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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

Vibration analysis of functionally graded microbeams with a

moving mass based on Timoshenko beam theory

An Ninh Thi Vu1, Vu Nam Pham2, Van Tuyen Bui2, Dinh Kien Nguyen3,*
1
University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau Giay, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
2
Thuyloi University, 175 Son Tay, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
3
Institute of Mechanics, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
*
Corresponding author, e-mail: ndkien@imech.vast.vn

Abstract. Vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) microbeams carrying a moving mass
is carried out in the framework of Timoshenko beam theory. The beam material properties are
considered to be graded in the thickness by a power-law function, and they are estimated by
Mori-Tanaka scheme. The influence of the microsize effect is captured with the aid of the
modified couple stress theory (MCST). A finite beam element is formulated and used to establish
the discretized equation of motion for the beams. Vibration characteristics, including the natural
frequencies, the time histories for mid-span deflection, the dynamic magnification factor and the
stress distribution, are computed for a simply supported beam. The obtained result reveals that
both the dynamic deflection and dynamic magnification factor are overestimated by ignoring the
microsize effect. The effects of the material distribution, the moving mass velocity and the length
scale parameter are studied in detail and highlighted.

1. Introduction
Functionally graded (FG) materials invented by Japanese scientists by continuously varying constituent
materials, often metals and ceramics, in predefined directions. The properties of the FG materials are
changed smoothly, and this feature helps them to overcome the cracking, delamination and stress
concentration at the interface layers as often seen in the traditional composites. FG materials are recently
found in applications of biosensors and microelectronmechanical systems (MEMS) [1], and this
motivates investigations on mechanical behavior of FG microstructures. The conventional theories of
mechanics, however lack of scale parameters, and they cannot model the size-dependent behavior of
microstructures. Various high-order continuous theories have been developed to fill this gap. The
modified couple stress theory (MCST) [2] with only one material length scale parameter is the one which
is widely employed by researchers in modeling the size dependent behavior of microstructures. Both the
classical Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories were used in combination with MCST by
Reddy [3] to investigate nonlinear bending, buckling and free vibration of FG microbeams. Vibration
of FG microbeam was studied in [4] using the Timoshenko beam theory and MCST. The beam
properties were assumed to be graded in the thickness direction, and they are evaluated by Mori-Tanaka
scheme. Timoshenko beam theory, MCST and Mori-Tanaka scheme were also employed by Ke and
Wang [5] in studying dynamic stability of FG microbeam. The MCST and a high-order beam theory
were used Şimşek and Reddy [6] to model the beam deformation in their study on bending and vibration
of FG microbeam. From numerical investigation they concluded that FG microbeam exhibits significant
size-dependence when the beam thickness approached to the length scale parameter. The effects of

