FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING (BFC 43103)

SEMESTER 2 2020/2021
SECTION 2

PROJECT REPORT
GROUP 5
NO NAME MATRIC.
NO
1 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD CF180042
FADZLI
2 MUHAMMAD FAZRUL HAFIZ BIN SUHAIRI CF180016

3 YASIN ABDIRAHMAN AF180001

4 MUHAMMAD ZARIQ FADZLI BIN FUZAIMI CF180035

5 PUTERI NURAZRINA BINTI ISHAK AF170181

CHECKED BY : Dr. ZAIHASRA BINTI ABU TALIB

SUBMISSION DATE : 07 JULY 2021

1
Table of Contents
1.0 COMPANY INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 4
1.1 Company Profile ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Organization Chart of the Company. .......................................................................... 5
2.0 PROJECT BRIEF .............................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Project Description ........................................................................................................ 6
• 2.1.1 SI Report ............................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Boring Methods .............................................................................................................. 7
• 2.3.1 Rotary Drilling ................................................................................................... 7
• 2.3.2 Size and Depth of Boreholes .............................................................................. 7
2.4 Methods of Exploration ................................................................................................. 8
• .......................................................................................................................................... 8
• 2.4.1 Field Testing ....................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Soil Sampling .................................................................................................................. 8
• 2.5.1 Groundwater Table Observation ........................................................................ 9
• 2.5.2 Laboratory Test .................................................................................................. 9
• 2.5.3 Number and Location of Investigation Points ................................................... 9
2.6 Bore log Analysis ..................................................................................................... 10
• 2.6.1 Equation used ................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Bore log Data ........................................................................................................... 12
• 2.7.1 Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60) ................................................................ 12
• 2.7.1 Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60) ................................................................ 12
• 2.7.2 Angle Equation ................................................................................................. 15
• 2.7.3 Settlement ......................................................................................................... 16
• 2.7.4 Water Table ...................................................................................................... 17
2.8 Analysis structure.................................................................................................... 17
• 2.8.1 Calculation load at every column ..................................................................... 17
• 2.8.1 Grouping of Load ............................................................................................. 18
3.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ......................................................................................... 19
3.1 Design of Foundation (Shallow Foundation) ........................................................19-24
3.2 CHECKING FOR FOUNDATION .......................................................................25-26
• 3.2.1 BEARING CAPACITY OF EACH FOUNDATION ...................................... 27
3.3 CHECKING FOR SETTLEMENT (Meyerhof’s Method) .................................28-30
• 3.3.2 SUMMARY OF DESIGN ............................................................................... 31

2
 • 3.3.3 Foundation Drawing......................................................................................... 31
4.0 COMMENT ................................................................................................................. 32
5.0 DRAWING .................................................................................................................. 33
5.1 Foundation Drawing ...................................................................................................... 33
5.2 Key Plan for Foundation ................................................................................................ 33
5.3 Pile foundation Key Plan........................................................................................... 34
5.4 Pile Foundation Detailing.......................................................................................... 35
5.5 Pad Footing Key Plan ................................................................................................ 36
5.6 Foundation Reinforcement Schedule ........................................................................ 37
5.3 Column size and bar dimension ..................................................................................... 39
5.5 Soil Profile............................................................................................................50-53
5.6 Moisture Content / Bulk Density / Dry Density ...................................................54-58

3
1.0 COMPANY INFORMATION

1.1 Company Profile

Figure 1: Company logo

Engtec Consulting Inc. Sdn Bhd was registered in 2010 at Batu Caves, Selangor. Engtec
Consulting Inc. Sdn Bhd serves as an experienced, third party construction manager during all
project phases. Working with business owner, design firm and constructor, this company can
provide high quality analysis, consultation, and advice, ensuring that the interest and objectives
of the owner are protected. The company has been involved in several projects, both in the
government and private sectors.

