Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Defence Technology
journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/defence-technology

Frequency domain analysis of pre-stressed elastomeric vibration

isolators
S. Somanath a, R. Marimuthu b, Shankar Krishnapillai c, *
a
Indian Space Research Organisation, Anthariksh Bhavan, New BEL Road, Bengaluru, 560231, India
b
STR/VSSC, Indian Space Research Organisation, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Two types of elastomeric vibration isolators used for equipment vibration isolation in aerospace vehicles
Received 30 August 2022 are considered for the present study. These isolators are constructed using elastomers mounted in steel
Received in revised form encasings. These isolators are initially deformed statically and dynamic loads are applied on the
23 September 2022
deformed configuration. To capture the static deformation, equivalent static load corresponding to its
Accepted 16 October 2022
Available online xxx
load rating and specified displacements are created. Static deformation is computed using Finite Element
methods with four node axi-symmetric element which include the geometric non-linear effect for steel
and with standard Yeoh hyper-elastic material model for elastomers (Muhammed and Zu, 2012) [1]. Yeoh
Keywords:
Elastomer
material constants are derived from uni-axial tension test data of the elastomer specimen. These iso-
Isolator lators are subjected to harmonic and random excitations in the pre-deformed state. For numerical
Axi-symmetric analysis, elastomeric constants at dynamic conditions are obtained as complex function of frequency
Frequency using Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) for a range of frequencies. The standard material model of
Random Yeoh is modified incorporating frequency dependant material characteristics and damping in the range
Response of frequencies of interest. A multiplicative non-separable variables law is derived for Yeoh material
Strain amplitude model to include the effect of static pre-stress, based on the methodology given in literature (Nashif et al.,
Complex modulus
1985; Beda et al., 2014) [2,3]. The modifications of Yeoh model suitable for frequency domain analysis is
Transmissibility
the novelty in the present study. In the analysis, while dynamic loads are applied, the configuration is
updated considering initial static loading. The frequency response of the isolators is computed using
material properties evaluated at progressive dynamic strains until a match in natural frequency is
observed. Appropriate damping corrections are then incorporated to match the test observed trans-
missibility. Then updated material properties are used to compute the random response which showed
good agreement with results of experiments, validating the approach taken for the development of this
model.
© 2022 China Ordnance Society. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications
Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Rubber based vibration isolators play an important role in vi-
bration control, and have been widely used in machine components
for their low stiffness and suitable damping properties at relatively
low costs. They have been employed in numerous applications
including aerospace, civil and railway structures, automotive parts
[4,5] and seismic load mitigation [6]. Rubber-based vibration
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: skris@iitm.ac.in (S. Krishnapillai).
Peer review under responsibility of China Ordnance Society
isolation systems being passive in nature, are less complex, cheaper
and easier to manufacture than their active counterparts. Rubbers
are essentially long chain molecules or polymers, and exhibit elastic
behavior. Hence, the term ‘Elastomer’ is used synonymously with
rubber [7]. Elastomers generally exhibit large deformations when
subjected to large quasi-static loads, which exceed linear elastic
theory, and also stress softening [8]. In addition, elastomers also
exhibit loss of stiffness under the effect of cyclic loading, due to
which the stress-strain curve of an elastomer varies after each cycle
of loading. This is called the Mullins effect [9]. Den Hartog [10] was
one of the first researchers to suggest the use of isolators, absorbers
and Dampers for vibration isolation. Finite element method plays