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

temperature on bending and vibration of microbeam made of FG material were considered by Nateghi
and Salamat-talab [7] on the basis of the MCST in conjunction with the classical and first-order shear
deformable theories. The influence of the temperature and the microstructural effect on the bending and
vibration was evaluated with the aid of the generalized differential quadrature method (DQM). Bending
and buckling of a simply support FG microbeam were investigated by Akgöz and Civalek [8] using
various shear deformation theories and Navier solution method. By presenting a new correction factor
for Timoshenko microbeam based on MCST, the authors showed that the microsize effect and the shear
deformation are more significant for lower values of the scale parameter and aspect ratio.
Dynamic analyses of structures under moving loads were extensively carried because of their wide
applications in transportation and machinery. Lee [9] determined dynamic deflections of a Timoshenko
beam carrying a moving mass by using the assumed mode method and Lagrangian approach. Şimşek
[10] adopted various beam theories to study vibration of a FG beams traversed by a moving mass. His
has shown that the shear deformation, material distribution and velocity of the moving mass have an
important role on the prediction of the dynamic response. In [11], vibration of FG Euler-Bernoulli beam
due to a moving mass was studied using the DQM. Esen et al. [12] examined the influence of
acceleration and deceleration of a moving mass on dynamic behavior of FG beams by using a two-node
Timoshenko beam element. The modified continuum mathematical model was presented by Esen et al.
[13] for vibration study of perforated microbeam under a moving mass. The influence of perforation
parameter, the microstructure size parameter and the mass velocity on the dynamic response of
microbeam was examined on the basis of Timoshenko theory beam and the MCST. The influence of
temperature on dynamic behavior of microbeams carrying a moving harmonic load was considered by
Liu et al. [14]. Based on the MCST, the governing equations of the microbeams were establised using
Hamilton’s principle, and they are solved by the finite element method. The MCST was also adopted by
Akbaş et al. [15] in deriving the equations of motion for a porous Euler-Bernoulli microbeam with a
moving load. The dynamic characteristics of the beam were obtained by the author with the aid of the
Ritz and Newmark methods.
In this paper, free and forced vibration of FG microbeams carrying a moving mass is studied on
the basis of Timoshenko beam theory and the MCST. The properties of the microbeams are being graded
in the thickness direction by a power-law function and they are calculated by Mori-Tanaka scheme. A
finite beam element is derived and used to establish the discretized equation of motion. In regard of the
above discussed references, the main novelty of the present work is that the influence of the inertial,
Coriolis and centrifugal forces resulted from the moving mass on dynamics of FG microbeams is taken
into consideration herein. Numerical investigations are carried out to highlight the effects of the material
distribution, the scale parameter and the mass velocity on the vibration of the FG microbeam.
2. Mathematical formulation
A FG microbeam with simply supported ends carrying a moving mass m, as depicted in Figure 1, is
considered. Denoting L, b and h as the length, width and height of the beam. The mass m is assumed to
move with a constant velocity v, and it is always in contact with the beam. The x-axis is selected on the
mid-plane, and the z-axis directs upward. The notation xm in Figure 1is the current abscissa of the mass
m, measured from the left end.
The microbeam is made from a mixture of ceramic and metal with volume fraction of the constituents
varying in the beam thickness as [5]
n
 z 1
Vc     , Vm  1  Vc (1)
h 2
In the above equation, Vc and Vm respectively denote the volume fraction of ceramic and metal; n is the
gradient index.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

Figure 1. FG microbeam carrying a moving mass m.

The effective Young’s modulus Ef and Poisson’s ratio υf of the beam calculated by Mori-Tanaka
scheme are of the forms [5, 6]
9K f  f 3K f  2  f
Ef  , f  (2)
3K f   f 6 K f  2 f
where Kf and µf are, respectively, the effective bulk modulus and shear modulus of the FG microbeam,
and they are given by
K f  Km Vc
 ,
K c  K m 1  Vm  K c  K m   K m  4Gm / 3
(3)
 f  m Vc

c  m 1  Vm  c  m   m  m  9 K m  8m  6  K m  2m  
with Kc, Km, µc, µm are the bulk modulus and shear modulus of the ceramic and metal. The effective
mass density ρf can be estimated the rule of mixture as
 f  cVc   mVm (4)
According to the MCST [2], the strain energy U stored in the microbeam is of the form
1
U    σ : ε  m : χ dV (5)
2V
where V denotes the volume of the beam; σ and ε are the stress and strain tensors, respectively; m is the
deviatoric part of the couple stress tensor; χ is the symmetric curvature tensor. These tensors are given
by [5]
1
σ   tr(ε)I  2  ε, ε  u  (u)T 
2
(6)
1 1
χ  θ  (θ)T  , θ  curlu, m  2l 2  χ
2 2
E f f Ef
where u is the displacement vector; θ is the rotation vector;   and   are
(1   f )(1  2 f ) 2(1  f )
Lame’s constants; l is a material length scale parameter.
The displacements in the x and z directions of an arbitrary point in the beam, ux(x,z,t) and uz(x,z,t),
evaluated by Timoshenko beam theory are of the forms
ux ( x,z,t )  u ( x,t )  z ( x,t ),
(7)
uz ( x,z,t )  w( x,t )
where u(x,t) and w(x,t) are, respectively, the displacements in x and z directions of the corresponding
point on the mid-plane; θ(x,t) is the cross-sectional rotation, and t is the time variable.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

Using Eq. (7), the tensors in Equation (6) are rewritten as

 xx 0  xz   xx 0  xz   0  xy 0
ε   0   
0 0  , σ   0  yy 0  , χ    yx 0 0  , m  2l 2  χ (8)
 zx 0 0   zx 0  zz   0 0 0
where

 xx  u, x  z, x ,  xz   zx 
1
2
 w,x    ,
 xx  (  2 ) xx ,  xz   zx  2 xz ,  yy   zz   xx , (9)

 xy   yx  
1
4
, x  w, xx 
In Equation (9) and hereafter, the subscript comma denotes the derivative of a quantity with respect to
the spatial variable x. With Equations (8) and (9), one can rewrite the energy of the microbeam in
Equation (5) in the form
L
U
1
2 0 A

 xx xx  2 xz  xz  4l 2  xy2 dAdx 
L (10)
   A11u,2x  2 A12u, x, x  A22 ,2x  B11  w, x     D11  w,x x  , x   dx
1  2 2

