Water Supply System Survey and Design Manual English 230617 144044

Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
Directorate of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Survey and Design Manual for Rural

Water Supply Systems
Prepared by: Eng. Mahmood Salaar
September 2022
Contents
In the Name of Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent. ................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
The procedure is briefed in three parts: ...................................................................................................... 2
1. Water policy general conditions ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Water Consumption Norms ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Metering Network ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Pipeline network .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Water Consumption Norm ............................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Water Consumption Norms for Public Facilities ............................................................................. 3
2. Feasibility, social, economic, and technical survey ......................................................................... 4
3.1 Project Feasibility Assessment ......................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Determining Water Sources for Water Supply Projects: ................................................................ 5
3.3 Underground water resources ......................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Selecting the best method for well-excavation .............................................................................. 6
3.5 Important points in well-excavation ............................................................................................... 6
3.6 Stages of design and completion of wells ....................................................................................... 7
3.7 Using Gravel pack ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.8 Process of wells cleansing and development .................................................................................. 7
3.9 Wells pump test ............................................................................................................................... 8
3.10 Report of wells completion and recording of the necessary information ..................................... 8
3.11 Reinforcement of Underground water resources ........................................................................... 8
3.12 Surface water resources................................................................................................................... 9
3.13 Water Spring ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.14 The resources that community people currently use ................................................................... 10
3.15 Insertion of the important data of the resource ........................................................................... 10
3.16 Water sampling for quality check .................................................................................................. 10
3.17 Criteria for taking water samples from the source for quality control purposes ........................ 11
3.18 Community survey ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.19 Topography Survey......................................................................................................................... 14
3. Projects' Design .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Design Parameters ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Project Design Period ..................................................................................................................... 15
Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation i

3.3 Design Population .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Water Demand Variations and Demand Factors .......................................................................... 16
3.5 Water Distribution Network .......................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Water Pressure in a Water Distribution Network ......................................................................... 17
Measures for the Dynamic Pressure.......................................................................................................... 18
3.7 Small-Diameter Pipeline ................................................................................................................ 18
3.8 Volume and Types of Water Tanks ................................................................................................ 18
3.8.1 Ground Water Tank ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.8.2 Elevated Water Tank ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.8.3 Water Tanks Elevation from the Networks ................................................................................... 19
3.9 Valves of water supply networks .................................................................................................. 19
3.10 Water Pumps Selection .................................................................................................................. 19
3.11 Solar-Powered Water Pumps System ............................................................................................ 21
3.11.1 Solar panels .................................................................................................................................... 23
3.11.2 Solar Pump Controller .................................................................................................................... 23
3.11.3 Water Pumps .................................................................................................................................. 23
3.11.4 Inverter ........................................................................................................................................... 23
4. Example .......................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 Calculation of solar pump .............................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Calculation of solar panels ............................................................................................................. 27
4.3 Designing the Water Supply Network ........................................................................................... 27
Prepared by:
Engineer Mahmood Salaar
Water Supply Specialist
Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation ii Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
In the Name of Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent.
And We made from water every living thing. Quran [21:30]
Introduction
Afghanistan is a landlocked country; most villages experience significant challenges and adversities due
to the continuous lack of clean drinking water. Several governmental and non-governmental organizations
work to supply water to the villagers for their drinking and domestic needs. In the absence of a harmonized
national procedure, every organization employs different procedures. For the selection, survey, and
design of projects, most of them use procedures that are not appropriate for the country's conditions and
cannot meet the needs of the inhabitants leading the projects to fail shortly.
On a national level, The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) is responsible for
supplying water to villages. Thus, water supply projects' prioritization should be planned, designed, and
implemented based on their need. The projects will help solve villagers' long-term problems regarding
lack of water; children will have enough time to study, women's dignity will be maintained, and many
diseases will be prevented by using clean water in the villages.
To achieve the above goals, a procedure is required to categorize the needs of the villages, i.e., how to
select the water source, survey it, and based on which principles and criteria it should be designed.
Therefore, the MRRD's Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation will set up the mentioned procedure,
which shall be shared with all domestic and foreign water-related sectors. Following that, all water-related
sectors are committed to planning, designing, and implementing projects in light of the designed
procedure's principles.
Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation 1 Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
The procedure is briefed in three parts:
1. Water policy general conditions

2. Project feasibility, social, economic, and technical survey
3. Project design and its basics
1. Water policy general conditions
1.1 Water Consumption Norms

The water consumption of a villager in 24 hours for cooking, drinking, washing, and livestock is known as
the water consumption norm. This norm depends on different conditions, such as the quantity and quality
of source water, access to water, housing standards, economic status, water cost, housing type, people's
habits, and climatic conditions. The mentioned conditions are either natural or related to the inhabitants,
but the needs for access to water are project related. According to the policy of the MRRD, two types of
projects are applicable in villages.
1.2 Metering Network

A metered project has a source, reservoir, and pipelines in lanes, and each house is connected to the
network so that clean water can be supplied to homes. To achieve durable operation, management,
performance, and maintenance of the projects, a meter should be installed for each house to collect
income from consumer households based on the water consumption. Furthermore, it is MRRD's policy to
protect women's dignity and make it easy for people to access water. To that end, all projects will be
linked to houses by installing water meters.
1.3 Pipeline network

In some areas, such as sloped and other areas, it is challenging to connect houses to the network, or there
are no options for installing meters. Therefore, water taps are installed in public places and streets to
ensure access to water. A maximum of five or six houses will have access to a water tape. If the subproject
water is sourced from a water pump, a meter must be installed for the main water tap.
1.4 Water Consumption Norm
The norm of an individual's water consumption in 24 hours or L/C/D per capita demand is 40 liters If the
source water is scarce and cannot meet the determined norm, the minimum norm is L/C/D 25 liters.
1.5 Water Consumption Norms for Public Facilities

The following are the water consumption guidelines for the mosques, schools, madrasas, hospitals, clinics,
and government offices in the village:
Consumers Amount of consumption in 24 hours
Schools and madrasas without dormitories 3.5 to 6 liters per student
Madrasas with dormitory 50 liters per boarding student
Hospitals with beds 350 liters per bed
Clinic without beds 1700 liters for the building
Government Offices 500 liters for the building
According to a World Health Organization (WHO) study, the average amount of water consumed per
capita in rural areas for developing countries is as follows.
Less consumption Excessive consumption
Countries
L/C/D L/C/D
Africa 15 35
East and South Asia 130 70
Western Pacific 30 95
Eastern Mediterranean 40 85
Algeria, Morocco, Turkey 20 65
Latin America 70 190
Average world water
35 90
consumption
2. Feasibility, social, economic, and technical survey
A plan serves as the project's foundation and determines the project's objectives. If the project is planned
as a result of extensive research, it plays a vital role in its economic benefit and long-term work. The
project plan is divided into (1) a project feasibility assessment and (2) an economic, social, and technical
survey, each of which will be explained in detail.
3.1 Project Feasibility Assessment

