COLLEGE OF AGRECLTUR AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTEMENT SOIL RESOURCE AND WATERSHED

MANGEMENT

Research proposal
Assessment of Farmers’ Attitudes Towards Watershed
Management in The Case of KEYA KELA KEBELE

BY: -Group member--------------------ID

1, MOLLA LAKE---------------------------1208

2, ABEBE TEMESGEN----------------------1321

3, AYANA GUREMESA----------------------1376

4, GETACHEW ADAMU---------------------1989

5, ELSABET GIRMA…................................1725

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ADVISTOR TEMESGEN (MSc.)

JUNLY,2021

BONGA ETHIOPIA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, and foremost, we thank God for giving ours the opportunity to pursue our graduate study
research project at the department of soil resource and watershed management in Bonga
University. Next, we thank our advisor TEMESGEN (MSC)), for his valuable and constructive
comments and suggestions that contributed to the successful realization of the study.
We would like to thanks all our department Instructors for their valuable comments and
suggestions that contributed to the successful realization of the study.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION................................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................5
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................5
1.1. Background of the Study..................................................................................................................2
1.2. Statement of the Problem................................................................................................................3
1.3. Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................................4
1.3.3 Research Question...................................................................................................................4
1.4. Significance of the Study...................................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................5
2.LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................................5
2.1. Definition of Key Terms....................................................................................................................5
2.1.1Attitudes......................................................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Watershed.................................................................................................................................5
2.1.3. Watershed Management...........................................................................................................6
2.1.4. Integrating Watershed management.........................................................................................6
2.2. Approaches for Watershed management.........................................................................................7
2.2.1. Integrated Approach..................................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Consortium................................................................................................................................7
2.3. Watershed Management for Sustainable Development..................................................................8
2.3.1. Agricultural Scheme...................................................................................................................8
2.3.2, Rural Development Scheme......................................................................................................8
2.4. Environmental Benefits of Watershed Management.......................................................................9
2.4.1. Environmental Benefits of Watershed in Land and Water Conservation Practices...................9
3. MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGY...........................................................................................................10

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 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA.........................................................................................................10
3.1.1. Geographical location..............................................................................................................10
3.1.2 Population................................................................................................................................10
3.1.3 Climate......................................................................................................................................10
3.1.4. Soil texture and land use.........................................................................................................10
3.1.5. Land forms and slopes.............................................................................................................11
3.1.6 Crop and livestock production system......................................................................................11
3.2. Sampling Technique and sample size.............................................................................................12
3.3. Methods of data collection.............................................................................................................12
3.3.1. Type and Source of data..........................................................................................................12
3.3.2. Methods of data and Analysis............................................................................................12
4. Work plan and budget analysis..............................................................................................................13
4.1. Expected outcomes........................................................................................................................13
4.2 Work plan........................................................................................................................................13
4.3. Cost break down.............................................................................................................................14
5.REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................15

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Age Group of the Sampled Respondents..........................................................................14

Table 2 ex Composition of the Sampled Farmers.........................................................................14
Table 3: Educational Level of Respondents..................................................................................15
Table 4 Martial Status of the Respondents....................................................................................15
Table 5 Classification of Farmers according to their Attitude towards the Watershed
Management Attitudes of Respondents on Watershed Management............................................16
Table 6 : Participation of Respondents on Watershed Management.............................................17
Table 7 Environmental Activities of eh Respondents...................................................................17
Table 8 Major Objectives of Watershed Management Program...................................................18
Table 9 Importance of making Decision about New Management of Watershed Program..........18
Table 10 Implementation of Watershed for Community Service..................................................19

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

IWM Integrated Watershed Management

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 CSA Central Statistics Agency

WP Watershed Program

WMP Watershed Management Program

CHAPTER ONE
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Watershed management is the study of relevant characteristics of watershed aimed at the

stainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans
programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animals
and human community’s boundary. As a consequence of population increase water for good

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production is becoming an increasingly scarce resources and the situation is further aggravated
by climate change (Modeln, 2007).