20  
with A=bxh is the area of cross section, and A11 , A12 , A22 , B11 , D11 are the rigidities, defined as
h /2
 A11 , A12 , A22   b  [ ( z )  2 ( z )] 1, z, z 2  dz
 h /2 (11)
h /2
 l2 
 B11 , D11   b   ( z )  ,  dz
 h /2  4
with the shear factor ψ is chosen by 5/6 for the rectangular cross section of the present beam.
The kinetic energy (T) of the beam is
L
1
T    f ( z )(u x2  u z2 )dAdx (12)
20A
where ρf is the effective mass density, defined by Equation (4). The over dot in (12) and hereafter denotes
the derivative with respect to the variable t. Substituting Equation (7) into (12), one gets
L
1
T 
20
 I11 (u 2  w2 )  2 I12u  I 22 2  dx
 (13)

with the mass moments I11 , I12 , I 22 are defined as

h /2
 I11 , I12 , I 22   b   f ( z ) 1, z, z 2  dz (14)
 h /2
The potential energy due to moving mass is given by [16]
L

   
Vm     mg  mw  2mvw, x  mv 2 w, xx w( x, t )  muu ( x, t )    x  vt  dx (15)
0
In Equation (15), g is the gravity acceleration; mu and mw are the axial and transverse inertia forces,
respectively; 2mvw, x and mv 2 w,xx are, respectively, the Coriolis and centrifugal forces;   . denotes the
Dirac delta function.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

Applying Hamilton’s principle to Equations (10), (13) and (15), the following differential
equations of motion of FG microbeam can be obtained
 u : A11u,x x  A12,x x  I11u  I12   mu  x  0
 w : D11  w,xx xx  ,xx x   B11  w,x x  , x   I11w   mw  2mvw, x  mv 2 w, xx 
m

 mg (16)
xm
 :  A12u,x x   A22  D11 ,x x  D11w, xxx  B11  w, x     I12u  I 22  0

3. Solution method
The finite element method is used in this paper to solve Equation (16). To this purpose, we consider a
two-node beam elements with the nodal displacement vector of the form
d  du db 
T
(17)
with
du  u1 u2  , db  w1 1 w2  2 
T T
(18)
where ui, wi and θi (i=1, 2) are the nodal values of u, w and θ, respectively, and the superscript ‘T’
indicates the transpose of a vector or a matrix.
The displacements and rotation are interpolated from the nodal values as
u  Nu du , w  Nwdb ,   N db (19)
where Nu=[Nu1 Nu2], Nw=[Nw1 Nw2 Nw3 Nw4] and Nθ=[ Nθ1 Nθ2 Nθ3 Nθ4] are the interpolating function
matrices. The linear functions are used for Nu1 and Nu2 as
le  x x
N u1 
, Nu 2  , (20)
le le
meanwhile the following Kosmatka polynomials [17] are employed for Nwi and Nθi

1  x 
3 2
x x
N w1  2    3       1    ,
1      le   le   le  

1  x      x      x  
3 2

N w2     2     1     ,
1     le   2   le   2   le  
1  x  x  1  x      x    x  
3 2 3 2
x
N w3   2    3       , N w4     1       
1      le   le   le   1     le   2   le  2  le   (21)

6  x  2  x   1   x
2
 x 
N 1        , N 2  3     4       1    ,
1    le  le   le   1      le   le  

6  x  2  x   1  x
2
 x 
N 3         , N 4  3     2      
1    le  le   le   1      le   le  
with le is the element length, and   12 IEm  le2 AGm 
1
is the shear parameter.
Using Equation (19), the strain energy in (10) can be written the following form
1 nel T
2
 d k ed
U (22)
where nel is the number of elements, ke is the stiffness matrix of the element with the following form

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

 k uu k u 
ke    (23)
 k u 
T
66 k w 
with
le le

k uu   N A11N u, x dx, k u    NTu, x A12 N , x dx,

T
u, x
0 0
le (24)
k w    NT , x A22 N , x   N w, x  N  B11  N w, x  N    N w, xx + N , x  D11  N w, xx + N , x   dx
T T

