IEEE -20180

Performance Analysis of OFDMA in L TE

S.S.Prasad, Senior Member IEEE C.K.Shukla Raad Farhood Chisab

Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
National Institute of Technology SHIATS Institute SHIATS Institute
Jamshedpur, India -831014 Allahabad, India Allahabad, India
ssprasad@ieee.org cks_nim@yahoo.co.in raadfarhood@yahoo.com

froquoncy
Abstract- The Long Term Evolution (LTE) takes the
usor 1
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) as the us�r 2

user 3
multiple access technique for downlink to transmit data from
base station to the Mobile Users (MUs) because of its ability to
improve the spectrum efficiency, it has flexible user resource
allocation, it can overcome the problems of Inter Symbol
Interchange (lSI) and Inter Carrier Interchange (ICI). This
paper introduces the properties of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing, discusses the strength, weakness of OFDMA, and
Figure 1 a. TDMA
highlights the factor that leverages the performance of OFDMA
froquoncy
in LTE. The graphical result shows the relation between SNR,
usor 1
U!I.<f:o 2
BER, Pe with the type of modulation used in LTE.
usor 3

Keywords; LTE, OFDMA, OFDM, lSI, leI, SNR, BER, Pe us.or 5

usor 6

I. INTRODUCTION

Mobile communications has become an everyday

commodity. In the last decades, it has evolved from being an limo

expensive technology for a few selected individuals to today's Figure I b. FDMA

ubiquitous systems used by a majority of the world's frequency
population. From the flrst experiments with radio u sor 1
communication by Guglielmo Marconi in the 1890s, the road
u sor 3
to truly mobile radio communication has been quite long. [1].
Digital communication techniques appeared in the Second
Generation (2G) systems, and main access schemes are Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA). The two most commonly accepted time

2G systems are Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Interim Figure 1 c. OFDMA
Standard-95 (lS-95). These systems mostly offer speech
communication, but also data communication limited to rather
low transmission rates. The concept of the Third Generation The main targets and requirements for designing the LTE
(3 G) system started operations during October, 2002 in Japan Systems can be summarized as [3, 6]:
[2]. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is often called "4G".
• Date Rate: For 20 MHz spectrum, the target for peak
The LTE depends in its work on the principle of the
data rate is 50 Mbps (for uplink) and 100 Mbps (for
multiple accesses which is a radio transmission scheme that
downlink).
allows many senders to transmit signals in the same time span
without interfering with each other [3, 4]. Fig. I shows a few of • Bandwidth: the new system is now required to
the multiple access schemes among few listed below: facilitate frequency allocation flexibility with 1.25,
2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Peak Spectral Efficiency: The peak spectral efficiency
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) requirement for downlink is 5 bpslHz or higher, and
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) for uplink is 2.5 bps/Hz or higher.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
• Spectral EffIciency of Cell Edge: The requirement for
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC­
spectral efficiency of cell edge IS 0.04-0.06
FDMA)

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 IEEE - 20180

bpslHz/user for downlink and 0.02-0.03 bps/Hz/user
for uplink, with assumption of 10 users/cell.
• Average Cell Spectral efficiency: The average cell
spectral efficiency required for downlink is 1.6-2.1
bpslHz/cell and for uplink it is 0.66-l.0 bpslHz/cell.
• Latency: the LTE control-plane latency (transition
time to active state) is less than 100 ms (for idle to
active), and is less than 50 ms (for dormant to active).
The user-plane latency is less than 10 ms from UE
(user end) to server.
• Supported antenna configurations: for Downlink: 4x2,
2x2, Ix2, Ixl and for Uplink: Ix2, lxl.
• Mobility: Optimized for low speeds «15 kmlhr.),
High performance at speeds up to 120 km/hr.,
Maintain link at speeds up to 350 kmlhr.
• Coverage: Full performance up to 5 km, Slight
degradation 5 km 30 km, Operation up to 100 km
-
Evolution (LTE) cellular networks, in order to exploit
multiuser diversity and to increase flexibility in scheduling [8].
It is known that multicarrier modulation are complex, but
that reflect the real world transmission of multiple users in
multi path fading. In multiuser communications, one way of
applying OFDM is to divide the total bandwidth into sub
channels (SCs), each consisting of a set of sub-carriers; a
method referred to as OFDM Access (OFDMA). In this case,
multiple data sub-carriers are grouped into a sub-channel, and a
sub-channel forms a slot with one or more OFDMA symbols
[9].
As is well-known, OFDM system will replace the CDMA
system as a multiple access technology in LTE system. OFDM
has the advantage of overcoming the self-interference
characteristics compare to CDMA technology, thus it can
achieve higher spectrum efficiency. If the frequency reuse
factor is 3 or greater, the system will can counter the co­
channel interference problem [10].