The rain fed areas the host spots of poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity, porn to sever land
degradation, water security and poor social and institutional infrastructure (Rock, Storm, et al,
2007, Wani; et al, 2007). Watershed development program is therefore, considered as an
effective tool for addressing many of the problems and recognized as a potential engine for
agricultural growth and development in fragile and marginal rain fed area (Joshi: et, al, 2005,
Ahuwalia and Wari, et al, 2006). Management of natural resource at Watershed scale produces
multiple benefits in terms of increasing food production, improving livelihoods, protecting
environment, addressing gender and equity issues along with biodiversity concerns (Wani, et al,
2003, and Rock Starm, et al, 2002).

The development of watershed program was started in 1970s and 1980s in developing countries
because of being one of the developing counters. Ethiopia started watershed project management
and planning activities in the year of 1980s. A planning unit for developing large watershed
comprised 30-40 thousand hectors for being destructing and mismanaging land resource. Despite
the fact, there is sever land degradation in Ethiopia highlands, efforts undertaken for users the
scenario have been minimal and mainly been the form companies and quite often farmers have
not been involved in the planning process (Azene, 2001, Paulos, et al, 2004).

Attitudes towards local land users such farmers are critical for sustainable conservation
endeavors. For example, in research conducted by (HU, et al, 2006) on the losses hill area of
China, the contribution of attitudes in conservation of natural resource was found to have a
significant role in successful implementation of soil conservation project. As (Napier et al, 2008)
noted, unless the attitudes of all stakeholders in a concerned area are assessed and represented,
conservation planning and program implementation efforts may not achieve its anticipated
outcome. Attitude implies that a person is no longer neutral towards referent objectives or issues.
a number of socio-economic characteristics affects farmers toward watershed management
activities. Watershed is the drain too common outlet. It also collected drainage basin.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem

The development of rural livelihoods in Ethiopian rests on its natural resource base
understanding farmers environmental activities as important contribution for selecting viable
land resource management as conservancy bases to assess the effectiveness of introduced
conservation of management method by avoiding potential conflicts (Hu et al, 2006).A number
of socio-economic characteristics like extension contact, and literacy have caused attitude
difference among farmers training received and satisfaction with participation and age level,
level of literacy and economic activity that influence of farmers’ attitude towards conservation of
natural resource and watershed management. In case of the study area especially emphasizes are
given to farmers attitudes towards integrated watershed management program for improvement
of household, livelihood security situation by upgrading or increasing rural farmers consideration
about watershed management from small scale farmers to large scale farmers.

The previous researchers were not enough assessed about people’s perception towards watershed
management in order to conserve the fertility of soil. But now we will be conducting the farmers
attitude on watershed management by considering socio economic characteristics in order to
solve water shade management problems to enhance the fertility of soil and increasing
productivity as a production in the study area

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective
The General objective of this proposal assessing the farmers’ attitude towards watershed
management practice in case of keyakela kebele

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

• To identify the key watershed problems and the root causes.

• To evaluate conservation activities as response of ever-expanding land

degradation through watershed management practices.

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 • To generate recommendations that would assest the further development and
management of sub–watershed

1.3.3 Research Question

• What kinds of measures are taking place to build up farmers attitudes towards watershed
management practice?

• What is the participation of farmers on watershed management practice?

• What kinds of activity the farmers participate on watershed management practice?

1.4. Significance of the Study

Now days in many developing countries, the nature and magnitude of the problems of
watershed degradation as brought the long-term reduction of quality and quantity of land
water resource. As being one of the developing countries, Ethiopia is running watershed
project to protect, conserve and improve watershed management practice to project or
promote sustainable development and to meet its objective in different part of the
country. Our country is designing and implementing watershed project as long-term
approach to solve the problem of watershed degradation. The outcome of the study will
generate information for different stakeholders, engineers, researchers, policy maker’s
governmental and non-governmental organization, and farmer’s local level organizations
to design and develop effective sustainable integrated watershed management practices
and strategies. Moreover, the methodology that will be developed in this study and the
result will be found conserve as background information to undertake

similar research in similar setting.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of this proposal will be to investigate the level of farmers’ awareness and attitude
towards the problem of watershed management practices at local level i.e. Woreda. And to
assess some of the factors that determine farmers’ awareness of and attitude towards watershed

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and management. There are a number of factors that affects farmers’ awareness and attitude
towards land degradation and management. It constitutes the demographic, socio-economic,
political, cultural and psychological factors. Even though, those factors are many in number they
are interrelated and multiple.

