LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

MITTAL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Name of the faculty member ;DR.Arun kaushal

Course Code:-MGN206 Course Title:-Research Methodology

Academic Task No:-1 Academic Task Title:-Assignment no-1

Date of Allotment:-10/09/2021 Date of Submission:-30/09/2021

Student Roll No:-RQ2011B63 Student Reg No:-12011383

Term:-3 Section:-Q2011

Max. Marks:-30 Marks. Obtained:-

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from any other students’ work or from any other source except where due
acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by
any other person.

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Student’ Signature:-Sahil yadav

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General Observations Suggestions for Improvement Best part of

assignment

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 E-WASTE MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT;

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing pollution problems worldwide given
the presence if a variety of toxic substances which can contaminate the environment and
threaten human health.E-waste management system in developed countries due to many
country specific issues viz. socio-economic conditions, lack of infrastructure, absence of
appropriate legislations for Ewaste, approach and commitments of the concerned, etc.E-
waste management system and has recycled 11 kg/capita of WEEE against the target of 4
kg/capita set by EU. And based on the discussions of various approaches, laws, legislations,
practices of different countries, a road map for the development of sustainable and effective
E-waste management system in India for ensuring environment, as well as, occupational
safety and health, is proposed. The key to success in terms of e-waste management is to
develop eco-design devices, properly collect e-waste, recover and recycle material by safe
methods, dispose of e-waste by suitable techniques, forbid the transfer of used electronic
devices to developing countries, and raise awareness of the impact of e-waste. No single
tool is adequate but together they can complement each other to solve this issue. A national
scheme such as EPR is a good policy in solving the growing e-waste problems.

KEYWORDS: Collection,Recycling,Reuse,e-waste

INTRODUCTION

Electronic waste or e-waste may be defined as discarded computers, office

electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television
sets, and refrigerators. This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse,
resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal as well as re-usables (working and repairable
electronics) and secondary scraps (copper, steel, plastic, etc.). The term "waste" is
reserved for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled,
including residue from reuse and recycling operations, because loads of surplus
electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable).
Several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus
electronics. Cathode ray tubess (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to
recycle. CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and phosphorss (not to be
confused with phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display. The United
States Environmental Protection Agencyy (EPA) includes 1 discarded CRT monitors in its
category of "hazardous household waste" but considers CRTs that have been set aside for
testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left
unprotected from weather and other damage, The EU and its member states operate a
system via the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) - a European Council Directive, which is
interpreted into "member state law".

TYPES OF E-WASTE

• Large household appliances (refrigerators/freezers, washing machines,

dishwashers)
• Small household appliances (toasters, coffee makers, irons, hairdryers)
Information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment (personal
computers, telephones, mobile phones, laptops, printers, scanners,
photocopiers)
• Consumer equipment (televisions, stereo equipment, electric toothbrushes)
• Lighting equipment (fluorescent lamps)
• Electrical and electronic tools (handheld drills, saws, screwdrivers)
• Toys, leisure and sports equipment
• Medical equipment systems (with the exception of all implanted and infected
products)
• Monitoring and control instruments
• Automatic dispensers.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. E-waste can be managed by developing ecodesign devices, properly collecting

e-waste, recover and recycle material by safe methods, dispose of e-waste by
suitable techniques, forbid the transfer of used electronic devices to
developing countries, and raise awareness of the impact of e-waste. No single
 tool is adequate but together they can complement each other to solve this
issue. A national scheme such as EPR is a good policy in solving the growing
e-waste problems. The manufacturers have to take responsibility for adopting
the guideline for manufacturing sound environment product and sustainability
management should be started from the product manufacturing stage i.e raw
material selection, product and process design can be the important factors for
the designed for environment practices, which can facilitate the recycling and
reuse. Manufacturer should also try and initiate a take back program to handle
the waste so that proper management and disposal of e-waste can be done.

2. In developing countries like India, China, Indonesia, Brazil, commercial

organizations tend to focus more on economic aspects rather than
environmental regulations of e- waste recycling. So, for the profitable recovery
of reusable materials and sustainable environment, the efficient recycling of
this waste has been rendered indispensable, and is considered as a challenge
for today’s society. government should introduce some topics related to
disposal of e-waste materials and its recycling and adverse effects of e-waste
on health of human body in Environmental Education as a compulsory subject
from lower to higher grades. The researcher realized recently that the education
system alone is a powerful medium to ensure environmental protection. It
should reach most parts of the population at a young age, and more e-waste
friendly behavior should be practiced on daily basis.

