SIMON DIEDONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND INTEGRATED

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (UBIDS)

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

CSC505: Advance Operating systems

Dr. Ernest Ganaa

ASSIGNMENT

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Mubashir-Ahmed, Iddrisu Bamie

bamie147@gmail.com

Student ID

PG0124321

10TH MAY, 2022

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 1. (a) The operating systems has so many functions, which includes;

 Keeping track of information, its location, status and enforces access permissions

set by users

 Keeping track of memory, which parts are in use and which parts are free for easy

allocation. An Operating System keeps track of primary memory, which part of

memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have

already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not yet

been allocated

 Keeping track of processes and the status of each process, the resource demands

of each process. The resource demands of each process are handled by the OS.

The OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and

how much processing time each process has.

(b) A virtual machine (VM) is an Operating system (OS) that imitates a computer hardware

when installed. The user experience on a virtual machine is the same as the dedicated hardware.

VMs provide an isolated environment for running its own OS and applications independently

from the host system. Some reasons why users will prefer a virtual machine to a real machine

are:

i. A single physical machine can run many virtual machines, each of which appears to be a

complete machine.

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ii. Another use of virtualization is for end users who want to be able to run two or more operating

systems at the same time, say Windows and Linux, because some of their favorite application

packages run on one and some run on the other.

iii. The VM depends on the host physical resources but these resources are virtualized and can be

reassigned across the VM and this makes it possible to run different environments from the host.

iv. Virtualization streamlines disaster recovery by replicating your servers in the cloud. Since

VMs are independent of the underlying hardware, organizations do not need the same physical

servers offsite to facilitate a secondary recovery site. In the event of a disaster, employees can be

back online quickly with a cost-effective backup and disaster recovery solution.

(c). The microkernel known for high reliability because they splitting the operating system up

into small, well-defined modules, only one of which—the microkernel—runs in kernel mode and

the rest run as relatively power less ordinary user processes. In particular, by running each device

driver and file system as a separate user process, a bug in one of these can crash that component,

but cannot crash the entire system. But in a monolithic system with all the drivers in the kernel, a

buggy audio driver can easily reference an invalid memory address, crash the entire system and

bring the system to a grinding halt instantly.

(d). In terms of efficiency when it comes to virtualization, a type 1 hypervisor is considered to

be most efficient because it runs directly on the host machine's physical hardware without

loading the underlying operating system, and it is referred to as a bare-metal hypervisor. Type 1

hypervisors often provide support for software-defined storage and networking, which creates

additional security and portability for virtualized workloads. The typical type 1 hypervisor can

scale to virtualize workloads across several terabytes of RAM and hundreds of CPU cores. Also,

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type 1 hypervisors allow for over-allocation of physical resources. VMs themselves do not

consume all the RAM you allocate to them. In fact, they only use the amount of RAM needed to

perform specific tasks. That is why they are resource efficient but a type 2 hypervisor is typically

installed on top of an existing operating system. It is sometimes called a hosted hypervisor

because it relies on the host machine's preexisting operating system to manage calls to CPU,

memory, storage and network resources and do not have direct access to the host hardware and

resources, all hypervisor and VM activities must pass through the host OS, which inevitably

results in latency and wasted resources. In addition, security flaws and vulnerabilities in the host

OS could potentially compromise all VMs running on it hence inefficient as compared to type 1

hypervisors. For these reasons, type 1 hypervisor is more efficient than type 2 hypervisor.

(e). It is unwise to give user processes the power to turn off interrupts because if one of the

processes turn the interrupts off and never turned them on again, that could be the end of the

system. This is the reason why it is unwise to let user processes turn interrupt off themselves.