migration to towns and
that increased workload for women due labour migration as women were not cities in developing countries.
allowed to join their husbands who worked in South African mines
- The negative effect of rural-urban migration to towns and cities in developing
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is countries is caused by high unemployment rate.
loss of property such as cattle.
- The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
countries due to overcrowding of people which lead to spread of diseases.
(b)(i) Describe the factors which force people to move from rural to urban areas in
developing countries. - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
countries The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in
- The factor which force people to move from rural to urban areas in developing developing countries of shortage of accommodation which might lead to
countries is of lack of employment. development of shanty areas.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to lack of - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
entertainment. countries as it leads to pollution, for example, air pollution, land pollution and
water pollution.
- The movement of people from rural to urban areas in developing countries is
caused by shortage of social services, for example, schools and clinics. - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
countries by causing traffic congestion.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of
rural poverty. - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
countries by causing poor sanitation or unhygienic conditions.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to fear of
witchcraft.
- The negative effect of rural-urban migration to towns and cities in developing
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of countries is that of loss of culture or culture distortion .
drought.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of
traditional life.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to
expensive goods and services.
18
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (a)(i) Describe each element of integrated rural development shown in Fig. 1.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The element of integrated rural development which is land reforms deals with
redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping people to have
Module 3: Rural Development access to land.
Paper 2 - Modernising farming deals with teaching people new methods of growing crops
and raising livestock or introducing credit schemes to help farmers improve their
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows element of integrated rural development. activities or to improve agricultural production.
- Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct small
dams or providing safe water to the people.
- Storage and markets helps with the establishment of selling points for farm
produce and buildings for keeping farm produce, for example, grain silos and
Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).
- Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create employment

or jobs.
- The provision of social services deals with building of schools and clinics to
improve the education and health of people in rural areas
(ii) Explain the problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs.

that of loss of culture due to modernisation.

that of increase in crime.

that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and other
infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and dams.

Fig.1 that of high cost of food.
19
that of commercialisation of life.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is (ii) Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural
that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread of diseases, for areas to improve their standard of living.
example, HIV/AIDS.
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is to improve their standard of living is through fund income generating activities or
that of pollution. provide capital for people to start businesses.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is - Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas to improve their
that of deforestation and soil erosion. standard of living is by employing rural people in projects.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is - The Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas to improve their
that of low production in agriculture. standard of living by providing training to people on practical skills
- Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas to improve their

