3RD BATCH REPORTERS

RUDJEN ALO SHEKINAH BEGAFRIA CYRELL JAY BETON GEORGEN CAPUYAN JOH LESTER GULBEN
Construction Construction Standard type Economic Life Tractors
Industry, Economy & The of euipment, of Construction
Construction & Contractor replacement of Equipment
Ecomomy & The parts &
Engineer Maintenance &
Repair

RJAY JIMENEZ JHON MACALAGUING GEROME MADRIA KEZIA LAHAYON

Bulldozers & Excavating Trucks Rubber Tires
Earth loaders equipment
RUDJEN ALO
CONSTRUCTION I S
A GENERAL TERM
MEANING THE ART
AND SCIENCE TO
FORM OBJECTS,
SYSTEMS, OR
ORGANIZATIONS.
Contractors
are given opportunity
to submit bids to the
owner
indicating the prices
for which they will
construct the project.
COST PLUS FIXED FEE CONTRACT
The owner agrees to
reimburse the contractor
for all the costs incured
In constructing the project
and to pay him/her an
additional fee for profit.
 •Building •Municipal
•Highway •Marine
•Heavy •Steel Erection
•Railroad
•Pipe Line
CONTRACTORS
are frequently required to furnish a
performance bond for each project.

The BOND, which is issued by an

approved surety to protect the owner
by guaranteeing that the project
would be satisfactorily for the
contract price
& ENGINEER
RUDJEN ALO
The cost of a project is influenced by
the requirements of the design and
the specifications. Prior to
completing the final design the
engineer should give careful
considerations to the method and
equipments which maybe used
to construct the project
DIVIDED COST OF A PROJECT
•Materials
•Labor
•Equipment
•Overhead and Supervision
•Profit
SHEKINAH BEGAFRIA
 One desirable characteristic of a
contractor is a degree of satisfaction
over the plans and methods under
consideration for constructing a
project. A contractor who does not
keep informed on new equipment
and methods will soon discover that
his competitors are underbidding
him.
Suggestions for possible reductions in construction costs by the contractor include,
but are limited to the following:

1. PREBIDDING STUDIES OF THE PROJECT AND THE SITE TO DETERMINE

THE EFFECT OF:
a. Topography
b. Geology
c. Climate
d. Sources of materials
e. Access to the the project
f. Housing facilities if required
g. Storage facilities for materials and
equipment
h. Labor supply
i. Local Services
Suggestions for possible reductions in construction costs by the contractor include,
but are limited to the following:

2. The use of substitute construction equipment,

having higher capacities, higher efficiencies,
higher speeds, more maneuverability, and lower
costs.

3. The payment of a bonus to the key personnel

for production in excess of a specified rate.

4. The use of radios as a means of

communication between the headquarters office
and key personnel on projects covering large
areas.
Suggestions for possible reductions in construction costs by the contractor include,
but are limited to the following:
5. The practice of holding periodic conferences
with key personnel to discuss plans, procedure,
and results.

6. The adaptation of realistic safety practices on

a project as means of reducing accidents.

7. Considering the desirability of subcontracting

specialized operations to other contractors who
can do the work more economically than the
general contractor.