Vision:
The Company continues to move forward in become the leading multi-discipline engineering
company providing project engineering, project management, engineering studies,
construction and maintenance works in Malaysia and eventually the region, by consistently
delivering projects that meet international standards

Mission:
To focused on our clients to safeguard their investment and ensure the success of their project.
• To provide our clients with the highest level of service.
• To provide accurate information for our clients, allowing them to make sound business
decisions.

4
1.2 Organization Chart of the Company.

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Muhammad Imran Bin Rozman

\\
DIRECTOR (ADMIN & FINANCE)
Siti Nazirah Binti Abd Rahman

DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DIRECTOR

ENGINEERING INFORMATION STUDIES
Muhammad Hilmi Bin Nurul Izzah Binti Mohd Nur Natasya Binti
Mohd Nor Roffe Juhari

5
2.0 PROJECT BRIEF

2.1 Project Description

Engtec Consulting Inc. Sdn Bhd has been appointed to a project site is located at Sungkai,
Perak. The project title is soil investigation for “Kerja-kerja penyiasatan tanah & ujian makmal
bagi projek pembinaan kuaters bertingkat di Pusat Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan Sungkai, Perak”.
Our project area is near to the main road and the project site is located in the high
population area. Based on the facilities available in the area of our project’s location, it can
provide facilities for residents in terms of social and living needs and easy our group to build a
new project. It is an office building consist of two and three level storeys.
A site investigation must be carried out to describe the character, condition, load bearing
capacity and settlement capacity of the soil before constructing a new building and structure or
modifying the base of an existing structure. Soil investigation aims to determine the conditions
of soil, rock, and groundwater, to assess the properties of soil and rock, and to collect additional
relevant location information. But a preliminary program and reconnaissance phase should be
done to gather as much information from the site before the soil investigation phase starts.

• 2.1.1 SI Report

Field work specifically as soil investigation (SI) work was conducted during the period from
8th April 2019 to 17th April 2019. Rotary wash boring was carried out as more representative
undisturbed sample and reliable in-situ tests could be obtained. The location of the boreholes
is shown in the soil investigation data. It is necessary to obtain sufficient information for
feasibility and economic studies for any project. In general, the purpose of this soil
investigation was to provide the following:
i. Information to determine the type of foundation required (shallow or deep).
ii. Information to allow the geotechnical consultant to make a recommendation on the
allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
iii. Sufficient data/ laboratory tests to make settlement and swelling predictions.
iv. Location of the groundwater level within the investigated area.
v. Information to identify and find solution of excavation problems.

6
2.2 Study Area

Figure 2: Study area is located at Sungkai, Perak.

2.3 Boring Methods

• 2.3.1 Rotary Drilling

i. The methods used to advance the boreholes were rotary boring, continuing to
sample rotary drilling or a combination of such methods. When undisturbed
samples were taken, a relatively clean hole was given, and not unduly disrupted the
portion of the soil to be collected.
ii. For JKR’s building, SI requirements for termination parameters stated that the
boring works are to be completed after 5 consecutive SPT, an equivalent to 50
blows or coring in rock layer for 4.5 m long if encountered rock surface or achieve
a maximum depth of 45 m, whichever first reached.

• 2.3.2 Size and Depth of Boreholes

The size of boreholes has been such that all the size requirements in sampling, in situ testing,
etc. have been met. In this instance, the boreholes had a diameter of 100 mm.

7
 2.4 Methods of Exploration

The subsoil exploration process includes field survey drilling and/or sampling excavations (test
pits including exploratory boreholes). The following are several types of field investigations:

i. Mackintosh probe test

ii. Soil sampling for description of the soil and laboratory tests
iii. Field test (e.g Standard Penetration Test)

•
• 2.4.1 Field Testing

i. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted in accordance with MS 1056: Part 9:
Clause 5.4 "Determination of the penetration resistance using a split spoon barrel
sampler," using a self-tripping hammer as specified in the test.
ii. The test is usually performed in all soil types at 1.5 m intervals or change of strata or
as directed by the S.O. representative.
iii. The value of the N as described in the Malaysian Standard method was recorded along
with the number of counts of blows for every 75 mm sample tube penetration. Also
included was the blow counts for the first penetration of 150 mm (the seating drive),
which does not add the N amount.