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2022.10.004
2214-9147/© 2022 China Ordnance Society. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai, Frequency domain analysis of pre-stressed elastomeric vibration
isolators, Defence Technology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2022.10.004
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai
an increasingly important role in the design of such isolation sys-
tems. Due to their behavior, Non-linear finite element method is
required to perform a computational analysis of components con-
taining elastomers [1,11e17]. Over the years, many hyper-elastic
material models have been formulated to model the large defor-
mation characteristics of elastomers. These models define the
strain energy density for an elastomeric material in terms of the
strain invariants and material constants [18e21]. In the present
study, the Yeoh hyper-elastic material model is used to represent
the rubber material. Finite element formulation for hyper-elastic
material is represented through Total Lagrangian (TL) or Updated
Lagrangian (UL) frame of reference. In TL formulation, the defor-
mation is always with respect to the original undeformed config-
urations. The stress and strain measures are computed with
reference to undeformed frame, which can be transformed to the
present deformed configuration using continuum mechanics
principles. UL formulation is derived with respect to previously
converged deformed configuration. Mathematically both the for-
mulations are equivalent and used depending upon convenience.
Presently TL formulation is considered to study the non-linear
static deformation of the isolator.
The dynamic properties of elastomers are seen to depend highly
on the frequency of excitation, temperature and strain amplitude.
Many experimental studies have been conducted to study this
dependence and have been well documented, for example, by De
Wilde et al. [22] and Jurado et al. [23]. Elastomers exhibit a com-
bination of viscous fluid behavior and elastic solid behavior, termed
as visco-elasticity. Visco-elastic materials show a time-dependent
behavior where the applied load does not cause an instantaneous
deformation, but there is a time lag between the application of load
and the resulting deformation. This behavior is modelled mathe-
matically using different approaches, the simplest among which, is
to represent the constitutive relation as a combination of several
spring and dashpot elements connected in series and parallel, each
with different stiffness and viscosity respectively. This form of
representation is explained in detail by Betz [24].
Another approach is to relate the time-dependent stresses and
strains using differential operators. To model material with fre-
quency dependence a large number of higher-order time de-
rivatives and parameters are required, making this model time-
consuming. This gave rise to the use of fractional derivative
model for the frequency dependent properties of elastomers, which
uses fewer parameters, reducing the complexity [25,26]. Enelund
et al. [27] studied the time domain response of viscoelastic struc-
tures governed by constitutive relations involving fractional cal-
culus operators, and compared the results obtained with analytical
solution. Fredette et al. [28] propose a novel spectral element
approach to determine the dynamic stiffness of elastomeric iso-
lators with frequency dependent damping characteristics.
To simulate the linear viscoelastic behavior of elastomers, the
complex modulus model has been widely used, as described in
detail in Refs. [29,30]. The frequency-dependent complex modulus
of an elastomeric sample is obtained by conducting Dynamic Me-
chanical Analyzer (DMA) testing. Gil-Negrete et al. [31], presented
the variation in shear modulus of several natural rubbers of
different hardness with frequency and strain amplitude. It is
generally observed that the storage modulus of elastomeric mate-
rials increases with increasing excitation frequency, and decreases
with increasing dynamic strain amplitude [2].
Additionally, the complex modulus of elastomeric materials is
also dependent on the static preload. Nashif et al. [2] documented
that with increasing preload, the storage modulus increases, while
the loss factor decreases at any frequency of excitation. It thus
becomes imperative to model the elastomeric properties as a
function of both static and dynamic strains. The properties of
2
Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx
elastomers under combined static and dynamic loads can be ob-
tained experimentally, but requires a large number of tests due to
the number of parameters involved. Kim et al. [32,33] proposed a
viscoelastic constitutive equation for pre-stressed rubbers, derived
through linearization of Simo's nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive
model and reference configuration transformation [34]. They
further compared the results for different rubber specimens from
their model with extensive experimental data and reported good
prediction of elastomeric characteristics. Ahn & Kim [35] further
provided a simple semi-empirical method to estimate the dynamic
stiffness of pre-deformed elastomers using their static deformation
characteristics. Beda et al. [3] later proposed a multiplicative non
separable variables law for characterizing highly preloaded visco-
elastic materials subjected to small-amplitude vibrations. This
involved splitting the material property dependency on static
stretch and time/frequency as though they are independent of each
other, allowing the modelling of elastomeric materials with inde-
pendent static and dynamic tests. They further validated their
model with the experimental results obtained by Kim &Yuon [32],
and reported a good match. This model representing the combined
static and dynamic effects on an elastomer was proposed by Nashif
et al. [2] and is considered in the current study, though it has not
been presented for Yeoh material model in literature. Moreover,
application of this method for obtaining accurate dynamic response
of pre-stressed vibration isolators using Finite Element (FE) analysis
and comparison with experimental results is the specific outcome
of the present work.
In the design of vibration isolators for aerospace vehicles, iner-
tial acceleration is generated by the thrusting of the vehicle and
random vibration excitation are considered applied over the pre-
loaded systems. The present study is on vibration isolators used in
aerospace applications subjected to dynamic loads in a preloaded
state, which is hitherto not addressed in the referred literature. This
paper presents an improved approach to generate a mathematical
model for the elastomeric materials and a corresponding FE
formulation to satisfactorily predict the random vibration response
of typical isolators.
Axisymmetric Finite Element Formulation is developed using
Total Lagrangian approach to predict the static deformation of the
isolator. The deformed state under static load is considered for
further dynamic studies. The elastomeric constants are obtained
from uniaxial tension tests and shear mode tests using Dynamic
Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). The modified material properties of
the elastomers to account for the pre-deformation and frequency
dependence are used to compute the harmonic response and
random response of two types of vibration isolators with different
elastomer formulations. Quadratic quadrilateral element is devel-
oped and used effectively for the analysis of rocket motor solid
propellant grains [36] whose linear version with pressure variable
condensation is used for the present study.
2. Material characterization
The vibration isolators considered in the present study consist of
parts made from steel and two types of elastomers, viz. VPM2-225A
and VPM2-450B, where VPM2 is the nomenclature of isolators used
in VSSC which is based on Polymeric (Silicone rubber) and Molded
construction, whereas 225A and 450B represent the load rating
applicable. These materials are selected depending on where it is
being used: in general elastomers with good heat, weather and
wear resistance with good damping characteristics are preferred.
For the present case it is chosen with good damping characteristic
to reduce the tramissibility to have good vibration control in the
load transfer end. These molded vibration isolators are used for
mounting of equipment in a launch vehicle. The properties of steel
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

are taken from literature and elastomers are statically characterized Table 1
to study the non-linear static deformation. To numerically simulate Material constants obtained from ABAQUS.

these elastomers under dynamic loads, the elastomeric material Mooney-Rivlin Yeoh
samples are tested in a DMA for different dynamic strain ampli- VPM2-225A C10 ¼ 0.5121 C10 ¼ 0.199396
tudes and the properties are obtained as complex frequency C01 ¼ 0.3802 C20 ¼ 0.007974
dependent functions over a range of frequencies. The properties (R2¼ 0.8968) C30 ¼ 3.8E-05
obtained from DMA are modified to account for the preload effect (R2¼ 0.9983)
VPM2-450B C10 ¼ 0.312918 C10 ¼ 0.26245
by including the static stretch and non-linear material constants.
C01 ¼ 8.684E-03 C20 ¼ 0.001289
The procedure used to obtain these properties is provided in this (R2¼ 0.5541) C30 ¼ 4.27E-05
section. (R2¼ 0.9991)