8. Considering the desirability of of improving

shop and servicing facilities for better
maintenance of construction equipment.
 &
PLANNING
MANAGEMENT
CONSTRUCTION STAGES - on large
projects it may be desirable or essential to
divide the project into several construction
stages, which may be constructed
independently or in conjunction with each
other.
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS - is a
portion of a project which may be
performed by a classification of laborers
or perhaps a single type of equipment.
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULES -
is usually in the form of a bar
chart, which shows for a given
project operations, quantity, unit,
and rate of constructing for each
operation, and the estimated
date of starting and completing
each operation.
PREPARING A CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULE - prior to preparing a
construction schedule a project
should be divided into the
desirable operations. The amount
of work to be performed should
be determined, and the rate of
performing the work should be
estimated for each operation.
MOVING IN - this operation
consists of transporting to and
setting up at the project a two-
compartment aggregate-batching
bin, a bulk-cement storage bin, a
tool warehouse, offices, testing
laboratory, equipment-repair and
servicing facilities and the
construction equipment required
for the project.
CLEARING AND GRUBBING - are
two essential activities in
construction projects that involve
the removal of trees, shrubs,
vegetation, and other organic
materials from the site to prepare it
for construction. Clearing and
grubbing are typically the first
steps in the construction process,
and they are critical to ensuring
that the site is properly prepared
for the construction of buildings,
roads, and other structures.
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES - refers
to any man-made feature designed
to manage or control the flow of
water, such as pipes, ditches,
channels, culverts, or other
infrastructure used to collect,
transport, or store water. These
structures are commonly used in
drainage systems to prevent
flooding, erosion, and other water-
related problems.
EARTH FILL - Earth fill, also known
as embankment or earthen fill,
refers to the process of using soil
or other natural materials to build
up the elevation or contour of the
ground. This can be done for a
variety of reasons, such as to
create a foundation for a building,
to construct a road or railway line,
or to create a dam or other water-
retaining structure.
ORDERING MATERIALS - refers to
the process of requesting and
obtaining the necessary building
materials from suppliers or
manufacturers to complete a
construction project. This involves
identifying the types and quantities
of materials required, selecting a
suitable supplier or manufacturer,
negotiating the price and delivery
terms, and placing an order for the
materials.
SCHEDULING LABORERS - refers
to the process of planning and
organizing the work schedule for
the laborers who are responsible
for handling the various
construction materials needed for a
construction project. This involves
assigning tasks to workers,
coordinating their activities, and
ensuring that they are working
efficiently to meet project
deadlines.
FINANCING THE PROJECT - refers
to the process of obtaining the
necessary funds to carry out a
construction project, including the
purchase of materials needed for
the project. This can involve a
variety of financial activities, such
as securing loans, issuing bonds,
or seeking investors.
JOB LAYOUT - refers to the process
of planning and arranging the
physical location of materials,
tools, equipment, and workers on
a construction site. It involves
determining the best way to use
the available space and resources
to maximize efficiency,
productivity, and safety.
THE
END
CYRELL JAY BETON
STANDARD TYPES OF EQUIPMENT
THERE IS NO CLEAR DEFINITION OF STANDARD
EQUIPMENT. EQUIPMENT THAT IS STANDARD FOR
ONE CONTRACTOR MAY BE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FOR
ANOTHER CONTRACTOR. IT DEPENDS ON THE
EXTENT TO WHICH A CONTRACTOR WILL USE IT IN
HIS CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS. ANOTHER
METHOD WHICH IS SOMETIMES USED TO
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN STANDARD AND SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT IS
COMMONLY MANUFACTURED AND AVAILABLE TO
PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS.
 TWO TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS

CONCRETE MIXER PILE DRIVERS

STANDARD SPECIAL
EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENTS
STANADARD TYPE EQUIPMENT

CONTRACTORS SHOULD CONFINE THEIR

PURCHASES TO STANDARD EQUIPMENT
UNLESS A PROJECT DEFINITELY
JUSTIFIES THE PURCHASE OF SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT.
DELIVERY OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT
MAY BE OBTAINED MORE QUICKLY.
STANDARD EQUIPMENT CAN BE USED
ECONOMICALLY ON MORE THAN ONE
PROJECT.
REPAIR PARTS FOR STANDARD
EQUIPMENT MAY BE OBTAINED MORE
QUICKLY AND ECONOMICALLY THAN
FOR SPECIAL EQUIPMENT.
IF A CONTRACTOR NO LONGER NEEDS A
UNIT OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT, HE
CAN USUALLY DISPOSE OF IT MORE
EASILY AND AT A MORE FAVORABLE
PRICE.