2.5 Soil Sampling

There are two method of soil sampling will be used in this study which are disturbed soil and
undisturbed soil:
i. Undisturbed soil: Used to determine in the place strength, natural moisture content, unit
weight, permeability, discontinuities, fractures and fissures of subsurface formation. The
disturbed sample were obtained in conjunction with Standard Penetration test.
ii. Disturbed soil: To determine the soil type, gradation, classification, consistency, density,
presence of contaminants, stratification of soil. The sample is taken from bore log using
500mm diameter.

8
 • 2.5.1 Groundwater Table Observation

The groundwater level in the bore hole was measured while drilling was in progress daily at
the following time:
i. Before commencement of work in the morning
ii. After finish work in the evening

• 2.5.2 Laboratory Test

Few tests will be carried out in accordance to BS Standard which are

i. Classification test
ii. Soil Strength test
iii. Unconsolidated Undrained Strength test.

• 2.5.3 Number and Location of Investigation Points

The locations of the investigation points, for example pits and boreholes, shall be selected as a
mechanism of the geological conditions, structural dimensions and engineering problems
concerned based on the preliminary investigations. The number and location of investigation
points were carried out for this project were stated on the plan.

9
2.6 Bore log Analysis

• 2.6.1 Equation used

Correlation between Angle of Fiction (∅′) and Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60) are
calculated in order to design foundation based on our site. The formulas that we used
are shown below:

2.6.2 Standard Penetration Number (𝑵𝟔𝟎)

Converting measured N to 𝑁60 as follows (Skempton, 1986)

𝑁60 = Corrected SPT N-value for field procedures

𝐸𝐻 = Hammer efficiency (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = Borehole diameter correction (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = sampler correction (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = Rod length correction (Table 1.1)
𝑁 = Measured SPT N-value in field
This correction is due to be done irrespective of type of soil.

10
 Figure 2.6: Correction table for field procedure.

2.6.3 Angle Friction (∅′)

⸫𝑁60 = field standard penetration number

∅′ = soil friction angle

2.6.4 Unit weight (γ) Saturated Unit Weight (γsat)

Figure 4: Values of unit weight of soils.

11
2.7 Bore log Data
• 2.7.1 Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60)
Layer 1:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 1.5m = 0.75
• 2.7.1 Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60)
Layer 1:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 1.5m = 0.75
𝑁 = 10
𝑁60 = 70×1.0×1.0×0.75×10 = 8.75
60

Layer 2:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 3.0m = 0.75
𝑁 = 12
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×0.75×12 = 10.50
60

Layer 3:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 4.50m = 0.85
𝑁 = 31
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×0.85×31 = 30.74
60

12
Layer 4:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 6.0m = 0.85
𝑁 = 50
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×0.85×50 = 49.58
60

Layer 5:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 7.50m = 0.95
𝑁 = 50
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×0.95×50 = 55.42
60

Layer 6:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 9.0m = 0.95
𝑁 = 50
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×0.95×50 = 55.42

60

13
Layer 7:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 10.50m = 1.0
𝑁 = 50
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×1.0×50 = 58.33
60

Layer 8:
𝐸𝐻 (Automatic trip) = 70 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝐵 = 90mm = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑆 = standard sampler = 1.0 (Table 1.1)
𝐶𝑅 = 12.0m = 1.0
𝑁 = 50
𝑁60 = 70 ×1.0×1.0×1.0×50 = 58.33
60

