Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Static bending of functionally graded single-walled carbon nanotube

conjunction with modified couple stress theory
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah, Mohammed A. Al-Shujairi
Babylon University, Collage of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iraq

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper focused on studying the transeverse deflection behavior of three functionally graded
Available online xxxx microbeam models: material, porous material, and functionally graded single-walled carbon nanotube-
reinforced composite (FG-SWCNTRC) microb beam. To calculate micro size effects of the non-classical
Keywords: beam model, the modified couple stress theory (MCST) uses just length material scale parameters. A
Transverse deflection numerical solution to the static deflection equation is the Lagrange multiplier method. The characteristics
MCST studied included length, material parameter ratio, volume fraction of material, porosity and carbon nan-
First shear deformation theory
otube, SWCNT distribution types, boundary conditions, and aspect ratio (length/thickness). The static
Imperfect microbeam
FG-CNT polymer microbeam
behavior of FG-micro beams demonstrates that the theory of modified couple stress (MCST) produces
more accurate results than classical beams. This is especially true if the beam thickness is close to the
length scale parameter. As the CNT volume fraction grows and the porosity volume fraction falls, the
microbeam FG structure deflects less.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanomaterials

1. Introduction working circumstances, structural gradients eliminate thermal

Microbeams find application in a wide number of fields, includ-
ing electrical devices, computer systems, chemical processing, and
biomechanics, to name a few [1]. It is commonly acknowledged
that side effects become significant at small scales. Experiments
have established that size-dependent behavior exists. It was dis-
covered that by reducing the thickness of a beam from 115 to 20
at micrometers, the bending rigidity of the beam significantly rises.
As a result, further research should be performed to better under-
stand the properties of such nanoscale structures. The classical the-
ory of elasticity is incapable of accounting for these small-scale
effects. Yang et al. suggested modifications to Mindlin’s 1963 clas-
sical theory of couple stress in 2002 [2]. The modified couple stress
theory allows the strain energy density functions to be solved
using only the curvature tensors’ strain and symmetric compo-
nents by a single material scale parameter of length[3]. Materials
like bamboo, bone, and teeth are functionally graded materials
(FGM). Bamboo’s characteristics vary radially. It has a hard exterior
yet a soft interior. Japanese researchers introduced functionally
graded materials at a space symposium in 1984. Under harsh
E-mail address: douaa360@gmail.com (D.M.R. Al-Shewailiah)
stress and delamination (separating fibers from the matrix in com-
posite materials) [4]. Numerous models exist for the functional
gradient concept, including The functional gradient of materials
(FGM) is a composite material model composed of many materials
with one-or two-dimensional mechanical and physical properties
[5]. These characteristics are typically smoothly changed in specific
directions. When exposed to high temperatures, metal protects the
material from breaking, but ceramic, which has a high thermal
resistance but moderate strength, may withstand extremely high
temperatures. These materials are long-lasting, robust, and resis-
tant to heat and corrosion [6].
Li et al. [7] It is proposed in this paper to use functionally graded
rayleigh for the unchanging material constants in conjunction with
higher-order shear deformation theory to derive a deflection
model for a single governing equation for both static and dynamic
behaviors. As a result of this deduction, the shear modulus might
be adjusted to infinity. Kadoli et al. [8] used functionally graded
rayleigh for the unchanging material constants in conjunction with
higher-order shear deformation theory to derive a derivation
model for a single governing equation for both static and dynamic
behaviors. This deduction resulted in the setting of the shear mod-
ulus to an infinite value (infinity).studied the deflection and stress

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.295
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanomaterials

Please cite this article as: Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi, Static bending of functionally graded single-walled carbon nanotube
conjunction with modified couple stress theory, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.295
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