should not be precluded by standard.
The LTE mobile system uses OFDMA in the downlink to
improve the spectrum efficiency, to facilitate flexible user
resource allocation and to transmit data from base station
to the mobile users. The OFDMA parameter in LTE is
summarized in Table I. While using the Single Carrier­
Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the
uplink to transmit the data from the mobile user to the base
station [5].
OFDM is similar to FDM but much more spectrally
efficient by spacing the sub-channels much closer together
(until they are actually overlapping). This is done by finding
frequencies that are orthogonal as shown in Fig. 2, which
means that they are mathematically perpendicular, allowing the
spectrum of each sub-carrier to overlap other sub-carriers
without interference [11, 12].

TABLE I. OFDMA PARAMETERS TN L TE

Parameters Values
Transmission
1.25 2.5 5 10 15 20 c-.IIC>I>,<.f __ C I�......,..
BW(MHz)
\IWtt�kOC¥"�I'C-' �c· ..
Sub-Carrier
15KHz
soacinf!
(PRB)BW 180KHz Figure 2. The orthogonal radio carriers in OFDM

No.of
In OFDM, the available bandwidth is divided into a large
Resource 6 15 25 50 75 100
Block number of smaller bandwidths using Fast Fourier Transforms
FFTSize 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048 (FFTs) that are mathematically orthogonal. Reconstruction of
Sampling the band is performed by the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
FreQ.(MHz) (IFFT). FFTs and IFFTs are well-defined algorithms that can
No.of be implemented very efficiently when sized as powers of 2.
occupied sub 76 151 301 601 901 1201 Typical FFT sizes for OFDM systems are 512, 1024, and 2048.
carrier
For example, a 10-MHz bandwidth allocation may be divided
No.ofOFDM
7 for normal CP and 6 for extended CP into 1,024 smaller bands [13].
symbol/slot

II. OFDM
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
which was known since the 1950s was revived in the 1980s
with the European Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) projects. This technique
was standardized for both DAB and digital terrestrial TV
broadcasting (DVB-T) [7].
OFDM has been adopted in a variety of modem
communication systems such as the Digital Subscriber Lines
(DSLs), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Long Term
III. OFDMA
The down link LTE air interface is based on Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access, which offers good
flexibility and performance for a reasonable complexity [14].
OFDMA is a multi-user version of a digital modulation
scheme OFDM. In OFDM the signal is first split into
independent sub-carriers and these closely-spaced orthogonal
subcarriers are used to carry the data. The data is divided into
several parallel data streams or channels, one for each
subcarrier. OFDMA is a modulation & access technique that
combines both Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) &

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 IEEE -20180

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technologies.

,-....
.. , ms. " Of OM .ymbcI.
OFOMA improve the spectral efficiency by saving (50%) of (-<Y<II<pro4\)c)
assigned bandwidth.
Among the bandwidths that will be supported are 5, 10 and
1 oIcI-
(
f,;.: . 7 01'01.1 lymbcI$
cycIIe","",)

20 MHz one beneficial feature of this technique is the ease of

adaptation to different bandwidths. The smaller bandwidth unit
can remain fixed, even as the total bandwidth utilization is
Rooource _
changed. (12 ... � .. rt lIQUO<"Cy
-.' ....,.,_

OFDMA allows fast allocation of radio resources and

orthogonal multiuser multiplexing in the frequency domain.
The wideband signal is generated from modulated frequency­
�
�
domain subcarrier signals using a scalable FFT transform. The
resolution of resource allocation is a set of adjacent subcarriers !
that form a Physical Resource Block (PRB) as shown in Fig.3 1
and can show the details in FigA. The PRBs are scheduled and j
flexibly allocated for User Equipment (UE) in the Flexible !