2.1. Static material characterization

The behaviour of hyper-elastic materials is derived from the

strain energy density function, U, which is a function of the three
invariants, I1, I2 and I3 of the Green deformation tensor. In the
current study first, the suitability of Mooney-Rivlin and Yeoh ma-
terial models are initially considered for comparison. The constants
for these models are obtained by performing a uniaxial tension test.
A uniaxial tension test was conducted on dumbbell shaped
specimens prepared according to ASTM D412 standards. The di-
mensions of the specimen used for the test are shown in Fig. 1. It is
generally accepted that tensile test data is sufficient to compute
Yeoh constants and this can represent deformation in other modes
as well.
The test was conducted at ambient conditions for both the
elastomeric material samples of VPM2-225A and VPM2-450B, and
the measured stress vs. strain plots are presented. The hyper-elastic
curve fitting capability in ABAQUS software is used to compute the
hyper-elastic material constants for Mooney-Rivlin and Yeoh ma-
Fig. 2. Moony Rivlin & Yeoh models fit with Tension Test data for VPM2-225A.
terial models by providing the nominal stress vs. nominal strain
data obtained from the tension test. By iterating through the con-
stants using a least-squares fit method, the relative error between
the predicted and experimental values is reduced by ABAQUS [37].
The material constants calculated along with the corresponding
goodness of fit values are presented in Table 1. The Fit obtained with
both the material models are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for materials
VPM2-225A and VPM2-450B respectively. Brief description of the
procedure to obtain Mooney-Rivlin and Yeoh material constants
provided in the table below. These are from a linear fit between
Cauchy's stress vs principal stretch and quadratic fit between
Cauchy's stress vs (I1-3). Cauchy's stress can be obtained from strain
energy density function for uniaxial tension which is provided in
Section 3 for Yeoh material model. For Mooney-Rivlin model, strain
energy density function is given as

U ¼ C10 ðI1  3Þ þ C01 ðI2  3Þ

From Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 it is clearly evident that Yeoh material
model fit much better compared to Mooney-Rivlin model. Hence
Yeoh material constants will be used for numerical study.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 that the Yeoh material model
Fig. 3. Moony Rivlin & Yeoh models fit with Tension Test data for VPM2-450B.
matches well with the observed non-linear behavior very closely. It

can also be noted that the Mooney-Rivlin model fails to predict the
“upturn” or stiffening at higher strains. Yeoh material model is
further used for model improvement and response studies as the
baseline.

2.2. Dynamic material characterization

The dynamic characterization for the elastomers under study is

done using the TA Instruments Q800 Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer
Fig. 1. Uniaxial tension test standard specimen dimensions. (DMA). The force resolution of the DMA is 0.0001 N with a
3
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

maximum force of 18 N, while the strain resolution is 1 nm. The

measurement range of modulus for the Q800 DMA is 10E3 to 30E12
Pa with a precision of ± 1% [38].
The Q800 DMA can be used to conduct dynamic property
evaluation in different modes such as single/dual cantilever, thin
film tension, compression etc. For the current study, the dynamic
characterization is done in the shear mode by using the TA in-
struments shear sandwich clamp. This mode of test is preferred,
because the elastomer in the isolators under study experience
predominately shear deformation due to their geometric configu-
ration. The test is conducted at room temperature for different
strain amplitudes (Yd) with the frequency ranging from 1 to 60 Hz.
The frequency dependent storage modulus (shear) and loss factor
are measured at different dynamic strain amplitudes and the re-
sults are presented in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
It can be seen that at a constant dynamic strain amplitude, the
storage modulus increases with excitation frequency, while the loss
factor remains almost constant. At constant frequency however, the
storage modulus reduces with increasing strain amplitude while
the loss factor increases. For VPM2-225A, the testing is done till
Yd of 6.6%, and for Yd above this value, the material sample slips off
the clamps.
Fig. 6. Configuration of Type-A (VPM2-225A) isolator.

2.3. Geometry and material properties

The 3-D geometric configuration of type-A and type-B vibration
isolators used for present analysis, are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7
respectively. The isolator consists mainly of four parts, the pin,
body, elastomer and cover. The pin, body and cover are made of AISI
304 steel.
The material properties considered for the analysis are given in
Table 2.
3. Material model formulation for incorporating static-
stretch dependence
In this section, a novel multiplicative non-separable variables
law is derived, accounting for the static deformation and its effect
on dynamic material characteristics, for Yeoh material model. The
method used is similar to that given in Refs. [2,3]. The assumption

Fig. 4. Frequency dependent properties of VPM2-225A.

Fig. 5. Frequency dependent properties of VPM2-450B.

4
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

 "   2
1 2 2
s¼2 l 
2
C10 þ 2C20 l2 þ  3 þ 3C30 ðl2 þ  3 
l l l
(7)
Taking the right-hand side of Eq. (7) as FðlÞ in Eq. (1),
 
1
sðu; lÞ ¼ 2 l2 
l
"   2
2 2 2 2
 C10 þ 2C20 l þ  3 þ 3C30 ðl þ  3 HðuÞ (8)
l l

dsðu; lÞ
Yðu; lÞ ¼ l (9)
dl
Eq. (9) can be used to represent the combined static and dy-
namic properties given after simplification,

Yðu; lÞ ¼ ½C10 F1 ðlÞ þ C20 F2 ðlÞ þ C30 F3 ðlÞHðuÞ (10)

Fig. 7. Configuration of Type-B (VPM2-450B) isolator. where,

 
2 1
F1 ðlÞ ¼ 2 2l þ (11)
involved is that the effects of static stretch and frequency of exci- l
tation on the dynamic material properties are independent of each
other. For elastomeric materials subjected to a dynamic load      
1 2 1 1
superimposed on a non-linear static deformation, the stress can be F2 ðlÞ ¼ 4l 2l þ 2 l2 þ  3 þ 8l l2  l 2 (12)
factored into a function of frequency (u) and a function of stretch l l l l
ratio (l) as
  2
1 2
sðu; lÞ ¼ FðlÞHðuÞ (1) F3 ðlÞ ¼ 6l 2l þ 2 l2 þ  3
l
l    (13)
Strain energy density function as given by the standard Yeoh 1 1 2
þ 24l l 
2
l  2 l2 þ  3
material model, l l l
Using the complex modulus representation of the elastomeric
U ¼ C10 ðI1  3Þ þ C20 ðI1  3Þ2 þ C30 ðI1  3Þ3 (2)
material properties,