distribution of a ceramic and metal FG-beam with a rectangular madimehr and colleagues [23] employed the to investigate free
reasonably thick cross-section using HSDT and the finite element and forced vibrations of viscoelastic micro composite beams
method. strengthened by steel, they found that (FG-SWCNTs).
Within the framework of the Ritz approach, Simsßek [9] investi- This study will examine the effect of three FG models of
gated the static behavior of functionally graded, simply-supported microbeams with evenly distributed load shedding on the resulting
beams subjected to uniformly distributed load using first and transverse deflection. We obtain the governing differential equa-
higher-order shear deformation beam theories in conjunction with tion for the small size FG-CNTRC beam with four boundary condi-
first and higher-order shear deformation beam theories. During his tions, namely C-F, S-S, C-S, and C-C, using the Hamilton principle.
research, he discovered that both the power-law index and shear Based on a modified theory of couple stress and on the theories
deformation have an influence.Using higher-order shear deforma- of Euler Bernoulli and Timoshenko. The Lagrange multiplier
tion beam theories inside the Navier method, Thai et al. [10] inves- method is used to solve it. There are available comparisons and
tigated the static deflection and natural frequency of a functionally processes for validating the results.
graded beam. On the static response, they looked into the impacts
of gradient index and shear deformation, among other things. 2. Theoretical and numerical work
Sßimsßek et al. [11] studied the dynamic and static behavior of three
distinct models of sandwich beams with material parameters dis- 2.1. Functionally graded material microbeam
tributed according to a simple power-law distribution. Timoshen-
ko’s beam theory (TBT) was applied. This article employs multiple models of the functionally gradi-
The second model is functionally graded porosity. Its light- ent microbeam. The first is a functionally gradient material that
weight structures are used in aerospace, automotive, and civil changes mechanical properties along with thickness. The geomet-
engineering. Its high energy absorption capacity makes it suitable rical dimensions include length, width, and thickness (L, b, h) in the
for dynamic or impact-stressed constructions [12]. Fouda et al. Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) under uniform distribution load.
[13] proposed a modified porosity model using a nonlinear Fig. 1 shows the shape of the FG-microbeam.
power-law function to study an FG-Euler beam’s static flexibility, The rule of a mixture can study the mechanical properties. It
free vibration, and buckling. Bachiri et al. [14] analyzed the impact combines the changing properties of FG beam of metal ðP m Þand
of foundation parameters and porosity index on the bending and ceramic ðPc Þ as:
dynamic analyses for even porous FG beams. The modified rule
f
of the mixture is used to estimate the properties of a material. z 1
PðzÞ ¼ ðPc  Pm Þ þ þ P m ::::::::::::ðFGMÞ ð1Þ
based on an improved three-variable theory that eliminates the h 2
requirement for a shear correction factor. Tran et al. [15] discov-
where ðf Þis the positive variable parameter, governing the material
ered that the static bending and free vibration in both directions
contrast profile across the thickness of the beam. Which is termed;
of variable-thickness plates with any B.Cs are investigated using
(rule of mixture exponent) or, (material volume fraction index).
an edge-based smoothed finite element technique (ES-MITC3).
The Mori-Tanaka homogenization technique is determined as
Show how the maximum porosity value, the power-law index,
total efficient physical properties ðPT Þfor metal ðmÞand, ceramics
and the variable thickness law affect the maximum porosity value.
ðcÞ respectively of FG-microbeam as:
Wattanasakulpong et al. [16] studied the bending vibration of FGM
beams with uniform pores discovered by the Chebyshev collection V c ðK c  K m Þ
KT ¼ þ Km ð2Þ
method. 1 þ V m ½ðK c  K m Þ=ðK m þ 4Gm =3Þ
Functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composites
are the third model (CNTRCs). It is used to stiffen the polymer V c ðGc Gm Þ
GT ¼ þGm
matrix, as well as for vibration dampening and electrical or ther- 1þV m ðGc Gm Þ= ½ Gm þ ð9K m Gm þ8Gm ^2Þ=ð6K m þ12Gm Þ
mal conductivity. Carbon nanotube reinforcement composites are ð3Þ
widely employed in aerospace, automotive, and military applica-
tions [17]. Shen [18] was the first to propose functionally graded Eðm; cÞ
carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (CNTRCs) in 2009. Several K ðm; cÞ ¼ ð4Þ
3  6mðm; cÞ
research studies have been conducted to investigate the static
bending behavior of the FG-CNTR polymer beam. As an example, Eðm;cÞ
Ref. [19] uses analytical solutions and several HSDBT for the study Gðm;cÞ ¼   ð5Þ
2 1 þ mðm;cÞ
of bending, buckling, and vibration analysis. For the FG-CNTRC
beam that rests on an elastic foundation. Also, Kumar et al. [20] K ðm;cÞ Is the local bulk modulus of FG micro-beam and Gðm;cÞ the
are investigated. Free vibration, bending, and buckling This was local shear modulus, the volume fraction V ðzÞ is calculated for
accomplished by using numerically solving the Timoshenko beam the varied phase materials. Where the Bulk moduli, ðK T Þand Shear
theory to compare a FG-CNT reinforced composite beam to a moduli, ðGT Þ are expressed When Mori-Tanaka homogenization is
hybrid laminated composite beam working, the FG micro beam’s Young’s modulus E ðzÞ and, Pois-
On the foundation of modified couple stress theory, a number of son’s ratio mð zÞ are represented as follows:
publications have been published in which the mechanical behav-
ior of functionally graded micro-beams has been examined (MCST).
z q
For further information, see the following papers: Simsßek et al. [21]
investigated the static bending behavior of FG-micro beams using b
the modified couple stress theory (MCST) and Timoshenko beam Metal
theories (TBT) To determine the material properties of the FG x
microbeams, the Mori–Tanaka homogenization technique and the h O
classical law of mixture are utilized. Zanoosi et al. [22] studied Cerami
the temperature effects of free vibration of FG porous microbeams L
Cross-section
using the modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) of elasticity and
the modified coupling stress theory (MCST). When Moham- Fig. 1. Geometrically dimension of FGM microbeam.

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Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

 z
9K T GT FG  VV CNT 1þ2  h=2 6 :z 6 h=2 ð13Þ
EðzÞ ¼ ð6Þ h
3K T þ GT

3K T  2GT FG  O 2 V CNT ð1  2jzj=hÞ  h=2 6 :z 6 h=2 ð14Þ

mðzÞ ¼ ð7Þ
6K T þ 2GT where the volume of the carbon nanotubes were imposed by V CNT
The FG microbeam’s mass densityqðzÞ appears to vary in the fol- three different values 0.12, 0.17 and, 0.28. It were taken from the
lowing manner: formula below.
in which the carbon nanotube volume fraction was set at one of
qðzÞ ¼ qm þ V c ðzÞðqc  qm Þ ð8Þ the following three levels: 0.12, 0.17 and 28. It was derived from
ðf Þ Fig. 2 depicts the continuous shift of functionally graded the following formula.
properties from ceramic to metal by increasing the gradient index. mCNT
The ðz = hÞ to ðz=h ÞMori-Tanaka technique and the mixture rule V CNT ¼     ð15Þ
qCNT
are used to observe the properties of FG micro beam’s show as mCNT þ qm  qqCNT mCNT
m

changes with thickness. Mori Tanka is used for microbeam

research due to the good precision with which estimates are V cnt þ V m ¼ 1 ð16Þ
founded in the properties of the effective material.
E11 ðzÞ ¼ g1 V CNT ðzÞECNT
11 þ V m ðzÞEm ð17Þ
2.1.1. Functionally graded – porous microbeam
The pores in the FG-micro beam appear with most stages of a g2 V CNT ðzÞ Vm
manufacturing process as fault [13] or are created by modifying ¼ þ ð18Þ
E22 ðzÞ ECNT
22
Em
the structure’s local density to achieve the appropriate structural
performance[24]. Fig. 3 illustrates the effect of porosity distribu-
g3 V CNT ðzÞ Vm
tion upon that characteristics of FG-ceramic/metal beams using ¼ þ ð19Þ
two different porosity models. [22]. The modified rule of mixture G12 ðzÞ GCNT
22
Gm
calculates porosity in FG material. On FG-microbeam porosity uti-
lized three different models were utilized. Model as perfect is m12 ðzÞ ¼ V CNT ðzÞmCNT
21 þ V m ðzÞmm ð20Þ
(FGM). The second model is referred to as (FGM-I) has even poros-
ity. The third model is referred to as (FGM-II) has uneven porosity. m12 ðzÞ
21 ¼
mCNT E22 ðzÞ ð21Þ
The following is porosity formulas: E11 ðzÞ
PðzÞ ¼ V c ðPc  P m Þ þ Pm  ða=2ÞðP c  Pm Þ ðFGM IÞ ð9Þ
qðzÞ ¼ V CNT ðzÞqCNT þ V m qm ð22Þ
     
