A STUDY OF CHALLENGES FACING INDEPENDENT BROADCAST

PROGRAMME PRODUCERS (A CASE STUDY OF FRESH F.M. 105.9)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The best way to deal with a problem is to understand the issues involved.

The topic assigned to this project is “a study of Challenge facing Independent

Broadcasting programme producer (A case study of Fresh F.M. 105.9).” And then,

imagine a world without electricity, no electric oven, no television set, and no

stereo. Electric circuit has been more than convenience to mankind. It has recreated

our environment and radically altered our life style.

Electricity seems to have become part of that thing never of civilization that

keeps some of us from reverting to our primal selves from the coffee pot to the

duplicating machine, we have come to rely on electricity in virtually all faces of

our day to day activities.

The establishment of broadcasting in Nigeria was the result of the

determination of the British colonial authorities to link the colonies with the

“mother country” Broadcasting was introduced into Nigeria in 1932 such a link

was expected to serve the dual purpose of providing powerful propaganda

machinery for the British and the wider world.

 Independent broadcasting station is an independent radio or terrestrial

television station which is independent in some way from broadcast networks. The

definition of "independence" varies from country to country, reflecting

governmental regulations, market environment and the broadcasting medium's

development history.

In the United States and Canada, an independent station is a broadcast

station which is not directly affiliated with any large network.

In Japan, an independent station is a terrestrial station which is not a member

of any networks whose dominant stations are located in Tokyo; see Japanese

Association of Independent Television Stations (JAITS) for more details. In

addition, although The Open University of Japan is not a member of JAITS, it can

also be classified as independent.

Broadcast can be considered as a branch in the field of mass communication

and it can be categorized into two segments that is: Radio and Television. No doubt

radio and television are very powerful in the field of communication because of

their immediacy and having more effect as information and ideas are passed to the

audience.

The introduction of broadcasting can be traced back to 1916 when David

Sam of a young radio engineer working for the American Marconi company

described radio as a household utility, a radio music box is arranged for several
different wavelength over which music, lectures, news sports, concerts and retails

could be transmitted into the home while on the other hand, Zworykin and focus

worth were the inventors of television between 1923 and 1931 respectively.

Broadcast media were defined as an area business competition rather than a

public media of communication Franklin established some basic critical for

broadcasting station of modern standard in the United States.

(1) That broadcasting utilizes electromagnetic radiation that must be wireless.

(2) That broadcasting must use pictures, voices and not code

(3) Broadcasting station must be transmitting to the general public

(4) Broadcasting operations must be licensed by the government.

(5) Broadcasting stations programme must be transmitted on regular schedule.

Apart from interpersonal communication, modern broadcast media can be

used to disseminate information to a large heterogeneous audience simultaneously

which is faster than interpersonal form of communication.

Broadcasting media can be used in various ways in an under developed

society. They can be used to disseminate information on agricultural development,

health campaign and community development.

Radio and television stations have been established in order to bring

information within the reach of a large segment of the population.

It is observed that greater number of Nigeria broadcast media like television

is meant to promote culture in the environment.

 The best way to delve into this problem is to first of all understand the issue

involved. In the same way in our attempt to purpose the role of television on

cultural promotion we need to break the component into manageable parts and thus

deal with them. The topic assigned in this project is the impact of the television as

a means of cultural promotion in our environment.

Television is not merely neural technical strumming but is snapped by and

itself shaped the programme. New television technology constantly arises and

influences programme. Television domination of domestic live began in 1950,

films creation of stars in the first world war era, or television combination of

technologies often stimulates transient vision of an utopia or dystrophies future,

which is seen as being technical in nature.

In the simple sense of it, attempting to define television it is an electronic

device with audio visual properties with the aim of informing, education and

entertaining the audience.

Television is more than other medium of communication. It is the greatest

communication meanings ever designed and operated by man. Each minute of

television programme enlighten people each day on issues pertaining to human

existence.

Television is not a mere transmission device. It brings along massive

audience into a direct relationship with particular set of values and attitudes,

television brings the world into different homes of its audience.

 The television makes use of visual imaginary in our mass mediated society

and it has affected lives, both positively and negatively most especially through it

program. It represent a sight and sound medium of communication, which transit

sound and pictures from a broadcasting studio to millions of homes through

electronic magnetic radiation.

According to Ifedayo Daramola (2003) in one of his books, Introduction to

Mass Communication. It is a medium of entertainment, information and education

through which message is sent to hundreds of millions of mind simultaneously.

This medium has specific advantages necessary for assessment in the study.

Firstly, it can be said to offer dramatic impact of sound, sight and motions that

cannot be matched. Secondly, it mobilizes the viewers because the equipment for

the production can be moved about using O.B van, this reinforce the believability

of any program broadcasting at the times.

Lastly, television is based majorly as an entertainment medium that it is

viewer into spat of events this then takes us to independent broadcasting

programme as our study area.

The programmes produced by independent broadcasters are live but in

unavoidable cases they are recorded. The programme uses particular stars that

could also be particular of the programmes to present its programme.

 Programmes under this category could be talk shows, panel talks, quiz roller

denies and the likes, whether the presentation of such programme is the

independent or not, all that matters is the efficiency and professional presentation

of programme. A programme should supply what the target audience wants and

this can be done through creativity and professionalism.

Surprisingly, most shows or programmes packaged by independent

broadcasting are not known to many especially student of tertiary institution and

those who knows it.

It is just on programme to be watched. Under this target audience will not be

encourage to watch but the whole role of the independent broadcasting programme

production will be outlined.

Regarding Davis Fall Geris article (2003) role in media, the development of

a general theory of human communication that integrate the inter-personal mass

media, organization, small group inter cultural and other communication context

requires assessment of a programme that can be consistently applied across

production.

The generalization concept of the medium that treat inter-personal

communication like face-to-face communication, a small group medium like class

room discussion or an organization medium like head compliment interaction as

fundamentally the same as a mass medium in radio or television using concept in

this way, we will develop the impact of broadcasting programme.

Meanwhile, over the years multifarious broadcasting media have

broadcasting programmes packages by producers. Notwithstanding, this does not

really mean that justice have been done to the impact this programme have on lives

of those matching. Moreover, producers are either consciously of programme in

public interest, necessity and convenience.

Importantly, the challenges facing independent broadcasting programme

production will be discovered that it was the major target in these project works.

This impart of programmes will be properly x-rayed to know if actually

independent programmes affected audience positively.

A different question arising and it will be technically talked in the research

work with a view knowing the rationale behind why this research works should be

carried out on this subject matter.