Yðu; lÞ½1 þ ihðu; lÞ ¼ ½C10 ð1 þ ih1 ðuÞÞF1 ðlÞ þ C20 ð1 þ ih2 ðuÞÞF2 ðlÞ þ C30 ð1 þ ih3 ðuÞÞF3 ðlÞHðuÞ (14)

where, I1 is the first invariant of the green deformation tensor,

Separating the real and imaginary parts of the above equation,
I1 ¼ l21 þ l22 þ l23 (3) real part is provided in Eq. (10) and imaginary part is given as

where, l1 ; l2 ; l3 are the principal stretches in 3 directions. For hðu; lÞ ¼ ½C10 F1 ðlÞh1 þ C20 F2 ðlÞh2 þ C30 F3 ðlÞh3 HðuÞ (15)
uniaxial tension, To determine h1 ; h2 ; h3 and H, it is to be noted that from Ref. [27],
h2 and h3 can be assumed to be zero. As l/1,
1 1
l1 ¼ l; l2 ¼ pffiffiffi; l3 ¼ pffiffiffi (4)
l l lim Yðu; lÞ ¼ Y
l/1
From Eq. (4), Eq. (3) becomes
lim hðu; lÞ ¼ h
2 2 l/1
I1 ¼ l þ (5)
l
The stress is given as lim F1 ðlÞ ¼ 6
l/1

vU vU vI1
s¼l ¼l (6) lim F2 ðlÞ ¼ lim F3 ðlÞ ¼ 0 (16)
vl vI1 vl l/1 l/1

Simplifying, From Eq. (10) to Eq. (16),

5
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Material properties used for non-linear static analysis.

Material Property Units AISI 304 steel VPM2-225A elastomer VPM2-450B elastomer

Modulus of elasticity (Y) MPa 210,000 e e

Poisson's ratio (n) e 0.3 0.49 0.49
Yeoh constants MPa e C10 ¼ 0.199396 C10 ¼ 0.26245
C20 ¼ 0.007974 C20 ¼ 0.001289
C30 ¼ 3.8E-05 C30 ¼ 4.27E-05
Density ðrÞ kg/m3 7800 1130 1100

deformation independent. For the present study, only traction is

Y ¼ 6C10 H applied, the details of the load vector for the traction are given as
ð  
h ¼ 6C10 h1 H (17)
F e ¼ 2p N T
mpr
Rdl (21)
npr
Thus, Eq. (10) and Eq. (15) become l

½C10 F1 ðlÞþC20 F2 ðlÞ þ C30 F3 ðlÞ where l represents the line of the edge where pressure pr is applied
Yðu; lÞ ¼ EðuÞ (18)
6C10 and m, n are the direction cosines of the edge and N is the shape
function matrix. Relation between second PeK stress vector and
C10 F1 ðlÞ Green-Lagrange strain vector is given as
hðu; lÞ ¼ hðuÞ (19)
½C10 F1 ðlÞþC20 F2 ðlÞ þ C30 F3 ðlÞ
S v ¼ DEv (22)
where YðuÞ and hðuÞ are the frequency dependent storage modulus
where D is the stress-strain relation. Axisymmetric quadrilateral
and loss factor obtained from DMA testing. Using Eq. (18) and Eq.
four-node element is shown in Fig. 8.
(19), the material properties are modified for at each frequency
The non-linear Eq. (20) is linearized through Taylor's series
value while computing the response. Eq. (18) is modified with shear
expansion considering only the linear term as provided in Zien-
modulus and bulk modulus using elasticity relations with the
kiewicz [39]. Equilibrium solution which satisfies Eq. (20) is ob-
material constants obtained from DMA tests for numerical
tained in an iterative process using the linearized equation starting
computation. It is evident that with increase in static stretch (in-
with zero displacement. To obtain the iterative solution, tangent
crease in load) the storage modulus increases and the damping
stiffness matrix is computed as given below having relevance for
reduces. Especially at higher static preloads, the modulus increases
Yeoh material model provided in the next section.
significantly. In the present study, significant effects on elastomeric
constants are observed due to pre-load so as to change the dynamic 2 3
ðh i
characteristics of the isolator. 6 T 7
dj ¼ 4K T ðqÞ ¼ 2p GT M S G þ B DB RdA 5dq (23)
A
4. Finite element (FE) formulation for response studies

where K T ðqÞ; G, MS are tangent, geometric stiffness, stress matrices

The axi-symmetric four node quadrilateral element for geo-
metric non-linear analysis using Total Lagrangian approach is
provided along with Newton-Raphson solution technique. The
statically deformed configuration is updated to study frequency
domain response. For this purpose, axi-symmetric four node
element is developed using mixed u/p formulation with conden-
sation of pressure degrees of freedom. Two by two Guassian
quadrature is used for numerical computation of load vector and
finite element matrices. Throughout this section, formulation is
provided for one element and load vector and other assembly and
solution procedure follows the usual finite element methods.
respectively and dj; dq are incremental residual force and
displacement vectors respectively.
4.2. Axisymmetric FE formulation for yeoh material model
The relations for second PeK stress vector and constitutive
matrix for axisymmetric mixed p-type element is given by
Muhammed et al. [1], and is modified for Yeoh material model as
presented in this section. The residual force vector and tangent
stiffness matrix provided can be directly used for Yeoh material

4.1. Non-linear axisymmetric FE formulation for hookean material

The formulation for 3D finite elements is given by Zienkiewicz

[39], and is suitably modified for four-node axisymmetric finite
elements, as presented in this section. The residual force for
axisymmetric four-node quadrilateral element is given as
ð
T
jðqÞ ¼ 2p B S v RdA  F e (20)
A

where A represents area of the element, B is the incremental strain

displacement matrix and can be obtained from Green-Lagrange
strain vector E v, for axi-symmetric body. S v is the second PeK
stress vector and F e is the externally applied load vector which is Fig. 8. 4-Node Quad element.