14
𝑁60𝑎𝑣𝑔
8.75 + 10.50 + 30.74 + 49.58 + 55.42 + 55.42 + 58.33 +58.33
7

= 46.72 ≈ 47

• 2.7.2 Angle Equation

∅′ = 27.1 + 0.3𝑁60 − 0.00054(𝑁60)2

Depth 𝑁60 C’ ∅′

1.5 10 0 30.046

3.0 12 0 30.622

4.5 31 0 35.881

6.0 50 0 40.75

7.5 50 0 40.75

9.0 50 0 40.75

10.5 50 0 40.75

12.0 50 0 40.75

15
• 2.7.3 Settlement
𝐶𝑢 = 0.29 × 𝑁780.72
𝑃𝑎

N78= 0.77 × 𝑁60

Layer 1

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 10)0.72 x 100 = 126.087

Layer 2

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 12)0.72 x 100 = 143.77

Layer 3

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 31)0.72 x 100 = 284.74

Layer 4

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 50)0.72 x 100 = 401.73

Layer 5

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 50)0.72 x 100 = 401.73

Layer 6

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 50)0.72 x 100 = 401.73

Layer 7

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 50)0.72 x 100 = 401.73

Layer 8

Cu = 0.29 (0.77 x 50)0.72 x 100 = 401.73

16
 • 2.7.4 Water Table

DATE WATER LEVEL (meter)

22.02.2018 0.4 M and 2.30 M
23.02.2018 FULL
24.02.2018 2.2 M
26.02.2018 4.8 M

2.8 Analysis structure

• 2.8.1 Calculation load at every column

COLUMN SIZE (mm) THICKNESS (mm) TOTAL LOAD

(kN)
C1 125 300 799.41
C2 150 300 949.13
C3 175 300 1098.85
C4 200 300 1248.57
C5 225 300 1398.29
C6 250 300 1548.01
CA 275 300 1697.72
CB 300 300 1847.44
CC 325 300 1997.16
CD 350 300 2146.88
CE 375 300 2296.60
CF 400 300 2371.46

17
• 2.8.1 Grouping of Load

COLUMN RANGE TOTAL LOAD (kN)

C1 500-1000 799.41
C2 949.13
C3 1000-1500 1098.85
C4 1248.57
C5 1398.29
C6 1500-2000 1548.01
CA 1697.72
CB 1847.44
CC 1997.16
CD 2000-2500 2146.88
CE 2296.60
CF 2371.46

18
3.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

Pile foundations are the part of a structure that carries and transfers the structure's loads to the
earth deeper than a shallow foundation, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths below the
ground surface. The investigation report was also used to make the decision. The requirement
for pile foundation, the type of pile foundation to be utilized, and the depth of pile foundation
to be given are all included in the site investigation report. The pile cap and piles are the two
basic components of the pile foundation. When a pile cap is holding a lot of weight, it tends to
have a lot of tensile tension.

3.1 Design of Foundation (Shallow Foundation)

The calculation for ultimate bearing capacity for a square foundation, 𝑞𝑢 by using
General Bearing Capacity equation:
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑠 𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐹𝑐𝑖 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
2
The ultimate bearing capacity will be determined based on the soil properties that have been
obtained from the bore log. With a friction angle, ϕ = 30 and a safety factor of 3, the table 6.2
was used to obtain the values of Nc, Nq and Nγ.

When C’=0
Use equation,
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
2

19
3.1.1 Foundation Design

• Group A (C1 & C2) 500-1000 kN

Load= 949.13kN
γ = 17kN/m³ Ø=30° C’=0 q=1.5m×17=25.5 kN/m²
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
1 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 (𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖 )

From table 6.2

𝑁𝑐 =30.14 𝑁𝑞 = 18.40 𝑁𝑦 = 22.40
L=B
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 1 + 1𝑡𝑎𝑛30 = 1.577
𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝑠 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿 = 1 − 0.4(1) = 0.6
1.5 0.443
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛30(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)² =1+
𝐵 𝐵
1 0.443 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 [(25.5)(18.40)(1.577)(1 + )(1) + 2 (17)𝐵(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)]
𝐵
163.89
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵
𝐵
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵²
163.89 949.13
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵 =
𝐵 𝐵2

38.08𝐵 3 + 246.64𝐵 2 + 163.89𝐵 − 949.13 = 0

𝐵 = 1.51𝑚

20
• Group B (C3, C4 & C5) 1000-1500 kN
Load=1398.29kN
γ = 17kN/m³ Ø=30° C’=0 q=1.5m×17=25.5 kN/m²
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
1 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 (𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖 )

From table 6.2

𝑁𝑐 =30.14 𝑁𝑞 = 18.40 𝑁𝑦 = 22.40
L=B
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 1 + 1𝑡𝑎𝑛30 = 1.577
𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝑠 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿 = 1 − 0.4(1) = 0.6
1.5 0.443
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛30(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)² =1+
𝐵 𝐵
1 0.443 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 [(25.5)(18.40)(1.577)(1 + )(1) + 2 (17)𝐵(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)]
𝐵
163.89
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵
𝐵
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵²
163.89 1398.29
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵 =
𝐵 𝐵2

38.08𝐵 3 + 246.64𝐵 2 + 163.89𝐵 − 1398.29 = 0

𝐵 = 1.86𝑚

21
• Group C (C6, CA, CB & CC) 1500-2000 kN
Load=1997.16kN
γ = 17kN/m³ Ø=30° C’=0 q=1.5m×17=25.5 kN/m²
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
1 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 (𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖 )

From table 6.2

𝑁𝑐 =30.14 𝑁𝑞 = 18.40 𝑁𝑦 = 22.40
L=B
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 1 + 1𝑡𝑎𝑛30 = 1.577
𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝑠 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿 = 1 − 0.4(1) = 0.6
1.5 0.443
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛30(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)² =1+
𝐵 𝐵
1 0.443 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 [(25.5)(18.40)(1.577)(1 + )(1) + 2 (17)𝐵(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)]
𝐵
163.89
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵
𝐵
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵²
163.89 1997.16
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵 =
𝐵 𝐵2

38.08𝐵 3 + 246.64𝐵 2 + 163.89𝐵 − 1997.16 = 0

𝐵 = 2.22𝑚

22
• Group D (CD, CE & CF) 2000-2500 kN
Load=2146.88kN
γ = 17kN/m³ Ø=30° C’=0 q=1.5m×17=25.5 kN/m²
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
1 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 (𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖 )

From table 6.2

𝑁𝑐 =30.14 𝑁𝑞 = 18.40 𝑁𝑦 = 22.40
L=B
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 1 + 1𝑡𝑎𝑛30 = 1.577
𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝑠 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿 = 1 − 0.4(1) = 0.6
1.5 0.443
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛30(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)² =1+
𝐵 𝐵
1 0.443 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 [(25.5)(18.40)(1.577)(1 + )(1) + 2 (17)𝐵(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)]
𝐵
163.89
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵
𝐵
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵²
163.89 2146.88
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵 =
𝐵 𝐵2

38.08𝐵 3 + 246.64𝐵 2 + 163.89𝐵 − 2146.88 = 0

𝐵 = 2.30𝑚

23
• Group D (CD, CE & CF) 2000-2500 kN
Load=2371.46kN
γ = 17kN/m³ Ø=30° C’=0 q=1.5m×17=25.5 kN/m²
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
1 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 (𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖 )

From table 6.2

𝑁𝑐 =30.14 𝑁𝑞 = 18.40 𝑁𝑦 = 22.40
L=B
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 1 + 1𝑡𝑎𝑛30 = 1.577
𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝑠 = 1 − 0.4 𝐿 = 1 − 0.4(1) = 0.6
1.5 0.443
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛30(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)² =1+
𝐵 𝐵
1 0.443 1
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3 [(25.5)(18.40)(1.577)(1 + )(1) + 2 (17)𝐵(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)]
𝐵
163.89
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵
𝐵
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵²
163.89 2371.46
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 246.64 + + 38.08𝐵 =
𝐵 𝐵2

38.08𝐵 3 + 246.64𝐵 2 + 163.89𝐵 − 2371.46 = 0

𝐵 = 2.42𝑚

24
3.2 CHECKING FOR FOUNDATION

Group A (C1 & C2) (500 kN - 1000 kN)

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
For B = 1.51 m
0.443 1
𝑞𝑢 = (1.5 × 17)(18.40)(1.577) (1 + ) (1) + (17)(1.51)(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)
1.51 2
𝑞𝑢 = 1129.51 𝑘𝑁

1129.51
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 376.50
3

Load from column, Q = 949.13 kN

𝑄𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = = 𝑄𝑢 = (1129.51)(1.512 ) = 2575.40 𝑘𝑁
𝐵2

∴ Qu > Q, 2575.40 kN > 949.13 kN → ok!