When submitting a proposal for a water supply project for a village, professional individuals will research
the relevant aspects of the project, such as the degree of need, water source, population, and so on.
Furthermore, the problem of water scarcity in villages will be closely observed and listened to. Finally, a
solution will be sought by looking at the water source's quantity, price, quality, the design and analysis of
pipeline routes, reservoir location, social and economic issues, and other such research.
If the need for water is identified in the village, there are no social barriers, and the project
implementation is feasible, a technical survey should be conducted and submitted for design.
The survey team conducts field research and investigations in the following areas and collects sufficient
information that is then entered into the survey form.
 Water resources research

 Water resources that people are currently using
 Measure water resources if possible
 Identifying a reliable source
 Source water quality, supply, and protection measures
 The number of people currently living in the village
3.2 Determining Water Sources for Water Supply Projects:
The fundamental factors for implementing a water supply project are the availability of sufficient water
resources by researching and determining them. Those sources both in terms of quantity and quality,
should supply the project with its needs and ensure its continuity and permanence.
There are 3 types of clean water resources for villages: (i) Underground water/well, (ii) Underground
water resources, and (iii) surface water (spring, river, rain accumulations). When a surveyor is surveying
the project area, s/he should study the 3 types of water resources in that area. It doesn't matter whether
they are in the village, around the village, or kilometers away from the village, and whether those sources
are springs, canals, or water streams. The surveyor should visit the sources directly and collect enough
information while taking into account the three principles of cost, quantity, and quality before concluding
their research with the information provided by the locals. After comparing the sources considering the 3
principles, the surveyor should choose a source for the project. If, however, the resources are similar or
are in a condition that the survey group is not able to analyze them accurately, the group, therefore,
should conduct a technical and collective survey of several sources which seem appropriate to them; then
the designer will select the appropriate source after the analysis.
In Afghanistan, underground water resources such as wells, springs, and sometimes canal water are
usually used for water supply projects. Since country-level hydrologic data and statistics are not available,
the aforementioned sources may face problems regarding quantity and quality due to different factors.
Therefore, those causes should be assessed and identified, and suitable measures and actions should be
taken before implementing the project to avoid problems and failures in time, resources, and project.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal, the implementation of the following strategy is essential
and mandatory.
3.3 Underground water resources

Groundwater studies and the conditions and principles of water wells' location selection differ based on
the purpose, but in most cases, these conditions are common. Hydrogeological and geophysical studies
are vital and required for water supply projects where the source of water is wells, no wells have been
bored or dug at the site, or the survey engineer is not sure about the availability of underground water.
Therefore, for the mentioned projects, in the initial step, the water-bearing layers' thickness, location,
groundwater feeding, quality, and quantity should be determined and verified based on the
hydrogeological, geological, and geophysical methods in the water source area, and appropriate sites shall
be selected for water well projects according to them.
Appropriate site selection for wells should be made based on the below general factors and information:
1. Collecting information such as water table, water-bearing layers' thickness, water quality, and
water extraction capacity of existing water wells should be done precisely;
2. Conducting qualitative and quantitative surveys about water wells and Karizs located nearby the
location to be selected for the water well and observing their boundaries;
3. Addressing social barriers and obtaining donation documents for the water wells' sites;
4. Ensuring the existence of a road to the drilling site for the purpose of water well drilling and
checking for other necessary barriers;
5. Looking at the geological condition of the area, selecting the appropriate drilling method and
driller during the survey.
If there is no information in the area of the water source such as wells, Karizs, and other necessary
information that has an important role in selecting the location of the well, in this case, it is necessary to
conduct a geophysical survey in the area along with the hydrogeological survey in order to determine the
structure of earth layers, location of boundaries, and composition of the thickness and the relationship
between it, the quality of water, and groundwater feeding. Through this procedure, it is possible to
determine the condition of underground water without having to physically dig a well to avoid
unnecessary consumption of time and financial resources.
Considering the conditions of the field and the type of the project, in certain situations when the
hydrogeological and geological structure of the field is complicated, there is no information about the
underground water of the area, and it is not possible to determine the specifics of the well based on the
geophysical investigation, in this case, observation wells will be drilled for exploratory drilling purposes in
order to obtain the necessary information about the underground water and test the aquifers.
１. While digging a well, taking a sample from each layer and analyzing and studying the samples to
determine the type and composition of the aquifers, such as determining the size and nature of
the grains of the materials formed in the aquifer;
２. Measuring water table and thickness of water-bearing layers;
３. Figuring out the depth of penetration into the hard rock aquifer;
４. Taking water samples to determine the quality of groundwater;
５. Determining boundaries between fresh and impure water layers and banning impure water
layers;
６. Expanding and cleaning the water well after the drilling by a compressor and obtaining
information about the drilling of other wells in the area or community based on the results of the
exploratory well;
７. Performing a pump test to determine the well's water capacity and achieve hydraulic
specifications.
Logical and convincing reasons for the need to dig research wells should be presented, and the location
of these wells should be determined by professionals such as hydrogeologists or geologists.
3.4 Selecting the best method for well-excavation

The best excavation method should be selected considering the amount of required water, depth of
underground water, and hydrogeological, geological, and economic conditions. Collecting appropriate
information about the ground structure is necessary to choose the best method. This information should
be based on the geological logs of existing wells and the findings of geophysical research. The right
approach can be used to prevent future problems.
3.5 Important points in well-excavation

Lithological and aquifers sampling are the essential aspects to be considered when excavating wells.
Professionals with experience, such as hydrogeologists and geologists, should perform sampling methods,
which depend on the excavation method. Additionally, appropriate consideration should be given to the
speed of the rotary driller and changes in the water table in the well.
Geophysical logs should be applied, if possible, for precise lithological analysis and effective well design.
It is possible to specify and distinguish earth layers according to water availability, quality and quantity by
excavating wells and using information obtained from lithological and water samples from different
layers. We determine the size of the filter pipe hole, the physical characteristics of the gravel pack, and
the proper design of the well based on the analysis of the samples taken from the wells.
3.6 Stages of design and completion of wells

In order to properly install filters at appropriate intervals, determine the size of the gravel pack, prevent
contaminated and poor-quality water from entering the well, increase the capacity of the well, and
increase the lifespan of the water well, samples taken from different layers should be professionally
analyzed. Also, wells should be properly designed based on sample analysis and study geological and
geophysical logs to achieve the following objectives:
3.7 Using Gravel pack