6
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

model with proper definition of second PeK stress vector and the where,
constitutive relation. For that purpose, strain energy density func-
tion for Yeoh material model is used. The first and the second C Tv ¼ f CR CZ Cq 2CRZ g (33)
partial derivative of strain energy density function with respect to
Green Lagrange strain provides second PeK stress vector and the The constitutive matrix for Yeoh material is given as
constitutive matrix respectively. Strain energy density function for
Yeoh material model is given as v2 U v2 U v2 J1 h i
D¼ ¼4 ¼4 C10 þ 2C20 ðJ1  3Þ þ 3C30 ðJ1  3Þ2
vE 2v vC 2v vC 2v
1   T
U ¼ C10 ðJ1  3Þ þ C20 ðJ1  3Þ2 þ C30 ðJ1  3Þ3 þ ðJ  1Þ2
D1 3 vJ1 vJ1
þ4 ½2C20 þ 6C30 ðJ1  3Þ
1 1 vC v vC v
þ ðJ  1Þ4 þ ðJ3  1Þ6  
D2 3 D3 v2 J 2 4 6
þ 4 23 ðJ3  1Þ þ ðJ3  1Þ3 þ ðJ3  1Þ5
(24) vC v D1 D2 D3
  T  
where, C10 , C20 ; C30 are Yeoh material constants, D1 ; D2 ; D3 are vJ3 vJ3 2 12 30
þ4 þ ðJ3  1Þ2 þ ðJ3  1Þ4
penalty parameter to impose the incompressibility constraints, vC v vC v D1 D2 D3
(34)
1
J1 ¼ I1 I3 3
where,
1
J3 ¼ I32
(25) vJ1 1 vI 1 4 vI vJ3 1 1 vI
¼ I3 3 1  I3 3 I1 3 ; ¼ I 2 3 (35)
vC v vC v 3 vC v vC v 2 3 vC v
For axi-symmetric element,

I1 ¼ CR þ CZ þ Cq (26)      
v2 J1 1 v
2
I1
4 7 vI3 vI3 T 1 43 vI1 vI3 T
¼ I3 3 þ I3 3 I1  I3
vC 2v vC 2v
9 vC v vC v 3 vC v vC v
2
I3 ¼ CR CZ Cq  CRZ Cq (27)   T 2
1 4 vI3 vI1 1 4 v I
 I3 3  I3 3 I1 23
Second PeK stress tensor is defined as 3 vC v vC v 3 vC v

vU vU (36)
SM ¼ ¼2 (28)
vE M vC M
  
Green-Lagrange strain tensor is defined as v2 J3 1 32 vI3 vI3 T 1 12 v2 I3
¼  I þ I3 (37)
vC 2v 4 3 vC v vC v 2 vC 2v
2 3
ER 2ERZ 0
1
E M ¼ ðC M  IÞ ¼ 4 2ERZ EZ 05 (29) where,
2
0 0 Eq
8 9
>
>1> >
where, vI1 < 1 =
¼ (38)
2 3 vC v >>1> >
CR 2CRZ 0 : ;
0
C M ¼ F T F ¼ 4 2CRZ CZ 05 (30)
0 0 Cq
8 9
>
> CZ Cq >
>
where I is a 3  3 Identity matrix, F is the deformation gradient >
> >
>
>
< >
=
given as vI3 CR Cq
¼ (39)
2 3 vC v >>
2 >
CR CZ  CRZ >
>
> >
>
vu vw >
: CRZ Cq > ;
6 1 þ vR vR
0 7
6 7
6 7
6 vu vw 7
F ¼6 1þ 0 7 (31) 2 3
6 vZ vZ 7 0 0 0 0
6 7
4 u5 v I1 6
2
0 0 0 07
0 0 1þ 6
¼4 7 (40)
R 2
vC v 0 0 0 05
0 0 0 0
Second PeK stress vector is given as

 
vU vU vJ h i vJ 2 4 6
Sv ¼ ¼2 ¼ 2 1 C10 þ 2C20 ðJ1  3Þ þ 3C30 ðJ1  3Þ2 þ 2 3 ðJ3  1Þ þ ðJ3  1Þ3 þ ðJ3  1Þ5 (32)
vE v vC v vC v vC v D1 D2 D3

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S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

2 3 strain and displacement vector.

0 Cq CZ 0
6 7
6C 0 CR 0 7
v2 I 36 q 7 4.3.1. FE formulation for frequency response analysis
6 7
¼6C CR 0 CRZ 7 (41) The static finite element equation for an incompressible mate-
vC v 6
2
6
Z 7
7 rial can be modified and written for dynamics by using the
4 Cq 5
0 0 CRZ  d’Alembert's principle [39]. In dynamic analysis, the displacement
2 vector at any point within the element u and nodal displacement
Using the above formulation non-linear static analysis is carried vector q be complex and henceforth will be represented with
out. The details of loading and displacement boundary conditions a  superscript. When displacements of an elastic body vary with
are provided in the numerical study. The statically deformed state is time, two sets of additional forces are called into effect. The first is
*
used to carry out further the frequency domain response analysis. the inertia force, which for an acceleration characterized by u€ can
*
be replaced by its static equivalent, ru€ where r is the mass
4.3. Axisymmetric FE formulation for frequency domain response density. The second force is that due to resistance opposing motion.
A linear, viscous type resistance can be characterized by an equiv-
Static mixed u-p based formulation for quadratic elements to *
alent static force of magnitude  cu_ , where c is damping property
address incompressibility effects is given by Marimuthu et al. [36], per unit volume. The equivalent static problem, at every instant of
whose linear element version is used in the present study with time, can be discretized in a manner similar to previous section, by
pressure condensation. In this section, four-node quadrilateral replacing the distributed body force b by its equivalent
finite element formulation is presented for incompressible material
* *
for static load. The same formulation is used for compressible b  ru€  cu_ (48)
material as well, and necessary modifications are made to study the
frequency domain response. The total potential for an axi- In the present study, damping is expressed in the material
symmetric solid by imposing incompressibility constraint is given property itself, hence viscous damping is neglected. Assuming
as
u* ¼ Nq* (49)
2
ð ð ð
1 p