Also, this research work will enable the research to find out if students of

tertiary institution who this independent programmes are satisfied with time

allotted to it production which in turn inform and enlighten them on the need to

make necessary adjustment where necessary.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Recently, technology capacity realized that independent broadcasting has

caused worry in the minds of some nations, with satellite radio or television

programmers sent from direct broadcast would remain inside national boundaries.

When split over close occur, it can easily threaten a nation’s producer, integrity or

even security thereby creating programme integrating.

Development in satellite technologies have caused serious security problem

for nations, mass media increasingly internationalized are expressing line creasing

concerns about a possible reduction from euro-American programmes imperils. It

is at this not to find out the extent broadcast capacity has produced our

programmes and also to know if independent broadcast functions are making any

effect to the targeted populace.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to know if the target audience i.e students that

constitute the sample for the research programmes, the rate at which they do, the

reason why they do, the benefits of student derived from watching these

programme and what they don’t want in the programme and how producer can

adjust.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The project purpose is mainly to reveal the extent of how independent

broadcasting has produce programme generally in our indigenous environment.

 The objectives of this study are as follows:

i. To study the various ways independent broadcast programme has been

produce through media.

ii. To Find out the effects of independent broadcast in producing programme

iii. To determine how efficiently broadcasting has really producing the Nigeria

programme.

iv. To find solution and total the phenomena that worries the rations

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions will cover the area mentioned below:

i. How well do independent broadcasting stations produce programme?

ii. What kind of programme messages predominate on Nigeria radio Stations?

iii. What effect does independent broadcasting have on our programme?

iv. Are the people really producing programme through what they perceive

without radio stations or any media.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of independent broadcasting as a study of programme

producer cannot be over emphasized.

Independent broadcasting is endowed with the aim to educate, entertain and

inform nitrogenous audience at a time. Also it transmits programme from one

generation to another showing drama, dances and mode of dressing etc to the target

audience.
 Also, the significance of the study is to inform, enlighten the people of the
world to know the essence of independent broadcasting in the programme
produced.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is concentrated or using independent broadcasting particular the
medium of Fresh FM 105.9 Ibadan, Oyo State.
This scope is informed by virtue of the fact that the independent
broadcasting tagged and accepted a study of independent broadcasting programme
producer in our environments. Both staff and students from various departments of
The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa are also chosen as the recipients of the programme
producing information.
However, it is assumed that whatever information obtained in this research
will be applied to all other tertiary institutions.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
INDEPENDENT: One who is capable of running one’s affairs with private money
without needs for i.e private sponsors for one self.
BROADCASTING:- Is the business of sending out programme, information or
news in a media house. They serve as the watchdog to the government and
responsible for entertaining and educating.

PROGRAMME:- A show on television or radio.

MEDIA:- House responsible for disseminating of information.

PRODUCER:- is a person heading a production practically through the planning

of major roles and intimation of ideas creatively.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature is specifically retrieved from textbooks of mass

communication and other professional public that bear relevance of the study of

“Challenge facing independent programme producer in our indigenous

environments”. As the mass media develop, we have a number of competing

claims about then social significance and impact.

In historical terms, the various media especially independent broadcasting

have operated both to condense and to read anxiety and pear about the nature of

change in a rapidly changing world. As such, they have often been singled out as if

they are sole of particular tendencies in the society and programme producing.

Since mid-nineteenth century, the growth of independent broadcasting has

undoubtedly assisted the process where certain forms of programme difference

have taken place. And it will be trite and illogical to say that independent

broadcasting is not the bride, beauty and elegance of all mass communication

media. Indeed independent broadcasting has a majestic ambiance that is capable of

protecting its practitioners to celebrity level and also attracts goodwill from the

mass audience in return.

Due to its prestigious position in the communication world, the finesse and

dexterity required for on air performance broadcast journalism is regarded as the

most attractive and innovative of all the branches of the mass media. The

beginning of broadcasting or broadcast journalism in Nigeria according to Udeajah,

(2004:46) is with “Wired independent broadcasting otherwise designated as Radio

Distribution services (RDS). Programmes of RDS were packaged and relayed from

the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) London.” It sounds preposterous

though, but that was the technology and knowledge available during the colonial

days. However, in his chronological treaties of broadcasting in Nigeria Udeajah

opined that it was the outcome of Turner Byron report in 1949 that gave birth to

the first broadcasting service, the Nigeria broadcasting services (NBS) in 1954, that

served as spring board for the establishment of other broadcasting outfits.

According to Udeajah (2004:45) Chief Awolowo. Established the Western

Nigeria Television (WNTV) in 1959. The Eastern region followed in 1960 while

the Northern Region and federal governments completed the circle in 1962. The

competition of the political practitioners to establish broadcast media stations is the

fundamental belief that broadcasting is a powerful tool in the hands of politicians

for mounding peoples opinion. Because of the dynamism and raw power it

possesses, independent broadcasting undergoes frequent changes. In the style of

operation and the design of equipment. Nigeria took the front seat in analogue

broadcasting and can’t afford to take the rare in digital broadcasting?

Udeajah (2004:48) again captured the mood of the nation in the 60‟s by

saying that By 1962 as earlier indicated all the regional capitals had dual
broadcasting systems of radio and television. The Nigeria broadcasting corporation

came into existence operating national, regional and provincial stations till 1966.

It was again recorded by Udeajah (2004:51) that; The power of the

electronic media to cover long distances and to reach beyond the boarders of

foreign countries without fear of censorship that has often strangled the

international coverage of the printed word was recognized early in Nigeria’s

political history. It directed the Nigeria broadcasting corporation to set up an

external service... the voice of Nigeria (VON) came into existence in January 1962.