0
 

One can also write the kinetic energy in Equation (13) in a matrix form as
1 nel T
2
 d med T (25)
where me is the mass matrix of the element, and it can be split into the sub-matrices
 muu mu 
me    (26)
 mu 
T
66 m w 
in which
le le le

m uu   NTu I11N u dx, m u    NTu I12 N dx, m w    NTw I11N w  NT I 22 N  dx (27)
0 0 0
The potential energy in Equation (15) can also be written in the form
Vm    dT mmd + dT cmd + dT k md - dT f m 
nel
(28)
where mm, cm and km are, respectively, the element mass, damping and stiffness matrices stemming from
the effects of the inertia, Coriolis and the centrifugal forces; fm is the time-dependent element vector of
nodal loads. The expressions for mm, cm, km and fm are as follows
 NTu N u 0  0 0 
mm  m   , c m  2 mv  T  ,
66  0 NTw N w  x 66 0 N w N w, x  xe
(29)
e

2 
0 0   0 
k m  mv  T  , f m  mg  T 
66 0 N w N w,x x  x 61
e
N w  x e

The notation .x in Equation (29) means that the quantity inside the square brackets is calculated at xe -
e

the current abscissa of the mass m, measured from the left node of the element. The element matrices
mm, cm, km and the load vector fm of all the elements are zeros, except for the element under the mass.
By assembling the derived element mass and stiffness matrices of the beam as well as the element
mass, damping, stiffness matrices and load vector due to the moving mass over the total elements, one
can establish the discretized equation of motion for the FG microbeam as
 M + M m  D + Cm D +  K + K m  D = F (30)
where D, D and D are the global vectors of nodal displacement, velocity and acceleration, respectively;
M, Mm, Cm, K, Km and F are, respectively, the global matrices and vector obtained by assembling the
matrices me, mm, cm, ke, km and fm over the elements. The average acceleration method [18] is adopted
herein to solve Equation (30).
4. Results and discussion
Numerical investigations are carried out in this section to study the influence of the material
inhomogeneity, the microsize effect and the mass velocity on vibration of the FG microbeam. A

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

microbeam with a square cross section b=h and a length scale parameter l=17.6µm [5] is considered.
The beam is made from aluminum (Al) and silicon carbide (SiC) with the following data [5]
 Em=70 Gpa, ρm=2702 kg/m3, υm=0.3 for aluminum.
 Ec=427 Gpa, ρc=3100 kg/m3, υc=0.17 for silicon carbide.
The dimensionless parameters for the natural frequency µi, dynamic magnification factor Dd, mass
ratio rm and scale parameter η are introduced as
 L2  m  w( L / 2, t )  m h
i  i , Dd  max   , rm  ,  (31)
h Em  wst   m AL l
where wst=mgL3/48IEm is the static deflection of a fully aluminum beam due to a load mg at the beam
mid-span; ωi is the ith natural frequency. A value rm=0.5 is considered in the below.
4.1. Formulation verification
The accuracy and convergence of the derived beam element are firstly confirmed. To this end, Table 1
compares the first three frequency parameters of the FG microbeam of this paper with the differential
quadrature method based result of Ke et al. [5] for η=2, L/h=10 and various gradient indices. As observed
from the table, the results of this paper agrees well with that of Ref. [5].
Table 1. Comparison of the first three frequency parameters of FG microbeam with η=2, L/h=10.
Mode Source Ceramic n=0.6 n=1.2 n=2 Metal
1 Ref. [5] 0.8336 0.5944 0.5376 0.5048 0.3393
Present 0.8435 0.6187 0.5609 0.5218 0.3751
2 Ref. [5] 3.2081 2.2805 2.0550 1.9230 1.2914
Present 3.1173 2.2102 1.9772 1.8353 1.3718
3 Ref. [5] 6.8417 4.8649 4.3725 4.0762 2.7165
Present 6.3073 4.4896 4.0125 3.7118 2.7437
Table 2 compares the factor Dd of a FG beam traversed by a moving mass of this work with the
result of Khalili et al. [11] for various moving mass velocities and gradient indices. The Euler-Bernoulli
beam theory and the DQM were employed in Ref. [11]. Good agreement between the factor Dd of this
work with the result of Ref. [11] is noted from Table 2.
Table 2. Comparison of dynamic magnification factor of FG beam.
v(m/s) Source Ceramic n=0.2 n=0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5 n=10 Metal
20 Ref. [11] 0.5547 0.6305 0.6963 0.7568 0.8305 0.8937 0.9419 1.0689
Present 0.5606 0.6274 0.6928 0.7344 0.8044 0.8818 0.9447 1.0821
40 Ref. [11] 0.5718 0.6680 0.7579 0.8292 0.8723 0.8987 0.9194 1.0799
Present 0.5672 0.6591 0.7473 0.8162 0.8615 0.9026 0.9355 1.0625
60 Ref. [11] 0.5965 0.6134 0.7267 0.8570 0.9732 1.0901 1.1829 1.4513
Present 0.6046 0.6257 0.6990 0.8166 0.9247 1.0537 1.1647 1.4364
80 Ref. [11] 0.6269 0.7611 0.9070 1.0510 1.1740 1.2927 1.3882 1.6681
Present 0.6174 0.7422 0.8787 1.0092 1.1225 1.2566 1.3736 1.6604
100 Ref. [11] 0.7439 0.8863 1.0368 1.1798 1.3003 1.4173 1.5133 1.7951
Present 0.7365 0.8693 1.0077 1.1389 1.2542 1.3857 1.5030 1.7879
125 Ref. [11] 0.8525 0.9942 1.1427 1.2856 1.4020 1.5098 1.5983 1.8597
Present 0.8442 0.9765 1.1177 1.2457 1.3549 1.4721 1.5867 1.8493
150 Ref. [11] 0.9275 1.0684 1.2169 1.3524 1.4530 1.5435 1.6261 1.8812
Present 0.9174 1.0494 1.1861 1.3007 1.3928 1.4971 1.5999 1.8561