Pðq; pÞ ¼ 2p6
1 where
4 εT sRdA þ p εv  RdA  uT bRdA
2 2 k
A
3
A A q* ¼ qeiut (50)
ð
7 Then
 uT tRdl 5
*
l q€ ¼  u2 q* (51)
(42)
Static finite element formulation provided in Eq. (43) get
modified for frequency response as
where ε; s; εv are the linear strain, stress vectors and volumetric
strain respectively, p is the hydrostatic pressure at the element h 1

i
centroid, k is the bulk modulus, b is the body force, t is the traction, K *qq ðu; lÞ  K qp K *pp ðu; lÞ K Tqp  u2 M q* ¼ F m (52)
u is the displacement vector at any point within the element, and q
The above matrix is a complex function of frequency and static
is the nodal displacement vector. Minimization of total potential
stretch dependent is due to the material properties. The diagonal
w.r.to q, p after substituting strain vector as a sum of deviatoric and
matrix Gd in equation and bulk modulus in which was provided in
volumetric parts and stress vector as a sum of deviatoric and hy-
drostatic part results in the following with pressure condensation static formulation get modified as G*d ¼{2 G* ðu; lÞ, 2 G* ðu; lÞ, 2
given as G* ðu; lÞ, G* ðu; lÞ} and k* ðu; lÞ.where
h i
K qq  K qp K 1 T G* ðu; lÞ ¼ Gðu; lÞ½1 þ ihðu; lÞ (53)
pp K qp q ¼ F M (43)

where k* ðu; lÞ ¼ kðu; lÞ½1 þ ihðu; lÞ (54)

ð
where Gðu; lÞ and kðu; lÞ are storage shear and bulk modulus
K qq ¼ 2p BTd Gd Bd RdA (44)
respectively and hðu; lÞ is the loss factor and static stretch l is a
A geometric mean of the eigen values of matrix CM. Mass matrix M is
ð given as
Kqp ¼ 2p Bv RdA (45) ð
M ¼ 2p N T rNRdA (55)
A
A
ð 
F M ¼ 2p N T bRdA þ F e (47)
A 4.3.2. FE formulation for random response analysis
A random process is said to be stationary when its mean does
where Gd is a diagonal matrix given as {2G, 2G, 2G, G} which relates not change over time. This essentially means that a stationary
deviatoric stress and strain vectors, Bd is the deviatoric strain process is one whose probability distribution does not change with
displacement matrix and Bv is a vector which relates voulmentic time. In addition, if the mean obtained for a sample of an ensemble,

8
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

is equal to the mean across the ensemble at any arbitrary time ti, the
process is called ergodic [40]. For the numerical analysis presented
in this study, all random processes are assumed to be stationary
ergodic. The finite element formulation for obtaining the random
response is an extension of the formulation presented in the pre-
vious section for obtaining the frequency response. The RMS value
of the reactive response in the Z direction to a random excitation
with a spectral density SF (fn) can be obtained as
is not observed, the material properties at a higher Yd are used for
obtaining the response. This process is continued until a close
match is observed in the resonant frequency obtained from
experiment and simulations. Further, a suitable material damping
correction is provided to match the numerical transmissibility to
the experiments.

qffiffiffiffiffiffi ! !1=2
X
N1 
R2z ¼ SRZ fn Df (56)
n¼0

where fn is the excitation frequency in Hertz, N is the number of

equal intervals of excitation frequency, and SRZ ðfn Þ is the spectral
density of the response given as

SRZ ðfn Þ ¼ jHn j2 SF ðfn Þ (57)

where, jHn j is the absolute value of the net reactive frequency

response at frequency in Z direction at fn .

4.4. Implementation algorithm

The procedure implemented for obtaining the frequency

response of the isolators is described in Fig. 9 is as follows:
The non-linear static analysis of the isolators shown in Fig. 6 and
Fig. 7 is carried out under static loading conditions at the rated load
and the deformed configuration thus obtained is considered for the
dynamic analyses. For the present study, the dynamic material
properties of the elastomers have been obtained at different dy-
namic strain amplitude (Yd) values as a function of frequency. These
properties are modified to include the effect of static stretch as
described in section 3.
The frequency response analysis is first carried out using the
material properties at lowest Yd and the resonant frequency match Fig. 10. Dummy mass placed on top of the isolator for test with accelerometer
attached.
between the experiment and numerical result is checked. If a match

Fig. 9. Implementation algorithm for frequency response analysis.

9
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

5. Experimental setup for vibration response studies

The experimental study of isolators for harmonic response and

random response is conducted using the electrodynamic shaker
consists of an electromagnetic circuit with a stationary (field) coil
and a moving (drive/armature) coil which is a part of the “Head”
that vibrates. The force rating of the shaker is 3.5 ton with 50 mm
double amplitude capability having frequency range is up to
2000 Hz shown Fig. 10. The isolator used for the present study is
fixed on top of the moving head. To simulate the load rating an
equivalent to mass of 2.25 kg and 4.5 kg for Type-A and Type-B
isolators, a dummy mass is made in hollow cylindrical form with
bottom closed whose inverted position is placed on top of the
isolator shown in Fig. 10. Due to the placement of mass on the pin
an equivalent load is transferred to the pin and futher a pre-
compression is created due to specified displacement on the
cover. This pre-stressed state is obtained using non-linear analysis
presented in numerical study section. This pre-compressed state is
used for the dynamic experimentation by fixing an accelerometer
on top of dummy mass as shown in Fig. 10 which is close to the
flexural centre to avoid unwanted noise pick up. The experimental
observations are compared in a graphical form with the present FE
formulation are detailed in subsection 6.3.
The data acquisition system used is the Spider-81 supplied by
Crystal Electronics. The Integrated Electronics Piezoelectric (IEPE)
accelerometer used is of Endevco make with a sensitivity of 10 mV/
g. Data analysis is performed using the Engineering Data Manage-
ment (EDM) software, compatible with Spider-81. The above test is
conducted at Saraswathi Dynamics at the Vibration Test Facility in Fig. 12. Finite element mesh of Type e B isolator.
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), ISRO, Trivandrum.