If the politician were very clever to recognize the beauty and power of

broadcasting at that time then the migration to the digital world in a civilized

period shouldn’t pose any problems.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

To broadcast is to disseminate information through mechanical means,

simultaneously to a wide, diverse and heterogeneous audience made up individual

within and outside a society. Broadcasting is indispensable in any society,

permeating and fulfilling all individual, social, political and hedonic needs of

people pivoted by the transfer of meaning – communication. The societal

importance of broadcasting is underscored by Folarin (2000) when he defines the

endeavour as: “the planned provision of information, education and entertainment

to large and heterogeneous audiences through the medium of radio or television”

(P.35). Broadcasting which involves radio and television broadcasting, as noted by

Folarin (2000), expresses the assumption of “scattered dissemination to

anonymous, undefined destinations made up of listeners and viewers” (Udeajah

2005). This implies that, within a society, broadcasting operates not in a vacuum

but as an element within a system comprising of mutually interactive,

interdependent constituent parts or elements. This suggests that broadcasting, as an

institution within a society, derives its functional relevance from its interaction or

relationship with other societal elements, both within its organizational structure

(i.e. operational managers, owners etc) and outside (i.e. sources, audiences,

advertisers, government etc). Hence, logically, it can be posited that broadcasting,

in any society, operates within an environment made up of dynamic, interactive

internal and external forces. This assertion is supported by Udeajah (2005) who, in

adducing reasons for the development of broadcasting, mentions some of these

external forces that impact on broadcasting contents: “Broadcasting developed as a

result of persistent experimentations of methods for central governments and

centralized commercial organisations to communicate to a large number of people.

Broadcast media have consistently maintained this objective of serving as the

fastest method for political actors and business agents to communicate

simultaneously to a heterogeneous listening and viewing public” (P:3-4). This

paper, therefore constitutes an attempt to examine in retrospect (i.e. historically),

the evolution of broadcasting in Nigeria, from inception in 1935 to its present state
of development at the turn of the 21st century, precisely 2009. This historical

overview, covering a period of 74 years precisely, is undertaken ideologically, in

terms of an evaluation of the normative challenges faced by the different arms of

the broadcasting institution in their interaction with environmental forces during

the various stages of broadcasting development in Nigeria. And ideology,

according to Cortean et al (2000:157), quoted by Udeajah (2005), “is a complicated

term with different implications depending on the context in which it is used”.

Hence, putting it in specific contexts, ideology is used in the context of this paper

to mean mass media norms; and ideological appraisal, contextually, refers to the

normative responses of the mass media in managing relationships with social

forces in their environment.

2.1 CONCEPT OF INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING

Independent broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a

dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically

one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.

Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with

the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of

electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-one,

with the message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved

from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them
broadly about. It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of

information by printed materials or by telegraph. Examples applying it to "one-to-

many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as

early as 1898.

Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television,

though in recent years, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be

distributed by cable (cable television). The receiving parties may include the

general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the

appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can

receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed

services such as public radio, community radio and public television, and private

commercial radio and commercial television. The U.S. Code of Federal

Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines "broadcasting" as "transmissions intended for

reception by the general public, either direct or relayed". Private or two-way

telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For

example, amateur ("ham") and citizens band (CB) radio operators are not allowed

to broadcast. As defined, "transmitting" and "broadcasting" are not the same.

Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television

station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or

terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license.

Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits

OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts but do not

necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In

the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital

technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.

January 1991 in regulatory terms, however the authority itself was not

officially dissolved until 2003.

The IBA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme TV

contractors and local radio contractors, and built and operated the network of

transmitters distributing these programmes through its Engineering Division. It

established and part-funded a National Broadcasting School to train on-air and

engineering staff.

Independent broadcasting station is an independent radio or terrestrial

television station which is independent in some way from broadcast networks. The

definition of "independence" varies from country to country, reflecting

governmental regulations, market environment and the broadcasting medium's

development history.

In the United States and Canada, an independent station is a broadcast

station which is not directly affiliated with any large network.

 In Japan, an independent station is a terrestrial station which is not a member

of any networks whose dominant stations are located in Tokyo; see Japanese

Association of Independent Television Stations (JAITS) for more details. In

addition, although The Open University of Japan is not a member of JAITS, it can

also be classified as independent.

Broadcast can be considered as a branch in the field of mass communication

and it can be categorized into two segments that is: Radio and Television. No doubt

radio and television are very powerful in the field of communication because of

their immediacy and having more effect as information and ideas are passed to the

audience.

The introduction of broadcasting can be traced back to 1916 when David

Sam of a young radio engineer working for the American Marconi company

described radio as a household utility, a radio music box is arranged for several

different wavelength over which music, lectures, news sports, concerts and retails

could be transmitted into the home while on the other hand, Zworykin and focus

worth were the inventors of television between 1923 and 1931 respectively.

Broadcast media were defined as an area business competition rather than a

public media of communication Franklin established some basic critical for

broadcasting station of modern standard in the United States.

(1) That broadcasting utilizes electromagnetic radiation that must be wireless.

 (2) That broadcasting must use pictures, voices and not code

(3) Broadcasting station must be transmitting to the general public

(4) Broadcasting operations must be licensed by the government.

(5) Broadcasting stations programme must be transmitted on regular schedule.

Apart from interpersonal communication, modern broadcast media can be

used to disseminate information to a large heterogeneous audience simultaneously

which is faster than interpersonal form of communication.

Broadcasting media can be used in various ways in an under developed

society. They can be used to disseminate information on agricultural development,

health campaign and community development.

2.2 BROADCASTING AND HISTORY

The first broadcasting of a radio transmission consisted of Morse code (or

wireless telegraphy) was made from a temporary station set up by Guglielmo

Marconi in 1895. This followed on from pioneering work in the field by

Alessandro Volta, André-Marie Ampère, Georg Ohm, James Clerk Maxwell and

Heinrich Hertz. The broadcasting of music and talk via radio started

experimentally around 1905-1906, and commercially around 1920 to 1923. VHF

(very high frequency) stations started 30 to 35 years later.

In the early days, radio stations broadcast on the long wave, medium wave

and short wave bands, and later on VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (ultra high
frequency). However, in the United Kingdom, Hungary, France and some other

places, from as early as 1890 there was already a system whereby news, music, live

theatre, music hall, fiction readings, religious broadcasts, etc., were available in

private homes [and other places] via the conventional telephone line, with

subscribers being supplied with a number of special, personalised headsets. In

Britain this system was known as Electrophone, and was available as early as 1895

or 1899 [sources vary] and up until 1926. In Hungary, it was called Telefon

Hírmondó [1893-1920s], and in France, Théâtrophone [1890-1932]). The

Wikipedia Telefon Hírmondó page includes a 1907 program guide which looks

remarkably similar to the types of schedules used by many broadcasting stations

some 20 or 30 years later.

By the 1950s, virtually every country had a broadcasting system, typically

one owned and operated by the government. Alternative modes included

commercial radio, as in the United States; or a dual system with both state

sponsored and commercial stations, introduced in Australia as early as 1924, with

Canada following in 1932. Today, most countries have evolved into a dual system,

including the UK. By 1955, practically every family in North America and

Western Europe, as well as Japan, had a radio. A dramatic change came in the

1960s with the introduction of small inexpensive portable transistor radio, the
greatly expanded ownership and usage. Access became practically universal across

the world.