REPLACEMENT OF PARTS
ALL EQUIPMENT PARTS ARE SUBJECT TO
FAILURE, REGARDLESS OF THE CARE
WHICH THEY RECEIVE. A TRUCK WITH A
BROKEN AXLE IS USELESS UNTIL THE
AXLE IS REPLACED. A BROKEN PART IN A
POWER SHOVEL MAY DELAY AN ENTIRE
PROJECT FOR WEEKS, WHILE WAITING
FOR THE PART TO BE MANUFACTURED
AND SHIPPED. PRIOR TO PURCHASING
EQUIPMENT, THE BUYER SHOULD
DETERMINE WHERE SPARE PARTS ARE
OBTAINABLE. IF PARTS ARE NOT
OBTAINABLE QUICKLY, IT MAY BE WISE
TO PURCHASE OTHER EQUIPMENT, FOR
WHICH PARTS ARE QUICKLY AVAILABLE,
EVEN THOUGH THE LATTER SEEMS LESS
DESIRABLE. THIS IS AN ARGUMENT FOR
STANDARD EQUIPMENT.
 MAINRENANCE AND REPAIR
THE COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WILL
VARY CONSIDERABLY WITH THE TYPE OF
EQUIPMENT, THE SERVICE TO WHICH IT IS
ASSIGNED, AND THE CARE WHICH IT RECEIVES.
IF A BEARING IS GREASED AND ADJUSTED AT
FREQUENT INTERVALS, ITS LIFE WILL BE MUCH
LONGER THAN IF IT IS NEGLECTED. THE
ANNUAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS
MAY BE EXPRESSED AS A PERCENT OF THE
ANNUAL COST OF DEPRECIATION, OR IT MAY
BE EXPRESSED INDEPENDENTLY OF
DEPRECIATION. IN ANY EVENT, IT SHOULD BE
SUFFICIENT TO COVER THE COST OF KEEPING
THE EQUIPMENT OPERATING. THE ANNUAL
COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS FOR A
POWER SHOVEL MAY VARY FROM 80 TO 120
PER CENT OF THE ANNUAL COST OF
DEPRECIATION, WITH 100 PER CENT A FAIR
AVERAGE VALUE.
GEORGEN CAPUYAN
 WHEN NEW CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT IS PURCHASED, IT IS IN
GOOD PHYSICAL CONDITION. AS IT
IS USED, MANY PARTS ARE
SUBJECTED TO VARYING DEGREES OF
WEAR. ALTHOUGH CAREFUL
MAINTENANCE WILL REDUCE THE
RAPIDITY OF WEAR, PARTS WILL
FAIL AND MUST BE REPLACED,
USUALLY AT AN INCREASING RATE AS
THE LIFE OF THE EQUIPMENT IS
EXTENDED.
COSTS OF MAINTENANCE AND
REPAIRS