P ð zÞ ¼ V c ð P c  P m Þ þ P m where Young’s modulus ECNT and ECNT , shear modulus GCNT ,
11 22 22
 ða=2ÞðPc  Pm Þð1  ð2jzj=hÞÞ ðFGM IIÞ ð10Þ Poisson’s ratio ðmCNT Þand density ðqCNT Þ are the properties of
SWCNTs. the properties of isotropic matrix are also represented
2.1.2. Functionally graded SWCNT referenced micro polymer beam by Young’s modulus ðEm Þ, shear modulus ðGm Þ, Poisson’s ratioðmm Þ,
As seen in Fig. 4, a single-walled carbon nanotube is considered and density massðqm Þ.
to reinforce the cross-sections of polymer micro-beams in four Whereas g1 ; g2 g3 are represented as the efficiency parameters
models: FG-X , -UD , FG-A, and FG-O. The expanded rule of the mix- of the carbon nanotubes on the matrix of microbeam were calcu-
ture is used to calculate FG-CNTRC as follows: lated by identical of elastic Young’s modulus resulting from the

 molecular dynamics simulation with the extended rule of mixture.
jzj
FG  X 4 V CNT  h=2 6 :z 6 h=2 ð11Þ
h 2.2. The modified couple stress theory (MCST)

UN V CNT  ðh=2 6 :z 6 h=2Þ ð12Þ The strain energy ðEm Þ of an elastic microbeam is calculated
using (MCST), which is illustrated in the following formulas:
Z L Z w Z h=2  
1
Es ¼ rij eij þ mij vij dz dy dx:::::::::i; j; k ¼ x; y; z
2 0 0 h=2

ð23Þ
  
where rij , eij are the components stress and strain tensors,
respectively. is defined as
rij ¼ kðzÞekk dij þ 2GðzÞeij ð24Þ

1 
eij ¼ ui;j þ uj;i ð25Þ
2
   
mij ; vij are the couple stress deviatoric part and the strain
curvature tensor, respectively. Can be expressed as
2
mij ¼ 2 lm GðzÞ vij ð26Þ

1 
Fig. 2. Variation properties of FG micro-beam according to the method of Mori-
vij ¼ ui;j þ uj;i ð27Þ
2
Tanaka, (-) solid line and rule of mixture, (-.) dash-dots.

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Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Imperfect FGM-I, FGM-II [22], and Mechanical properties through the thickness for three models FGM microbeams with porosity volume fractiona ¼ 0:1

Z L
Whereasðui Þ,ðui Þ the components of the displacement rotation
Ew ¼ ðf @u þ q@wÞ dx ð35Þ
vectors, the rotation vector is defined by 0

1  It ðf Þand ðqÞ represents force per unit length at the  and z

ui ¼ eijk uk;j ð28Þ directions, respectively. The first variation of the work is done in
2
the following form:
kðzÞ; GðzÞAre Lames’ constants written as Z Z Z
t t L

E ðzÞ mðzÞ EðzÞ d Ew dt ¼ ðf du þ qdwÞ dx dt ð36Þ

kðzÞ ¼ ; GðzÞ ¼ ð29Þ 0 0 0
ð1 þ mÞð1  mÞ 2ð1 þ mÞ
Hamilton’s principles are used to analyze a physical system to
Dilation strain ðekk Þrefers to the elongation at each direction of obtain the governing equations of motion Where the strain energy
 
the microbeam while the Kronecker delta dij and the permutation is ðEs Þ and the work done is ðEw Þ exposed to externally applied
  loads, as follows:
tensor eijk , ðlm Þis indicated the scale of a material length
parameter. Z t
d ðES  Ew Þ dt ¼ 0 ð37Þ
0
2.2.1. The governing equation for EBBT
With regard to EBBT, the displacement equations can be written the equation of governing motion in terms of the displacements
in the following manner: by using EEBT and modified couple stress theory (MCST) where the
strain energy formula for the micro-beams can be represented by
@w the classical normal force, classical moment, and classical shear
ux ðx; zÞ ¼ u  z ; uy ðx; zÞ ¼ 0; uz ðx; zÞ ¼ w ð30a-cÞ
@x force with the displacements and rotations field as following
2 !2 3
The classical axial strain of Euler- Bernoulli beam theory form Z
2
 2 ! 2
!2
2
4Axx @u  2Bxx @u @ w þ Dxx @ w þ l2 Axz @ w 5 dx
L
1
Eqs. (25), (30a-c) as: ES ¼
2 0 @x @x @x2 @x2 m
@x2

@u @ w 2 ð38Þ
exx ¼ z ;c ¼ 0 ð31a-bÞ
@x @x2 xz The first strain energy variation in the microbeam can be
Also, the rotation of the total banding vector can be calculated obtained in terms of the displacement as follows:
by displacements vector with the permutation symbol which
affected the bending moment from Eq.(28), (30a-c) as:
@w
hy ¼  ; hx ¼ hz ¼ 0 ð32Þ
@x
The symmetric curvature tensor is obtained from Substitution
of Eq. (32) into Eq. (27)

1 @2w
vxy ¼  vxx ¼ vyy ¼ vzz ¼ vxz ¼ vyz ¼ 0 ð33Þ
2 @2x
The strain energy ðEs Þ for the FG-CNTRC microbeam can be writ-
ten according to the Euler Bernoulli beam theory to describe a
deformed isotropic linear of elastic material as:
Z L Z w Z h=2  
Es ¼ rxx exx þ mxy vxy dz dy dx ð34Þ
0 0 h=2
Fig. 4. Carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beam configurations.

4
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Different values of the boundary exponents for various micro beams types [11].

