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History:
Until The end of 19th century (Newtonian Mechanics).
1905 Einstein special Relativity (C play a fundamental role).It does not
modify distinction b/w matter & Radiation (referred as classical).
During the late 19th century experimental evidence accumulated new
concepts different from classical Mechanics. i.e Quantization of physical
quantities energy & Angular momentum, The particle properties of
radiation and the properties of matter. As velocity c plays a central role in
relativity so does in planks constant in quantum mechanics .
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Thermal Radiation
Concept of Photon
Thomas Youngs’s 1801 double slit experiment provides strong evidence that
visible light is wave like. i.e all radiation in EMS have wave like aspect (X ray
diffraction).
Another property of light is particle nature( Packet of energy E= hf) strongly
supported by Photo Electric effect , compton effect etc.
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The Concept of Photon
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Thermal radiation
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Thermal Radiation
• The solution to this difficulty was proposed in 1859 when
Kirchhoff consider cavity in solid body its wall at uniform
temperature with a small hole in its wall .
• The radiation emerging from the hole should not depend on the
material or the mode of construction of the cavity but depend only
on temperature .
• Now stefan- Boltzmann constructed above ist qualitative statements
quantitatively .
• I(T)= T4
• I(T) represents the total radiated power integral over all
wavelenghts.
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Experimental Results
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\
Rayleigh-Jeans Law I λ,T 2π cλ k T 4
B
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Planck’s Theory of Blackbody Radiation
•In 1900 Planck developed a theory of blackbody
radiation that leads to an equation for the intensity of
the radiation.
•This equation is in complete agreement with
experimental observations.
•He assumed the cavity radiation came from atomic
oscillations in the cavity walls.
•Planck made two assumptions about the nature of the
oscillators in the cavity walls
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Planck’s Assumptions
•The energy of an oscillator can have only certain discrete
values En.
– En = n h ƒ
• n is a positive integer called the quantum number
• ƒ is the frequency of oscillation
• h is Planck’s constant
– This says the energy is quantized.
– Each discrete energy value corresponds to a different quantum
state.
• Each quantum state is represented by the quantum number, n
The oscillators emit or absorb energy when making a transition from one
quantum state to another.
The entire energy difference between the initial and final states in the
transition is emitted or absorbed as a single quantum of radiation.
An oscillator emits or absorbs energy only when it changes quantum states.
The energy carried by the quantum of radiation is E = h ƒ.
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Question(s)
• Why classical physics doesn’t explain the Black
body radiation?
• Why we can not see objects in dark?
• What causes stefan use T4 not other power?
• Example of Black body radiation in universe.
• Why wiens law called wiens displacement law?
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