3. Electronic goods of the study area contributed an important role in extending

the life span of electronic goods and thus reduce the number of thrown away e-
goods. The study indicated that the high repair cost of the electronic goods and
availability of comparatively cheaper new electronic goods with more features
attracts the consumers towards the throw away culture, leading to
accumulation of obsolete electronic items. Strengthening of formal recycling of
e-waste is very essential for attaining sustainable development. Furthermore,
reuse also reduces the environmental impacts of technological artifacts by
increasing their life spans and thereby reducing the demand for new
equipment.

4. To manage e-waste are based on the principle of extended producer

responsibility (EPR). “EPR is defined as an environmental protection strategy
that makes the manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire life cycle
of the product and especially for the take back, recycling and final disposal of
the produce. It was Lindhqvist, who first proposed this environmental policy
strategy to manage ewaste, covering five parameters to be considered when
designing an EPR based e-waste management system, viz. legal regulation,
system coverage, system financing, producer responsibility, compliance. He
studied e-waste management in different countries through this framework and
showed how these parameters were closely interlinked and play an important
role in the effective management of WEEE. By shifting the responsibility of
 financial and infrastructure burdens to tackle the waste from the municipality
to the producers, EPR internalizes environmental externalities to a large extent.
This linking of the manufacture phase of the product with its disposal by EPR
encourages the manufacturers to go for better product design to enable easy
upgrading and recycling .India’s current E-waste scenario, namely magnitude
of the problem, environmental and health hazards, current disposal and
recycling operations, existing legal frame work organizations working on this
issue and recommendations for action.

5. Product style should be used to assist to reduce not solely the character and
quantity of waste, however conjointly to maximise end-of-life utilization.
Makers, retailers, users, and disposers ought to share responsibility for
reducing the environmental impacts of merchandise. A product-centred
approach ought to be adopted to preserve and shield setting. increasing market
for reused PCs in developing countries is allowing people to own PCs and
access technology at more affordable prices. Moreover, charitable
organizations, such as Computer Mentor, Computer Aid, World Computer
Exchange, Computers for Schools and others are expanding their boundaries
and providing used and refurbished computers to organizations (e.g., schools)
around the world. Furthermore, reuse also reduces the environmental impacts
of technological artifacts by increasing their life spans and thereby reducing
the demand for new equipment.on end-of-life management of e-waste
activities, such as reuse, servicing, remanufacturing, recycling and disposal,
upstream reduction of e-waste generation through green design and cleaner
production must be introduced to enhance a sustainable e-waste management
system .

6. Government should introduce some topics related to disposal of e-waste

materials and its recycling and adverse effects of e-waste on health of human
body in Environmental Education as a compulsory subject from lower to
higher grades. The researcher realized recently that the education system alone
is a powerful medium to ensure environmental protection. It should reach most
parts of the population at a young age, and more e-waste friendly behavior
should be practiced on daily basis repair shops of electronic goods of the study
area contributed an important role in extending the life span of electronic
goods and thus reduce the number of thrown away e-goods. The study
indicated that the high repair cost of the electronic goods and availability of
comparatively cheaper new electronic goods with more .There have been a
growing number of environmental policies and legislations in many countries
in the last two decades, considering on the process of producing a new product
with the main goal to mitigate the environmental influences deriving from the
product. These policies and regulations are mainly adopted from the
fundamentals unit.
7. Many states in the U.S have made efforts to collect and recycle e-waste from
private houses and business sectors. For example, a law in California State has
passed to charge consumer fees, namely advanced recycling fees, when
products are purchased. for collecting monitors, televisions and laptops. In
2020, the Electronic Product Recycling Law was introduced by the Washington
State. This law aims to require producers of computer and television products
to implement recycling system throughout the state with no fee to residential,
local businesses, local municipalities, charitable organizations and schools.
Moreover, more than 800 local communities have created e-waste collection
events, which is an essential role in.To manage e-waste successfully, it is
important that the development of eco-design equipment, properly e-waste
collection, recycling valuable materials by using appropriate techniques,
disposing e-waste accordingly, preventing the illegal trade used electronic
devices to developing countries, and raising public awareness towards the
detrimental impacts of e-waste should be considered and implemented.

8. Almost all e-wastes contain some form of recyclable material, including

plastic, glass, and metals; however, due to improper disposal methods and
techniques these materials cannot be retrieved for other purposes. If e-waste is
dismantled and processed in a crude manner, its toxic constituents can wreak
havoc on the human body. Processes such as dismantling components, wet
chemical processing, and incineration are used to dispose the waste and result
in direct exposure and inhalation of harmful chemicals. Safety equipment such
as gloves and face masks are not widely used, and workers often lack the
knowledge and experience required to carry out their jobs properly. In addition
to this, manual extraction of toxic metals leads to entering of dangerous
material in the bloodstream of the individual doing so. The health hazards
range from kidney and liver damage to neurological disorders. Recycling of e-
waste scrap is polluting the water, soil, and the air. Burning to retrieve metal
from wires and cables has led to the emission of brominated and chlorinated
dioxins as well as carcinogens which pollute the air and, thereby, cause cancer
in humans and animals. Toxic chemicals that have no economic value are
simply dumped during the recycling process. These toxic chemicals leach into
underground aquifer thereby degrading the local groundwater quality and
rendering the water unfit for human consumption as well as agricultural
purposes. When e-waste is dumped in landfills, the lead, mercury, cadmium,
arsenic, and PCBs make the soil toxic and unfit for agricultural purposes.

