Advanced Database Management Systems

(DBMS)
Chapter 1

Client/Server Databases and the Oracle 10g Relational Database

10 ‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم وﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت أوراﻛﻞ‬/ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬g

Objectives ‫اﻷھﺪاف‬
• Develop an understanding of the purpose of database systems
• Describe the purpose and contents of an entity-relationship model
• Explain the steps in the normalization process
• Describe the differences between personal and client/server databases
• Understand the Northwoods University student registration database and the
Clearwater Traders sales order database
.‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻟﻐﺮض ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
.‫ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻐﺮض وﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﺎن‬
.‫اﺷﺮح اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻊ‬
.‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬/ ‫وﺻﻒ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬
Clearwater Traders ‫ وﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت أواﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬Northwoods ‫ﻓﮭﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

Introduction
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
If an organization needs to store and maintain a large amount of data that must be viewed and
updated by many users at the same time, it often uses a client/server database such as Oracle
10g.
‫إذا اﺣﺘﺎﺟﺖ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ وﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺜﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم ﻣﺜﻞ‬/ ‫ ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬Oracle 10g.

Database Systems
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Data files consist of: ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
– Fields ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮل‬
• Describe characteristics ‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
• Also called columns ‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀﺎ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬
– Records ‫اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬
• Group of related fields ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
• Problems with storing data in files:
:‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬
– Proliferation of data management programs
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Presence of redundant data ‫وﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت زاﺋﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬
– Inconsistent data ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ‬
• Database ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Stores all organizational data in central location
‫ﯾﺨﺰن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬
– Eliminates redundant data to reduce possibility of inconsistent data
‫ﯾﺰﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ‬
 • Database management system (DBMS)
‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Application that performs all routine data-handling operations
‫وھﻮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
– Provides central set of common functions for managing database
:‫ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻹدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Inserting ‫ادﺧﺎل‬
• Updating ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬
• Retrieving ‫اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع‬
• Deleting data values ‫ﺣﺬف ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

• Database Administrator ‫ﻣﺴﺆول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

– Person responsible for installing, administering, and maintaining the database
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وإدارﺗﮭﺎ وﺻﯿﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ‬
– Often called DBA
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺴﺆول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬DBA

Database Approach to Data Processing

‫ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

Overview of Relational Databases

‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ‬
• Table ‫ﺟﺪول‬
– Matrix with columns and rows‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة واﻟﺼﻔﻮف‬
• Columns ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬
– Represent different data fields
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
– Characteristics or attributes about entity
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ أو ﺳﻤﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻜﯿﺎن‬
• Rows ‫اﻟﺼﻔﻮف‬
– Contain individual records ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺠﻼت ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ‬
– Attributes about a specific instance of entity
‫ﺳﻤﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة أو )ﻣﺜﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﺎن‬
• Entity ‫ﻛﯿﺎن‬
– Object about which you want to store data
‫ھﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻨﮫ‬
– Different tables store data about each different entity ‫اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺨﺰن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﯿﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
• Relationships ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
– Links that show how different records are related
‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﺪى ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺴﺠﻼت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
 • Key fields ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
– Establish relationships among records in different tables ‫ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪاول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
– Main types of key fields:
‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
• Primary ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
• Candidate ‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬
• Surrogate ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻞ‬
• Foreign ‫أﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬
• Composite ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬

Primary Keys
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
• Column in relational database table whose value must be unique for each row
‫ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﻓﺮﯾﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻒ‬
• Serves to identify individual occurrence of entity
‫ﯾﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻔﺮدي ﻟﻠﻜﯿﺎن‬
• Every row must have a primary key ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
• Cannot be NULL ‫ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻻﻏﯿﺔ أو ﻋﺪﻣﺎ او ﻓﺎرﻏﺎ‬
• NULL ‫ﻻ ﺷﻲء‬
– Value is absent or unknown ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻏﺎﺋﺒﺔ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬
– No entry is made for that data element‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ إدﺧﺎل ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ھﺬا‬

Candidate Keys
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬
• Any column that could be used as the primary key
‫أي ﻋﻤﻮد ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻛﻤﻔﺘﺎح أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
• Should be a column that is unique for each record and does not change
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮدًا ﻓﺮﯾﺪًا ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ وﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬

Surrogate Keys
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‬
• Column created to be record’s primary key identifier
‫ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺠﻞ‬
• Has no real relationship to row to which it is assigned other than to identify it
uniquely
‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻨﮫ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺨﻼف ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪه ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﯾﺪ‬
• Surrogate key values automatically generated using a sequence
‫ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤھﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬
Foreign Keys
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ او اﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬
• Column in table that is a primary key in another table
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ھﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول آﺧﺮ‬
• Creates relationship between two tables ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺪوﻟﯿﻦ‬
• Value must exist in table where it is the primary key
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬

Composite Keys ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬

• Unique key that is created by combining two or more columns
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻔﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤه ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
• Usually comprises fields that are primary keys in other tables
‫ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﺎدة ً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻷﺧﺮى‬

Database Design
‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
Main tasks involved with design of database: ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Developing entity-relationship (ER) model ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﺎن‬
– Normalizing database tables ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ ﺟﺪاول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬

Entity-Relationship Model
‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﺎن‬
• Designed to help you identify which entities need to be included in database
.‫ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أي اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺪرج ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Composed of :‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
– Squares representing entities ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Lines representing relationships‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
• Types of relationships: :‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
– One to one (1:1)
– One to many (1:M)
– Many to many (N:M)
 • One to one (1:1)
– Each occurrence of a specific entity is found only once in each set of data
‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﯿﺎن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Rare in relational databases‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻧﺎدر ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ‬
• One to many (1:M)
– Instance can only appear once in one entity, but one or more times in the other entity
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﺎن اﻵﺧﺮ‬،‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻛﯿﺎن واﺣﺪ‬
• Many to many (N:M)
– Instance can occur multiple times in each entity ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺪث ﻣﺜﯿﻞ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﯿﺎن‬
– Cannot be represented in physical database ‫ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬
– Broken down into series of two or more 1:M relationships through use of linking table
in process of normalization
(‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻊ )ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺟﺪول ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬M:1 ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬

Normalization ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻊ‬
• Step-by-step process used to determine which data elements should be stored in which
tables ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﻄﻮة ﺑﺨﻄﻮة ﺗ ُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪاول‬
• Purpose ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬
– Eliminate data redundancy ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Several levels of normalization ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻊ‬
– Forms ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬
• Unnormalized data ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬
– Does not have a primary key identified ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
– Contains repeating groups ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬
• First normal form (1NF) ‫أول ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻋﺎدي‬
– Repeating groups removed ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة ﯾﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺘﮭﺎ‬
– Primary key field identified ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬
• Second normal form (2NF) ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﺎدي اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
– In 1NF ‫ﻧﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ‬
– No partial dependencies ‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ‬
• Partial dependency :‫اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ھﻲ‬
– Fields within the table are dependent only on part of the primary key
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
• Basic procedure for identifying partial dependency: ‫اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ‬
– Look at each field that is not part of the composite primary key
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺟﺰًءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
– Make certain you are required to have both parts of the composite field to
determine the value of the data element ‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ أﻧﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻼك ﺟﺰأﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Third normal form (3NF)
– In 2NF ‫ﻧﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ‬
– No transitive dependencies ‫ﻻ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪﯾﺔ‬
• Transitive dependency ‫اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﯾﺔ‬
– Field is dependent on another field within the table that is not the primary key
field ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﯿﺲ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
Database Systems ‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Consists of ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
– DBMS ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Manages physical storage and data retrieval
‫ﯾﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ واﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– Database applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Provide interface that allows users to interact with database
‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ واﺟﮭﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Server ‫اﻟﺨﺎدم‬
– Computer that shares resources with other computers
‫وھﻮ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺎرك اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﻊ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
• Server process ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬
– Program that listens for requests for resources from clients ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬
– Responds to requests ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺠﯿﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬
• Client ‫زﺑﻮن‬
– Program that requests and uses server resources
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻄﻠﺐ وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺨﺎدم‬