MINOR REPAIRS - WHICH ARE MADE AS

THEY BECOME NECESSARY

MAJOR REPAIRS - SUCH AS

OVERHAULING A COMPLETE UNIT.
 IF RECORDS OF THE COST OF
OPERATING EQUIPMENT ARE
KEPT, THEY WILL ULTIMATELY
DISCLOSE THAT AFTER THE
EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN USED FOR
A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME THE
COST PER HOUR FOR
CONTINUING TO OPERATE IT
WILL BE GREATER THAN THE
AVERAGEHOURLY COST UP TO
THAT TIME.
 WHEN IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT
THE FUTURE COST PER HOUR
FOR OWNING AND OPERATING
EQUIPMENT WILL BE HIGHER
THAN THE AVERAGE HOURLY
COST FOR PREVIOUS
OPERATION, THE EQUIPMENT HAS
REACHED THE END OF ITS
ECONOMIC LIFE AND SHOULD BE
DISPOSED OF
 CONTRACTORS WHO DO NOT
KEEP ACCURATE RECORDS OF
THE COST OF OWNING AND
OPERATING EQUIPMENT MAY USE
SUCH EQUIPMENT BEYOND ITS
USEFUL LIFE, THEN WONDER HOW
COMPETITORS CAN DO WORK AT
A LOWER PRICE AND STILL EARN
A PROFIT.
 WITH THE HEAVY INVESTMENTS
FREQUENTLY REQUIRED FOR
EQUIPMENT THE OWNER MUST
KEEP COST RECORDS IF HE
EXPECTS TO CONDUCT HIS
BUSINESS ON A SOUND FINANCIAL
BASIS. NO CONTRACTOR CAN BID
ON A PROJECT INTELLIGENTLY IF
HE DOES NOT KNOW THE COST
OF OWNING AND OPERATING HIS
EQUIPMENT.
 TWO METHODS OF
DETERMINING THE HOURLY
COST OF OWNING AND
OPERATING EQUIPMENT.
1. IS TO KEEP ACCURATE
RECORDS OF THE INITIAL COST
OF THE EQUIPMENT, THE COST
OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS,
AND THE COST OF FUEL AND
LUBRICATION IF FUEL IS
REQUIRED.
 2. IS TO ADD TO THE AVERAGE
HOURLY COST OF OWNING AND
OPERATING EQUIPMENT THE
AVERAGE HOURLY COST OF LOST
TIME RESULTING FROM
EQUIPMENT FAILURES. THE
LATTER ITEM WILL BE VERY
SIGNIFICANT FOR SUCH
EQUIPMENT AS A POWER SHOVEL
THAT IS USED TO LOAD EARTH
INTO TRUCKS. WHEN THE SHOVEL
BREAKS DOWN, ALL TRUCKS
STOP, BUT THE TRUCK COSTS
MAY GO ON.
JOHN LESTER GULBEN
 WHAT IS A TRACTOR?

A TRACTOR IS AN ENGINEERING VEHICLE SPECIFICALLY

DESIGNED TO DELIVER A HIGH TRACTIVE EFFORT (OR

TORQUE) AT SLOW SPEEDS, FOR THE PURPOSES OF

HAULING A TRAILER OR MACHINERY SUCH AS THAT USED

IN AGRICULTURE, MINING OR CONSTRUCTION

 TYPES OF TRACTOR

CRAWLER TRACTOR

A TRACTOR WITH A CONTINUOUS ROLLER BELT OVER COGGED

WHEELS ON EACH SIDE, FOR MOVING OVER ROUGH OR MUDDY

GROUND.EXERT A MUCH LOWER FORCE PER UNIT AREA ON THE

GROUND.
 WHEEL TRACTOR

TRACTORS WITH PNEUMATIC TIRES FOR BETTER

MANEUVERABILITY, ALTHOUGH LESS POWERFUL THAN

CRAWLERS, WHEEL TRACTORS GENERALLY COST LESS,

MOVE MORE QUICKLY, AND CAN TRAVEL ON PAVED ROADS

 TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR

TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR OR WALKING TRACTOR WHICH IS A

TRACTOR WITH ONE AXLE, SELF-POWERED AND SELF-PROPELLED,

WHICH CAN PULL AND POWER VARIOUS FARM IMPLEMENTS SUCH

AS A TRAILER, CULTIVATOR OR HARROW, A PLOUGH, OR VARIOUS

SEEDERS AND HARVESTERS. THE OPERATOR USUALLY WALKS

BEHIND IT OR RIDES THE IMPLEMENT BEING TOWED.

EX: VIRATORY ROLLERS

 FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR

THE FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR IS A SELF-PROPELLED VEHICLE

DESIGNED TO CARRY, PULL OR PROPEL AGRICULTURAL

MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. THIS MACHINE CAN MAKE

YOUR LAND PREPARATION OPERATIONS FASTER AND

EASIER. IT IS FLEXIBLE IN BOTH DRY AND WET SOIL

CONDITIONS, AND HAS BETTER TRACTION.

EX: DOZER, EXCAVATOR, SCRAPER, BACKHOE LOADER, ETC..