9. .Three Rs Reduce,Reuse and Recycle which classifies waste management

strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The
waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits
from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste; see:
resource recovery.The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because
the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the
 generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative
uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next is
recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery
and waste-to-energy The final action is disposal, in landfills or through
incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for
waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered.The waste
hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the
sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy
represents latter parts of the life-cycle for each product
10.
At present, Design for Environment (DfE) is attracting much attention in the
world as a new method to solve environmental pollution. DfE principle in the
product design is a process to significantly reduce the environmental impact of
products being put into the market. It is often seen that the robust rules in India
are ineffective due to slack implementation.
The citizens have a very important role to play in e-waste management. We
casually throw many small gadgets along with dumped waste and many people
openly burn those accumulated waste. A number of hazardous substances such
as dioxins and furans are released in the process which we breathe. This is a
very unhealthy practice, which we should immediately stop. Some of the very
progressive Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) have separate bins clearly
marked for collecting e-wastes. All the other residential societies should follow
this practice. Students and Women SHGs can be mobilized for this activity in
their respective RWAs.This technique might eliminate waste disposal prices,
scale back staple prices and supply financial gain from a in demand waste.
Waste is recovered on-the-scene, or at an off-site recovery facility, or through
put down trade exchange. Variety of physical and chemical techniques like
reverse diffusion, electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery, filtration,
activity etc are accessible to reclaim a stuff. As an example, a printed-circuit
board manufacturer will use electrolytic recovery to reclaim metals from
copper and tin-lead plating bathtub. However, usage of risky merchandise has
very little environmental profit if it merely moves the hazards into secondary
merchandise, that eventually ought to be disposed of. Unless the goal is to
revamp the merchandise to use non-hazardous materials, such usage may be a
false resolution.This will create a more efficient national e-waste management
system. In this scenario, the e-Market for returned deposit system will be the
mechanism for residential customers to dispose of their devices in a way that
motivates collection, recycle and reuse of e-waste. The volume of obsolete
electronics thrown out or temporarily stored for later disposal is already a
serious problem. Land filling, exporting, re-using and recycling are the
currently used processes. The overwhelming majority of the world’s hazardous
waste is generated by industrialized market economies. Exporting this waste to
less developed countries has been one way in which the industrialized world
has avoided having to deal with the problem of expensive disposal and close
public scrutiny at home. Exporting of e-waste is profitable and cheaper because
of labor costs and regulations offshore are lax compared to developed countries
law. Shipping monitors to poor countries for reclamation is 10 times cheaper
than recycling the same units at home. Due to horrific working conditions and
weak labor standards in many developing countries where e-waste is sent,
women, children and prisoners are often occupied and directly exposed to Pb
and other toxic materials when they manually dismantle the EEE to recover
valuable parts for resell. The open burning, acid baths and toxic dumping into
the land, air and water expose the men, women and children of poor peoples to
poison. These operations are likely to be seriously harming human health. Free
trade in hazardous wastes leaves the poorer people of the world with an
untenable choose between poverty and poison. This e-waste practice should not
be encouraged. Basel Convention banned the export of toxic
components/hazardous e-waste from rich countries to poor countries.E-waste
issues will be more intense in the future if proper steps are not taken to
mitigate its generation. Hence, this paper aims to review two common tools
including Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR) and e-waste recycling policies which have been applied in order to
tackle and manage e-waste in some degrees in some nations. The qualitative
analysis is used for the research methodology. Several types of documents such
as conference papers, journal articles, reports and regulations were collected
and analysed in this paper. LCA has been considered to forecast the influence
of ewaste and e-waste management in Asian countries. for example, applied
LCA to assess recycling activities of waste home appliances in terms of
environmental and financial aspects. The results showed that in the
environmental aspect, glass and circuit boards accounted for the highest score,
followed by iron, copper, aluminum, and plastic, respectively. Regarding
financial factor, recycling copper was the highest recycling prospective,
followed by iron, glass, circuit board, aluminum, and plastic. In addition, the
percentage of a used computer recycled and assessing the environmental
influence were conducted by the study . They considered two options: landfill
or recycling for disposal. Their outcomes concluded that recycling is a better
choice for disposal compared to sending waste to landfill. In conducted a study
about some options (e.g., sending second-hand market, recycling practice,
burning, or landfill) for handling EoL computers with the consideration of
environmental and economic aspects. They suggested that companies should
pay more attention to the improvement of recycling technologies and changes
their mind sets in product design rather than focusing on recovery and
recycling. In Japan, Nakamura and Kondo applied both the LCA tool and life-
cycle cost analysis that compared two options: recycling and landfill for e-
waste treatment. They concluded that landfill practice is cheaper compared to
recycling but the former leads to higher environmental damage and carbon
generated. They suggested that to reduce the cost of recycling, a proper
implementation of design for disassembly should be applied. The quantity of
electronic wastes can be controlled if there is a sustainable integrated technique
in managing the electronic waste. Sustainable integrated technique should
consider electronic wastes management from the production until its disposal
point. Implementation of new Legislation and Act should also be considered by
the authority as to develop human capital in managing electronic waste. The
combination of human capital with a sustainable technique for managing
electronic waste will lead to efficiency in managing electronic wastes in the
future. This variable reflects on individual awareness towards need to dispose
the laptop in proper manner. The operationalization of the variable concerning
on environment issue, social issue, laptop usage stage and laptop disposal
practice. The items to measure this variable include such as I fully convinced
on my laptop disposal practice; there is guilty feeling when doing the disposal
practice. some states are adopting e-waste regulations, but so far the U.S. does
not have a federal regulation that addresses the complete e-waste situation,
including residential and non-residential sectors. Federal level policies and
regulations present the best way to address the e-waste situation . as they will
overcome the lack of regulations in most states and will standardize regulations
and policies in the country. This will create a more efficient national e-waste
management system. In this scenario, the e-Market for returned deposit system
will be the mechanism for residential customers to dispose of their devices in a
way that motivates collection, recycle and reuse of e-waste. confirmed that the
public awareness and cooperation of manufactures are essential for the
advancement of e-waste management system. And also it is the responsibility
of government to allocate sufficient grants and protecting the internationally
agreed environmental legislations within their borders. Licensing of
certification like estewardship may ensure the security to prevent illegal
smugglers and handlers of e-waste. As e-wastes are the known major source of
heavy metals, hazardous chemicals and carcinogens, certainly diseases related
to skin, respiratory, intestinal, immune, and endocrine and nervous systems
including cancers can be prevented by proper management and disposal of e-
waste.

