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Experiment No. 4
IMPACT TEST

Agtarap, Ralfh Vincent

Antonio, Thomas Jefferson E.
Arellano, Jeah Magna
Ariola, Jose Luiz Cruzat
Ayala, John Felix Espinosa

Date performed
June 08, 2022
Date Submitted
June 09, 2022

Engr. Gonzalo Salvador Jr

Professor
 Experiment No. 4
IMPACT TEST

I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the principles and methods of Impact Testing.
2. To determine the energy absorbed and impact toughness of selected material using
Charpy impact tester.
II. MATERIALS:
Low carbon steel 12.7 mm Ø
Cast iron 12.7 mm Ø
Copper 12.7 mm Ø

III. PROCEDURE:
1. Partially elevate the hammer of the tester to provide space for the placement of the
specimen.
2. Place the specimen carefully.
3. Elevate the hammer to desired lifting angle.
4. Set the indicating needle to zero.
5. While observing safety precaution, release the hammer by tapping the hammer lock
lever.
6. Read the hammer swing up angle.
7. Determine the energy absorbed by the specimen and impact toughness of the
specimen using the formula:

a. E = WR (cos β - cos α)
E: Energy absorbed by the material (Joule)

W: Weight of hammer
E R: Length of hammer arm
b. IT = α: Hammer lift angle
MCA β: Hammer swing-up angle

IT: Impact Toughness (J/cm2)

MCA: Materials cross-sectional area
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

An impact test is used to examine the mechanics that a material will exhibit when
it is subjected to a shock loading that causes the specimen to deform, fracture, or fully
rupture. To perform this test, a known weight in the shape of a pendulum is released from
a known height and collides with the specimen with a sudden force. Although the specimen
is often destroyed when the weight and specimen collide, the energy transfer between the
two is used to evaluate the material's fracture mechanics.
The Charpy V-notch test, the Izod test, and the Tensile Impact test are the three
most common forms of impact tests. These three tests essentially determine the same
material properties, but they differ in the orientation of the test sample, which causes the
sample to be stressed in different directions, and they all involve a known weight released
from a known height colliding with the specimen in its test fixture. All of these tests are
valuable in assessing the test specimen's impact mechanics.
The Charpy impact test, also called the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high
strain rate test that assesses how much energy a material absorbs during fracture. The
amount of energy absorbed by a material is a measure of its notch toughness. It is frequently
used in industry because it is simple to prepare and conduct, with quick and inexpensive
results. The fact that certain outcomes are just comparative is a drawback.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
The table 1 shows the result of the experiment.

Specimen

Low Carbon
Cast Iron Copper
Steel

Diameter in mm 12.7 12.7 12.7

𝑀 using 𝐴 = in cm2 1.267 1.267 1.267

𝐶𝐴

Weight of hammer (W) in N 256.052 256.052 256.052

Length of hammer arm (R) in m 0.6345 0.6345 0.6345

Hammer lift angle (α) 140° 140° 140°

Hammer swing-up angle (β) 85° 95° 40°

𝐸 = 𝑊𝑅(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) in J 138.615 110.296 248.911

𝐸
𝐼𝑇 = in J/cm2 109.404 87.053 196.457
𝑀𝐶𝐴

In the experiment, the weight of the hammer used was 256.052 N with the length
of 0.6345 m. It was lift in an angle of 140° and have a swing-up angle of 85°, 95°, 40° for
low carbon steel, cast iron, and copper respectively.
Copper has the highest energy absorbed and impact toughness, with results of
248.911 J and 196.457 J/cm2 respectively. Low carbon steel resulted with 138.615 J of
energy absorbed and 109.404 J/cm2 impact toughness. And cast iron with the lowest result
of 110.296 J energy absorbed and 87.053 J/cm2 impact toughness.

V. CONCLUSION:
Charpy impact tester utilizes a hammer with a constant length and weight to be
lifted at a fixed angle and to be swung onto the specimen with a fixed notch configuration
and constant cross-sectional area. The energy absorbed by the specimen and its impact
 toughness is measured with the help of a built-in push rod and a needle pointer to be pointed
towards the resulting swing-up angle that the hammer took. The higher the swing-up angle
was, the lower the energy absorption and the impact toughness that the specimen has.

Among the three specimens, copper has the highest computed energy absorption of
248.911 J and the highest impact toughness of 196.324 J/cm2, making it an ideal material
for the toughest purpose. On the other hand, cast iron has the lowest computed energy
absorption of 110.296 J and the lowest impact toughness of 87.053 J/cm2. If we base the
outcome of this experiment from the previous one, Experiment 3, where we tested the
hardness of copper and its alloys, brass, and bronze using Vickers Hardness tester, copper
got the lowest hardness number. With this data, we can conclude that there is an inverse
relationship between hardness and toughness, the harder the material, the less tough it
becomes. Hard materials can be brittle when a large force is applied onto their surface.

VI. COMPUTATIONS:

𝝅𝒅𝟐
• For 𝑴 𝑪𝑨 wherein 𝑨 =
𝟒

𝜋(12.7mm)2 1𝑐𝑚 2
𝑨= ( )
4 10𝑚𝑚

𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐

Since the given specimens have equal diameter, the

𝑴𝑪𝑨 is 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐

• For E wherein 𝑬 = 𝑾𝑹(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶)

Low Carbon Steel Cast Iron Copper

𝑬 = 256.052N(0.6345m) 𝑬 = 256.052N(0.6345m) 𝑬 = 256.052N(0.6345m)

(cos (85°) − cos (140°)) (cos (95°) − cos (140°)) (cos (40°) − cos (140°))
𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐍 · 𝐦 or 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝐍 · 𝐦 or 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝐍 · 𝐦 or
𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐉 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝐉 𝟐𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝐉
 𝑬
• For IT wherein 𝑰𝑻 =
𝑴𝑪𝑨

Low Carbon Steel Cast Iron Copper

138.615 J 110.296 J 248.911 J

𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝑻 =
1.267 𝑐𝑚2 1.267 𝑐𝑚2 1.267 𝑐𝑚2
𝑱 𝑱 𝑱
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝑰𝑻 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝑰𝑻 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟓𝟕
𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