2.3 TYPES OF BROADCASTING

Broadcasting is a term that refers to a form of communication that distributes

contents such as video and audio to receiving audience. And well, there has been a

development in broadcasting systems Kuwait has done over the years to upgrade

the out-dated standards of old systems like AM and FM analogue radio, PAL,

SECAM and NTSV analogue TV. 

It has been upgraded to RDS/HSDS data signals on FM subcarriers, PAL

Plus, a system that accommodates film video with 16:9 aspect ratio., AM stereo

and FM stereo which is DSB modulated and uses an audio spectrum that is around

38 kHz.

Apparently, governments and broadcasters hesitated to introduce the new

systems because such innovation in public broadcast standards would need major

investments as it will eventually replace all the receiver sets at homes.

  And fortunately, digital transmissions were introduced. It can be modified

much easier and is said to be even more flexible because it enables the Set Top

Boxes to convert MPEG digital signals to analogue standard which can then be

watched on ordinary TV sets. There are different types of broadcasting systems

available today. Some of these are not only for home and media purposes, but also

telecoms services Kuwait has embraced this as well.

Here are the different types of broadcast systems.

i. TELETEXT:- This is a system that adds the data into the blanking interval

of an analog television signal. It has been developed in the 1970s to relay

information like weather, news and TV channel program guides.

ii. AM BROADCASTING:- Amplitude Modulation or AM refers to long,

medium and shortwave signals that can travel across the earth for worldwide

broadcast services.

iii. ANALOGUE FM BROADCASTING:- Another audio broadcast system

that delivers a much better quality compared to AM radio.

iv. DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEMS:- Digitalizing of the radio and

television broadcasting networks has become a milestone in the broadcasting

world. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) and Digital Audio Broadcasting systems are

just a few examples. This can not only improve audio and visual services, but also

enable multimedia services and navigation & monitoring Kuwait roads through

the use of satellite and terrestrial signals.

Most of the broadcast system can only be transmitted one-way. But

developers aim to achieve standardizing digital video broadcasting and digital

terrestrial television broadcasting concepts that can deliver an even better and

clearer quality. And soon enough, it will also be transmitted in mobile terminals,

making it possible to deliver and receive information efficiently whenever you

want, wherever you are.

2.4 FEATURES OF BROADCASTING

RADIO FEATURE

A regular feature of radio programs is broadcasting radio features. This

broadcasting product meant giving a detailed look to subjects, which are not

possible to be covered by other programs. In radio features a production team is

engaged and assigned various tasks starting from selection of the topic to

conducting research and updating it, if required before sending things for post-

production.

These features can be placed in four separate columns.

i. Personality Features

Perhaps the common most radio features could be placed here. At time you wish to

provide a detailed view of a person, its life achievements, living style, and

contribution to the sphere of his profession.

For Instance, Dec 25 is approaching and the broadcasting house is mindful

to produce a feature on Quaid-i-Azam. A team would be set up much before that

day to prepare a feature to be aired on that date. The feature will comprise a
complete profile of Quaid's life, his thoughts, struggle, campaigns, political odds

he faced, parleys he held with the Raj and congress party, his leadership qualities,

research done by various scholars and references of books and articles written on

him and with the conclusion which is relevant today. And if the feature is on Mirza

Ghalib we must be passing through a similar exercise with the only difference that

instead of political aspect, we would be emphasizing more on the literary side of

his personality, his contemporary poetry, and how he has been understood by

towering literary persons afterwards.

ii. Features on places

An interesting point in features is the introduction of new and old places to

the listeners. People are always keen in knowing about places. A radio feature

comes handy in knowing so much in a brief time about the spots one wishes, either

to go for the purposes of visiting or staying there for other reasons. Other than such

places, there are spots of historical importance people want to know about.

There may be a feature on the city of Lahore which will include its old

civilization, growth, battles, invasions, cultural transition, recent history and the

living style of people. There may be a feature on the same pattern about Peshawar

and the historical Khyber Pass. A feature on Shalimar gardens, Murree hills,

Minar-e-Pakistan, Texila remains or Mohenjodaro will be of immense interest.

 iii. Features on events

Human life is full of events. Some events stand out distinguished for their far

reaching impressions on societies. Like the Lahore resolution on March 23, 1940.

Great world wars, and in the recent memory, 9/11. Radio feature on events would

tell listeners about all the background and the consequences on societies of these

events. These events need a lot of care and mentioning one wrong fact may spark a

controversy, difficult to handle later! And it is not just about the current situations,

a radio feature could be on some historical events like the Second World War. How

it all begun and how the early events of Germany like taking control of

neighboring countries created panic among the other European nations?

The surrender of France but defiance by the British, and involvement of

Russia. It would all mark some very interesting points for the people who know

very little about this mad war killing; over six million people all around the world,

not to ignore dropping of the atomic bombs by the USA, on two cities of Japan.

And the end of war when Allied forces almost after a dreaded war for six years

were able to push German forces back into their country but occupying the

Germany. There is no dearth of historical events to make a radio feature from the

subcontinent. For instance the war of liberty by the united Indian forces against the

Raj of East India Company in 1857 and its failure.

iv. Occasional radio features

 These features come in broadcasting life once. If president of a country is

visiting to an important foreign city, especially first time, a feature would be a

great help in explaining various aspects of life there and the reasons why that city

has been picked for the visit. This area makes a large scope for the new producers

who want to make radio features because in these features there is no fear of mis-

reporting a historical fact. Since more of the facts are brought in the knowledge of

listeners for the first time, a producer is in a safe position relatively, to handle

various aspects of the program. But it is always advisable to check the facts before

they are aired, for the broadcasting is irreversible once a program with all its

elements has been broadcast, there is no way to cancel those points which have

been mis-reported. And even if at some later stage a correction has been made, you

are never sure that the listeners who heard the first transmission also heard the

other part in which corrections were announced. That is not end of the road as far

as producing radio features is concerned. There is much more which could still be

done in this area like doing this exercise to discuss ideas, laws, role of parliament,

primary or higher education, visits of troupes from other countries, a novel feature

film creating ripples in the cinema world etc.

