Krishnaraja Wodiyar III was the new ruler of the southern Indian

kingdom of Mysore when Devajammani arrived at the royal court

in 1805, to marry him. Both of them were 12 years of age.
According to Dr Nigel Chancellor, a historian at Cambridge
University, "Devajammani soon found herself recruited for a more
momentous cause - to publicise and promote the smallpox
vaccine. And her unwitting role was captured in a painting
commissioned by the East India Company to 'encourage
participation in the vaccination programme'," the BBC reported .
The cure for smallpox was fairly novel - it had been discovered
just six years before by Edward Jenner, an English doctor - and
met with suspicion and resistance in India. Not least because it
was being championed by the British, whose power was rising at
the turn of the 19th century.
But the British would not give up on their grand scheme to
inoculate Indians - they justified the cost and effort of saving
"numerous lives, which have yearly fallen a sacrifice" to the virus
with the promise of "increased resources derived from abundant
population".
What followed was a deft mix of politics, power and persuasion
by the East India Company to introduce the world's first ever
vaccine to India, their biggest colonial enterprise. It involved
British surgeons, Indian vaccinators, scheming company bosses
and friendly royals - none more so than the Wodiyars, indebted to
the British who had put them back on the throne after more than
30 years of exile.
Chancellor believes the painting, dated to be around 1805, is not
just a record of the queen's vaccination but also a window into
how the British effort unfolded.
The portrait, an arresting rendition in oil on canvas, was last
offered for sale via Sotheby's auction house in 2007. Its subjects
were unknown - and thought to be dancing girls or courtesans -
until Chancellor stumbled upon it.
He says he "immediately felt this was wrong".
He identified the woman on the right in the painting as
Devajammani, the younger queen. He said her sari would have
typically covered her left arm, but it was left exposed so she
could point to where she had been vaccinated "with a minimum
loss of dignity".
The woman on the left, he believes, is the king's first wife, also
named Devajammani. The marked discoloration under her nose
and around her mouth is consistent with controlled exposure to
the smallpox virus, Chancellor said.
Pustules from patients who had recovered would be extracted,
ground to dust and blown up the nose of those who had not had
the disease. It was a form of inoculation known as variolation,
that was meant to induce a milder infection.
Chancellor cited details to support his theory, which was first
published in an article in 2001. For one, the date of the painting
matches the Wodiyar king's wedding dates and the court records
from July 1806, announcing that Devjammmani's vaccination had
a "salutary influence" on people who came forward to be
inoculated.
Two, as an expert in Mysore history, Chancellor is certain the
"heavy gold sleeve bangles" and "the magnificent head dresses"
are characteristic of Wodiyar queens. Also, the artist, Thomas
Hickey, had earlier painted the Wodiyars and other members of
the court.
And most important, he wrote, is the "compelling candour" with
which they engage the viewer. Half-smiling royal women striking
a casual pose for an European painter is rare enough to raise
eyebrows. And the Wodiyars would not have risked a scandal,
Chancellor said, for a run-of-the-mill portrait.
It was a heady time for the East India Company. In 1799, it had
defeated one of its last great foes, Mysore's ruler, Tipu Sultan,
and put the Wodiyars in his place. But British dominance was still
not assured.
So, according to Chancellor, William Bentick, the governor of
Madras (now Chennai), sensed a political opportunity in battling a
deadly disease.
And the British were keen on getting the vaccine to India to
"protect the expat population," says Professor Michael Bennett, a
historian who has documented the arduous journey of the
vaccine to India in his book, "War Against Smallpox".
In India, smallpox infections were high and fatalities common -
symptoms included fever, pain and severe discomfort as pustules
broke out across the face and body. Those who survived were
often scarred for life. For centuries, it had been treated with
variolation, accompanied by religious rituals. Hindus saw it as a
sign of the wrath of Mariamma or Sitala, the goddess of the pox,
and sought to propitiate her.