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Definition of Key Terms

2.1.1Attitudes

Attitudes refer to a person physiological stand about objective of issues. It implies that a person
is no longer natural towards different objective or issues. As Napier et al, 2008) noted unless the
attitudes of all stakeholders in concentrated area are assessed and represented, conservation
planning program implementation effects way not achieved; it is anticipated outcome. Farmers
with positive attitude towards conservation efforts are excited on the activities and maintenance
of conservation structure (Bekele and Holden, 2000; Hu et al, 2006). This implies it uses less to
compare people in to accepting systems of conservation such as soil and water resources flat they
do not appreciate, understanding farmers’ environmental attitude has important contribution for
selecting available land resource management options as it conserves as a bases to assess the
effectiveness of introduced conservation by avoiding potential conflict (Hu et al, 2006).

2.1.2. Watershed

Watershed is defined as a geo hydrological unit which drains in to a common point. It is also
called drainage basin or catchment area, is defined as an area in which all water goes to common
outlet. Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio-political and iconological
entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social and economic security and provides
life support service for rural people (Waniet, al, 2008). Watershed is uses interchangeable with
the term such as drainage basin and catchment area. Drainage basin generally, refers to large
watersheds that encompass the watershed of many smaller rivers and streams.

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2.1.3. Watershed Management

Watershed management is an integrated use of land, vegetarian and water in a geographical

drainage area of the benefit of it is residents, with objective of protecting or conserving them
hydrological service streams or ground water impacts. It is the study of the relevant
characteristics of watershed aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resource and process of
creating implementing plans; programs and project of sustain and enhance watershed function
that affects the plants, animals and common community within watershed boundary.

A typical Watershed management program is thus likely to aim the following:

• Improving the management of the land and water and the interaction

• Increasing the intensity and productivity of resources used in the upland areas with the
objectives of reducing poverty

• Improving environmental service and reducing negative externality.

• Addressing technical and policy issues needed to ensure equitable sharing of benefit
among stakeholder and sustainable watershed management.

2.1.4. Integrating Watershed management

Integrating Watershed management is the process of managing human activity and natural
resource on watershed basis. The need for this approach is it allows us to protect important water
resources and addressing critical issues such as the current and future impact of rapid growth and
climate change.

2.2. Approaches for Watershed management

Watershed approaches are the most effective to addressing a day’s watershed resource challenge.
It has conventional and at treat a degradation land with the help of low costs and local assessed
technologies such as in-suites soil and moisture conservation measures, forestation and through
participatory approach of that seeks to scare close involvement of the user’s community.

2.2.1. Integrated Approach

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This approach suggests that the integration of technology with the natural boundary the drainage
area for optimum development of land, water and plant resources to meet basic needs of people
and animals in sustainable manner. This approach aims to improve standard of living common
people increasing his earning capacity by offering all facility requires for optimum production
(S, T, Holden, 2005). In order to achieve its objectives, integrate watershed management, suggest
adopting land and water conservation practice, water harvesting in ponds and recharging of
ground water for increasing water resource potential and stress on crop diversification, use of
improve varieties of seed, integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management
practice, etc.

2.2.1. Consortium

Consortium approach emphasis on all collective action and community participation has been
including primary stakeholder, government and non-government organization and other
institution (Reddy, 2008). Easy access and timely advice to local farmers are important drivers
for the observed impressive impacts in the watershed. This leads to enhance awareness of the
farmers and their ability to consent with the right people when problems arise. IT requires
multidisciplinary professions in the field of engineering, agronomy, forest, economy and
marketing. It is not always possible to get all the required support and skill set in one
organization.

2.3. Watershed Management for Sustainable Development

Sustainable integrated watershed management can be defined as a process of utilization

development and conservation of land, water and forest resource for continual improving
livelihoods, for household and communities in hydrological independent geographical area.
Thus, it deals with the sustainable development of farmers, their own and common property
resource for poverty alleviation. In the case of small, medium and marginal farmers and other
land users. In a given watershed both upstream and downstream management activities help to
sustainable watershed which leads to holistic integrated development approach (Kasavaroa,
2009).