In Table 3, the convergence of the present beam element in assessing the factor Dd of the FG microbeam
is shown for L/h=20, η=4, v=50 m/s and various material gradient indices. The convergence of the

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

element, as seen from Table 3, is achieved by twenty-two elements, irrespective of the index n. Because
of this convergence result, twenty-two elements are employed in discretizing the beam in all the below
computations.

Table 3. Convergence of beam element in evaluating dynamic magnification factor of FG microbeam

for L/h=20, η=4, v=50 m/s.
n nel=10 nel=12 nel=14 nel=16 nel=18 nel=20 nel=22
0.2 0.1743 0.1743 0.1744 0.1744 0.1744 0.1744 0.1744
0.5 0.2311 0.2311 0.2312 0.2312 0.2312 0.2312 0.2312
1 0.2874 0.2875 0.2877 0.2877 0.2877 0.2877 0.2877
5 0.4404 0.4402 0.4403 0.4403 0.4403 0.4402 0.4402

Table 4. Fundamental frequency parameters of FG microbeam.

L/h η n=0.2 n=0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5 n=10
10 1 12.8226 11.3304 10.1308 9.0193 7.8165 7.1574
2 8.2393 7.3604 6.6798 6.0563 5.3333 4.8807
4 6.4353 5.8157 5.3577 4.9431 4.4172 4.0406
8 5.8842 5.3477 4.9613 4.6139 4.1499 3.7955
20 1 13.5012 11.9370 10.6830 9.5228 8.2620 7.5653
2 8.4282 7.5346 6.8450 6.2146 5.4796 5.0143
4 6.5322 5.9075 5.4480 5.0333 4.5038 4.1195
8 5.9610 5.4214 5.0350 4.6890 4.2231 3.8621
50 1 13.6943 12.1097 10.8406 9.6654 8.3883 7.6804
2 8.4837 7.5853 6.8933 6.2603 5.5221 5.0531
4 6.5602 5.9341 5.4741 5.0597 4.5291 4.1425
8 5.9832 5.4427 5.0564 4.7108 4.2443 3.8815