presented in this section. The appropriate material properties are

6. Numerical study
taken from Table 2. The numerical results are presented in contour
and graphical form.
The results from static and frequency domain analyses are
6.1. Finite element mesh

The axisymmetric finite element mesh with the applied

boundary conditions for type e A and type e B isolators are shown
in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively. The nodes with red circles are
fully fixed, whereas the nodes with blue circles are constrained in
the radial direction. The arrows represent the location and direc-
tion of the applied load. The finite element mesh connectivity and
nodal coordinates are generated using ‘PreWin’, a pre and post
processing software which is developed in ISRO for the Finite
Element Program “FEAST”. The data generated is then exported to a
MATLAB code for further computations. The elements colored
green and white in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 correspond to the elastomer
and the steel parts respectively. The FE details of the models used
are provided in Table 3.
In Figs. 11 and 12, the interface between the pin and elastomer
are assumed as bonded and modelled using common nodes and
this assumption is valid due to high friction coefficient for
elastomers.

6.2. Non-linear static analysis

For the isolators under study, an initial pre-compression is

Table 3
Finite Element details.

No. of Elements No. of Nodes

Type e A isolator 1520 1778

Type e B isolator 1573 1826
Fig. 11. Finite Element mesh of Type e A isolator.

10
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

provided when the isolator body and cover are riveted together. A
mass equal to the rated mass of the isolator is also placed on top
during its operation and testing. For both the isolators, the pre-
compression provided is 1.3 mm. For type-A isolator which has a
mass rating of 2.25 kg, the static load applied is 22.5 N as edge load
on the pin. For type-B isolator with a mass rating of 4.5 kg, the static
load applied is 45 N. The results of the static analysis carried out
using the code are presented in Table 4. The response is given in
terms of displacement of the pin. The resulting deformation con-
tour is given in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 for type e A and type e B isolators
respectively.

6.3. Frequency domain analysis

The statically deformed configuration is considered for the nu-

merical and experimental studies with the addition of point mass
equivalent to dummy mass at the top most node in axis of the pin.
Five and three experiments respectively are conducted for fre-
quency and random response which are bought out in tabular form
provided in Table 5 and Table 6 for Type-A and Type-B isolator. The
difference in numerical values from one experiment to another is
attributed to variation in material properties.

6.3.1. Experimental frequency response

Five experiments are conducted on different isolators whose

Table 4
Pin displacements obtained from non-linear static analysis.

Pin Displacement/mm Fig. 14. Deformation contour of Type e B isolator.

Type e A isolator 1.29

Type e B isolator 1.01
resonance frequency and amplitude are given in Table 5.

6.3.2. Comparison of frequency response results

For the numerical comparison one of the experiments is chosen
which is trial-1 from Table 5. Numerically observed frequency
response is a net reactive response computed from eliminated
system matrix, with multiplication of displacement vector
computed for frequency ranging from 10 to 60 Hz in the interval of
one Hz. Fig. 15 shows the comparison between experimental
observation and numerically computed values as the properties
obtained for different Yd values as shown in Fig. 4.
It can be seen from Fig. 15 that resonance frequency and
amplitude are high compared to the experimental value for lower
strain amplitude due to the dynamic elastomeric properties such as
storage modulus and loss factor which are progressively lower and
higher respectively as the frequency increases. This phenomenon is
well presented in Fig. 4 and explanation are provided thereafter.
From the numerical comparisons shown in Fig. 15 has a decent
match in natural frequency is achieved for 6.6% Yd, while the peak
transmissibility is only 3.2. The resonance frequency is indicated
against each response curve. Here, a damping correction factor is
introduced into the mathematical model to correct and match the
numerically obtained transmissibility with that of the experiment.
Since the random response computations are dependent on the
response at each frequency component, applying this correction
factor is essential for accurate response predictions. This will be
evident with the results presented in the subsequent section.
Transmissibility shown in Fig. 15 is a magnification factor for the
input provided on the isolator. Elastomers are designed such a way
that this factor should be the least to ensure minimum response for
sinusoidal excitation. For random excitation lower resonance fre-
Fig. 13. Deformation contour of Type e A isolator. quency with lower transmissibility helps in overall response
11
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
Frequency response data obtained from 5 trials with Type e A, B isolators.

Type-A Isolator Type-B Isolator

Trial Natural frequency Resonance amplitude Natural frequency Resonance amplitude

1 34.50 6.10 31.30 4.63

2 35.33 5.86 31.85 5.04
3 33.62 5.91 32.0 5.34
4 33.93 6.00 29.51 5.42
5 35.01 5.77 27.83 6.53
Mean 34.47 5.93 30.50 5.39

Table 6
Response RMS obtained from random excitation of isolators.

Trial Response RMS/g (Type-A Isolator) Response RMS/g (Type-B Isolator)

1 0.8776 0.771
2 0.8674 0.8077
3 0.8464 0.7829
Mean 0.8629 0.7872

Fig. 16. Experimental vs. numerical frequency response with updated damping.