But whenever a radio feature is produced it is mandatory on the producers to

check the facts twice and make sure that nothing goes against the ethics for it may

invite a very strong reaction if something is mentioned against the common belief

of the people, where the program is heard. Similarly, there is a need to make clear
that nothing goes against the legality of the facts to be mentioned in the feature. A

good producer always makes his/her presence at the time of editing of the program

to further ensure that the final cut of the program has be end one just in accordance

with the original script

2.5 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BROADCASTING

Advantages: It gives the channel or station a presence at the event. Those who are

there will see them and so it acts as a marketing tool. Further to that it gives the

broadcaster the advantage of providing accurate details from that location

including pictures, interviews and live crossings by reporters.

Disadvantages: It can be expensive. It requires a certain number of staff and

equipment or else cannot be done. It also requires planning. You cannot wake up

and decide that you’re doing an OB that day. You also run the risk of your

equipment being stolen or vandalized - this can happen if the people at the event

have a particular dislike towards your brand. And of course because no technology

is bullet-proof your satellite links could fail meaning that you’re as good as not

there when you attempt to do your live crossings to the location. To negate this in a

live environment for example, standby presenters will be at the actual studio ready

to step in at a minute’s notice if needed.

Others advantages and disadvantages are as follows:

Advertising on Radio has a lot of advantages. Usually, it is cheaper than other

media; it can be aimed at a narrow audience and can reach people within this

audience wherever you go. But there are also disadvantages. The ephemeral nature,

the rapid nature of the ads on a radio can make the message is not in the audience.

Too many radio ads may alienate listeners.

ADVANTAGES

i. Cheap

Radio advertising is relatively cheap compared to print or television

advertising, says marketing consultant Mike Brassil. Production costs are lower,

you can rent a cabin sound for a couple of hours to make an announcement

passable through the radio. You also have to pay less for advertising time to reach

the same number of people as you would with a TV or print ad.

 ii. The destination

The wide range of offers, radio allows you to target your message to specific

groups. Some stations are after the widest possible audience, but many point to

niche markets, such as adolescents, sports fans, news junkies, political

conservatives, university students, educated people, or fans of any kind of music.

Advertising a smaller station could cost more individual listener, but have a much

greater chance of reaching a demographic target.

iii. Portability

The consultant of advertising media Gail Jordan says that radio is the only

mass medium that people use while driving, clean the house or mow the lawn. TV

advertising requires people to sit in front of their TV, print ads and web require

focused attention on the page or screen. But you can listen to the radio while doing

other things.

DISADVANTAGES

i. Lack of permanence

If an ad in a newspaper or magazine catches your eye, you can crop and

save, or at least take a picture of it.  With the advent of the DVR, including

television advertising you can rewind and watch again if it attracts the viewer’s
interest. But radio ads are ephemeral: you hear them, and then it is gone. If you

have lost a phone number or any other details mentioned in the notice, you’ll have

to wait to be advertised again.

ii. Half of the advert

If your ad appears immediately after a hit song, good for you. But what if

comes amid an expanded block ads – ads that direct listeners to change the station

after a couple of minutes? The stations that advertise 30 or 45 minutes of nonstop

music offset by long chains of trade, a barrage of messages that listeners do not

listen to changing a station.

iii. Distraction

This is the other side of portability. People can listen to the radio while

driving, and in doing so will not be able to act immediately to listen to

advertisements. Nobody is going to stop on the highway, for example, to enter a

number. Meanwhile, those who listen to the radio while working can be so focused

on their tasks than ever logged.

2.6 THE CHALLENGES FACING INDEPENDENT BROADCAST

PROGRAMME PRODUCER

The challenges facing independent broadcast programme producers are

numerous, there are the things that hinder the transmission of programme or put an

end to the programme production.

One of the major challenges of independent producers is lack of capital.

Programme production involve huge amount of money and it is higher than the

financial strength of the independent producers.

Furthermore, the Economy of the country is very bad. Economy concerns

trade, industry and making of money within a country. The economy contributed to

the problem facing the independent programme production. The Nigeria economic

is still a third economic and this also affect broadcast stations since it has a ceiling

on the revenue it can gross and the amount of programming it can broadcast.

Thus it differs from magazines and newspaper which can be adding

additional pages to accommodate an indefinite amount of advertising and editorial

matters. Once all the time is occupied by station programme, independent producer

will not have to show or transmit his or her programme.

Another challenge is government interference which against the press

freedom. The role of presenter to a producer is to inform, educate, entertain and

enlighten. The public has the right to know event in 1979, section 21 of the Nigeria

constitution stated “the press, radio, television and other agencies of mass media

shall at all time be free to uphold the responsibility and accountability of the

government to the people.

In section 36(i) of 1979 state every person shall be entitled to freedom to

hold opinion, to receive, impact ideas and information without interference, but it

was not like that anymore, if any independent broadcast programme producer tried

to do so. He will be punished for it, for revealing government secret and it may

leads to death.

In addition, government may instruct the media station not to transmit the

programme anymore without paying the producer any balance, independent

broadcast programme may off the air at any time.

Also, every programme producer must be prepared numerous restrictions

from government agencies responsible with the media like National Broadcasting

Commission (NBC) which assesses and grant every producer to transmit to

programme. Producer forced another and other programme from another station

will limit the audience.

The competitor will reduce the number of audience that the message is

meant for and the competitor at times snatched away the advisers.
 One of the criteria for determining public acceptance of radio and television

is programming only through successful programming that won large audience.

Television or radio is not like the churches where the audience reaction to a sermon

can be immediately established.

It is not like a theatre where the incidence of empty seat and the degree of

involvement of the audience will be a useful indicator of the success or otherwise

of the play. The producer no longer knows how he is addressing.

He is no longer able to approximate accurately the realities of differentiated

mass audience. In most cases, his eruptions are bound to be an imprecise and

limited kind. In thus kinds of lazy relationship between the producer and his

audience.

Hence, how does a presenter attempt to obtain a clearance idea of his

audience as a basis for forgoing a meaningful relationship with them. This is one of

the producer are either over exposed or admired by all hated by the audience.

2.6.1 ON DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCAST IN NIGERIA

The historical development of television and radio programming in Nigeria

in the early days of Nigeria media, the concept of programming was one of being

able to fill the available programming hours Michael Olumide, while reflecting on

the commencement of operation at the Nigeria television service (NTS), observed.

 The one hour of transmission from 7 to 8pm was equally divided between

local production and foreign film rounded off by a news summary Sunday was the

day of rest of local programme. Foreign films shown during the first few months

include rewind and bonanza warn hoe and run tin, tin were popular with children.

Father knows best, I love grey and hueldeberry hound were favorite comedies

dependence on foreign films was movable. Because of it high cost of promoting

local programme.

