Mafambisse Secundary

School

Common Deaseses In Mozambique

Subject:Ingles
Grade:12
Topic:Tuberculosis

Student’s Names:

1. Palmerino Cabral n®43

2. Gido Oliveira n®21
3. Eduardo Bernardo n®16
4. Bernardo Manuel n®9

Teacher’s Name: Cama Cardoso

Mafambisse, June,2023
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................3

GENERAL OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................3

ESPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................................3

CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS..............................................................................................................4

SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS..............................................................................................................4

SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS........................................................................................................4

TUBERCULOSIS CURE.......................................................................................................................5

PREVENT TUBERCULOSIS.................................................................................................................5

CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................6

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES......................................................................................................7
 1. INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through
the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the
brain, the kidneys, or the spine. A person with TB can die if they do not get treatment.

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
 The mission of the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination is to promote health and quality
of life by preventing, controlling, and eventually eliminating tuberculosis (TB) from the
United States, and by collaborating with other countries and international partners in
controlling global tuberculosis.

3. ESPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The primary goal of TB screening is to reach people who are not reached by the patient-initiated
pathway and to detect TB disease early, thereby improving outcomes for individuals and
reducing transmission and incidence at population level.
 4. CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS

TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The germs are spread through the
air and usually infect the lungs, but can also infect other parts of the body. Although TB is
infectious, it doesn’t spread easily. You usually have to spend a lot of time in contact with
someone who is contagious in order to catch it.

5. SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS

TB can be spread when a person with active TB disease releases germs into the air through
coughing, sneezing, talking, singing or even laughing. Only people with active pulmonary
infection are contagious. Most people who breathe in TB bacteria are able to fight the bacteria
and stop it from growing. The bacterium becomes inactive in these individuals, causing a latent
TB infection.

As many as 13 million people in the U.S. have latent TB. Although the bacteria are inactive, they
still remain alive in the body and can become active later. Some people can have a latent TB
infection for a lifetime, without it ever becoming active and developing into TB disease.

6. SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS

Those with active TB can show any of the following symptoms:

 Bad cough (lasting longer than two weeks).

 Pain in your chest.
 Coughing up blood or sputum (mucus).
 Fatigue or weakness.
 Loss of appetite.
 Weight loss.
 Chills.
 Fever.
 Night sweats
 7. TUBERCULOSIS CURE

TB infection and disease is treated with these drugs:

 Isoniazid (Hyzyd®).
 Rifampin (Rifadin®).
 Ethambutol (Myambutol®).
 Pyrazinamide (Zinamide®).
 Rifapentine (Priftin®).

8. PREVENT TUBERCULOSIS

use a TB vaccine called Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The vaccine is mostly given to children in
countries with high rates of TB to prevent meningitis and a serious form of TB called miliary
tuberculosis. The vaccine may make skin tests for TB less accurate.
 9. CONCLUSION
We conclude that tuberculosis infection and disease remain common in populations
characterized by poor housing conditions, drug use, and HIV infection.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
 Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray A, et al. Timing of
initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. New England Journal of
Medicine. 2010;362(8):697–706.

 Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray AL, et al. Integration
of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. New England Journal of
Medicine. 2013;365(16):1492–1501.
 Abdurrahman ST, Emenyonu N, Obasanya OJ, Lawson L, Dacombe R, Muhammad M, et
al. The hidden costs of installing xpert machines in a tuberculosis high-burden country:
Experiences from Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2014;18:277.
 Kleinnijenhuis J, Joosten LA, van de Veerdonk FL, Savage N, van Crevel R, Kullberg BJ, et
al. Transcriptional and inflammasome-mediated pathways for the induction of IL-1beta
production by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. European Journal of
Immunology. 2009;39(7):1914–1922.
 Miller EA, Ernst JD. Illuminating the black box of TNF action in tuberculous
granulomas. Immunity. 2008;29(2):175–177

 Murdaca G, Spano F, Contatore M, Guastalla A, Penza E, Magnani O, Puppo F. Infection

risk associated with anti-TNF-alpha agents: A review. Expert Opinion on Drug
Safety. 2015;14:1–12. [PubMed]Nagi B, Kochhar R, Bhasin DK, Singh K. Colorectal
tuberculosis. European Radiology. 2003;13(8):1907–1912.
 Ziganshina LE, Titarenko AF, Davies GR. Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis
(presumed drug-sensitive). Cochrane Database System Review. 2013;6:CD004795.
 Tuon FF, Higashino HR, Lopes MI, Litvoc MN, Atomiya AN, Antonangelo L, Leite OM.
Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous meningitis-a systematic review with meta-
analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2010;42(3):198–207