B.Cs Left end Right end

pw: pu: pf : qw qw : qf :

C-C 1 1 1 1 1 1
C-S: 1 1 1 1 0 0
S-S 1 1 0 1 0 0
C-F 1 1 1 0 0 0

2 @u  @u@2 dw   3

Z L Axx @du
@x @x
 Bxx @x
 Bxx @2 w @du
@x
The symmetric curvature tensor is obtained from Substitution
6 @x2 @x2 7 of Eq. (39a-b) into Eq. (28)
dES ¼ 4  2 2  5 dx
0 þDxx @ 2 w @ 2 dw 2
þ lm Axz @ w @ 2 dw !
@x2 @x2 @x2 @x2 1 @ 2 w @h
vxy ¼ þ ; vxx ¼ vyy ¼ vzz ¼ vxz ¼ vyz ¼ 0 ð46Þ
ð39a-bÞ 4 @x2 @x
The following rigidities are defined as extensional, couple, The strain energy formula for the micro-beams can be obtained
bending, and transverse shear rigidities, respectively. from the theory of Modified couple stress (MCS) with the First
Z Z
h=2   h=2 shear deformation beam (FSD) as the following:
ðAxx ; Bxx ; Dxx Þ ¼ b EðzÞ 1; z; z2 dxAxz ¼ b GðzÞdx ð40Þ Z
h=2 h=2 1 V h i
ES ¼ rxx exx þ 2rxz exz þ 2mxy vxy dV ð47Þ
The governing equations are written below: 2 0
! ! Relying on Hamilton’s principle of physical system analysis to
@2u @3w
du ¼ 0; Axx  Bxx f ¼0 ð41Þ obtain the governing motion equations as Eq. (37). The governing
@x2 @x3 equation in terms the displacement is as follows:
2  @u 2  @h  @h 2  2 3
@3u @4w Z Axx @x:
 2Bxx @u @x @x
þ Dxx @x: þ ks Axz @w@x
dw ¼ 0; Bxx 3 þ ðDxx þ Axz lm Þ 4  q ¼ 0 ð42Þ 1 L 6  @h @w2 7
@x @x ES ¼ 6 2ks Axz @w þ k A h2
þ 1 2
l A 7 dx
2 4 @x @x s xz 4 m xz @x 5
0
2     2   2
þ 12 lm Axz @w@x
@h
@x
þ 1
l A
4 m xz @x
@h

2.2.2. The governing equation of FSBT

ð48Þ
A first shear deformation theory is described how the beam
deforms in the following displacement field expressions ðux ; uz ; /Þ where ðksÞ is the factor of shear correction. The first strain energy
in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z)as the following: variation of the microbeam can be calculated by using the following
ux ¼ uðx; t Þ  z /ðx; t Þ; uy ¼ 0; uz ¼ wðx; tÞ ð43a-cÞ in terms of displacement:
2 @u @du @u @d/
 @du  @d/ 3
The FSDT strain field can be obtained from used displacements Axx @x @x
Bxx @/
Bxx
@x @x
þDxx @/
@x @x
þ
Z L6 @w @dw @w @d/ @w@x@/@x
 7
equation Eqs. (43a-c) in Eq. (25) 6 ks Axz @x @x ks Axz @x @x ks Axz @x @x 7
6 7
dU S ¼ 6 @w @dw 1 2 @w @d/@/ @w 7 dx
0 6 þks Axz /d/þ 4 lm Axz @x @x þ 2 lm Axz @x @x 7
2
@u @/ 4
1
þ 5
exx ¼ z ; exx ¼ ezz ¼ exy ¼ eyz ¼ 0; cxz ¼ 2 exz @/ @d/ 1 2 @/ @d/
@x @x
@x @x 1 2
l A þ l A
2 m xz @x @x 4 m xz @x @x
@w
¼ / ð44Þ ð49Þ
@x
By using Eq. (27) The rotation of the total banding vector can be The equations of motion for FSDBT in combining with modified
calculated by displacements vector with the permutation symbol couple stress theory (MCST) in terms of the displacements are as
which affected the moment bending as: below:

 ! !
1 @w @2u @2/
uy ¼  þ hðxÞ ; ux ¼ uz ¼ 0 ð45Þ du ¼ 0; Axx  Bxx f ¼0 ð50Þ
2 @x @x2 @x2

Table 2
Comparison of the FG microbeam’s dimensionless static deflections.

L/h=10 L/h=100
B.C. Method f=1 f=3 f=10 f=1 f=3 f=10
Simply-Simply 1 EBBT Ref [3] 0.0859 0.1262 0.1698 0.0859 0.1262 0.1698
Present 0.0860 0.1263 0.1699 0.0860 0.1264 0.1700
FSDT Ref [3] 0.0902 0.1330 0.1797 0.0860 0.1263 0.1699
Present 0.0902 0.1331 0.1798 0.0861 0.1264 0.1701
4 EBBT Ref [3] 0.3698 0.4776 0.5876 0.3698 0.4778 0.5878
Present 0.3700 0.4778 0.5878 0.3710 0.4791 0.5894
FSDT Ref [3] 0.3794 0.4928 0.6093 0.3699 0.4778 0.5878
Present 0.3795 0.4930 0.6096 0.2232 0.4792 0.5896
0 EBBT Ref [3] 0.4741 0.5864 0.7028 0.4741 0.5864 0.7028
Present 0.4742 0.5865 0.7029 0.4745 0.5869 0.7034
FSDT Ref [2] 0.4862 0.6049 0.7286 0.4743 0.5866 0.7310
Present 0.4863 0.6050 0.7288 0.4747 0.5871 0.7037

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Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Dimensionless transverse deflection of the FG-microbeam according to the rule of mixture and, Mori Tanaka’s approaches

! ! P
N
@ 2 w @/ 1 2 @4w @3/ wðx; tÞ ¼ Am ðt Þ/m ðxÞ /m ðtÞ ¼ g w :ðxÞ:xm1 :::::::::::ðaÞ
dw ¼ 0; ks Axz   lm Axz þ 3 þq¼0 ð51Þ m¼1:
@x2 @x 4 @x4 @x
P
N
uðx; t Þ ¼ Bm ðt Þam ðxÞ am ðxÞ: ¼ g u :ðxÞ:xm1 :::::::::::ðbÞ
m¼1
! !
 P
N
@2u @2/ @w uðx; tÞ ¼ C m ðt Þbm ðxÞ: bm ðxÞ : ¼ g f ðxÞx:m1 :::::::::::ðcÞ
d/ ¼ 0; Bxx þ D xx þ k A
s xz  / m¼1
@x2 @x2 @x
! ð56Þ
3 2
1 2 @ w @ / g w ðxÞ g u ðxÞ and g f ðxÞ are employed as auxiliary functions to
þ lm Axz þ 2 ¼0 ð52Þ
4 @x3 @x meet the essential boundary conditions while Am ðtÞ, Bm ðt Þ and
C m ðtÞ calculating indeterminate generalized coordinates. The fol-
To evaluate FG microbeam bending, the time derivatives must lowing is an example of an auxiliary function.
be zero and, the external load f removed. The transverse force q
 p  q
is denoted as follows g w ðxÞ ¼ x þ 2L w x  2L w
 p  q
g u ðxÞ ¼ x þ 2L u x  2L u ð57Þ
X
N
  p   q
qðxÞ ¼ Q m sin bx ð53Þ g f ðxÞ ¼ x þ 2L f x  2L f
m ¼1

where pi andqi , i ¼ ðu; w; f Þ: are the boundary exponents, that are

Z L
related to the boundary conditions. The related values pi and qi
Q m ¼ 0:5L qðxÞ sin b x dx ð54Þ
0
0.6
where Q m coefficients are given for uniform forces is represented in
the following equation 0.5
Transverse deflection, w '