Materials called gravel packs, or filter packs are added around the well pipe and filter after the pipe and
filter are installed in the well. The substances or gravel size should be larger than the diameter of the filter
holes because the aforementioned elements or certain small substances of the inner layers enter filter
holes during the well development and cleansing process. It, therefore, is necessary to have gravel pack a
few meters higher than the edge of the top filter, or a 2-inch pipe should be added behind the filter on
the ground. You can use that same passage to add gravel when the gravel falls behind the filter during
well operation. Also, the wells that are dug by rotary drills, after the reinforcement of the well by pipe and
filter, the water density reaches the minimum level in the stage of cleaning the well by means of a mud
pump, and then the gravel pick is gradually placed at the interval specified in the well design.
3.8 Process of wells cleansing and development

The majority of the wells need to be further developed after the excavation is finished, filters are installed,
and gravel packs are filled to restore the water. This procedure improves the well's quality and the earth
layers' permeability, facilitates water flow, and removes small underground substances from the well and
the adjacent layers. This process starts from the upper filter, and after its cleaning, it will gradually
continue to the lower filters, and finally, the sedimented material in the lower part of the well will be
discharged by a compressor. This process will continue until the well water is completely cleaned and the
actual depth of the well is restored.
The aforementioned practice must be carried out in wells dug using rotary drilling. However, it is not
carried out in wells dug using percussive drilling, depending on the field condition, the project's goals, and
the collected samples from the well.
3.9 Wells pump test
When the well's excavation is completed, it is required to measure well water using a test pump. Similarly,
hydrogeological and hydraulic parameters such as water bed, water surface fall, measurement of dynamic
level of water, calculation of rays, sampling the water, performing quality tests, and many other important
factors should be obtained based on this process. The type of pump used in the Pump Test Process should
be selected based on the project's water requirements, but once that has been done, the actual pump
should be chosen based on the well's water capacity.
For water supply projects, a continuous (fixed) pump test is usually performed, but depending on the type
and objective of the project, it is sometimes necessary to perform two types of pump tests, i.e.,
continuous (steady) and periodic. It is necessary to evaluate the recovery of the water level (Revival) at
the end of the pump test. If a well does not have enough water after the pump test and other wells are
needed for the implementation of the project, in this case, we can make necessary decisions about digging
other wells based on the results of the first well.
3.10 Report of wells completion and recording of the necessary information

It is necessary for all those directorates, firms, and other sectors which use underground water resources
for water supply and water supply-related projects to collect all related information regarding
hydrogeological and groundwater related-researches, wells surveys, excavation, lithology, geology, logs
design, depth, location coordinates, wells development, pump tests, and water quality accurately, and
record them in standard and professional formats; then sent a copy to the irrigation department for
recording in the database. To keep that data as an effective reference for making the right decisions and
plans, having management, protecting sources, underground water development and protection, future
hydrogeological research, irrigation, and other projects.
It is worth mentioning that all WASH partners can access the database online with a user ID and password.
They can register their information and organize the data, project-required information, and reports in a
detailed and convenient format (table). However, only employees who work in the hydrogeological field
have access to this system. Contact the Information and Database Department, Irrigation and Hygiene
Directorate, Ministry of Rural Development, for assistance if you have trouble signing up, using, or
accessing the database.
3.11 Reinforcement of Underground water resources

Snow and rainwater are absorbed and stored in the underground layers during different times of the year,
and they are not absorbed into the lower layer because of the impermeable layers in between. This
underground water is referred to as an underground water source. The amount of underground water,
water quality, and drawing depend on different conditions. This water supply is temporary, and in the
case of overuse, without refilling, the water's surface will go down and eventually dry up. The nature of
the layers and the amount of rainfall directly impact water absorption. The amount of water that can be
stored increases with the volume of the pore layer, soil, sand, and gravel. Additionally, the absorption
speed of the water is high compared to the size of the particles. Some layers contain a specific chemical
substance that dissolves in water and keeps the water from meeting the standards required for human
health.
Maximum efforts should be made to avoid drawing more underground water than is necessary because
underground water resources are the national capital. Also, by taking precise steps like digging water
sheets, pits, and streams, 80 to 90 percent of the drawn water should be reabsorbed.
Surface wells of various types, such as deep, semi-deep, and surface, are typically used to draw water
from the sources described above. While deep and semi-deep wells are excavated using modern
technology, surface wells are dug by hand.
3.12 Surface water resources

The villages that are close to a river with permanent water are located near a river with permanent water
or have access to a water canal from a river to the villages and use water from the river or the canal as
their source water. If the riverbanks or river floor is covered with sand, a surface well is dug there, a filter
sand gallery is developed, and water is pumped to fill the reservoir. Even if the river doesn't have access
to the water permanently, and only if the layer is large and deep enough, the stored water inside the layer
will be sufficient for the residents. The population and reservoir of the village should therefore be studied
to ensure that the river can quickly refill the reservoir. Similar to how the Helmand River refills the urban
reservoirs in Nemroz, and the Logar River refills the urban reservoirs in Kabul quite quickly.
If the villages have a permanent water source, the water is filtered from the canal and then sent to the
reservoir through a sand filter. The majority of the villages in Afghanistan's northern provinces are located
along rivers, and canals have been constructed to connect the river and the villages. People can direct
water from the river into the canal whenever they choose. This water supply resource is applicable in the
aforementioned areas of the villages.
3.13 Water Spring

A water spring is an outlet of surface water that develops when permeable layers prevent water from
being absorbed into lower layers; hence, the water moves to the earth's surface and forms a spring. The
majority of springs experience seasonal fluctuations in water levels, meaning that certain springs are only
supplied with water in the spring season. As a result, the projects cannot use these seasonal springs as
resources. A water spring has priority over underground water if it has enough water required for the
village; is located at a higher level than the village; doesn't have a great distance from the village, and the
total expenses from the spring to the reservoir are not more than underground water facilities (well,
pump, solar and related expenses).
The following key points should be considered when choosing a spring as a water supply source:
Spring water shouldn't be measured in the spring season, particularly when it has just rained or the snow
is melting around the spring because, at this time, the amount of spring water is much higher than normal.
Hence, summer and fall are the better times for its measurement.
A natural spring hole shouldn't be enlarged to increase water flow; also, it should be saved from surface
rainwater, animals, and insect harm. Therefore, the water spring should be protected by a box made of
local materials to ensure its safety.
According to the previous research, geological data, and the spring's history, comprehensive information
about water quantity and quality changes should be obtained from local directories and residents.
Additionally, social issues and the project's maintenance and protection should be considered in the
survey of a water spring. Also, an official document should be obtained for the spring dedication.
Spring box:
The following conditions should be considered in building a spring box
A. To prevent the stored water in the box from flowing against the direction of the spring water, the
head of the water pipe should never be higher than the spring's natural surface.
B. Small stones should be placed at the point of the spring from which the water is fetched to keep water
safe from contamination.
C. The first pipe of the spring box should have a mesh to keep the box safe from entering insects.
D. The spring box should be covered with a movable sleeve or a cap to be removed while cleaning.
3.14 The resources that community people currently use