Personal Database Management Systems

‫ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬
• DBMS and database applications run on same workstation
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
• Appear to user as a single integrated application
‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪ‬
• Used primarily for creating single-user database applications ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮدي‬
• Can also be used for some multiuser applications
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﯾﻀﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‬
• Should be used only for applications that are not mission critical
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬
• Microsoft Access ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬
– Stores all data for database in a single file with an .mdb extension
. ‫ﯾﺨﺰن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻤﻠﺤﻖ‬mdb
– Database administrator stores .mdb file on a central file server
. ‫ﻣﺴﺆول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ‬mdb ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺎدم ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬
• Transaction processing ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
– Grouping related database changes into units of work that must either all
succeed or all fail
‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ أو ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ‬
– DBMS can use the transaction log to reverse—or roll back—the changes
‫ أو اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬- ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻟﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬DBMS ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟـ‬
 Using a Personal Database for a Multiuser Application
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‬

Client/Server Database Management Systems

‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬/ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬
• DBMS server process runs on one workstation
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﺎدم‬DBMS ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ واﺣﺪة‬
• Database applications run on separate client workstations across network
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
• Server sends only requested data back to client rather than entire database
‫ﯾﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﺎدم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﮭﺎ‬
• Generate less network traffic than personal databases
‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮور ﺷﺒﻜﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬
• Extra features to minimize chance of failure
‫ﻣﯿﺰات إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬
• Powerful recovery mechanisms that often operate automatically
‫آﻟﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺮداد ﻗﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿﺎ‬
• Maintain file-based transaction log on database server
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺎدم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Preferred for ‫ﻣﻔﻀﻞ ل‬
– Database applications that retrieve and manipulate small amounts of data from
databases containing large numbers of records
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮداد وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﺪاد‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬
– Mission-critical applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬
– Web-based database applications that require increased security and fault
tolerance
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ زﯾﺎدة اﻷﻣﺎن واﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬

Client/Server Database Architecture

‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬/ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ او اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬
The Oracle 10g Client/Server Database
‫ ﺧﺎدم‬/ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻤﯿﻞ‬Oracle 10g
• Oracle 10g
– Latest release of Oracle Corporation’s relational database
‫أﺣﺪث إﺻﺪار ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻄﯿﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬Oracle Corporation
– Client/server database ‫ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬/ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬
• Server side ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺨﺎدم‬
– DBMS server process
‫ﯾﻀﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﺎدم‬DBMS‫ادارة ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Oracle Net ‫أوراﻛﻞ ﻧﺖ‬
– Utility that enables network communication between client and server
‫اﻷداة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ واﻟﺨﺎدم‬
• Oracle Application Server ‫ﺧﺎدم ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت أوراﻛﻞ‬
– Used to create World Wide Web pages that allow users to access Oracle
databases
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻮﯾﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت أوراﻛﻞ‬
• Oracle client products: :‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﻤﯿﻞ أوراﻛﻞ‬
– SQL*Plus
– Oracle 10g Developer Suite
– Enterprise Manager

Client/Server Architecture for Oracle 10g DBMS

Oracle 10g DBMS‫ ﺧﺎدم ل‬/ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬

The Database Cases

• Fictional organizations:
– Clearwater Traders
– Northwoods University
• Design principles:
– Convert all tables to third normal form
– Include primary key as foreign key in table on “many” side of relationship
– Specify data type for each column

The Clearwater Traders Sales Order Database

• Clothing and sporting goods through mail-order catalogs
• Wants to begin accepting orders using Web site
• Required data consists of information for:
– Customers
– Orders
– Items
– Shipments
 • Tables:
– CUSTOMER
– ORDER_SOURCE
– ORDERS
– CATEGORY
– ITEM
• Tables (continued):
– ORDER_LINE
– SHIPMENT
– INVENTORY
– SHIPMENT_LINE
– COLOR

The Northwoods University

Student Registration Database
• Student registration system
• Data items consist of information about:
– Students
– Courses
– Instructors
– Student Enrollment
• Tables:
– LOCATION
– FACULTY
– STUDENT
– TERM
– COURSE
– COURSE_SECTION
– ENROLLMENT

Summary
• Relational databases
– Store data in tabular format
– Create relationships that
link related data using key columns
• Primary key
– Column that uniquely identifies specific record
• Foreign key
– Creates relationship between two tables
• Entity-relationship (ER) model
– Used to describe types of relationships between entities
• Normalization process
– Used to determine which fields belong in which tables
• Database system consists of
– DBMS
– Database applications
• Client/server databases divide database into
– Server process that runs on network server
– User application processes that run on individual client workstations
• Oracle 10g is a client/server database