INTRODUCING

THE OPERATING SYSTEM

What is an Operating
System?
Operating System (OS)

 is the engine behind the utility value of

computers and smartphones.
 refers the software that allows the
computer to run.
 it is an interface between a computer user
and computer hardware
 It manages the computer’s memory,
processes, application software and
hardware components

EXAMPLES: Linux Operating System,

Windows Operating System
 Operating System

1. Acts as interpreter

OS

copy 01100011 01101111 01110000 01111001

2. Acts as a Manager

Power On Self Test

 TWO (2) COMPONENTS TO MANAGE
COMPUTER PROGRAM & APPLICATIONS

1. KERNEL
 serves as the inner core components
that processed data at the hardware
level.
 It handles activities such as input/output
management
2. SHELL
 serves as the outer layer that manages the
interactions between the user & the operating
system
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Provide a user interface and
input/output management.
(allows people to access and command the computer system)
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Provide a degree of hardware
independence
(Programmers can use API to create application software. It allow
us to access & command computer system)
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Manage system memory
(OS controls how memory is accessed and maximize available
memory and storage)

 OS ensures that the

blocks of memory
space are properly
manage and allocated
 It controls how
memory being
accessed & maximize
those memory and its
storage
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Processing Tasks )

(OS controls how memory is accessed and maximize available

memory and storage)

 OS allocate space to
enable computer
processes such as
storing and sharing
information.
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES

Performs Multitasking and Multithreading

Multitasking Multithreading

It allows user to perform more It is the ability to handle multiple

than 1 computer tasks request from users without requiring
multiple programs running on your
computer.
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Perform common computer hardware
functions
(Acts as intermediary between application and the hardware)
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES

 Networking Capability
(Computers can join together in a network to send and receive data)
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 Access to system resources and
security
(It provides a high level of security against unauthorize uses of data)
 OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
 File Management
(It ensures that secondary storage are available whenever we need it)
 It allows to understand the
inner workings of the device.

Why is it
It enables to fix minor issues
Important of the device

to know the
Operating It improves the coding skills

System?
It allows to determine what
operating system is best for
the activities
Types of
Operating System
Batch Operating
Time -sharing or
multitasking
Systems
operating systems

Distributed Operating Network Operating

System Systems

Real-Time Operating Mobile Operating System

Systems
 Batch Operating
System
 It does not have a direct link with the
computer

 It divides and allocates similar tasks

into batches for easy processing and
faster response

 It is appropriate for lengthy and time-

consuming tasks

Examples: Payroll System, Bank Statements, etc.

 Batch Operating System
Advantages Disadvantages

Users can share batch systems Challenging to debug

Little idle time Any failure creates a backlog

Manage large workloads Costly to install

Easy to estimate how long a task Costly to maintain
will take to be completed
 Time-sharing Operating
System
 Also known as multitasking OS

 Works by allocating time to a

particular task and switching
between tasks frequently

 Allows to complete work in the

system simultaneously

Examples: Multics, Unix, etc

 Time-sharing Operating
Advantages
System Disadvantages
Quick response during task Problem in user’s data security
performance

Minimizes the idle time of the System failure can lead to widespread
processor failures

All tasks get an equal chance of being Problems in data communication may
accomplished arise

Reduces the chance of software No assurance of user programs integrity

duplication
 Distributed Operating
System
 Based on autonomous but interconnected
computers communicating with each other
via communication lines or a shared network

 Each autonomous system has its own

processor that may differ in size and function.

 It serves multiple applications and multiple

users in real-time

Examples : LOCUS, etc.

 Distributed Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Allow remote working If the primary network fails, the entire system
shuts down

Allow faster exchange of data among users Expensive to install

Failure in one site may not cause much Require a high level of expertise to maintain
disruption to the system

Reduce delays in data processing

Minimize the load on the host computer

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 Network Operating
 An OS installedSystem
on a server
providing uses with the
capability to manage data,
use groups and applications
 Enables users to access and
share files and devices such
printers, security software and
other applications

 Mostly used in a local area

network
Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server
2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
 Network Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Provide high stability on centralized Require regular updates and maintenance
servers

Security issues are easier to handle Servers are expensive to buy and maintain
through the servers

Easy to upgrade and integrate new User’s reliance on a central server might be
technologies detrimental to workflows

Remote access to the servers is possible

 Real Time
Operating
 provide support System
to real-time systems
that require observance of strict time
requirements.

 These processes include operating

missile systems, medical systems or
air traffic control systems, where
delays may lead to loss of life and
property.

Examples: Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,

industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, etc.
 Real Time
Operating
Advantages
Use device and systems maximally
SystemDisadvantages
Low capacity to run tasks
simultaneously
Allow fast shifting from one task to Use heavy system resources
another
Focus is on current tasks Run on complex algorithms that are
not easy to understand
Used in embedded systems Unsuitable for thread priority due to
system’s inability to switch tasks
OS is meticulously programmed,
hence free of errors
Allow easy allocation of
memory
 IoT Operating

System
Enables IoT devices to interact with cloud services over a
global network within the tight parameters of limited memory
bandwidth, data volumes and processing power.

 Type of embedded OS designed to enable data transfer over

the Internet.
Sample
IoT OS

Tizen

Microspython
 IoT Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Provides smart homes Hackers may gain access to the system

Road safety Rely heavily on the internet

Effective electricity usage We lose control of our lives – our lives will be
fully controlled and reliant on technology

Personal assistance With complexity leads to many ways of failure

Customer tracking system Unskilled workers are at high risk of losing their
jobs
 Mobile Operating
System
 It run exclusively on small devices such as smartphones,
tablets and wearables.

 The system combines the features of a personal

computer with additional features useful for a handheld
device.
 Mobile Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Most systems are easy for Mobile OS put a heavy drain on
users to learn and operate a device’s battery, requiring
frequent recharging
Some systems are not user
friendly
 Activity 1: Issues
 What are the hardware and software issues that
leads to the fast evolution of an operating
system?
 How the developers resolved those issues?
 Activity 2: OS Selection
 What are the parameters of selecting the most suitable Operating Systems for:
a) Desktop
b) Mobile Devices
c) Smart phones
d)IoT devices

Requirements:
1) Discuss in your own words
2) Provide references as proof of your claims