For selecting a water resource for a community, information should be collected about the resource
people currently use. It is better to collect data from those who live next to the resource, whether it is
a water well, stream, or surface water. The survey team will analyze the data and monitor the resource
closely. Its water level is determined through specified methods if it is a stream. After the review,
research, and comparison, a reliable resource will be selected for the project. Since water quality is an
essential principle of the project, sufficient data will be collected from the site. As per the primary data,
if the water is suitable for drinking, all the quality elements will be received during the implementation
of the water sample and taken to the laboratory for analysis.
3.15 Insertion of the important data of the resource

When the surveyor specifies the water resource for the community, the resource-related specifications
should be inserted like the GPS coordinates, written document of the donation, and amount of the flow
if it is a stream; moreover, if it is the underground water, its specifications should be determined in a
nearby well as how deep are the water and static levels. If a submersible is installed for it, the details
should be collected on how deep the dynamic level is and the water quality. The land donated to the
water well should be 15x15=225 m2, and if the land is less, then it should be 10x 10= 100m2 on the land
donation document so that the surface water would not contaminate the water in the well.
3.16 Water sampling for quality check

As defined earlier, clean drinking water is water that is free of chemical, bacterial, legal, and physical
pollution and does not harm consumers' health is considered healthy or clean. In order to make sure
that the water from the source is clean and ready to drink and does not contain organs that are harmful
to human consumption, a sample shall be taken from the source and analyzed in laboratories. Solid and
liquid organs, taste, color, odor, and other aspects of the water quality should be measured and
compared with national and World Health Organization (WHO) standards set for drinking water. If the
quality of the source is in accordance with standards for healthy water, the source shall be used, and if
there is a need for purification of the water, the purification measures should be taken into
consideration. But if the water had such compounds due to which the water could not be used for
drinking, the source should be ignored, and other sources should be sought.
3.17 Criteria for taking water samples from the source for quality control purposes
The sample should be taken in such a way as to be representative of the source water. Laboratory
guidelines should be followed, and the forms designed by MRRD and other laboratories should be filled.
The water samples should be collected in polyethylene bottles and instantly sent to the laboratory, and
collecting water samples in beverage bottles should be avoided.
The water sample collection for quality check/test (physical, chemical, and microbe parameters) is done
by adding protective materials.
Three bottles (500ml) should be filled from each resource; the bottles should be cleaned with water of
that. Also, the code or number of the sampling form and A, B, and C letters should be written on each
bottle, and the protective solution should be added, as mentioned below.
1. The first bottle, form number – A, without adding protective materials

2. The second bottle, form number – B, with adding 1.5ml of Nitric Acid
3. The third bottle, form number – C, with adding 5ml of Boric Acid
Besides information on the water resource, physical tests (color, smell, taste, purity, conductivity, PH,
and temperature) should be done in the mentioned form.
In all water resources used for drinking, the following required parameters should be measured: color,
smell, taste, conductivity, PH, purity, Fluoride, Arsenic, and E. Coli Bacteria.
Bacteriological Characteristics
Qualities/Characteristics Standards for Afghanistan
E. coli or coliform bacteria resistant to heat It should be zero in 100 ml water Commented [SS1]: Let it be written as zero
Water entering the network: It should be zero in 100 ml water Commented [SS2]: Let it be written as zero
E. coli or coliform bacteria resistant to heat and
all bacteria of the coliform.
Physical Characteristics
Qualities/Characteristics Standard for Afghanistan Remarks
Color ≤15 TCU -
Taste Will be Complainable/Acceptable -
Smell Will be Complainable/Acceptable -
Purity 5 NTU -
The total size of solid materials 500 mg/I Authorized limit 600 mg/I
CaCO3
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1000 mg/I Authorized limit 2000 mg/I
pH 6.5 – 8.5
Chemical Characteristics – Inorganic

Arsenic (As) 0.05
Florid (F) 1.5
Lead (Pb) 0.01
Manganese (Mn) 0.3
Nitrate (NO3) 50
Nitrate (NO2) 3
Nitrite is the form of nitrogen 11
Chlorine Residues 0.2 – 0.5 for network Up to 0.5 – 1.0 used in urgent
situations
Chemical Characteristics – Inorganic

Chloride (Cl) 250
Copper (Cu) 2
Iron (Fe) 0.3
Potassium 10
Sodium 200
Sulfate 250
Magnesium 30
Calcium 75
3.18 Community survey
The present population of the village: The community elders count the population two or three times
more and think that the more they show the community population, the more money will be given to
the community. The number of community residents directly affects all aspects of the project, like
project design, water amount of the resource, water taps' diameters, power and type of solar panel and
submersible, etc. Also, it makes the main indicator of the project's economic side, so the community
population should be calculated/collected precisely, and for this, all the methods should be tried to
calculate the population accurately. Some methods are as follows:
1. A list should be received from the community elders that shows the number of houses, people
living in the community, and the number of family members.
2. One person should go to the community and survey the residents and households, for example,
how many houses are in the village and how many people live in a home.
The first and second points should be applied, and both population surveys should be
compared; whichever is precise and accurate will be considered the community population.
The following two methods can assist in the accurate calculation of the population.
1. You can get the community statistics from the statistics department's central database.
2. You can get the numbers of houses from the satellite or Google Earth photos.
3.19 Topography Survey
The communities in our country are located on three types of land; flat, sloppy, and semi-flat. Different
tools and methods, for example, Total Station, GPS, 5-Meter Dam, Google Earth, and other tools and
methods, are used for the topography survey of the communities. Relatively flat areas should be
considered accurately, and tools with more accuracy should be used during the topography survey. The
GPS instrument cannot take the height exactly; however, its coordinates are accurate. So, height should
be taken from Google Earth.
If the area is mountainous, the project covers a massive area, and neither the GPS instrument nor
Google Earth can take the heights accurately, then the area should be surveyed through Total Station,
GPS Station, or other devices.
For the topography map, a sketch of the area should be drawn in which major buildings should be
sketched, for instance, the water resource, mosque, street, water canal, road, water storage, school,
health clinic, general storage, distribution pipeline, etc. The topography map should be created based
on scales and coordinates having complete specifications. Also, the number of residents on every street
should be mentioned on the topography map. For a complete and accurate explanation of the map, it
is better to attach a photo taken from the GIS or Google Earth to the soft copy of the topography map.
If the survey department doesn't attach it to the project, the designer must attach it to facilitate the
design, check, and implementation of the project.
The following conditions should be considered when selecting a place for water storage or an elevated
tank in a topography survey:
The water pressure is vital in water supply networks, and the elevated or groundwater tanks are used
to make proper pressure and balance water consumption. If the land for the community is flat and there
is no hill or 15 meters higher area than the high point of the village in or around the community, an
elevated water tank is used in this case. The surveyor should try to select the center of the community
for the elevated water tank. If the land has a part with an elevation up to 15 meters or above, the ground
water tank is used in this case. The surveyor should select a 15 to 20 meters higher area than the high
point of the community for a groundwater tank.
For economic efficiency, it is better to select an area for an elevated or groundwater tank in the middle
or near the middle of the network.
3. Projects' Design
The water supply project design is the potable groundwater extraction from a resource to consumers,
water storage, and supplying water with proper pressure and velocity. The design should be developed
according to those parameters specified at a state level.
3.1 Design Parameters