4qo
qðxÞ ¼ qo ; qðxÞ ¼ qo Q m ¼ ; m ¼ 1; 2; 3; :: 0.4
mp

In this equation, qo denotes the intensity of uniformly dis- 0.3

tributed load.
L/h=10,f=1
0.2
2.3. Numerical solution CBT-EBBT
MCST-EBBT
0.1 CBT-FSDT
The Lagrange multiplier technique is used for the numerical MCST-TBT
solution in this studying. where displacement functions are depen-
dent to solve the governing equations with B.Cs the x ¼ 0; L. As the 0.0
5 10 15 20
product of the undetermined terms of the time-dependent gener- Length material scale parameter ratio,h/lm
alized coordinates coefficients and known auxiliary functions.
Below are meant to be displacement fields. Fig. 6. the transverse deflection of FG microbeam based (MCST),(CBT).

6
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Poisson effect on dimensionless transverse deflection of the FG microbeam at (a) ðh ¼ lm Þ, (b) ðh ¼ 8lm Þ.

Z L
are presented in Table 1 for the boundary conditions that have been
K 21 ¼  Bxx a0m /00k dx; ð61bÞ
considered. 0

2.3.1. Numerical solution based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory Z L

(EBBT) K 12 ¼  Bxx /00m a0k dx; ð61cÞ

0
The solution equations of motion that depended on the EBBT
utilized the Lagrange equations ðLÞas follows: Z L

 K 22 ¼ Axx a0m a0k dx: ð61dÞ
dL: d dL 0
 ¼0 k ¼ 1; 2; 3; ::::::; 3N ð58Þ
dXk: dt dXk
Z L

L ¼ ðES þ Ew Þ ð59Þ Q¼ q/k dx ð61eÞ

0
In Eq. (58), the following abbreviations are defined:



K 11 K 12 Un 0
Xk ¼ Ak: k ¼ 1; 2; ::::::; N ¼ ð62Þ
ð60Þ K 12 K 22 Wn Qn
Xk ¼ BkN: k ¼ N þ 1; ::::::; 2N
The static bending analysis is represented by the solution equi-
2.3.2. Numerical solution based on FSBT
librium governing of FG micro-beam by applying Lagrange equa-
The Lagrange equations are employed on the motion equation
tions, to give the numerical solution in the axial and transverse
solution that is dependent on the FSBT as below:
displacements. As the algebraic equations of the stiffness matrix
and transverse force by relieving Eqs. (53) and (56) into Eqs. (41)

dL d dL
and (42) as following:  ¼0 k ¼ 1; 2; 3; ::::::; 3N ð63Þ
d:Xk dt d:Xsk
Z L
ðDxx þ lm Axz Þ /00m /00K dx;
2
K 11 ¼ ð61aÞ In Eq. (63), the following abbreviations are defined
0

Table 3
Comparison of dimensionless transverse deflection of imperfect FG porous beam (FGM-I) with the distributed load, BC (Simply-Simply), ðlm ¼ 0Þ;ðL=h ¼ 100Þ:

w ¼ 100Ec I=qL4 wðL=2Þ
a ¼ 0:2 a ¼ 0:1 a ¼ 0:05 a¼0 f Theory

1.5500 1.3872 1.3707 1.3056 Ref. [14]

1.5426 1.4127 1.3557 1.3031 0 Present
2.1362 1.8920 1.8020 1.6965 1 Ref. [14]
2.1171 1.8782 1.778 1.6881 Present
2.4619 2.0352 2.0139 1.8917 4 Ref. [14]
2.4428 2.1301 2.0022 1.8889 4 Present
2.6736 2.1987 2.1520 2.0139 8 Ref. [14]
2.6296 2.2722 2.1277 2.0005 Present

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Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 4
The transverse deflection of perfect FGM and imperfect model FGM (I, II) porosity fraction indexða ¼ 0:1Þ.

Power law index Theory Modes

ðf ¼ 5Þ: ðf ¼ 2Þ: ðf ¼ 1Þ: ðf ¼ 0:5Þ: ðf ¼ 0Þ:

0.1393 0.1005 0.0776 0.0626 0.0448 TBT(L/h=10) FGM lm ¼ 1 Boundary condition (Simply-Simply)
0.1331 0.0964 0.0744 0.0600 0.0428 TBT(L/h=50)
0.1278 0.0926 0.0726 0.0593 0.0427 CBT(L/h=10)
0.1279 0.0926 0.0726 0.0593 0.0427 CBT(L/h=50
0.1694 0.1145 0.0850 0.0670 0.0467 TBT(L/h=10) FGM-I
0.1622 0.1099 0.0816 0.0642 0.0446 TBT(L/h=50)
0.1530 0.1044 0.0792 0.0633 0.0445 CBT(L/h=10)
0.1530 0.1045 0.0792 0.0634 0.0446 CBT(L/h=50)
0.1518 0.10647 0.0808 0.0645 0.0456 TBT(L/h=10) FGM-II
0.1450 0.10207 0.0774 0.0617 0.0436 TBT(L/h=50)
0.1383 0.0976 0.0754 0.0610 0.0435 CBT(L/h=10)
0.1383 0.0976 0.0754 0.0610 0.0435 CBT(L/h=50)
0.7480 0.6299 0.4914 0.3782 0.2459 TBT(L/h=10) FGM lm ¼ 0
0.7303 0.6175 0.4818 0.3704 0.2402 TBT(L/h=50)
0.6057 0.4993 0.4204 0.34928 0.2399 CBT(L/h=10)
0.6059 0.4993 0.4204 0.3493 0.2399 CBT(L/h=50)
0.9832 0.7846 0.5704 0.4189 0.2612 TBT(L/h=10) FGM-I
0.9620 0.77065 0.5600 0.4106 0.2553 TBT(L/h=50)
0.7282 0.57927 0.4720 0.3829 0.2550 CBT(L/h=10)
0.7283 0.5793 0.4721 0.3829 0.2550 CBT(L/h=50)
0.8066 0.6698 0.5116 0.3883 0.2496 TBT(L/h=10) FGM-II
0.7872 0.6567 0.5017 0.3803 0.2438 TBT(L/h=50)
0.6340 0.5183 0.4328 0.3572 0.2435 CBT(L/h=10)
0.6342 0.5185 0.4328 0.3573 0.2435 CBT(L/h=50)