RJAY JIMENEZ
 BULLDOZERS

The term bulldozer may be used in a

broad sense to include both a
bulldozer and an angledozer. These
machines may be further divided on
the basis of their mountings, into
crawler or wheel tractor mounted.
Based on the method of raising and
lowering the blade a bulldozer may
be classified as cable or hydraulic
controlled.
 BULLDOZERS

Bulldozers are versatile machines in many construction

projects, where they may be used from the start to the
finish for such operation as;
1. Clearing land of timber and stumps
2. Opening up pilot roads through mountains and rocky terrain.
3. Moving earth for haul distances up to approximately 300 ft.
4. Helping load tractor-pulledd scrapers.
5. Spreading earth fills.
6. Backfilling trenches.
7. Clearing construction sites of debris.
8. Maintaining haul roads.
9. Clearing of floors of borrow and quarry pits.
BULLDOZERS & ANGLEDOZER

Bulldozers are mounted with the blades perpendicular

to the direction of travel. While Angledozers are
mounted with the blades set at an angle with the
direction of travel. The former push the earth forward,
while the latter push it forward and to one side. Plates
may be installed at the ends of a blade to reduce the
spillage when a machine is used for moving earth.
CABLE CONTROL VERSUS HYDRAULIC CONTROL

CABLE CONTROL
HYDRAULIC CONTROL

There are numerous arguments about the merits of cable control versus
hydraulic control of raising and lowering of blades. Neither is superior to
the other under all operating conditions.
CABLE CONTROL VERSUS HYDRAULIC CONTROL

CLAIMED ADVANTAGES

1. Simplicity of installation and operation.

2. Simplicity of reparing the controls.
3. Reduction in the danger of damaging a
machine, as the blade can move up and
ride over a rigid obstruction, such as
heavy boulder.

CABLE CONTROL
 CABLE CONTROL VERSUS HYDRAULIC CONTROL

CLAIMED ADVANTAGES

1. Ability to produce a high down pressure

on the blade, in addition to its weight to
force the blade to the ground.
2. Ability to maintain a more precise
setting of the position of the blade.

HYDRAULIC CONTROL
CRAWLER-MOUNTED VERSUS WHEEL MOUNTED BULLDOZER

CRAWLER-MOUNTED WHEEL-MOUNTED

At one time bulldozers were mounted on crawler tractors only. However, with
the development of wheel tractors, bulldozers have been mounted on them
also. Each type of mounting has advantages under certain conditions.
CRAWLER-MOUNTED VERSUS WHEEL MOUNTED BULLDOZER

CLAIMED ADVANTAGES

1. Ability to deliver greater tractive effort,

especially in operating on soft footing, such
as loose or muddy soil.
2. Ability to travel over muddy surfaces.
3. Ability to operate in rocky formations,
where rubber tires might be seriously
damage.
4. Ability to travel over rough surfaces, which
may reduce the cost of maintaining haul
CRAWLER-MOUNTED
loads.
5. Greater floatation because of the lower
pressures under the tracks.
6. Greater use versatility on jobs.
CRAWLER-MOUNTED VERSUS WHEEL MOUNTED BULLDOZER

CLAIMED ADVANTAGES

1. Higher travel speeds on the job or from

one job to another.
2. Elimination of hauling equipment to
transport the bulldozer to a job.
3. Greater output, especially when
considerable travelling is necessary.
4. Less operator fatigue.
5. Ability to travel on paved highways WHEEL-MOUNTED

without damaging rhe surfaces.

CRAWLER-MOUNTED VERSUS WHEEL MOUNTED BULLDOZER

If the equipment has a job which is large

enough to justify the purchase of special
equipment, he should select the equipment
that is most suitable for the particular job.
EARTH LOADER
 EARTH LOADER

GENERAL INFORMATION

The term earth loader refers to a machine manufactured by the Euclid Road
Machinery Company. The machine consist of a frame mounted on crawler
tracks, a cutting blade, moldboard flow, conveyor chute, conveyor belt, and
engine to operate the belt. It is pulled by one or two crawler tractors ,
depending on the class of material loaded.
The cutting blade has an over-all width of 9 ft 6&1/2 in.
The maximum cutting depth is 48 in.
 EARTH LOADER