Every country has its own parameters for designing its water supply projects. Unfortunately, our country
has not specified parameters for supplying water yet. Design parameters are related to different
conditions; for example, water resources, area temperature, economic status of the country, economic
status of the community members, types of pipes used in the network, urban and rural networks,
number of floors in every building, etc.
Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development has specified the following parameters for designing
water supply projects in rural areas and provided them to the designers; however, these parameters
have been prepared according to the lessons learned from the survey, design, and implementation of
the previous projects of the mentioned ministry, and after the study and comparison of the Indian,
Iranian, and European design manuals. They will be enriched when necessary.
The water supply projects have 4 major parts that have separate design parameters.
1- The water resource and the relevant buildings and tools;

2- The storage buildings (Ground Water Tank and Elevated Water Tank);
3- The water transfer pipe from the water resource to its tank;
4- The water distribution network and its relevant buildings.
3.2 Project Design Period

The design period is the time when the main components of the project are designed in a way that the
water needs of the people can be addressed during the mentioned time. Determining the design period
depends on various factors such as population growth, village or city expansion, materials quality,
investment bank income, capital availability, etc.
The design period of water supply projects is considered from 10 years to 30 years, and each part of the
project has a separate design period; for example, the design period for structures is 20 to 30 years, the
design period for pipes is 15 to 20 years, and the design period for electrical equipment (such as water
pumps and generators) is considered 10 years.
For Afghanistan the design period of all components for rural water supply will be adopted to be 15
years.
3.3 Design Population

The water supply projects are designed not for the community's current population but for those added
individuals born after the design period unless the water of the resource suffices them.
The increase in the community population is calculated through different methods, but the following
formula is usually used for it:
P=P1(1+R)n
P: The number of populations registered at the end of the project design
P1: The current number of populations
n: The time of the project design
R: The percentage of increasing populations in a year
3.4 Water Demand Variations and Demand Factors

The water demand varies during the day, month and year, and this variation is related to the water
users' culture, religion, and traditions. In contradiction of the normal case, the water consumption or
the demand variation has three cases.
Minimum Water Demand Day: Those days of the year during which water is less needed = 0.3 multiplied
by the average flow
Average Water Demand Day: Those days of the year when water is averagely needed.
Maximum Water Demand Day: Those days of the year during which water is mostly needed = 1.3
multiplied by the average flow
Peak Hour Water Demand: The hour when water is needed the most, and the average flow is multiplied
by 2.5 or 3.
As mentioned above, consumers demand less or more water during some hours or days. Therefore, the
demand increase or decrease should be calculated through the demand coefficients that are as follows:
Demand Coefficient Water Demand Variations

0.3 Minimum Water Demand Day
1 Average Water Demand Day
1.3 Maximum Water Demand Day
The number of peapal is less than 1000, 2,5 Peak Hour Water Demand
The number of pepal; is more than 1000, 3
Minimum Day Demand: If the project is implemented for a few communities at the district level or it is
a semi-urban network, then the project is analyzed less than 30% from the average flow for the lowest
flow of the first time to check that the static pressure is not more than 70 meters in water supply pipes.
Average Day Demand: It is used for water extraction, consumption, investment, and utilization.
Maximum Day Demand: The pipe is designed for this demand from the water resource to its tank. Also,
the power of the water pump is calculated in this regard.
The resource should have the capacity to fulfill the demand for now and during every year of the design
period.
Peak Hour Demand: The water demand during the day and its consumption in the network is variable.
For instance, water is most needed at 08:00 AM and 09:00 AM, while the need becomes less at 11:00
AM and 12:00 PM. During the night, the water demand equals zero.
From the water tank to the main pipe of the network and all network pipes are designed for maximum
daily demand. It means the network should be able to supply water to the consumers on the day the
water is needed the most and in the hours the water is consumed the most.
3.5 Water Distribution Network

The water distribution network aims to supply water to consumers in all parts of the network with a
proper amount and enough pressure. The water distribution network forms 40-70% of the project
expenditures, and its setup and design are very important. As mentioned previously, the networks
should have water measuring meters, and they will supply water for 24 hours or will have pauses every
24 hours of supplying water, which means a 24-hour water distribution network should supply water
for all hours during the day and night, while an intermittent water distribution network should supply
water for limited hours during the morning and afternoon. Since intermittent water distribution
networks lead to health issues, it will be better if the networks are active for 24 hours. In order to supply
water to all consumers equally, a water distribution network should be divided into various zones.
Moreover, its network zoning requires a few conditions; for example, overpopulation, type of site, and
sloppy areas. If a site has average sloppiness, it should be zoned based on the height of the site from 15
to 25 meters. Each zone should have a separate water supply system. It should be tried to keep the
valves shut, and they are used when necessary. The dynamic pressure difference should not exceed
more than 3 meters up to 5 meters in a water distribution network or a zone site. If it is a sloped site,
the pressure should be controlled by using a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV).
From a water resource to a water distribution network, water is supplied in three methods: A- Pumping
System, B- Gravity Flow System, and C- Combined Gravity and Pumping Systems. If water is supplied to
its distribution network by a gravity flow system, the water tank should be chosen in the middle of the
network to have a small diameter. If a direct water pump is connected to a water distribution network,
a water tank or a water tank high stand should be constructed at the end of the network.
3.6 Water Pressure in a Water Distribution Network