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2.3.1. Agricultural Scheme

Farmers those slowly depend on agricultures holds high uncertainty and risk of failure due to
various extreme events, pests and disease attack, market shacks and shortage of rainfall. The
attempts taken towards to watershed development activities with multiple interventions enhance
the resource based and livelihoods of the rural people. Watershed management put emphasis on
crop diversification and intensification through the use of advanced technology, epically good
variety of used, balanced fertilizer, application, integrated use of pesticides by providing
supplementary irrigation (Modden, 2, 700).

2.3.2, Rural Development Scheme

Rural people face complex and diverse economic, social and environmental challenges.
Watershed management program assists rural community in different way. As it consists of
participatory approaches, watershed project implantation provides the rural peoples to maximize
their economy through capacity building and involving them in beam to have effective soil and
water conservation practice. The objective of watershed management comprises to support the
scale up on the best land management adoption of this management and technology by small
holder farmers in high potential and food secure area (Morad, 2008). The broad objective was
the promotion of the overall economic development and improvement of the socio-economic
condition of the resource to poor section of people in habiting in the program area.

2.4. Environmental Benefits of Watershed Management

Watersheds are complex systems where a water, soil, flora, fauna and natural resource use
practice interact. Hence, watershed degradation has environmental and socio-economic effects
for beyond the more obviously on site and downstream impacts. For the same reasons watershed
management intervention may bring local regional and global environmental benefit. However,
watershed management program has tended to neglect environmental impacts beyond
implication land and water impacts. Also, the same project did target broader environmental
objective to community agriculture and watershed project. Integrated approach to natural
resource management at the watershed level could in principle developed address the complex

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system dynamics in watershed and to achieve global environmental benefit (WanispSreedevit, K,
ReddyvonkatesWarlu Bands Parasadu, 2008).

2.4.1. Environmental Benefits of Watershed in Land and Water Conservation Practices

Soil and water conservation practices are primary steps of watershed management program.
Conservation practices can be divided in to two actors: - in- suite and ex-suites. Those made with
in agricultural fields like construction of contour bunds, graded bunds, terrace building, broads
and narrow practice and other soil moisture conservation practices is called in suite management
practice

• In-suite practice: - it protects land degradation, improve soil healthy and soil moisture
availability and ground water recharge

• Ex-suite: - moreover, ex-suite construction of check dams, farm pond and gully control
structure pits excavation across the stream is called ex-suite management

Ex-suite watershed management practice picks discharge in order to reclaiming gully formation
and harvest sustainable amount of runoff which increase ground recharge and irrigation potential
in watershed.

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGY
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
3.1.1. Geographical location
The study will be conducted in Bonga woreda which is located in south west regional state
449Km away from Addis Ababa in the west side. The geographical extent of Bonga District
range from 09 38'north and 37 04'east latitude and longitude respectively.
3.1.2 Population
The total population of Bonga woreda is 75960 from these 55% are males and 45% are
females. From this woreda our research will be conducted in keyakala kebele. The total
population of the kebele will be 3482 and the numbers of house hold 489
3.1.3 Climate
The climate condition of the area is Dega.The area demarcated under such region is
characterized by three season locally known as Summer, Belg and Winter The rainfall nature is
bimodal in which long rain from June up to September and short rain from February to may.
The mean annual rainfall of the area is 1800mm and the average maximum and minimum
temperature of the area were 227℃ and 118℃ respectively. The elevation of the area above
sea level is 2480m (HGMS,2002).

3.1.4. Soil texture and land use

The soil texture is dominated by loam and clay soil. The land use cover of the area is described by as
follows on the total area

Table 1: Land use coverage of Doyo Bariso kebele.

Land use Portion from total area (%)

Cultivated land 65-85% Source: (HGWAO, 2018).