OUTPUT OF A LOADER

The output of a loader will vary with the class of material, the length of cut,
the size of hauling units, the power of the pulling tractor, and climatic
conditions.
Although a loader will handle any material from soft loam through hard clay,
the output willbe reduced when it is loading harder materials.
The capacities of the hauling unit should be large in order to reduce the
frequency of stopping the loader while one unit moves out and another
moves under the belt.
 EARTH LOADER

GENERAL INFORMATION

The loader is used on large projects to load large hauling units such as trucks
and tractor-pulled bottom-dump wagons.
As the loader pulled along, the plow and cutting blade loosen the earth,
which is forced through the throat onto the conveyor belt and carried to
upper end of the conveyors chute, where is is deposited into the hauling
units.
 EARTH LOADER

THE COST OF
OPERATING A LOADER
The cost of operating a loader will vary with the class of material handled.
The delivered cost of a machine about $38,000, depending on the distance
from the factory.
Excavating
Equipment

JHON BRYSON MACALAGUING

 Power Shovels

Power shovels are primarily used to

excavate earth and load it into trucks
or tractor pulled wagons or unto
conveyer belts. They are capable of
excavating all kinds of earth , except
solid rock, without prior loosening.
 Draglines

Draglines are used to excavate earth

and load unto hauling units such as
tractor pulled wagons or to deposit it
in levees, dams, and spoil banks near
the pits from which it was excavated.
 Types of Dragline

Crawler Mounted Truck Mounted Wheel Mounted Walking

 Clamshells

Clamshells are used primarily for

handling loose materials such as
sand, gravel, crushed stone, coal and
etc., and holes, sheet-lined trenches,
etc. They are especially suited to
vertically lifting materials from one
location to another, as in charging
hoppers and overhead bins.
Clamshell Buckets are available in
various sizes and in heavy duty types
for digging, medium weight for
general purpose uses, and lightweight
types for rehandling light materials
 Hoes

Hoes are terms applied to those

excavating machines of the power
shovel group. Commonly known as
hoe, backhoe, back shovel, and pull
shovel
Trenching Machines

The term Trenching machines applies

to the wheel and ladder type
machines. These machines are
satisfactory for digging utility
trenches for water, gas, and oil
pipelines, telephone cables, drainage
ditches and sewers where the job
conditions are such that they may be
used.
 Types of Trenching Machines

Wheel-Type Ladder-Type
Trenching Trenching
Machhines Machines
GEROME MADRIA
TRUCKS SERVE ONE PURPOSE ON HANDLING
AGGREGATE, ROCK, COAL AND OTHER
MATERIALS.
TRUCKS MAYBE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO A GREAT
MANY FACTOR, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING:

1. SIZE AND TYPE OF ENGINE, GASOLINE, DIESEL,

BUTANE, PROPANE.
2. NUMBER OF GEARS
3. KIND OF DRIVE, TWO WHEEL, FOUR WHEEL, SIX
WHEEL, ETC.
4. NUMBER OF WHEELS AND AXLES AND
ARRANGEMENT OF DRIVING WHEELS
5. METHOD OF DUMPING THE LOAD, REAR DUMP, SIDE
DUMP
6. CLASS OF MATERIALS HAULED, SOIL, ROCK, COAL,
ETC.
7. CAPACITY IN TONS OR CUBIC YARDS
8 METHOD OF DUMPING THE LOAD FOR REAR DUMPS,
HYDRAULIC OR CABLE
 REAR DUMP TRUCKS - ARE
SUITABLE FOR USE IN HAULING
MANY TYPES OF MATERIALS.
THE BODY IF THIS TRUCK IS
APPROXIMATELY 15 FT 3IN.
LONG, 8 FT 4IN. WIDE, AND 3 FT
6IN. DEEP, INSIDE DIMENSIONS.
THE STRUCK CAPACITY IS 14.8
CU YD. IT IS EQUIPPED WITH
14.00 BY 24, 20- PLY FRONT
TIRES AND 18.00 BY 24, 24-PLY
REAR TIRES.
THERE ARE 3 METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE
CAPACITIES OF TRUCKS AND WAGONS.