Frequency Oomain Multiplexing (Flexible - FOM) so that any
set of PRBs may be allocated to any UE as convenient as
shown in Fig.5 .The subcarrier spacing was selected to allow
for Doppler tolerance over a large range of UE velocities. This
will yield a sufficiently high SNR to modulate either by
quadrature phase shift keying, 16QAM, or 64QAM or up to
two independent symbol streams in the presence of imperfect
power control, phase noise, and RF imperfections, while
keeping the computational complexity at a reasonable level
[15, 16, 17].
Two frame structure types are defined for E-UTRA: frame
structure type 1 for FDD mode as shown in Fig. 3. [16]. For the
frame structure type 1, the 10 ms radio frame is divided into 20
equally sized slots of 0.5 ms. a sub frame consists of two
consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains ten sub frames.
Ts is expressing the basic time unit corresponding to 30.72
MHz [18].
·O.�m'
#J II� • •••• • • • I
I
-0
Figure 5. Downlink resource grid
Downlink data transmission data is allocated to the UEs in
terms of resource blocks, i.e. one UE can be allocated integer
multiples of one resource block in the frequency domain. These
resource blocks do not have to be adjacent to each other. In the
time domain, the scheduling decision can be modified every
transmission time interval of 1 ms. the scheduling decision is
done in the base station (eNodeB).the time-frequency
multiplexing for OFOMA are shown in Fig. 6.
Subcarriers are grouped into resource blocks (RBs) of 12
adjacent subcarriers with an inter sub carrier spacing of 15
kHz. Each RB has a time slot duration of 0.5 milliseconds,
which corresponds to 6 or 7 OFOM symbols. The actual value
depends on whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is
used. The smallest resource unit that a scheduler can assign to a
user is a Scheduling Block (SB), which consists of two
consecutive RBs, spanning a sub frame time duration of I
millisecond [8].
�19 �!O
1 resou ree block =
180 kHz = 12 subcarriols SUbcarrior spucing = 15 kHz

nnr \ub rnllllr

Figure 3. Frame structure type-l

OMn����iililllllll!lii!lIillili;;�
= 12.7=8-/
r�_cee�e�1l/$

--------- _ ..

Or.uJo/{O.Sms)
j
. . ..

r�
i
..
..
...
.

. . ... .......... ...... ...... .

T,
i
1251J'"MJrie rs
Figure 6. OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

In order to take into account of all overhead and exact

Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) and Transport Block Size
(TBS) index, the following calculation methods are provided
Figure 4. The resource block structure for achieving the LTE DL peak rates [19].

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(1) With two Tx antenna ports and rank 2 transmissions, we frequencies (urban areas) and extended CP for lower
have 2 code words with one TBS per code word, each being frequencies (rural areas) [3].
mapped to 1 layer. For example, if the BW is lOMHz and 50
PRBs, the highest TBS 26 is 36696 bits per code word with
64QAM modulation. So the peak rate is 2x36696 = 73392
bits/s with 64QAM modulation as shown in Table 2.
(2) With four TX antenna ports and rank 4 transmissions,
we have 2 code words with one transport block per code word,
l'h:lllnei
each being mapped to 2 layers. For example, if the BW is
10MHzand 50 PRBs, the highest TBS for the 2 layers can be
obtained at [2xN] RB is 75376 bits with 64QAM modulation.
So the peak rate is 2x75376 = 150752 bits/s with 64QAM. For
example, LTE DL with 20MHz and 4 x 4 spatial multiplexing,
1_TBS = 26, N_TBS_Layer2 = 100, and so we get a transport
block size for 2-layer is 149776 bits. With two such TBS code
words with 4x4 spatial multiplexing, the peak rate is
2*TBS_L2=2* 149776!1ms = 299.552 Mbps [19].
Figure 7. The block diagram of OFDMA-LTE

TABLE II. THE PEAK RATE WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF TRANSMITTER

No.of LTE DL peak rate in (Mhitlsec)

parallel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
data
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
stream
l xl 4.392 11.064 18.336 36.696 55.056 75,376
2x2 8.784 22.128 36.672 73.392 110.112 150.752
4x4 17.520 44.304 73.392 150.752 220.272 299.552