Xk ¼ Ak k ¼ 1; 2; ::::::; N K 12 ¼ K 21 ¼ 0; ð65bÞ
Xk ¼ BkN k ¼ N þ 1; ::::::; 2N ð64Þ Z L
Xk ¼ C k2N k ¼ 2N þ 1; ::::::; 3N 1 2
K 13 ¼ ðks Axz bm /0K  lm Axz /00k: b0m Þdx; ð65cÞ
0 4
the solution equilibrium governing of static bending by the
Lagrange equations to get to the algebraic equations represent by Z L

the stiffness matrix and transverse force. it gets by substituting K 23 ¼ Bxx a0k: b0m dx; ð65dÞ
0
Eq. (53) and Eq. (56) into Eqs. (50) to (52) as follows:
Z L
Z L
1 2 K 22 ¼ Axx a0m a0k dx; ð65eÞ
K 11 ¼ ðks Axz /0m /0k þ lm Axz /00m /00k Þdx; ð65aÞ
0 2 0

Fig. 8. The dimensionless deflection of three models of FGM microbeams with ðL=h ¼ 1Þ , and boundary conditions (clamped-simply).

8
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 9. transverse deflection of FGM porous beams according (CBT, MCST) based on FSDT of ðL=h ¼ 5Þvarious boundary conditions.

Z L
1 external forces from equation (66) if the external forces are not
ðks Axz /0m bk  Axz lm /00m b0k Þdx;
2
K 31 ¼ ð65fÞ
0 4 zero.

Z L 3. Numerical results and discussion

K 32 ¼ Bxx a0m b0k dx; ð65gÞ
0
Three Functionally graded microbeam models. It is assumed
Z L subjected to the uniform distribution load ðqo ¼ 10lN:m1 Þ and
1 2
K 33 ¼ ðDxx b0m b0k þ ks Axz bm bk þ lm Axz b0m b0k Þ dx ð65hÞ the width ðbÞ of FGM microbeam is consider a half of thickness
0 4
ðb ¼ 0:5hÞ.the length material scale is the only parameter of MCST
  8 9 8 9 is a value ðlm ¼ 17:6lmÞ . In this paper, the static deflection non-
 k11 k13  >
 0 < Un >
= >
< 0 >= dimensionality is expressed by two formulations, as follows:
 
 0 k22: k23   W n : ¼ Q n ð66Þ
  >
: >
; >
: >
;

 k31 k32: k33:  Gn 0 w ¼ 100Em I=qo L4 w ð67Þ

The static bending referred to as the transverses deflection can 3
w ¼ 100Em h =qo L4 w ð68Þ
be obtained by the coefficient of matrix stiffness and the vector of

Fig. 10. Deflection of imperfect FGM ðf ¼ 1Þ.

9
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 11. Deflection of FGM-II, ðf ¼ 1; 10Þ.

10
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
Comparisons of dimensionless transverse deflections for FG-CNTRC microbeams of uniform distrubution type under uniform loads

V CNT 0.12 0.17 0.28

L/h 10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20

Ref.[19] 0.704 0.524 0.461 0.4485 0.3421 0.3049 0.3254 0.2337 0.2016
Ref.[20] 0.7037 0.5217 0.4580 0.449 0.344 0.307 0.325 0.235 0.203
present 0.6829 0.5036 0.4408 0.4422 0.3360 0.2988 0.3298 0.2352 0.2021