Research Objectives

Evaluate EU policy and legislation (Waste Framework Directive) options

and opportunities related to waste management collection practices.

Develop appropriate environmental assessment, implementation and

monitoring activities related to different waste collection methodologies
and the respective benefits to improve current waste management
practices.

Reduce environmental impact comparing with current methodologies

Increase waste recycling level and citizens’ cooperation
Reduce investment and operational costs, noise and traffic problems

Demonstrate the optimization of waste management practices (Local

Action Plans) through the implementation of the EWAS model at a local
areas. .

Increase the awareness of new waste collection methodologies, provide

training and disseminate information for the active participation of local
stakeholders.

Methodology

• Study the effect of E-waste impacts for both human beings as well as
environment.

• Study the methods which are available for the management of E-Waste in
India and to find the hazardous effects associated with it
.
• The challenges in which India is facing during recycling and to suggest a
formal method of recycling.

Research outcomes

The paper aims to define and analyze the main areas of research on
electrical and electronic waste, while offering a broader analysis of the
relevant literature in order to summarize the information available and to
create common knowledge. Based on this few key points were observed.
Firstly, many countries don’t have any standardized method to estimate e-
waste generation. Further, there is a need to implement and frame polices
for proper e-waste management in developing countries so as to solve
environmental issues related to informal recycling practice. There is a
need for developing a legal framework for the management of this waste
fraction is one of the challenges for the policy makers in developing
countries. Awareness programs should be generated and training should
be provided in handling e-waste.

REFERENCES;
Binegde, G. H., Nair, A. S., & Zuberi, M. I. . Electronic Waste Generation
and Its Management in Bole and Akaki Kaliti Sub cities of Addis Ababa
Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 46-51.
Bishnoi, V. N., & Shah, T. . E-Waste: A New Environmental Challenge,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and
Software Engineering, 4(2), 442- 447.
Singh, A., S. Singh, and A. Kumar, Study of mechanical properties and
absorption behaviour of coconut shell powder-epoxy composites.
International Journal of Materials Science and Applications,. 2(5): p. 157-
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[1] Sirkeck Gulshan, Gaurav Gupta :Managing E-waste in India,
India