Forest land 5%

Grassland 8%

Road and others The rest

3.1.5. Land forms and slopes
Most land forms in water shed area
suitable for crop and livestock production.

Table 2: land forms and slopes

No Land forms Area coverage

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 Slope (%)

Hectare In (%)

1 8.844 1.94 15-30

Mountainous

2 Hills 89.97 19.8 8-15

3 Gentle 310.03 52.1 3-8

slopes

4 Flat (level) 206.55 26.4 0-3

Source: (BOA, 2018)

3.1.6 Crop and livestock production system

In Keyakala Kebele cropping system is cereal base substance production with medium use of
external inputs and dominated by many crops the leading cereal crops grown by the majority of
the famers are both in terms of area coverage and farmers preference are: maize, potato,
avocado, bananas, mango etc. All types of livestock species including cattle, sheep, goat,
donkey, horse, and honey bees are present.

3.2. Sampling Technique and sample size

The sampling technique used to conduct this study would be simple random sampling
techniques. A simple random sampling method will be used to select sample respondents in the

Keyakala kebele has 489 households. by considering time, budget and number of households
63 (5%) of the total households select by forming strata based on educational status, sex and
wealth.

3.3. Methods of data collection

The data will be collected from both primary and secondary data source. The primary data will
be collected through structured and self-administered open ended and close ended questionnaires
and filed observation. It will be selected in the way to obtain the relevant data for the community

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about the importance of organic fertilizer. Whereas the secondary data will be collected from
different published and unpublished documents, project reports and different government offices
and internet service.
3.3.1. Type and Source of data

3.3.1.1. Primary data

The primary data will be collect directly from kebele households by face to face interview,
questioner and physical observation.

3.3.1.2 Secondary data

These data will be collected from different published and unpublished documents, project reports
and government officials.

3.3.1. Methods of data and Analysis

Both qualitative and quantitative techniques will used in data analysis. For qualitative technique
the method uses, table and percent for interpretation and for quantitative the method data simple
descriptive statics will be using.

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4. Work plan and budget analysis

4.1. Expected outcomes

After studying this proposal research the following outcomes will be expected.

The people will be identified the effect of soil fertility management practices

It will be easy to find better solution for practices of soil fertility practices

The people will distinguished the soil fertility practices

Identify the challenges of soil fertility

Identify the techniques of soil fertility

4.2 Work plan

NO Activity by Apr may jun jul Agu

component

1 Select the
title

2 Write the
literature

3 Write the
research
proposal

4 Data
collection

5 Analyze the
data

6 Submission

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4.3. Cost break down
It is clearly known that the budget is one of most important components to accomplish the research
work. The total amount of budgetrequired to carry out the research is estimated to be birr 810.

Table 3.3 The study will have the following cost break down

NO ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL

1 Writing peper 50 2 100

2 Pens 2 25 50

3 Copying 40 2 80

4 transportation 5 20 100

5 Total 97 49 330

5.REFERENCES

Baral N. (2006), Resources use and Conservation Attitudes of Local Peoples in the Western
Teri Landscape, Nepal (Thesis), Florida International University

Bekele Shiferaw and S. T. Holden (2000), Resource Degradation and Adaptation of Land
Conservation Technologies in Ethiopia High Lands

xviii
Groaf G. D (2004), Soil Conservation and Sustainable Land Use: An Economic Approach
Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam

Hu. Chen-Xira, Fu and Hubert (2006), Farmers’ Attitude, towards the Grain for Green Program
in the Losses Hill Area, china

JoshipkIha, Ak, Wanirp, Tashi and Shiyani RL (2005), Meta-Analysis to Assess

Modden D 700, Water for High; A Comprehensive Assessment of watershed management in

Agriculture

Napier T. L. K. Mcutcheon 4, T, Fish (2003), Factors Affecting Natural Resource Conservation

Investment Resident of the Lower Bigwanutcree Watershed and Water Conservation.

Sign RV. (2000), Ed Watershed Planning Management, Yash Publishing House Bikaner, Rajas
than India

Wanisp, Reddy VaakatesWarlusBaad (2003), Community Approached for Improved Livelihood

through Consortium Approach in Drought Porn Rain Fed Area.

AnispRemarkishaarsSreedjjK Long and Kasavaroaavr (2006)

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