4.2. Natural frequencies

The fundamental frequency parameters of the FG microbeam are given in Table 4 for various values of
the gradient index (n=0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10), the scale parameter (η=1, 2, 4, 8) as well as the aspect ratio
(L/h=10, 20, 50). The scale parameter, as seen from the table, has a significant effect on the frequency
parameter, and an increase of the parameter η leads to a decrease in the frequency parameter µ1,
irrespective of the gradient index and the aspect ratio. Table 4 also shows that the parameter µ1 is
decreased by increasing the index n. The dependence of the frequency parameter µ1 on the index n is
explained by the fact that a decrease in the volume fraction of SiC is resulted from the increase of the
index n, as can be seen from Eq. 1. Since Young’s modulus of SiC is considerably higher than Young’s
modulus of Al, and thus the stiffness of the microbeam with a higher index n is decreased, and in
consequence a result a higher factor Dd is resulted. The dynamic factor Dd is also affected by the aspect
ratio L/h, and this factor is slightly higher for the beam associated with a higher aspect ratio. The effect
of the gradient index, the scale parameter and the aspect ratio on the fundamental frequency parameter
can also be seen clearly from Figure 2, where the variation of fundamental frequency parameter with
the aspect ratio L/h is shown for various length scale parameters and two values of the gradient index,
n=0.5 and n=5. As can be observed from Figure 2 that the influence of the scale parameter and aspect
ratio on the frequency parameter µ1 is more significant for scale parameters smaller than 4 and aspect
ratios lesser than 20, regardless of the gradient index.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

12.5 9

8
11 =1
=1
=2
=2 7
9.5 =4
=4
=8
1

1
6
=8
8
5

6.4 4

5 3
5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30
L/h L/h
(a) n=0.5 (b) n=5
Figure 2. Variation of parameter μ1 with aspect ratio L/h of FG microbeam.

20 70

14 50
1

2

8 30
2 1
0 10 1
5.5 0
2.5  2.5 5.5
5 10 5 10
n n 

150 160

106 125
3

4

63 100

20 50
0 1 1
2.5 5.5 0
2.5 5.5
5 10  n 5 10 
n

Figure 3. Variation of the first four frequency parameters with

index n and scale parameter η of FG microbeam for L/h=20.

The variation of the first four frequency parameters with the gradient index n and the scale
parameter η is depicted in Figure 3 for an aspect ratio L/h=20. As observed from Fig. 3, the dependence
of the higher frequency parameters on the index n and the parameter η is similar to that of the
fundamental frequency parameter. All the four frequency parameters are increased with decrease of the
gradient index and the scale parameter.
4.3. Dynamic response
The influence of the material distribution and the microstructural effect on the dynamic magnification
factor Dd of the FG microbeam is presented in Table 5 for v=50 m/s and different values of the aspect
ratio. The table shows a significant influence of both the microscale parameter and the material index
on the dynamic factor Dd of the FG microbeam. The factor Dd is increased when increasing the
microscale parameter η and the material index n, irrespective of the aspect ratio.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

Table 5. Dynamic factors of FG microbeam for v=50 m/s and different aspect ratios.
L/h η n=0.2 n=0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5 n=10
10 1 0.0444 0.0587 0.0751 0.0962 0.1303 0.1608
2 0.1102 0.1415 0.1767 0.2186 0.2937 0.3440
4 0.1801 0.2292 0.2791 0.3285 0.4302 0.5294
8 0.2173 0.2734 0.3199 0.3795 0.4956 0.5958
20 1 0.0410 0.0534 0.0694 0.0867 0.1237 0.1489
2 0.1089 0.1402 0.1682 0.2131 0.2961 0.3624
4 0.1744 0.2312 0.2877 0.3500 0.4402 0.5093
8 0.2204 0.2840 0.3422 0.4025 0.4883 0.5517
50 1 0.0432 0.0575 0.0718 0.0859 0.1240 0.1616
2 0.1086 0.1539 0.2070 0.2766 0.3952 0.5016
4 0.2252 0.3040 0.3865 0.4852 0.6543 0.8221
8 0.2892 0.3821 0.4745 0.5814 0.7681 0.9646

0.3 0.3
(a)
(b)
st

0.2
st

0.2
w(L/2,t)/w

w(L/2,t)/w

0.1 0.1

0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
t/ T t/  T
0.3 0.36
(c) (d)
st

st

0.2 0.24
w(L/2,t)/w

w(L/2,t)/w

0.1 0.12

0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
t/ T t/  T

=1 =2 =4 =8

Figure 4. Time histories for mid-span deflection of FG microbeam

for L/h=20, n=0.5 and different microscale parameters: (a) v=25 m/s,
(b) v=50 m/s, (c) v=75 m/s, (d) v=100 m/s.