3.1. FG- material microbeam
3.1.1. Comparison deflection
Functionally graded microbeam model as shown in Fig. 1. The
properties of FGM are made from ceramic (Silicon Carbide)
ðEc ¼ 427 GPa; qc ¼ 3100 kg:m3 ; m ¼ 0:17Þ;and metal (Aluminum)
ðEc ¼ 70 GPa; qc ¼ 2702 kg:m3 ; m ¼ 0:3Þ;. Table 2 contains a com-
parison of non-dimensional deflection of FG microbeams with
Ref [3] according to Eqs. (67). It is presented the results by using
MCST and beam theories (ie, TBT, and EBT) through only six
attempts by Matlab language. It can be noted agreement in the
results.
3.1.2. Effect of aspect ratioðL=hÞ
as shown in Table 2, when the aspect ratio increases lead to a
decrease in shear deformation. so the transverse deflection of FSDT
reduces until equal to the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beam the-
ory (EBBT). EBBT deflection is not affected by the aspect ratio
3.1.3. Effect of material volume fraction index (power-law index) ðf Þ
As demonstrated in Table 2, the transverse deflection of the FG-
microbeam increases as the volume fraction index ðf Þincreases. A
property of FG microbeam is converted from a ceramic of a high
young modulus and rigidity to a metal of a low young modulus
and a high degree of flexibility.
3.1.4. Effect of Mori-Tanaka and rule of mixture
Mori Tanaka technique can accurately predict the dimension-
less transverse deflection of the FG-microbeam beam compared
to the rule of mixture. Because the technique depends in the study
for the FG-micro beams on the effective properties as in Fig. 5.
3.1.5. Effect of the length material scale parameter ratioðh=lm Þ
Fig. 6 As shown, the modified coupled stress theory (MCST) can
predict the minimum transverse deflection of FG-micro beams
through the length of the material scale parameterðlm Þ. An increase
in the ratio of material length parameter ðh=lm Þin MCST leads to a
decrease in the interpretation of the static deflection of FG-micro
beams, thus equal to the classical theory (CBT).
3.1.6. Effect of the Poisson effect
The Poisson effect is the mathematical relationship between
stiffness and passion ratio and is added to the stiffness matrix to
avoid a mistake in the MCST results. This is a formula that
½EðzÞ  ð:½1  tðzÞ=½1 þ tðzÞ:½1  2:tðzÞ Fig. 7 demonstrates how
static deflection decreases as the Poisson effect ðtm ¼ 0:3Þ;in-
creases. Because the volume fraction index of the metal surface
grows with the passion ratio, the stiffness matrix value increases,
so transverse deflection decreases.
3.2. FG- porous microbeam
3.2.1. Comparison deflection
The FG-porous micro beam’s dimensionless transverse deflec-
tion would be verified with Ref. [14]. In Table 3, the modified cou-
ple stress theory (MCST) is verified using Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory (EBBT) to analyze porosity by setting the material length
scale parameter ðlm Þto zero. The porosity fraction coefficientðaÞ,
aspect ratioðLlhÞ, and other power-law indexes are used. The FG
beams have a high concentration of steel on their bottom surfaces.
AluminaðAl2 O3 Þ is also rich on the FG beams’ upper surfaces.
The material properties are obtained from a modified rule mixture
law. The material properties (Steel): Em ¼ 210 GPa; qm ¼
7800 kg:m3 mm ¼ 0:3, AluminaðAl2 O3 Þ:Ec ¼ 380 GPa;qc ¼ 3960 kg:m3 mc ¼
0:3. is dependent on data from Ref. [14] The comparison result is
acceptable.
3.2.2. The deflection of the FG- porous microbeam.
Dimensionless transverse deflection of the FG- porous
microbeam by using Eq. (67). Many variables affecting are shown
in Table 4. The porosity of FG -microbeam through two models
is studied of Modified Couple Stress Theory (MCST) and the beam
theories (Euler Bernoulli and Timoshenko) via the Lagrange multi-
pliers method. Their material properties are dependent on ref [16].
AluminumðAlÞ (Em ¼ 70 GPa; qm ¼ 2702 k:gm3 mm ¼ 0:3); Alu-
minaðAl2 O3 Þ(Ec ¼ 380 GPa;qc ¼ 3960 k:gm3 ;mc ¼ 0:3). The uni-
form distributed load is subject to many factors, including the
length material scale parameterðlm Þ, length material scale
parameter ratioðh=lm Þ, boundary condition (CC, CS, SS, and CF),
material volume fraction indexðf Þ , porosity volume fraction
indexðaÞ, and aspect ratioðL=hÞ. The value passion effect
½EðzÞ:½1  tðzÞ=½1 þ tðzÞ:½1  2tðzÞ is assumed to equal one.
3.2.3. Effect of the aspect ratio ðL=hÞ
Table 4 shows that the transverse deflections of (FGM, FGM-I,
and FGM-II) according to EBBT remain constant when the aspect
ratioðL=hÞ increases from 10 to 50. According to FSDT, increasing
aspect ratio decreases transverse deflection. Transverse deflection
of First shear deformation approximated Euler Bernoulli beam the-
ory as aspect ratio increased because of the loss of shear deforma-
tion influence as the aspect ratio increased.

Table 6
Dimensionless transverse deflection of FG-CNT micro-beams with B.Cs(C–C), L=h ¼ 15:

Types ðV CNT ¼ 0:12Þ ðV CNT ¼ 0:17Þ ðV CNT ¼ 0:28Þ

ðlm ¼ 0Þ ðlm ¼ 1Þ ðlm ¼ 0Þ ðlm ¼ 1Þ ðlm ¼ 0Þ ðlm ¼ 1Þ

FG-X 0.1921 0.1855 0.1185 0.1137 0.0939 0.0910
UN 0.2155 0.2049 0.1352 0.1273 0.1076 0.1032
FG-V 0.2478 0.2293 0.1810 0.1435 0.1190 0.1219
FG-O 0.2814 0.2532 0.1185 0.1592 0.1336 0.1111