So the advent of a vaccine, which consisted of cowpox virus, was
not welcome. And Brahmin variolators, or "tikadars", resented the
new procedure that threatened their livelihood.
"The major concern was the pollution of pushing into their healthy
child a cattle disease," Bennett said.
"How do you translate cowpox? They brought in Sanskrit
scholars and found themselves using terms locals would have
used for far worse diseases. And there was alarm that cowpox
might devastate their cattle."
There was another, bigger problem - the most effective way to
vaccinate was to do it "arm-to-arm". Using this method, the first
person would be vaccinated by smearing the vaccine onto their
arm with a needle or a lancet. A week later, when a cowpox
pustule developed in that spot, a doctor would cut into it and
transfer the pus on to the arm of another person.
Sometimes, the lymph from the arm of a patient would be dried
and sealed between glass plates to be transported elsewhere,
but it usually did not survive the journey.
Either way, the vaccine was passing through bodies of all races,
religions, castes and genders, and that ran counter to unyielding
Hindu notions of purity. How better to overcome these fears than
enlist the help of Hindu royals, whose power was tied to their
bloodlines?
The journey of the vaccine to the Wodiyar queen probably began
- in India at least - with the three-year-old daughter of a British
servant named Anna Dusthall.
Starting in the spring of 1800, the vaccine was sent by ship from
Britain in the form of dried lymph samples or via "vaccine
couriers" - a human chain of people being inoculated arm-to-arm
to keep the vaccine going during the voyage. But none of those
vaccinations took once they arrived in India.
After several failed attempts, dried vaccine matter was sealed
between glass plates and successfully delivered from Vienna to
Baghdad in March 1802. It was then used to vaccinate an
Armenian child and the lymph from his arm was taken to Basra,
in Iraq, where an East India Company surgeon established a
supply chain arm-to-arm that was sent to Bombay (now Mumbai).
On June 14, 1802, Anna Dusthall became the first person in India
to be successfully vaccinated against smallpox. Little else is
known about her, except that she was "remarkably good
tempered", according to the notes of the doctor who vaccinated
her. Dusthall was partly of European descent, Bennett said, but
her mother's heritage is unknown.
"We know all vaccination in the subcontinent came from this girl,"
he said.
The following week, five other children in Bombay were
vaccinated with pus from Dusthall's arm. From there, the vaccine
travelled, most often arm-to-arm, across India to various British
bases - Hyderabad, Cochin, Tellicherry, Chingleput, Madras and
eventually, to the royal court of Mysore.
The British did not always record the names of people who kept
the supply going, but they did note that it passed through many
"unexceptional bodies" - there are mentions of three "half-caste"
children who re-established supply in Madras, and a Malay boy
who ferried the vaccine to Calcutta (Kolkata).
It's not known if the young queen Devajammani was vaccinated
with dried lymph or from the pus of an earlier patient. There is no
mention of anyone else in the family or at the court being
vaccinated, Chancellor said.
That would not have been unusual because there are reports of
other royals being vaccinated.
But none memorialised it in a portrait. The credit for that
politicking, according to Chancellor, goes to the king's
grandmother, Lakshmi Ammani, who had lost her husband to
smallpox. He believes she is the woman in the middle of the
portrait of the three women, buttressing the Wodiyar stamp of
approval for the vaccine. The "oval face and enormous eyes" are
typical of the family, he adds.
Chancellor says the painting was possible because she was in
charge - the king was too young to object and the queens were
too young to refuse.
The campaign continued as people came to realise the benefits
of the procedure, and many tikadars switched over from
variolation to vaccination. By 1807, Bennett estimated, more than
a million vaccine doses had been administered.
Eventually, the painting made its way back to England and
disappeared from public view.
It did not resurface until 1991, when Chancellor spotted it at an
exhibition and rescued the women from obscurity, giving them a
place in one of the world's first immunisation campaigns.