Besides, it seemed that the foreign films were a welcome change and at the

time provided good entertainment for the so called elite.

Television at one of the most powerful medium of broadcasting has served

powerfully in the area of trend and culture of the people in the society. Most

especially making use of the audio visual mode in transmitting the norms and

values of the people.

The illiterate review of the television as a medium of change in the society,

most especially in educating the masses information the public and entertain the

audience in the society.

2.6.2 DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING

Broadcasting was into Nigeria in 1982. The establishment of the

determination of the British colonial authorities to link the colonies with the

“mother country”. Purpose of providing a powerful propaganda machinery for the

British as well as providing a source of information about Britain and the wider
world. The need for such a service had been felt for sometime, so much so that the

colonial secretary set up a committee to “consider and recommends. What steps

should be taken to accelerate the provision of broadcasting service in the colonial

empire, to coordinate such services with work of the BBC and to make them a

more effective instruction for promotion both local and imperial interests”.

It was this committee which recommended the introduction of broadcasting

into Nigeria and other British non-setler countries. The white “settler” colonies had

broadcasting services established to link the Britain much earlier. The committee

envisage that the programmes to be broadcasted in the colonies would consist of

mixture of selected BBC material and local government programmes that

emanating from the government of each colony are piped into homes through

“wired wireless”.

Naturally, the committee noted the need for such programme to be

controlled to ensure that nothing objectionable or subversive was fed to the

populace.

In the circumstance in which broadcasting was introduced into Nigeria, it is

not surprising that at the beginning the services consisted simply of transmitting.

BBC programmes on a relay system similar to the radio relay exchange system

which has been operation in Britain since the 1920s.

 The organization of broadcasting in Nigeria had perforce, to reflect the

political structure that was developing. The Richards constitution of 1946 had been

constitutional sanction to the three regional structures in Nigeria.

As broadcasting, developed, plan had to be made to provide for regional

interest. The Macpherson constitution which succeeded Richards entrenched

regionalism in our political life and indeed, gave more powers to the regions than

previously in 1952 a colonial office report noted development of the regions (of

Nigeria) will mean that regional broadcasting will pray an even more important

part than was originally anticipated.

The year after the above comment there arose a situation which was to lead,

in time, to the emergence of his first regional broadcasting service. It is as well-

known fact of our political development that in 1953 chief Anthony Enahoro, an

action group member of the house of representative, moved the famous “self-

government in 1956”. This motion was opposed by members from northern

Nigerian who constructed half of the membership of the house of representatives.

The debate on the motion created extreme tension between the North and the

South, so much that the Action Group members walked out of the house and their

ministers resigned from the Federal cabinet, thereby making it impossible for the

Macpherson constitution to remain in force.

The action group walkout angered governor Macpherson who allowed

himself to be persuaded to broadcast to the counting about what he saw as the

perfidy of the Action Group. Although the governor did not prefer directly to the

Action Group, he spoke about different between the central government and the

regions and about the lack of goodwill from the regions.

The broadcast was, naturally made in the network of the Nigeria

Broadcasting source. Chief Obafemi Awolowo, leader of the Action Group was in

doubt that the government was referring to his party and the region (western

region) which that party represented in the central legislature.

He therefore Telephoned the direct of the Nigerian Broadcasting service,

requesting to be allowed to reply to the governor’s Broadcast. The direct was

apparently willing to let chief Awolowo have the right of reply in order to let the

audience hear the sides in the dispute.

However, the director was prevented by the chief secretary to the Nigeria

government from allowing chief Awolowo to broadcast a reply.

Naturally, chief Awolowo was a federal government institution meant that chief

Awolowo could not even broadcast through the Ibadan station of the NBS. This

issue which now arose was whether in years ahead broadcasting was to remain on

the federal executive list as it was in 1953.

Broadcasting, according to EM. Irukwe is primarily a medium for prompt

delivery of information via carefully designed and selected programmes covering

news, information, music etc. It is essential too.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

With aims to produce research work on the execution of this project, the

need and motive to adopt a consistent method of research cannot be over

emphasized because this will contribute on minute in the area of achieving

concrescences, precision and coherence in the trend of facts and event.

The reason or motive to adopt this method is to earn and help us gather fact

and to make the efficient supervision guiding the progress of this project work to

achieve the stated objectives.

DATA COLLECTION SOURCES

Two major sources were adopted for collection of data in the process of this

research work. They are:

1. Primary source

2. Secondary source

Primary source

This is the original source where data are collected especially for the task at

hand. Primary source data are collected through the following sources: observation,

experimentation and survey.

Observation essence is to reveal or solve things that are obscure observation can

also be carried out in two broad senses.

1) Participant observation
 2) Non participant observation

A participant observation provides in depth and most reliable information

observes is not an active member of the group whose work has been monitored by

other members.

Then, for experimentation it could be classified into two broad senses

1) Field experimentation

2) Laboratory experimentation

Survey:

It has to do with the ability to know why people behave on a particular

phenomenon. It is also the ability to view public contribution, opinion about the

issue.

Survey could be categorized into three ways

i) Mailed questionnaire survey?

ii) Interview survey

iii) Telephone survey

This primary source usually provides more information about a study that

can be found elsewhere and thus they give the render a basis on our own judgment

of research.

In respect of collecting our data for the research and survey method was also

used.
SURVEY METHOD

This is conducted and used for the collection of data in the area of our

research.

They are stated as follows:

i. To make accurate study on the outcome of our project sums up.

ii. To retrieve detailed information about existing phenomena.

iii. To determine how independent broadcasting is used as study of

programme producer in our society.

A total number of four hundred (400) people were picked at random from

the student at The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa from four department which

comprises of mass communication, business studies, engineering and fine-art

department.

The primary source of data collection includes the use of questionnaire and

personal interviews granted to the respondents. The questionnaire was designed to

give respondents the opportunity of providing objective information for the

research question and interview method was also outsized to compliment the

responses from the questionnaire. The system also enables the research to elicit

some information from four (4) different departments in the polytechnic on how

independent broadcasting served as a programme producer. The question from the

interview needs spontaneous response.

SECONDARY SOURCES

In the secondary data we made use of data collected from published works

such as relevant textbooks, seminar journals, also some books were borrowed from

the library of The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa.

The secondary sources could also to categorize under content analysis which

has to do with manifest content of publication. To glance through what the

particular person has written and try to examine the writing in literary meaning.

Code sheet is a major data instrument when using secondary source i.e

content analysis.

ADMINISTRATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES

The questionnaire was administered at the early stage of this research; we

distributed the questionnaire to students who were sampled from four various

departments in the institution.

IDENTIFICATION OF POPULATION

Population refers to the whole set of objective or individual in which a

statistical investigation is carried out individually. The distance of four various

departments in The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa that were picked does not pose any

problem.

The quota sampling method will be used to pick those involved. This

involved arbitrarily retaining simply size among various groups in the population.
It is with the consideration of their relative strength while choosing the element

that make-up sample size.

SAMPLE SIZE

Due to some scope stated in chapter one, out sampling will be limited to four

different in The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa. The total number of population will

be one hundred (120) students from the institution.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

In carrying out this research project, we have decided to make use of the

quota sampling method. This has to with arbitrarily rationing sampling size among

the various people that constitute the population. Those people will be entitled to

fill the questionnaire distributed to them.

This goes thus:

Business Administration 20 respondents

Mass Communication 30 respondents

Electrical /Electronic 20 respondents

Art and Design 30 respondents

It is from this questionnaire that our research was based upon.

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter presents the findings of the research. As set out in chapter one,

the objective of this study is to bring into limelight the intelligence on the side of

between independent broadcasting serve as a programmes producer in our

environment.

The study would also want to find out, to what extent are the programme

populace involved in electronic media i.e independent broadcasting and to study its

usefulness to them and the environment.

QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Table 1

DEPARTMENT NO OF SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%)

Business Administration 20 20
Mass Communication 30 30
Engineering 20 20
Fine Art 30 30
Total 100 100
The above table shows the questionnaire were distributed among the

sampled population Business Administration Department was given the largest

share because of their promotion on campus. Fine Art Department has the smallest

while Engineering Department holes the third range after Mass Communication

Department.
QUESTIONNAIRE RATE
Table II
DEPARTMENT NO OF SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%)
Business Administration 27 27
Mass Communication 20 20
Engineering 26 26
Fine Art 17 17
Total 92 92
Out of 100 copies of questionnaire administered 92 copies were completed,
leaving 8 uncompleted. The questionnaire rate as shown above is 92%.
RADIO SET OWNERSHIP
Table III
RESPONDENTS NO OF SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%)
Have Radio set 31 33.7
Have no Radio set 61 66.3
Total 92 100
This table shows television set distribution among the respondents, the
majority of these whose said they have no Radio set. The percentage respondents
that have Radio set was 33.7%, while those that have no Radio set was 66.3%.
FAVORABLE RADIO STATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
Table IV
STATIONS NO OF VIEWER PERCENTAGE (%)
Fresh FM 25 27.2
Amuludun FM 21 22.9
Flash FM 46 50
Total 92 100
 Table IV above shows that most respondents preferred Fresh FM as their

favourite station. This followed by Amuludun FM while Muritala Flash FM station

carries the lowest figure.

HOW VIEWERS ARE EXPOSED TO INDIGENOUS PROGRAMME ON

DIFFERENT STATION.
Table V
STATIONS TIME OF NO OF PERCENTAGE (%)
PROGRAMME VIEWERS
Fresh FM Niger Beat 24 26.1
Amuludun Goge Africa 68 13.9
FM
Total 100 92 100
Table five above shows the number of viewers on different stations most of

whom said Fresh FM is their favourite station while most preferred to switch on to

Amuludun FM so as improve in their attitude.

RESPONDENTS REQUEST RATE

Table VI
DEPARTMENT NO OF NO THAT REQUESTED PERCENTAGE(%)
SAMPLE FOR TELEVISION
Business 27 14 35
Administration
Mass 20 8 20
Communication
Engineering 26 12 30
Fine Art 27 6 15
Total 92 40 100
 The table six shows the request of the respondents toward having television

set in their community. Out of 92 respondents in this research, 40 representing 45%

have access to television.

SUMMARY OF FINDING

Most student of The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa, do not have Radio set on their

own.

The programme timing is appropriate to the schedule of the people the

duration accorded to the programmes is expected to be increased.

The assessment indicated that Fresh FM 105.9 communicates effectively

with local languages.

The study also show cases the need for a well equipped transmitted station in

Eruwa Town in order to increase the level of Radio viewers.

Students confirmed their interest on Nigeria Indigenous programme.

The assessment indicates that Nigerian Radio station transmit good number

of media oriented programmes.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This chapter discusses the findings of the research. The discussion is based

on the result obtained from the analysis of the questionnaire administered on the

respondents as well as the interview constructed in the field of research areas.

The study shows the potency of Radio in the producing of programme not

only in Nigeria but also the foreign programme when are learnt through Radio
programme. The researcher therefore established the importance of independent

broadcasting serve as a programme producer in development countries especially

as it affects the students of The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa.

Radio as transmission of programme heritage bridges the gap between one

generation and another as regards media. The media of other people are known

through the Radio, at home is “GOJE AFRICAN” transmitted on Fresh FM 105.5

remains one of the programmes that has left indelible mark, in the programme of

broadcast in Nigeria.

As carried out in this study, the phenomenon is gradually giving the entire

populace a sense of belonging and setting people from the colonial masters who

have colonized almost every aspect of our lives including our media.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE I

This study is aimed at revealing how independent broadacast has helped in

producing programme. To bring into limelight the importance of Radio stations in

the transmission of Nigeria Indigenous Programme in essence to produce the

programme value of our society.

The study has shows that broadcast media i.e radio has worked effectively in

carrying our responsibility towards the development of programme in The Ibarapa

Polytechnic, Eruwa. The four departments sampled indicated that the highest

number of student of the institution that has radio is 40% 92 respondents.

 The conclusion drawn from the above findings is that independent

broadcasting serves as programme producer in The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa

despite the fact that most of the students don’t have radio set, they still earning to

ration programmes elsewhere.

Table IV of findings shows that most of the students have preference for earning

Fresh FM 105.9 with 50.7% while some have preference for Amuludun FM 99.1,

radio with 27.2% others have 22.9% for Flash FM 105.5 this was due to the barrier

of signal interference from other radio stations.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE II

To observe show programme producer can be made study. This aspect deals

with how the programme producer can be a thing of study phenomenon in our

environment and this can be achieved with following analysis.

Radio stations are expected to have a constant coverage of traditional issues.

This means that the radio should always present earning with well structured and

quality traditional programmes which will be of benefit to the populace.

The result of the study shows that radio is a major force in bringing about

programme producer, that is to say a quantitative improvement in the lives of the

people because of its access to audio visual quality.