A water distribution network has two types of pressure; static and dynamic. The static pressure is
developed in a water distribution network when the water doesn't flow in the network, while the
dynamic pressure is developed when the water flows in the network and a consumer fetches water
from the network.
Static and dynamic pressures have a vital role in a water distribution network. If the pressure exceeds
the normal limits, it creates problems during fetching water. The leakages in the pipeline jointsult in the
wastage of water and negatively affect the durability of a water distribution network. If the pressure in
the water distribution network is irregular, some consumers fetch more water, while others are not
supplied with it. If the project doesn't supply water from a resource to the network based on gravity,
then supplying water with enough pressure spends more energy than necessary, even if the energy
source is public electricity, a solar power system, or a generator machine. Therefore, the pressure of a
network should be matched with the following pressures:
Measures for the Dynamic Pressure
The lowest pressure 3 meters

The proper pressure for one-floor buildings 7 meters
The proper pressure for two-floor buildings 12 meters
The proper pressure for three-floor buildings 17 meters
The highest pressure 22 meters
In a water distribution network, the pressure should not exceed more than 22 meters, In case of
necessity, if the difference in height of the network is up to 35 meters, it is allowed up to 30 meters.
and the pressure will be reduced using PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve) if a few houses are in a distant
and deep area from the network.
3.7 Small-Diameter Pipeline

In water supply projects, Cast Iron Pipe (CI), Ductile Iron Pipe (DI), Steel Pipe, Asbestos Cement Pipe
(AC), Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC), High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE), Zinc Pipe, and other types
of pipes are used in their own various places. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are mostly used
in small rural projects.
Polyethylene pipes have several types, but PE 80 and PE10 are used in potable water supply projects.
The diameter of those pipes used in sub-streets in a rural water distribution network should not be
smaller than 50 millimeters.
If there are a few houses about 50 meters far from sub-streets or main streets, the diameter of the pipes
should not be smaller than 40 millimeters.
The diameter of the pipes used in the water distribution network of connecting houses is 20, 25, or 32
millimeters.
During the highest pressure, the pressure wastes should be 1 to 4 meters per kilometer from the water
tank to the network and main pipelines.
If water can be elevated from a spring to a tank based on gravity, 5 to 10 meters of waste is allowed.
3.8 Volume and Types of Water Tanks

Two types of water storage buildings are used in water supply projects; A) Concrete Ground Water Tanks
and B) Concrete Elevated Water Tanks.
3.8.1 Ground Water Tank

Ground water tanks are half deep in the ground and half visible on the surface, and they are used for
networks that have a mountain, hill, or a 15-meter higher area than the network within it or in its near
distances. Groundwater tank aims to supply the balance of water production and consumption. Water
consumption is changeable during the day, and the network uses stored water when the water tank is
not supplied with water, there is no electricity, there is no sun to charge the solar power system, or
repair actions are in progress in the water resource or the pipeline.
The volume of the water tanks is calculated relative to the population of the network and the water
flow that is continued from the resource to the water tank. If the water resource is a spring that has
water available for 24 hours or a water pumping system that flows water to the tank for 16 to 24 hours,
the volume of the water tank should be calculated at 33% as the highest consumption per day.
The water tank volume should be calculated at 49% as the highest consumption per day in projects in
which a solar power system gives energy to the water pump or works for 8 hours.
3.8.2 Elevated Water Tank

Concrete Elevated Water Tanks are used in projects implemented on relatively flat areas. Supplying the
normal pressure and flow in the network is the major duty of the elevated water tank. Its volume is
variable to the number of consumers. The water tank volume should be calculated at 3% to 5% as the
highest consumption per day in projects in which the number of consumers is 50,000. Also, the water
tank volume is calculated at less than 25% as the highest consumption per day in small rural projects.
3.8.3 Water Tanks Elevation from the Networks

Ground Water Tank and Elevated Water Tank should be constructed in a high place, where the
network's lowest pressure is not more than 3 meters. Also, the economic status of the project should
be considered. During the highest pressure, the pressure wastes should be 1 to 4 meters per kilometer
from the water tank to the network and main pipelines. Ground water tanks are usually constructed 15
to 20 meters high from the network.
3.9 Valves of water supply networks

In water supply projects, valves are installed in several parts of the network and water supply lines and
structures for various purposes.
In general, valves are divided into two parts in terms of operation in water supply lines or networks as
follows:
A. Valves that are used to facilitate the operation of the network, protect the network, and
facilitate the repair of pipes, such as shut-off and connection valves, air valves, and mud valves;
B. Valves used for hydraulic control such as one-way check valves, pressure relief valves (PRVs),
and flow control valves.
3.10 Water Pumps Selection

As mentioned before, the power of a water pump is calculated according to the highest consumption
per day, and it should have the power to pump the water needed for the highest consumption per day
during the hours in which the electricity is available (urban network, generator machine or solar power
system).
The power of a water pump is related to the amount of pumping water and total water elevation, and
there are two methods to calculate the power of a water pump:
First Method: The type and power of a water pump are chosen from the manufacturing companies'
chart/graph that has been prepared according to the amount of water and total water elevation.
Chart
Second Method: The power of the water pump can be calculated by using the below calculation
formula, which includes the water flow, height, density, and gravitational acceleration. If the water
pump catalog is available, using the first method is better for finding the power of the water pump.
Ph: Hydraulic power of the pump (kW)
Ps: Shaft power of the pump (kW)
Pm: Power to the Motor (KW)
Q: Volumetric flow of fluid through the pump (m3/h)
ρ: Density of the fluid being pumped (kg/m)
G: Gravity (9.81 m/s2)
H: Head produced by the pump (m)
ηp: Pump efficiency (%)
ηm: Motor efficiency (%)
Two coefficients are considered for solar panels:
η (Inverter)= inverter efficiency taken around 85%
η (factor)= efficiency factor is normally taken around 80%,

Ph (kW)= q (m3/hr) X ρ(kg/m3) X g(m2/s) x h(m) / (3600000)
PS (kW) =
Pm (kW) =
Or
Pm (kW)= Ps x C coefficient
PV (kW)= ( ) ( )
There are no specific formulas for calculating the efficiency of a 𝜂 , 𝜂𝑚 and the C coefficient water pump
or motor. It depends on the company's production and the type of electricity. For relative calculation,
𝜂 75% and C coefficient are taken from the table below
Shaft power of the pump (Ps) in Coefficient

ηp
KW C
<1 2-1.5 75%
1-5 1.5-1.2 75%
5-50 1.2-1.1 75%
Note: The distance between the water pump and the casing of the well must be considered; the well
casing should be at least two inches larger than the normal diameter of the water pump so that the
accessories such as the water pump power line, pipes for monitoring the cable, etc. can be easily
installed and operated together with the water pump.
3.11 Solar-Powered Water Pumps System