Fig. 15. Comparison of frequency response with material properties at varying dy-
namic strain amplitudes.

reduction for acoustic excitations, stage separation etc., to protect

mission critical electronic packages mounted in launch vehicles.
An important aspect to note here regarding hysteretically
damped systems is that their natural frequency is not affected by
the damping present in the system but rather only by the stiffness.
A change in damping will only affect the transmissibility of the
system as shown in Fig. 16.
The response shown in Fig. 16 is obtained by scaling down the
damping to 50% of the value obtained from DMA testing. The
variation in natural frequency between FE analysis and experiment
is 4.3% while the variation in peak transmissibility after scaling
down the damping is 1.9%. The same scaling factor for damping is
applied for random response study of Type-A isolator. The experi-
mental frequency response of the isolator shows a small peak at
around 860 Hz. Resonance at such a high frequency suggests that it
might be due to the highly stiff components of the isolator such as
the steel base, cover and pin. A sharp dip is seen in the numerical
frequency response as shown in Fig. 17. The cut-off frequency is
Fig. 17. Frequency Response of Type e A Isolator: Numerical vs. Experiment.
under-predicted numerically at 51.5 Hz against that observed
experimentally at 56 Hz.
Fig. 18 shows the real and imaginary parts of the response and it
can be seen that the real part of the response changes sign and goes
to zero at resonance and the response is affected only by the
imaginary part i.e., the damping associated response.
In the present mathematical model, the damping properties of
steel are not considered, hence both the real and imaginary parts of
response go to zero at the second resonance point, as shown in
Fig. 19.

12
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 20. Numerical vs. experimental frequency response of type e B isolator.

Fig. 18. Real and imaginary parts of numerical frequency response.

Fig. 21. Frequency response of type e B isolator: numerical vs. experiment.

Fig. 19. Real and imaginary parts of numerical frequency response at 840 Hz.

This leads to the response at this frequency being close to zero.

In spite of this, as can be seen from Fig. 17, that the response at such
high frequencies is very low and this mismatch in transmissibility is
considered acceptable here. This behaviour of the numerical result
is further noticed in the random response studies as well.
The material properties for the compound VPM2-450B are ob-
tained up to 5% Yd. It is noticed that there is good match in the
natural frequency with properties at 1% Yd and the higher dynamic
strain data is not used. The numerical frequency response is shown
in Fig. 20.
The correction factor for damping applied in this case is 1.25.
The variation in natural frequency is 0.92% and that in peak
transmissibility is 4.5%. The numerical response is compared with
that from the experiment and is presented in Fig. 21. The cut-off
frequency obtained numerically is 44.5 Hz, while the experimen- Fig. 22. Random Response of Type e A Isolator: numerical vs. experiment. The
tally observed value being 47 Hz. It can be inferred that the cut-off response RMS obtained numerically is 0.8538 g with an error of 2.7% with respect to
the experimental mean, which is 0.8629 g. The comparison of numerical and experi-
frequency is under-predicted with the current mathematical
mental random response for type-B isolator is shown in Fig. 23.
model.

6.3.3. Experimental random response and Type-B with excitation having same power spectral density and
Experiments were done with three different isolators of Type-A an RMS value of 13.5 g. The response RMS is listed in Table 6.
13
S. Somanath, R. Marimuthu and S. Krishnapillai
Fig. 23. Random Response of Type e A Isolator: numerical vs. experiment.
6.3.4. Comparison of random response results
The power spectral density of the excitation, with an RMS value
of 13.5 g, and the corresponding response are shown in Fig. 22 and
Fig. 23 in comparison with the numerical results, where, ‘Control
Input’ is the input PSD. The FE model used for obtaining the random
response is the same as described in frequency response.
The response RMS obtained numerically is 0.673 with an error
of 14.5% with respect to the experimental mean, which is 0.7872 g.
7. Conclusions
An improved material model for elastomers and a finite element
formulation for frequency domain analysis of the vibration isolators
is presented. The dynamic analyses are carried out using a math-
ematical model based on Yeoh hyper-elastic material model
modified to handle preload and frequency dependence. The ma-
terial data obtained from uniaxial tension test and DMA tests are
used for the mathematical model generation. The frequency
response of both type-A and type-B isolators are computed
numerically and with material properties obtained at all Yd values.
It is observed that for type-A isolator, the properties obtained at
6.6% Yd give a close match in natural frequency of the isolator ob-
tained experimentally. For type-B isolator, a match in natural fre-
quency is obtained with material properties at 1% Yd However, in
both cases the error in the computed peak transmissibility is high,
and hence a suitable damping correction factor is applied to the loss
factor measured with the DMA, to match the numerically
computed transmissibility with the experiments. This is done in
order to compute the random response of the isolators with good
accuracy. With the corrected loss factor, the random response of the
isolators is computed numerically and compared with experiments.
A good match in the response RMS between the numerical and
experimental values is observed. Frequency response and random
response matches well between 10 and 60 Hz after a suitable
damping correction. The reason for this match can be attributed to
the dynamic elastomeric constants that are obtained only up 60 Hz,
but for higher frequencies the same material constants are being
used and the deviation in the numerical simulations are well
observed in the response graph. The system matrix is close to
singularity at higher frequencies, which is due to assumption of
zero damping of steel parts.
14
Defence Technology xxx (xxxx) xxx
The approach presented in this paper can be used for predicting
the vibration response of equipment mounted using elastomeric
vibration isolators in aerospace vehicles, where random excitations
are generally encountered on statically loaded systems. Similar
such approach can be suitably adopted for other FE model depends
on as is where is basis.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
Shri S Sai Sandeep Kumar, Dr RS Rajeev and Shri S Chandramouli of
VSSC, ISRO. The authors would like also to thank Dr S Unnikrishnan
Nair, Director, VSSC, ISRO for his unwavering support in carrying
out this work.
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