1. BY THE LOAD WHICH IT WILL CARRY,

EXPRESSED IN TONS

2. BY ITS STRUCK VOLUME

3. BY ITS HEAPED VOLUME, THE LATTER TWO

EXPRESSED IN CUBIC YARDS.
 ADVANTAGES OF SMALL
COMPARED WITH LARGE TRUCK:

-THEY ARE MORE FLEXIBLE IN

MANEUVERING
-THEY MAY HAVE HIGHER SPEED
-THERE IS LESS LOSS IN
PRODUCTION

DISADVANTAGES:
-MORE DIFFICULT FOR THE
EXCAVATOR
-MORE TOTAL TIME IN LOSS
-MORE DRIVERS ARE REQUIRED
-MORE TRUCKS REQUIRED, MAY
INCREASES THE DANGER AND
EXPENSIVE MAINTENENCE AND
REPAIRS
 ADVANTAGES OF LARGE COMPARED TO
SMALL TRUCKS:

-FEWER TRUCKS REQUIRED MAY REDUCE

EXPENSIVE MAINTENENCE AND REPAIRS
-FEWER DRIVERS ARE REQUIRED
-REDUCES DANGER
-THEY GIVE A LARGE TARGET FOR THE
EXCAVATOR DURING LOADING
-ENGINES ORDINARILY USE CHEAPER FUELS

DISADVANTAGES :

-COST OF TRUCK TIME AT LOADING IS

GREATER
-THE HEAVIER LOADS MAY CAUSE OF
DAMAGE
-REPAIR PARTS MAYBE DIFFICULT TO
OBTAIN
-THE LARGEST SIZES MAY NOT BE
PERMITTED TO HAUL ON HIGHWAYS
KEZIA EMELIANA LAHAYON
 RUBBER TIRES

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGER UNITS OF

CONSTRUCTION AND HAULING EQUIPMENT
HAS PRODUCED A NEED FOR MANY
DIFFERENT SIZES AND TYPES OF RUBBER
TIRES. SOME TYPES OF EQUIPMENT IN USE
TODAY REQUIRE TIRE SIZES UP TO 36.00 X
41, STANDING BETTER THAN 9 FT HIGH.
TIRE DIMENSION AND NOMENCLATURE

THE DIMENSIONS OF A
TIRE INDICATE THE
NOMINAL WIDTH OF THE
SECTION AND DIAMETER
OF THE RIM, EXPRESSED
IN INCHES.
TIRE DIMENSION AND NOMENCLATURE

Section Width
Over-all Tire Width
Outside Diameter
Static-load Radius
Tread Radius
Loaded Section
Rim Diameter
TIRE DIMENSION AND NOMENCLATURE

Section Height
Gross Contact Area
Deflection
Ply Rating
Inflation Pressure
Selecting the Proper Tread Design

FOR USE ON THE DRIVING

WHEELS OF EARTH-MOVING
EQUIPMENT, WHICH
FREQUENTLY MUST OPERATE
ON SOFT GROUND, SELF-
CLEANING DIRECTIONAL-BAR
TYPE TIRE GIVES MAXIMUM
TRACTION.
Selecting the Proper Tread Design

FOR USE ON THE FREE-

ROLLING OR TRAILING WHEELS
OF EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT
THE BUTTON-TYPE TIRE
Selecting the Proper Tread Design

FOR USE ON EQUIPMENT

WHICH MUST OPERATE OVER
ROCKY ROADS OR OTHER
HAZARDOUS TERRAIN, A TIRE
THAT WILL WITHSTAND SEVERE
ABUSE, SUCH AS THE HARD
LUG ROCK TIRE
THE CATALOGUES OF THE
TIRE MANUFACTURERS GIVE
THE INFORMATION NEEDED
TO PERMIT A PURCHASER TO
OBTAIN THE MOST
DESIRABLE TYPE TIRE FOR
ANY GIVEN SERVICES.