Figure 8. OFDM symbol with cyclic prefix

A. Transmitter and receiver
OFDMA transmitter and receiver are shown in Fig. 7; in
this figure the available spectrum is divided into number of
orthogonal subcarriers. The subcarrier spacing for LTE system
is 15 KHz with 66.67f!s OFDMA symbol duration. The high
bit-rate data stream passes through modulator, where adaptive
modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-
QAM is applied. This multilevel sequence of modulated
symbols is converted into parallel frequency components
(subcarriers) by serial to parallel converter. The IFFT stage
converts these complex data symbols into time domain and
generates OFDM symbols. A guard band which is called the
cyclic prefix is used between OFDMA symbols in order to
cancel the Inter symbol Interference at receiver.
In principle, the cyclic-prefix length TCP, as shown in
Fig.S should cover the maximum length of the time dispersion
expected to be experienced. However, as already discussed,
increasing the length of the cyclic prefix, without a
corresponding reduction in the subcarrier spacing L1f implies an
additional overhead in terms of power as well as bandwidth. In
particular, the power loss implies that, as the cell size grows
and the system performance becomes more power limited,
there is a trade-off between the loss in power due to the cyclic
prefix and the signal corruption due to time dispersion not
covered by the cyclic prefix [1].
The receiver does not deal with the lSI but still have to
consider the channel impact for every single subcarrier that
have experienced amplitude changes and frequency dependent
phase. In LTE, the OFDMA uses two types of CP that are
normal CP and extended CP. The normal CP is used for high
B. Powerful OFDMA
The points which make OFDMA powerful are summarized
as [20]:
• High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each
subcarrier would be adjacent to its neighbors, so there
would be no wasted spectrum.
• With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long
symbol duration is used, thus OFDMA is more
tolerant to multi-path environment and better entitled
to eliminate lSI (inter symbol interference).
• Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol
interference could be minimized. OFDM is flexible in
allocating power and rate optimally among
narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling).Frequency
diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum
• The most important advantage of OFDM is its
resistance to the damaging effects of multipath delay
spread (fading) in the radio channel. Without
multipath protection, the symbols in the received
signal can overlap in time, leading to inter-symbol
interference (lSI).
C. The weakness ofOFDMA
OFDMA has some Weakness points when compared to
single carrier systems which can be summarized as:
• As the number of subcarriers increases, the composite
time-domain signal starts to look like Gaussian noise,

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 IEEE -20180

which has a high Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Aftt:r fading channel and FFT process, the received signal in
(PAPR), as shown in Fig. 9 that can cause problems frequency domain is:
for amplifiers. Allowing the peaks to distort is
unacceptable because this causes spectral regrowth in (5)
the adjacent channels. Modifying an amplifier to Where H= diag (HK) and l-iK is the frequency channel
avoid distortion often requires increases in cost, size response at Subcarrier k. n is the A WGN noise vector and
and power consumption.
R = [reO), r(i), r(2), ... ... , r(N - l)V (6)
The performance analysis of OFOMA in LTE can be
calculated by the parameters which is very important in any
multiple access technique and by this parameters it can be
guess that this technique is useful or not, therefore in order to
study the performance of OFOMA the following parameters
are calculated:
1) PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
The PAPR is calculated by representing a CCOF
(Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function) of PAPR.
The CCOF of PAPR is the probability that the PAPR is higher
than a certain PAPR value PAPRO (Pr {PAPR>PAPRO}). It is
Figure 9. The problem of PAPR in OFDMA
an important measure that is widely used for the complete
• Tight spacing of subcarriers. To minimize the lost description of the power characteristics of signals [3].
efficiency caused by inserting the CP, it is desirable to
2) BER (Bit Error Rate)
have very long symbols, which means closely spaced
The BER is ratio of error bits and total number of bits
subcarriers.
transmitted during time interval.
• Synchronization errors cause serious multiple access BER= (error bits) / (number of transmitted bits) (7)
interference.
3) SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)
• Multiple User Signals are mixed in both frequency The SNR is the ratio of bit energy (Eb) to the noise power
and time domain, which results in the difficult to spectral de n sity (No) and it is expressed in db.
synchronize.
En
• The OFOM diversity gain, and resistance to SNR =
No
(8)
frequency-selective fading, may partly be lost if very
For any modulation scheme, the BER is expressed in terms
few sub-carriers are assigned to each user, and if the
of SNR. BER is measured by comparing the transmitted signal
same carrier is used in every OFDM symbol.
with received signal, and compute the error counts over total
D. Performance Calculation number of bits transmitted.
In order to analysis the performance of OFOMA, the 4) Pe (Error Probability)
transmitted signal of one user with M allocated subcarriers is
The probability of error or error probability (Pe) is the rate
ex pressed as [21]: of errors occurs in the received signal. For coherent detection,
( I) the symbol error probability of M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM in
the AWGN channel is determined by following expressions;
Wht:n: [ ] T repn:st:nts transpose operation and di is the
mo dulated symbol. After IFFT modulator, the signal vector S For M-ary PSK the Pe is given by:
will be:
3Eav
2(M-l)No
.] (9)
(2)
Where T ,M is the mapping matrix for subcarrier Where,
assignment and its element values are decided by either No = Noise density in AWGN
distributed subcanier allocation or localized subcarrier
allocation . F� is the N point IFFT matrix and [ ]* represents Eav = Average value of transmitted symbol energy in M-ary
conjugate operation. Moreover, QAM