Group B (C3, C4 & C5) (1000 kN - 1500 kN)

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖

For B = 1.86 m

0.443 1
𝑞𝑢 = (1.5 × 17)(18.40)(1.577) (1 + ) (1) + (17)(1.86)(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)
1.86 2
qu = 1128.65 kN/m2

1128.65
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 376.22 kN
3

Load from column, Q = 1398.29 kN

𝑄𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = = 𝑄𝑢 = (1128.65)(1.512 )= 2573.43 kN
𝐵2

∴ Qu > Q, 2573.43 > 1398.29 kN → ok!

25
Group C (C6, CA, CB & CC) (1500 kN - 2000kN)

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
2

For B = 2.22 m

0.443 1
𝑞𝑢 = (1.5 × 17)(18.40)(1.577) (1 + ) (1) + (17)(2.22)(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)
2.22 2
qu = 1141.19 kN/m2

1141.19
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 380.40 kN
3

Load from column, Q =1997.16 kN

𝑄𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = = 𝑄𝑢 = (1141.19)(2.222 ) = 5624.24 kN
𝐵2

∴ Qu > Q, 5624.24 > 1997.16 kN → ok!

Group D (CD, CE &CF) (2000 kN - 2500kN)

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
2

For B = 2.30 m

0.443 1
𝑞𝑢 = (1.5 × 17)(18.40)(1.577) (1 + ) (1) + (17)(2.30)(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)
2.30 2
qu = 1145.20 kN/m2

1145.20
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 381.73 kN
3

Load from column, Q =2146.88 kN

𝑄𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = = 𝑄𝑢 = (1145.20)(2.302 ) = 6058.11 kN
𝐵2

∴ Qu > Q, 6058.11> 2146.88 kN → ok!

26
Group E (CD, CE &CF) (2000 kN - 2500kN)

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝑠 𝐹𝑦𝑑 𝐹𝑦𝑖
2

For B = 2.42 m

0.443 1
𝑞𝑢 = (1.5 × 17)(18.40)(1.577) (1 + ) (1) + (17)(2.42)(22.40)(0.6)(1)(1)
2.42 2
qu = 1162.72 kN/m2

1162.72
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 387.57 kN
3

Load from column, Q =2371.46 kN

𝑄𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = = 𝑄𝑢 = (1162.72)(2.422 ) = 6809.35 kN
𝐵2

∴ Qu > Q, 6809.35 > 2371.46 kN → ok!

• 3.2.1 BEARING CAPACITY OF EACH FOUNDATION

Group of Allowable Ultimate Size of base, B Ultimate

Foundation Gross Load Gross Load, (m) bearing
from column Qu (kN) capacity, qu
to the (kN/m2)
foundation, Q
(kN)
A 949.13 2575.40 1.51 1129.51
B 1398.29 2573.43 1.86 1128.65
C 1997.16 5624.24 2.22 1141.19
D 2146.88 6058.11 2.30 1145.20
E 2371.46 6809.35 2.42 1162.72

27
3.3 CHECKING FOR SETTLEMENT (Meyerhof’s Method)

Group A (C1 & C2) (500 kN - 1000 kN)

qnet = q bar − γDf

𝑁 60
qnet = 0.08 for B ≤ 1.22 m

10
qnet = 0.08

qnet = 125 kN/m2

Se (‘for B ≤ 1.22 m)

Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33 (Df / B)

1.5
Fd = 1 + 0.33 (1.51)

Fd = 1.10

1.25(125)
Se = 10(1.10)

Se = 14.20 mm < 125mm → ok!