11
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi
3.2.4. Effect of the material volume fraction ðf Þ
shown in Fig. 8a, the transverse deflection microbeam of (FGM-
I) and (FGM-II) increases because the volume fraction material
ðf Þincrease refers to the beam characteristics changing from cera-
mic to metal, which has low young modulus and density; addition-
ally, the increase of porosity index ðaÞ refers to a drop in the
density of the microbeam, i.e. weak FG-microbeam stiffness, As a
result, the perfect FGM has less deflection from FGM-II and FGM-I.
3.2.5. Effect of the porosity volume fraction ðaÞ
Fig. 8b is shown the effect of increasing porosity volume frac-
tion index ðaÞon an increasing deflection for both imperfect
(FGM-I, FGM-II).in the FGM-I model, pore distribution is equal in
all cross-sections leads to complete weakness in the structure.
While in the FGM-II model, the pore distribution is centered in
Fig. 12. shows the effect aspect ratio, ðL=hÞ on the beam theory with various boundary conditions, lm ¼ 1.
12
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the middle, the porosity model of FGM-II is a half weakness com-
pared to the FGM-I.
3.2.6. Effect of boundary conditions
As illustrated in Fig. 9, boundary conditions have an effect on
perfect and imperfect FG-microbeams, with the largest deflections
occurring in clamped-free (C-F), simply-simply (S-S), clamped-
simply (C-S), and clamped-clamped (C-C) configurations. Also,
show the accuracy of the MCSTðlm ¼ 1Þ in predicting the least
deflection for various B. CS compared to the classical beam theory
CBTðlm ¼ 0Þ.
3.2.7. Effect of the length material scale parameter ratio ðh=lm Þ
As illustrated in Fig. 10, raising the ratio of ðh=lmÞ results in
an increase in deflection. This drops the material length scale
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi
Fig. 13. Effect of material length scale parameter on the dimensionless deflection of FG-CNTat Fig. 13(a), (b), ðV cnt ¼ 0:28Þ.
parameter, which impairs the MCST ability to anticipate minor
deflections. As the porosity index ðaÞincreases, the deflection of
both imperfect FGM increases. However, there is a difference in
deflection behavior between (FGM-I) and (FGM-II), which appears
R 0:5
to be a functionð 0:5 ð1  ð2jzj=hÞÞjdzÞ that governs the form of the
porosity distribution in FGM-II only.
It was observed in Fig. 11, that increasing in volume fraction
material index ðf Þ , from 1and, 10 increased deflection. It can be
explained, as having functionally gradient characteristics ranging
from ceramic to metal, resulting in gradients in flexibility and
lightweight for imperfect FG-microbeam.
3.3. FG-SWCNT micro-beam
Based on the Modified Couple Stress Theory and the beam
Theories for Euler-Bernoulli and First shear deformation theory,
the work seeks to identify the lowest central deflection reinforced
by a SWCNT. Several factors affect the bending behavior, including
volume fraction CNT, SWCNT distributions types, aspect ratioðL=hÞ,
boundary condition, and material length parameter ratioðh=lmÞ.
In this study, the following material properties are dependent on
Ref. [25–38] is used the following: Polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA) properties:Em ¼ 2:5 GPa; qm ¼ 1190 kg:m3 tm ¼ 0:3 is
considered to be a matrix and CNTs, (SWCNTs):Ecnt
11 ¼ 5646:6 GPa;
Ecnt
22 ¼ 7080 GPa; q cnt
¼ 2100 kg:m 3
t CNT
¼ 0:17, CNTs type of
chair (10,10) are chosen as reinforcements. Also, Efficiency param-
eters FG-CNTRC gi ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ are estimated, for example, asg1 ¼
0:137; g2 ¼ 1:022; g3 ¼ 0:715; for the case of V CNT ¼ 0:12,
g1 ¼ 0:142; g3 ¼ 1:626;g2 ¼ 1:138 . For the case of V CNT ¼ 0:17and
For the case of V CNT ¼ 0: 28,g1 ¼ 0:141;g2 ¼ 1:585;g3 ¼ 1:109 To
avoid an error in the MCST results, the Poisson effect is inserted
in to the stiffness matrix. in the following formula.
½EðzÞ  ð:½1  m12 ðzÞ=½1 þ m12 ðzÞ:½1  2m12 ðzÞ. While the formula
dimensionless transverse deflection of FG-CNT for uniform load
is used the Eq. (68).
3.3.1. Comparison deflection
Table 5 presents a comparison study for the dimensionless
transverse deflection of the FG-CNT microbeam for different values
of aspect ratio for volume CNT fraction CNT of simply supported
13
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
and the material length parameter is zero ðlm ¼ 0Þ so that
ðh ¼ 17:6lmÞ. As can be seen, the results of this study correlate
well with those of prior studies with Ref. [19] and, Ref. [20],
respectively
3.3.2. Effect MCST and CBT.
Table 6 displays the dimensionless transverse deflection for
Modified Couple Stress Theory (MCST) ðh=lm ¼ 1Þand Classical
beam theory (CBT)ðh=lm ¼ 0Þ. When compared to CBT, MCST pre-
dicts the least deflection. The deflection of MCST becomes less from
CBT and be similar when the length scale parameter ratio
ðh=lm ¼ 1Þ increases.
3.3.3. Effect of volume fraction material and type distribution
It is clear from Table 6. when CNT is concentrated in the med-
ium without beam surfaces, the beam is less rigid and has a higher
deflection, as in FG-O. While CNT is found in surfaces without the
center, the beam is more rigid and has a smaller deflection, as in
FG-X. It is also noted that increasing the amount of CNT with a high
young coefficient improves the hardness of all types of CNT distri-
butions in FG-microbeam. Transverse deflection according to MCS
theory is less than classical theory, because it can calculate the
most accurate deflection for FG-CNTmicro polymer beam.
3.4. Aspect ratio and boundary condition effect on FG-CNT microbeam
FG-CNT micro-beam deflection is affected by boundary condi-
tions. With all types of FG micro-beam distribution, compared
boundary conditions. Fig. 11 shows that the FG-CNT type (O) has
the largest dimensionless transverse deflection. When is fixed by
(Clamped-Free) and followed by (simply- simply), (clamped- sim-
ply), and finally (clamped–clamped). The influence of shear defor-
mation is significant for thick microbeams when the aspect ratio
(L/h) is calculated using FSDT as shown in FIG. 12. On the other
hand, the Euler beam theory gives comparable conclusions with
some minor changes as the aspect ratio (L/h) increases. This means
that when the aspect ratio increases, shear deformation loses its
effect on the transverse deflections of slender microbeams accord-
ing to FSDT (See Fig. 12).
Duaa Mohammed R. Al-Shewailiah and M.A. Al-Shujairi
3.4.1. Effect of material length scale parameter lm
Fig. 13(a), shows that a low dimensionless transverse deflection
of different CNT distribution models appears from an increase in
the material parameter length ratio ðh=lmÞ and, the aspect ratio
ðL=hÞ: the highest deflection belongs to (FG-O) (FG-V) (-UN), finally
(FG-X).
In Fig. 13(b), the dimensionless transverse deflection decreases
as the ratio of length material parameter to thickness increases
from 0 to 1, indicating that the modified couple stress theory is
more capable of predicting small sizes of deflection of FG-CNTRC
microbeams with small sizes. While an increase in the aspect
ratioðL=hÞ results in a decrease in the amount of shear deformation,
according to first shear deformation theory so the slenderness
microbeam due to the deflection decreases.
4. Conclusions
Using Hamilton’s principle, this research looked at the static
bending of three different functional graded microbeam models
to develop the governing equation with couple stress theory (mod-
ified) (MCST) and both of theory beam (Euler-Bernoulli) and, (First
shear deformation). It is possible to solve governing equations
using the Lagrange multiplier approach based on the sub-
function rather than boundary conditions. The distribution of
materials along the functionally graded beam thickness should
be described. The porosity and characteristics of the carbon nan-
otubes contained are described by utilized Mori-Tanaka or the sim-
ple rule of mixture and modified and extended of the rule of
mixture. Several factors affecting the FG micro beam’s static deflec-
tion are described. Several inferences can be derived from the find-
ings of this study, including the following:
1. In all models of FG-microbeam, the importance of the couple
stress theory is shown by using the material length scale
parameter, in being able to find any slight changes that may
occur in the static behavior of a microbeam.
2. In all models, the effect of shear deformation is limited at a low
aspect ratio. When it increases, the shear deformation
decreases, and the value deflection of the FSD theory starts
decreasing until it equals the EB theory.
3. The function that causes the different deflection behavior of the
R 0:5
two porosity modelsð 0:5 ð1  ð2jzj=hÞÞjdzÞ -is controlled poros-
ity distribution.
4. The increase in the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes and
the distribution of carbon nanotubes are affected by the FG-
CNT deflection behavior.
5. The boundary condition of the (Clamped-Free) yields the great-
est deflection in all functionally graded of a microbeam.
(Simply-simply), then (Clamped-Simply), and finally
(Clamped-Clamped).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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