Due to the rapid development of new energy (solar energy) production equipment, solar power systems
are being used on a large scale in water supply in the current era, which is more valuable compared to
other systems, such as generators and wind turbines, since it is economical, environment-friendly and
sustainable.
The solar-powered water pump system consists of these main parts:
1. Solar panels
2. Solar pump's inverter controller
3. Water pump and dynamo
3.11.1 Solar panels
Solar panels are energy-producing devices that capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. In
this conversion process, 80% of the energy of the sun's rays is wasted, and only 20% of the solar energy is
converted into electrical energy. Solar panels produce DC electricity, and the amount of production
depends on the size of the panels, solar radiation, installation directions, installation area on the earth,
the season of the year, and so on. Further information can be found at https://globalsolaratlas.info/.
In projects where a water pump supplies water, if there is an urban power supply network in the area, the
water pump should be powered by the electricity network or by the solar power system.
If the water pump is installed in an area where there is an urban power supply network, a water pump
adjusted to the electricity should be selected, but if there is no urban power supply network and solar
power can be produced, solar power will be produced as follows.
3.11.2 Solar Pump Controller

Solar-generated electricity has a direct relationship with the sun and is in a state of change, i.e., it increases
or decreases. This electricity is regulated by the controller according to the demand of the water pump;
therefore, the controller plays a vital role in the system. When the voltage is more or less than the water
pump needs, the water pump is automatically shut down; thus, the water pump is maintained, and the
system works for a long time.
3.11.3 Water Pumps

Solar water pumps have two types of dynamos, one for DC and the other for AC power; it depends on the
manufacturing company how much power DC water pumps use and how much power AC water pumps
use. Usually, solar water pumps with a power of fewer than 2.5 kilowatts directly use the electricity
produced by the solar panels and do not need additional power conversion devices.
3.11.4 Inverter
Those water pumps whose power is higher than 3 kW use AC three-phase electricity. An inverter is
installed to convert the DC power to AC; the inverter loses 15% to 20% of the power.
4. Example
A village in Ghazni province, which has 207 households in 100 houses, has a total population of 1449
people. The water source in this village is underground water, and the static level of the underground
water or the water table is located at 55 meters depth, and the dynamic level or the water level during
the pump cycle reaches 65 meters. The area is flat, and there is a hill on the village outskirts. The reservoir
was selected in an area on the side of the hill, which is 220 meters away and 22 meters higher than the
well. Watergems software calculates the pipe's 2-meter longitudinal and latitudinal wastage, which is
extended from the source to the reservoir. In order for the water to fall into the reservoir at a suitable
pressure, an additional pressure of one meter is considered. Let's calculate the network for the village
based on the above information.
1- The transmission pipe transfers water from the source(well,spring..) to the reservoir
２- The main pipe transfers water from the reservoir to the network and to the street pipes3- The principal
pipes deliver water from the main pipe to local and service pipes.local pipe deliver water from main and
principal pipe to service pipe
５- The service pipe delivers water from the network pipes to the houses
4.1 Calculation of solar pump

The calculations have been done based on the information mentioned above, and the results are
summarized in the table below:
Solar Pump Calculation Table
o Description Amount
1 Population 1449
2 Households 1449/7= 207
3 Population growth/year 2.2
4 Design period 15
5 Design population 1449(1+2.2/100)^15 2008
6 Daily Demand I/c/d 40
Average Daily flow for design population m3/day 80.3
7
=2008x40/1000
8 Peak daily factor 1.3
9 Peak daily flow m3/day 80.3x1.3 104.4
10 Peak hourly flow m3/h=(row9/8) 104.4/8 hour 13.1
11 TDH=Hds+H Loss+ 1m 65+22+2+1=90m
The hydraulic power of the pump (kW) Ph (kW)= 3.2
12 q (m3/hr) X ρ(kg/m3) X g(m2/s) x h(m) / (3600000)
13 ηP Pump Efficiency (%)= 75% 1.25

14 Shaft power of the pump (kW) 3.2 x 1.25 4.0
Coefficient C= () ph <1kw-1.5-2) Ph 1 to 5 kw=1.2-1.5 1.24
15
ph 5 to 50 kw 1.2 - 1.2
16 Power to the motor (kW) =4x1,24 5~
17 Available in market 5.5
18 η (inverter)=inverter efficiency 85% 0.85
19 η (factor) = efficiency factor is normally 80% 0.80
20 PV (kW)=5.5/(x0.85x0.8) 8.1
Note: The company does not produce a 5-kW water pump with this capacity, while it should be adjusted
with standard production. If the production guidelines of the manufacturing companies are read, 95% are
similar to each other, and the products are of 5.5 kW capacity; therefore, 5.5 kW power has been
considered for the water pump motor.
In order to determine other specifications of the water pump, such as the number of fans the water pump
should have and the size of its diameter, the water pump with all the specifications will be selected
according to the guide graph of the water pump production companies, which has a motor with of around
5.5 kilowatts power. A high-capacity pump should not be selected, and a pump capable of pumping 13.1
m3 of water per hour at a height of 90 meters can easily be selected.
In the graphs, there are many water pumps of 5.5 kW capacity, and they differ from each other in the
amount of water and height. However, the water pump should be selected whose height and water
quantity are closest to or meets the project requirement.
4.2 Calculation of solar panels
The installed power of the water pump is 5.5 kW, 20% of the energy is wasted in the inverter, and 15%
is considered for the efficiency of the system; therefore, the capacity of the solar panels should be 35%
more than the selected water pump.
PV (kW)= ( ) ( )
=
.
.
.
= 8 kW
The water pump needs 8 kilowatts of power from solar panels; if the output of each panel is 350 watts,
350/8000 =8, 23=22, the system needs 23 solar panels.
4.3 Designing the Water Supply Network
Different flows are used for the design of the network pipes, such as the transmission pipe that is extended
from the well to the reservoir is calculated for the flow that the water pump pumps from the source per
second; hence, maximum daily water consumption will be divided by 8 hours.
If the water source is a spring, the water transmission pipe from the source to the network or reservoir is
designed for the amount of water that will flow in the pipe in 24 hours; thus, the maximum daily
consumption is divided into 24 hours.
All calculations are summarized in the table.
Water Supply Network Design's Table Commented [SS3]: Pl provide formula where applicable
No Description Amount
1 Population 1449
4 Design period 15
Average Daily flow for design population L/sec 0.92
7
2008x40/86400
9 Peak daily flow L/sec 0.92x1.3= 1.2
11 Peak hourly flow L/sec 1.2x2.5= 3.0
Well water yield=Pumped water L/sec – 3.63
12
13.1x1000/3600=3.63
13 The volume of Reservoir 49% of (101 m3) 50
XXX Pl add design calculation of pipe line for transmission line and delivery main
Network design by software:

Network design by software: For network design, a detailed and topographical site plan will be created
based on the survey information, the site plan will include elevations, streets, houses, mosques, schools,
clinics, resources. (well, spring), location of reservoir , area for solar if required, canals in pipe route,
feeders, control structures etc., network is shown in the site plan with all elements such as well and pump.
, water, solar, reservoirs, pipes, valves and other software structures can be drawn. When the network is
completed, the data for the design of the network will be entered from the calculation table and survey
data such as elevations, giants, etc. Calculated amount of water etc
The total water consumption (maximum daily consumption) of the people living in the street will be
entered into the last joint of the street. In the first stage, the approximate diameter of the pipes is chosen
by the software. Run will show more design results for pipes and joints such as velocity, pressure loss,
pressure, water volume, and other hydraulic calculations, pressure in joints P- and pressure loss in pipe
HL to normal condition. Bringing will also bring other hydraulic figures back to normal design.
The design should pay attention to the following:
If the pressure in the joints is less than 7 meters, the pressure will be increased by taking several
way.
A- moved reservoir to high level area of available, and increased tank height ,
B- If the pipe losses are more than 10 or 11 meters per kilometer, the diameter of the pipe should
be increased to reduce the veracity to reduce the losses.
The diameters of the pipes should be selected in such a way that the losses and velocity do not
decrease or exceed the permitted conditions mentioned below.
If the velocity pressure and pressure loss in the joints and pipes are equal to the figures mentioned
below, the network design is done correctly.
Criteria of Pipeline design
The maximum velocity in transmission and main pipes 1.5 m/sec
The minimum velocity in transmission and main pipes is 0.4 m/sec (0.4 m/sec).
In principal, local pipe The minimum velocity for pipe diameter morthen 50mm is 0.4 m/sec
Head loss (hL) of about 5.0 m/km oflimited to 10.0 m/km of pipeline for transmi
The Head loss (hL) in transmission and main pipes is not more than 10 to 11 meters in one
kilometer(10/1000) or 11/1000)
The Head loss (hL) in principal and local pipes is from 0.5 meter to 5 meter (0.5/1000) to (5/1000)
Note: The diameter of the main pipe from the reservoir to the network is 90 mm and the pressure loss is 6
meters in one kilometer.Because if the pipe diameter is selected one step less than 90 mm diameter, 75
mm, the pressure head loss m/km increases from the normal condition.Reaches up to 16 meters in one
kilometer, if the production of pipes with a diameter higher than 75 mm and less then 90 mm was available,
it would have been selected.example 80 mm
Second example:
If the water supply project is designed for the village of the above-mentioned example, but the source is
not a well, there is a spring 70-meter high 2 km away from the village, in the season when the water of the
spring will be low (autumn season) the amount of water is 5 liters per second.
Solution: The design of the network will be the same as the first example, only the volume of the reservoir
and the design of the transmission pipe from the source to the reservoir will be different.
No Description Amount
1 Population 1449
4 Design period 15
Average Daily flow for design population L/sec 0.92
7
2008x40/86400
9 Peak daily flow L/sec 0.92x1.3= 1.2
11 Peak hourly flow L/sec 1.2x2.5= 3.0
Peak daily flow L/sec 0.92x1.3= for transmission 1.2
12
pipe line design
13 The volume of Reservoir 33% of (101 m3) 33
Design difference between the first and second example

In the first example, where the source is underground water (well), the transmission pipe was designed for
3.6 L/sec water which is 90 mm diameter and the storage volume was calculated to be 49 percent of the
maximum consumption, which is 50 cubic meters.
In the second example, where the source was a spring, the transmission pipe was designed for 1.21 L/sec
water, with a diameter of 63 mm and a reservoir volume calculated for 33 percent, which is 33 cubic meters.
Network colculation
Network colculation
WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURE
Well
Pipe Tranch
Authored by:
Engineer Mahmood Salaar
1. Resources Assistants - Engineer Abdul Jalil and Engineer Said Jamaluddin

2. Contributor in Water Quality Aspects – Dr. Zabihullah
Sources Cited:
1. Writer's 15 years of professional experience and research in the field of water supply
2. Water Supply handbook, Tamil Nadu, Water Supply Drainage Board (TWAD)
3. Rural Water Supply Design Manual, WORLD BANK Manila, Philippines February 2012
4. Iran Water Supply Design Manual, April 5, 2017, No. 11831
5. Technical Assessment for Solar Powered Pumps UNDP Lebanon 2015/5/19
END

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Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development

Directorate of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Survey and Design Manual for Rural

Prepared by: Eng. Mahmood Salaar

Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation i

And We made from water every living thing. Quran [21:30]

1. Water policy general conditions

1. Water policy general conditions

1.1 Water Consumption Norms

1.2 Metering Network

1.3 Pipeline network

1.5 Water Consumption Norms for Public Facilities

Schools and madrasas without dormitories 3.5 to 6 liters per student

Madrasas with dormitory 50 liters per boarding student

Hospitals with beds 350 liters per bed

Clinic without beds 1700 liters for the building

Government Offices 500 liters for the building

3.1 Project Feasibility Assessment

 Water resources research

3.3 Underground water resources

3.4 Selecting the best method for well-excavation

3.5 Important points in well-excavation

3.6 Stages of design and completion of wells

3.7 Using Gravel pack

3.8 Process of wells cleansing and development

3.10 Report of wells completion and recording of the necessary information

3.11 Reinforcement of Underground water resources

3.12 Surface water resources

3.13 Water Spring

The following conditions should be considered in building a spring box

3.14 The resources that community people currently use

3.15 Insertion of the important data of the resource

3.16 Water sampling for quality check

1. The first bottle, form number – A, without adding protective materials

Chemical Characteristics – Inorganic

Chemical Characteristics – Inorganic

3.1 Design Parameters

1- The water resource and the relevant buildings and tools;

3.2 Project Design Period

3.3 Design Population

P1: The current number of populations

n: The time of the project design

R: The percentage of increasing populations in a year

3.4 Water Demand Variations and Demand Factors

Demand Coefficient Water Demand Variations

3.5 Water Distribution Network

3.6 Water Pressure in a Water Distribution Network

The lowest pressure 3 meters

3.7 Small-Diameter Pipeline

3.8 Volume and Types of Water Tanks

3.8.1 Ground Water Tank

3.8.2 Elevated Water Tank

3.8.3 Water Tanks Elevation from the Networks

3.9 Valves of water supply networks

3.10 Water Pumps Selection

Ph: Hydraulic power of the pump (kW)

Ps: Shaft power of the pump (kW)

Pm: Power to the Motor (KW)

Q: Volumetric flow of fluid through the pump (m3/h)

ρ: Density of the fluid being pumped (kg/m)

G: Gravity (9.81 m/s2)

H: Head produced by the pump (m)

ηm: Motor efficiency (%)