Group B (C3, C4 & C5) (1000 kN - 1500 kN)

qnet = q bar − γDf

𝑁 60
qnet = 0.08 (for B ≤ 1.22 m)

10
qnet = 0.08

qnet = 125 kN/m2

Se (‘for B ≤ 1.22 m)

Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33 (Df / B)

28
 1.5
Fd = 1 + 0.33 (1.86)

Fd = 1.266

1.25(125)
Se = 10(1.27)

Se = 12.30 mm < 25 mm → ok!

Group C (301 kN - 400 kN)

qnet = q bar − γDf

qnet = (for B ≤ 1.22 m)

10
qnet = 0.08

qnet = 125 kN/m2

Se (‘for B ≤ 1.22 m)

Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33 (Df / B)

1.5
Fd = 1 + 0.33 (2.22)

Fd = 1.22

1.25(125)
Se = 10(1.22)

Se = 12.81 mm < 25 mm → ok!

Group D (CD, CE &CF) (2000 kN - 2500kN)

qnet = q bar − γDf

qnet = (for B ≤ 1.22 m)

10
qnet = 0.08

29
 qnet = 125 kN/m2

Se (‘for B ≤ 1.22 m)

Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33 (Df / B)

1.5
Fd = 1 + 0.33 (2.30)

Fd = 1.22

1.25(125)
Se = 10(1.22)

Se = 12.81 mm < 25 mm → ok!

Group E (CD, CE &CF) (2000 kN - 2500kN)

qnet = q bar − γDf

qnet = (for B ≤ 1.22 m)

10
qnet = 0.08

qnet = 125 kN/m2

Se (‘for B ≤ 1.22 m)

Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33 (Df / B)

1.5
Fd = 1 + 0.33 (2.42)

Fd = 1.20

1.25(125)
Se = 10(1.20)

Se = 13.02 mm < 25 mm → ok!

30
 • 3.3.2 SUMMARY OF DESIGN

Group Loading A (500- B (1000- C (1500- D (2000- E (2000-

(kN) 1000) 1500) 2000) 2500) 2500)
Size of 1.51 x 1.51 1.86 x 1.86 2.22 x 2.22 2.30 x 2.30 2.42 x 2.42
Foundation (B x
L) m
qu (kN) 1129.51 1128.65 1141.19 1145.20 1162.72
Q (kN) 949.13 1398.29 1997.16 2146.88 2371.46
Settlement, Se 14.20 12.30 12.81 12.81 13.02
(mm)
Settlement, Ok! Ok! Ok! Ok! Ok!
Check < 25mm

• 3.3.3 Foundation Drawing

Q (kn)
BASE

BASE

LENGTH

31
4.0 COMMENT

From our calculation and analysis, we can conclude that the soil properties that we obtain from
the borelog and the types of soil are suitable to design a shallow foundation. Types of soil for
this project is mostly silty sand even though there were other two different such as clay and
silt. The location is at Sungkai, Perak with swallow foundation have be design for the building.

This project have be choose shallow foundation and pile foundation for the building foundation
as it provide more safety to this structure itself, as the design of the foundation depends on soil
profile analysis and result. The high value factor of safety (FOS) for our design. the Pad
footing/foundation and pile founadtion is more suitable and economic in our case.

The group for the foundation design have be separated to Group A, Group B , Group C, and
Group D with different point of location and different final value for each group.

32
5.0 DRAWING

5.1 Foundation Drawing

5.2 Key Plan for Foundation

33
5.3 Pile foundation Key Plan

34
5.4 Pile Foundation Detailing

35
5.5 Pad Footing Key Plan

36
5.6 Foundation Reinforcement Schedule

37
5.7 Pad Footing Detailing

38
5.3 Column size and bar dimension

39
5.4 Borelog Profile

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
5.5 Soil Profile

50
51
52
53
5.6 Moisture Content / Bulk Density / Dry Density

54
55
56
57
58