It observed that the remote environment lack the accessibility to transmitting

station which serves as hindrance to study independent broadcast programme with

the use of dialect by the radio stations, the Nigeria media can be made effective to

the youth as regards students of The Ibarapa Polytechnic, Eruwa.

Apart from the aforementioned points, the study observed that radio can

embark on distribution of audience research in order to elicit their responses

towards their programmes. This will enable media radio to know the extent at

which people view indigenous programmes (producer) from radio.

 CHAPTER FIVE

4.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

Based on the findings, the research has revealed that tertiary institution

student purposely for impacting positively into the lives of the viewers. It was also

well discovered that majority of tertiary institution student who have developed

keen interest in watching this programme have done so based on is education.

These programmmes have done so bases on it education information and mostly

entertainments function.

5.1 CONCLUSION

This research project afforded the researcher an opportunity of knowing the

role played by independent broadcast programme producers. Also, collected data

have succinctly revealed that most students who watch and listen to the programme

do so to upgrade their knowledge on happening in society and life generally which

has to a great level sky rocked the number of programme of independent producer

in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Moreover, it has well as established the fact that he allotted time to the

programme has greatly enhanced the number of audience.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Every research project, no matter the format it takes has been universally

considered as a problem solving exercise which needs to be carefully and

technically carried out on a particular subject of interest.

Also, the essence of carrying out a research is to ensure that after some data

have been collected distributed recommendation should be given based on findings

so as to put such research problem into extinction.

More so, in findings in this research project have revealed that majority of

the student accept programme of independent producer for its entertainment

education and information. The following are recommendations based on findings

discovered in the course of study.

INCREASED IN ALLOTED TIME

It was discovered in the research findings that most students who watch or

listen to the programme do so because of their interest in the programme.

Independent producer are therefore implored to allot more time to the

production of their programme to help them sustain interest of student of tertiary

institution in programme of independent producer.

 PROGRAMME IDEA ON YOUTHFUL TALK

It was discovered in the course of carrying out research that most people

who do not see independent production have said “These programme do not

concentrate on our concerns youthfulness”.

The courage or production of programme idea with youth as central would

enhance the audience there by aiding the achievement of role played by

independent programme producers.

REFERENCES
Allor, Walter G. (1986). "Economic Recovery: Programmes and Policies"

Development Outlook. Nigerian Monthly Development Magazine. Vol. 1, No. 7.

Democratic Journalist (1986). Journal of the International Organization of

Journalists (IOJ), Prague: No. 4.

Forbes, Fortnightly International News Magazine. (1986). New York, USA, Vol.

38, November 17, 1986.

Mansfield, H. G.(1979). "The Media World and Democratic Representation".

Government and Opposition, Vol. 14. No. 3, 1979.

McBride, S. et aL (ed.). (1980). Many Voices. One World. Paris: UNESCO.

National Broadcasting Commission Decree. No. 38, 1992.

Nigerian Television Authority (NTA Network News of January 7, 1992).

Oso, M. O. (1988). "Labour News: Press and Industrial Relations in Nigeria",

being thesis submitted to the Centre of Mass Communication Research, University

of Leicester, England, in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mass Communication. (unpublished).

Peacock Report of the Committee on Financing of British Broadcasting

Corporation (BBC). (1986). London: Her Majesty1 Stationary Office.

Privatisation and Commercialization Decree No. 25 of 1988, Lagos: Federal

Government Press..
Sobowale, Idowu, (1986). "Influence of Ownership on Nigerian Newspaper

Coverage on National Issues" In Mass Communication in Nigeria: A Book of

Readings by Onuora E. Nwuleni (ed). Enugu: Fourth Dimension Press.

Technical Committee of Privatisation and Commercialization sub-committee on

the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria

(FRCN) and News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) Report. (1989). Lagos: Federal

Government Press.

Third National Development Plan 1975-1980. (1973). Lagos: Central Planning

Office, Federal Ministry of Economic Development and Reconstruction.

Time (Weekly International News Magazine), September, 1986.

Tukur, Mahmood Modibbo. (1986). "Private Sector: An Illegitimate Child of the

Public". The Analyst (Monthly News Magazine, Jos, Nigeria), Vol. 1, No. 4, 1986.

Ugboajah, Frank O.r (1980). Communication Policies in Nigeria. Paris; UNESCO.

Uyo, O. A. (1977). "Here's the NBC News in Full", UNILAG Communication

Review, Vol. 1, No. 1.

 QUESTIONNAIRE

TOPIC: A STUDY OF CHALLENGES FACING INDEPENDENT

BROADCAST PROGRAMME PRODUCERS (A CASE STUDY

OF FRESH FM 105.9)

These questions are designed to obtain information on the challenges

facing independent broadcast programme producers (a case study of fresh fm

105.9); please read and answer the questions carefully

SECTION A:

1. Indicate your sex: (A) male { } (B) female { }

2. What is your nationality: (A) Nigeria { } (B) other country { }

3. In what age do you belong: (A) 20-25 years { } (B)26-30 years { }

(C) 31 and above { }

4. What is your religion (A) Christianity { }(B)Muslim { }(C) others { }

5. Level of Study: (A) ND { } (B) HND { }

6. Mode of Study: (A) Full Time { } (B) Part-Time { }

SECTION B:

1. Do you know any independent programme? (a) YES [ ] (b) NO [ ]

2. What do you know about the programme? (a)YES [ ] (b) NO [ ]

3. Have you heard anything about “Gani Adewuyi”? (a) YES [ ] (b) NO [ ]
4. What is his show called? Check it out 3:00pm (a) No idea [ ] (b)

Chuck it out [ ]

5. What is the show all about? (a) Topic of public interest [ ] (b)

Entertainment [ ] (c) Education [ ] (d) Stardom [ ]

6. What extent hostile programme affect lives? (a) Highly [ ] (b) Average [

] (c) Lowly [ ]

7. How else do you think the programme should be produced? (a) No location [

] (b) In studio [ ] (c) Both [ ]

8. What do you expect of the programme? (a) More musical [ ] (b) Less

musical [ ] (c) Just talks [ ]

9. To what extent has the programme lived to expectation? (a) Highly [ ] (b)

Average [ ]

10.Should there be any addictive to the programmes? (a) YES [ ] (b) NO [ ]

11.What should be added to the programme? (a) Faithful talk [ ] (b) Marital

issues [ ]

12.Should the programme continue or not? (a) YES [ ] (b) NO [ ] (c)

Can’t say [ ]