(b)(i) Explain the challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying to standard of living by buying rural products or crafts
provide safe water in rural areas.
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe to improve their standard of living by provide basic needs to the needy, for example,
water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam food and shelter
construction or piping is expensive.
- The Non-Governmental Organisations can teach people to utilize local natural
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe resources or veld products.
water in rural areas is that there are few big rivers
- The Non-Governmental Organisations can promote environmental awareness
water in rural areas is that of unreliable rainfall - The Non-Governmental Organisations can advocate for human rights.
water in rural areas is that of scattered settlements making it difficult to take - The Non-Governmental Organisations can improve infrastructure, for example,
advantages of economies of scale. roads.
water in rural areas is that of vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe
work or livestock
water in rural areas is that of relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be
unwelcomed by people.
20
water in rural areas is that of culture/ traditional beliefs may block government
efforts.
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as rural
electrification, improved/modern housing has taken place
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to improved
Module 3: Rural Development telecommunications networks
Paper 2 - The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to provision of
piped water
1. Study Fig. 1, which is an extract on rural development.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to agricultural
Since Botswana’s independence in 1966, the major challenges facing the country has been rural disease control
development, and the critical issue that needed urgent attention has been, and still is, poverty
alleviation. In an effort to achieve rapid social and economic development, as well as promote social - The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to sewage
justice, various policies, programmes and strategies have been formulated to address development
system connection and landfills
issues in the country.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to establishment
Fig.1 of service centres, for example, Omang, Registration of birth and deaths, water
utilities, power and community hall.
(a)(i) Describe how rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence.
(ii)Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as wide tarred roads
have been constructed - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is road construction to
improve transport
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as more schools
have been built. - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is borehole drilling to
supply clean water to people and livestock
- The more health services have been provided/clinics/health centres/hospitals built
since independence in Botswana. - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is connection of water
pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean water
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to increased
agricultural extension service. - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is markets stalls to
provide shelter for small scale businesses operations.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as due to increased
livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural infrastructure - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is dam construction to
supply clean water
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due provision of
agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board, - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is bus shelter erection to
Botswana Meat Commission protect travellers from harsh weather conditions
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to establishment - The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of Kgotla
21
of rural industries/shops in rural areas buildings to protect people/attendants from harsh weather
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is pollution [allow
community halls to provide venues for activities example]
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is poor
educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist learners to qualify for sanitation/hygiene
upper levels of education
(ii)Suggest ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of health result of the development process.
facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve people’s health
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of houses of the development process females look after large livestock, for example,
by Village Development Committees to provide accommodation Grandmothers, mothers, wives and daughters.
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is rural electrification to - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
provide power of the development process females do paid work/jobs, for example,
Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters.
(b)(i) Describe challenges which result from development in rural areas.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is loss of culture, for of the development process males babysit/look after children, for example,
example, changes in diet. Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is increased population - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
due to migration. of the development process females make decisions, for example, Grandmothers,
mothers and wives.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is overharvesting of
natural resources - The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process because Children attend school.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is increased crime.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is commercialisation of of the development process males grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers,
life/ increased cost of living. fathers and husbands.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is that of people living - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous groups’ thereby decreasing unity/ of the development process as Husbands do household chores.
understanding.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is deforestation due to
infrastructural development/ industrialisation process.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is complexity of life as
22
opposed to the simple traditional life.
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Explain how government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop
farmers in Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
Module 3: Rural Development Botswana is providing funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development
Agency(CEDA) and National Development Bank(NDB)
Paper 2
1(a)(i) Describe the main features of subsistence crop farming. Botswana is providing Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele,
Impala
- It is practised on small scale.
- Labour is provided by the family members. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- Simple technology is used. Botswana is introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural
- There is production of low yields. Innovation Industries Centre (RIIC) , Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC)
- Sometimes it uses primitive methods for production.
(ii) Describe the main feature of commercial crop farming. Botswana is providing storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- It is practised on large scale.
- Labour is provided by paid workers.
Botswana is providing marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural
- Division of labour is practised.
Marketing Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat Commission (BMC)
- It uses capital intensive mode of production.
- Owners are companies or rich individual farmers who run the farm for profit.
- Finance often comes from foreign companies.
Botswana is control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease
(b)(i) What problems are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana?
Botswana is providing Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of unserviced land Veterinary Officers
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of poor soils
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of pests - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of diseases Botswana is providing protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of poor infrastructure products
such as storage and roads.
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of natural disasters, - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
for example, drought, floods and unreliable rainfall Botswana is provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is that of expensive
farm inputs and lack of funds. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is lack of skilled Botswana is control of pests , for example, quelea birds
labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is shortage of
market/lack of processing industries
23
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of foreign
competition for market

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DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

PAPER ONE & TWO

- The negative aspect of rural life is that poverty is common.

4 (a) What is subsistence farming?

- Subsistence agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock for

(b) Describe three disadvantages of subsistence farming.

- Subsistence farming is cheap due to the use of simple technology.

- Subsistence farming requires semi-skill, hence can be done by almost anyone.

5 (a) What is commercial farming?

(b) Describe three benefits of commercial farming.

- The benefit of commercial farming is that it creates employment as labour is

- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is political and

- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is that of

- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction

- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having

Advice & training for

- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other

- The positive effect of rural development is empowerment of people in villages by

- The positive effect of rural development is sewage facilities to reduce spread of

- The positive effect of rural development is increased life expectancy

- The positive effect of rural development is that of access to educational facilities

- Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and

- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through

- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through

- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through

- The problem caused by labour migration on rural areas development in Botswana

3 (a) What is meant by labour migration?

2(a) What is meant by nomadic pastoralist?

- The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by taking care of

- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers.

- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets.

- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence.

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing countries

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is

- Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create employment

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

- Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas to improve their

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Module 3 Development Studies Paper 1&2

Module 3 Development Studies Paper 1&2