In Figure 4, the time histories for mid-span deflection of the FG microbeam are shown for L/h=20,
n=0.5 and different values of the microscale parameter η and the moving mass velocity v. One can see
from Figure 4 the significant influence of the mass velocity on the way the beam oscillates. The number
of vibration cycles the beam executes tends to be lesser when it is under the mas with a higher moving
velocity. The microscale parameter, as seen from Figure 4, also has an important effect on the time
histories of the microbeam, and the mid-span deflection is larger for the beam associated with the higher
microscale parameter, regardless of the moving mass velocity.

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

0.5

0.4

0.3
d
D

0.2

0.1 Figure 5. Variation of the dynamic

factor Dd of with the index n and scale
0
5 parameter η of FG microbeam for
10
L/h=20, v=50 m/s.
2.5 5.5
n

0 1

Figure 5 shows the variation of the dynamic factor Dd with the gradient index n and the microscale
parameter η of the FG microbeam for L/h=20, v=50 m/s. Obviously, the factor Dd is increased with the
increase of the index n and the microscale parameter η. The effects of the microscale parameter η and
the aspect ratio L/h on the relation between factor Dd with the moving mass velocity are depicted in
Figure 6a and Figures 6b, respectively, for n=0.5. One can see from the figures that the factor Dd
approaches a peak value after undergoing a period of repeated increase and decrease. The repeadly
increasing and decreasing period of the factor Dd is the same for different values of the microscale
parameter (Figure 6a), and this period finishes faster for a larger aspect ratio (Figure 6b).

0.6 0.4
(a) L/h=20 (b) =3

0.475 0.325
d

0.35 0.25
D

0.225 0.175
L/h=10, 20, 30, 50
 =2, 4, 6, 8
0.1 0.1
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
v (m/s) v (m/s)

Figure 6. Relation between the dynamic factor Dd with the mass velocity v of FG
microbeam for n=0.5 and different values of microscale marameter η and aspect ratio
L/h: (a) L/h=20, η is variable, (b) μ =3, L/h is variable.

The thickness distribution of axial stress of the FG microbeam is depicted in Figure 7 for L∕h =20,
v=50 m/s and different values of the gradient index n and the scale parameter η. The axial stress is
obtained at the time when the mass arrives at the beam mid-span, and it is normalized by  0  mg bh ,
namely  xx*  L / 2, z    xx  L / 2, z   0 . The result in Figure 7a shows that the axial stress increases by
increasing the index n. On the other hand, the scale parameter also has a signification effect on the stress

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TISDIC 2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

distribution, and as seen from Figure 7b, the stress amplitude is increased by increasing the microscale
parameter η.

0.5 0.5
(a) =2 (b) n=0.5

0.25 0.25
z/h

z/h
0 0

n=0.5 =1
-0.25 n=1 -0.25 =2
n=2 =4
n=5 =8
-0.5 -0.5
-50 -33 -17 0 16 -50 -33 -17 0 16
 *xx (L/2,z)  *xx (L/2,z)
Figure 7. Thickness distribution of axial stress of FG microbeam for L∕h =20, v=50 m/s and
different values of gradient index n and microscale parameter η: (a) η=2, n is variable, (b)
n=0.5, η is variable.

5. Conclusions

Vibration analysis of the FG microbeam carrying a moving mass has been carried out on the basis of
the Timoshenko beam theory and the modified couple stress theory. The material properties of the
microbeam are graded in the beam thickness by a power-law distribution, and they are estimated by the
Mori-Tanaka scheme. The differential equations of motion of the FG microbeam are derived by using
Hamilton’s principle, and they are transferred to a discretized from by the aid of a two-node Timoshenko
beam element. Vibration characteristics, including the natural frequencies, the time histories for mid-
span deflection, the dynamic magnification factors and the stress distribution are computed for the
microbeam with simply supported ends. The numerical investigations reveal that both the material
inhomogeneity and the microscale parameter have an important role on the vibration of the microbeam.
While the natural frequencies of the beam are underestimated by ignoring the microscale parameter, the
dynamic magnification factor is overestimated when ignore this parameter. The effects of the material
distribution, the microscale parameter, the aspect ratio as well as the moving mass velocity on the
vibration characteristics of the FG microbeam have been investigated and discussed in detailed.

Acknowledgement
The work presented in this article was supported by Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), Grant number CT0000.01/23-24.
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289 (2023) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012002

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