FN =: [Fi, FT, . ..... , F�y (3) 5) PSD (Power Spectral Density)

The power spectral density (PSD) is an important function
and
).]
that describes the power distribution of a signal with respect to
.F. -
1 [ . 21l .
-j-l
. 21l
-j-21
. . 21l(
- j - n-11
frequency. In mobile communication, to perform the correct
n __
{N 0 ,e N ,e N , ... ... ,e N (4) decision of radio resource management (RRM) at base station,
the PSD plays a vital role, especially for the transmission
format allocation including modulation and bandwidth.

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 IEEE -20180

1 1
p,,-xCm) = --IDFTN{X(
fS n
N)}I 2 C I0)

Where,
fs= Sampling Frequency
N= Number of FFT points
6) AMC (Adaptive Modulation And Coding):
Adaptive modulation and coding CAMC) has been proposed
in most of the current wireless standards to archive higher
system capacity, adaptive modulation is used for maximizing
10'" l:-------c!--'O--Oc--:!s---:--:!---'-:':--:',.o
the data throughput of the subcarriers that are allocated to the
PAPRtol3l
users. This is based on the SINR measurements of each sub­
carrier followed by the application of the modulation scheme Figure 13. The relation between PAPR and Pr in 64 QAM modulation
that maximizes the spectral efficiency [22].
10' .---__�--�O-FD-MA_�-_�----.

' 0·.,'----O�-;-�-7
5-*"6 -�-7--:�-;';-'----!.
p....... SI

Figure 10. The relation between PAPR and P, in BPSK modulation Figure 14. The relation between SNR and BER in diflerent modulation

',of) '""��=-�-�OF-IlM�A�-� �-_--,

--

'10'"

,o·�, -�--=--7----:5o-...,6!----!---=-�-...,.. 10" O':-�---'-,':---:':-....,20':-...,25-!-::-JO-!-::--3S-!-::---":.O-"':.s---:SO.

PAPRldSl 5""''"'1

Figure I I . The relation between PAPR and Pr in QPSK modulation

Figure 15. The relation between SNR and Pe in diflerent modulation types
•...01! ... ,�..
lir-------��---------, OfDMA
.� r-�-----�-��-��
I­
·'00

"'�
I
�-�
l'
� -2S0
�

J-m
1.350
Q.

I�,��-�-�-�
.--;- --=-____c�----!
0"-"":<0,

Figure 12 The relation between PAPR and Pr in 16 QAM modulation ·'�O':---'---:----:!3-.....'--...,5!--�

6 --o7--:'8c----:'-----J
S.amphng Frequency (2sBW) in MHz

Figure 16. The relation between FS and PSD

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 IEEE -20180

IV. CONCLUSION
The OFDMA performance in LTE depends on several
parameters. Type of modulations which are BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM, and 64QAM play a major role. Figure16 show the
relation between the sampling frequency (Fs) and power
spectral density (PSD) while figures 10,11,12,13 shows that
when use the high order modulation type then the peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) will be reduce and therefore high
order modulation type is more effective way to reduce the
problem of high PAPR in OFDMA. On the other hand Fig. 14,
15 show that when higher order modulation is used the SNR
increases and also increase the Pe and BER which create
serious problem in communication system. Therefore a tradeoff
is required between the choice of modulation type in order to
[14] Laurent Boher, Rodolphe Legouable, and Rodrigue Rabineau,
"Performance Analysis of Iterative Receiver in 3GPP/L TE DL
MIMO OFDMA System", ISSSTA '08, IEEE 10th International
Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications,
2008.
[15] Mika Rinne, Markku Kuusela, Esa Tuomaala, Pasi Kinnunen,
Istvan Kovacs, Kari Pajukoski, and Jussi Ojala , "A Performance
Summary of the Evolved 3G (E-UTRA) for Voice Over Internet
and Best Effort Traffic", IEEE Transactions On Vehicular
Technology, Vol. 58,No. 7,September 2009.
[16] 3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)
[17] ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co., "UMTS Long Tenn
Evolution (LTE) Technology Introduction", Application Note
IMAIII,2011.
[18] 3GPP 36.306,User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities.

reduce PAPR, Pe and BER and increase the SNR. [19] Dongzhe Cui, "LTE peak rates analysis", 18th Annual Wireless and
Optical Communications Conference,2009. WOCC 2009.
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