Balog Monedas Arabes

SHAJAR AL-DURR
648 H. = 1250 A.D.
Shajar al-Durr's coins are all exceedingly rare, designed in the best Ayyūbid tradition
and style. Her title to the throne is based on her having been a wife of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's
and the mother of the long dead heir al-Manṣūr Khalīl. Only two dinars and a handful of
dirhems are known.
All the marginal legends run counter-clockwise.
Gold
CAIRO, 648 H.
1. Border on both sides: circular line.
‫بالهدى ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬
‫كله الدين على ليظهره الحق ودين‬
Double circular line.
‫المومنين‬
‫الصالحية المسنعصمية‬
‫والدة المسلمين ملكة‬
‫خليل المنصور الملك‬
‫امير‬
‫الدينار هذا صرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية واربعين ثمان سنة بالقاهرة‬
‫االمام‬
‫المستعصم‬
‫عبد احمد ابو باهلل‬
‫المومنين امير هللا‬
••
BMC 469 (23, 4.40). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 231 (20, edges filed, 4.32). Plate I.
Silver
CAIRO, 648 H.
The few existing dirhems are all globular (dirhem nuqra), similar to the type introduced
by the Cairo mint after the 622 H. reform of the Ayyūbid al-Kāmil Muḥammad.
(‫ستماية( و واربعين ثمان‬
Circular line.
‫والدة الملك‬
‫المنصور‬
••
Circular line.
‫االمام‬
••
Balog, BIE 1952, no. 1 (14×18, 3.73) Plate I, a; no. 2 (13×19, 2.97) Plate I, b; no. 3 (13,
2.52); no. 4 (8×12, 0.72) Plate I, c. Balog (12×14, 3.04). ANS. BM.
Copper
Siouffi, in his Liste p. 78, describes a copper coin as follows:.
‫موسيى‬
‫العادل الملك‬
‫الدر شجرة‬
‫ايوب‬
‫الناصر االمام‬
Siouffi's attribution of this coin to Shajar al-Durr does not seem to be correct. Shajar al-
Durr is not known to have used her proper name on any official document, and the less
so on her coins. Her coin-protocol on the dinar is "al-Muṣta'ṣimīyah, al-Ṣāliḥīyah,
Malikat al-Muslimīn, Wālidat al-Malik al-Manṣūr" and on the dirhem simply "Wālidat
al-Malik al-Manṣūr." Besides, the Caliph al-Nāṣir died in 622 H. and the Caliph during
the queen's reign was al-Musta 'ṣim. This coin should rather be attributed to the
Ayyūbid al-'Ādil I. The obverse probably reads:
‫يوسف‬
‫العادل الملك‬
‫>الدين سيف‬
‫)ايوب )بن‬
AL-ASHRAF MUẒAFFAR AL-DĪN ABŪ'L-FATḤ MŪSÂ II

648–650 H. = 1250–1252 A.D.
Al-Ashraf Mūsâ's 1 coins are as rare as Shajar al-Durr's. Their style and the royal
protocol also are Ayyūbid. This is not astonishing, as he was the son of the last Ayyūbid
king of the Yemen. His coinage is, however, rightly incorporated into the Mamlūk
series, because he was appointed as a co-regent by Aybak, as a mere puppet to serve as
figurehead for Mamlūk political propaganda.
It is to be noted that all three of his coins bear his name alone, without mention of
Aybak. This clearly contradicts Maqrīzi who stated that after the nomination of the six
year old child to the throne, coins were issued in the two regents' joint names.
The marginal legends run counter-clockwise on all coins.
Gold
CAIRO, 649 H.
‫كله الدين على ليظهره الحق ودين‬
• ‫ايوب‬
‫الصالح الملك‬
‫االشرف الملك‬
‫موسى الفتح ابو‬

‫• • ابن‬
‫بالقاهرة الدينار هذا ضرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية واربعين تسع سنة‬
‫‪Double circular line.‬‬
‫االمام‬
‫باهلل ابو احمد عبد‬
‫هللا امير المومنين‬
‫••‬
‫‪Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (21, 4.99). Plate I.‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, 650 H.‬‬
‫‪4. As above.‬‬
‫‪Circular legend ends with:‬‬
‫‪ ...‬وستماية خمسين سنة بالقاهرة‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫االمام‬
‫•••‬
‫‪Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (22, 4.26). Plate I.‬‬
‫‪End Notes‬‬
The designation "Mūsâ II" (rather than "Mūsâ I") follows Zambaur's Manuel de
1 Généalogie in order to avoid confusion with the three other Ayyūbid princes of the
same name.
Silver
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
Globular dirhem
..... ‫ ودين بالهدى‬.....
Inner circle
‫الملك‬
‫االشرف‬
..... ‫ بالقاهر[ة‬.....
Inner circle.
‫االمام‬
Balog, BIE 1952, p. 426 (11×17, 2.30). Plate I.
AL-MU'IZZ 'IZZ AL-DĪN AYBAK

648–655 H. = 1250–1257 A.D.
(Coinage from 652 H. only)
Aybak's gold coins are very scarce; only seven dinars are known. His dirhems were
previously rare also, but since the Fayyūm hoard was discovered, many others have
come to light from this and other sources. Although de facto in power from 648 H. on,
he seems to have struck dirhems in his name for the first time in 652 H. They were
regularly issued each year afterwards. The only recorded date occurring on his dinars is
654 H.
As already pointed out in the introduction, Aybak wanted to maintain a semblance of

legitimacy on his coinage by inscribing al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's protocol, to which he simply
added his proper name. This was to make believe that he still functioned as a lieutenant
of the Ayyūbid king, now dead for several years.
The dinar is so similar to the coins of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb that until recently scholars were
under the impression that old dies of the Ayyūbid king had been recut for the new
Mamlūk issue. We have pointed out, however (Num. Circular, Spink, 1949, p. 610), that
it is impossible to recut a die and replace parts of the inscriptions and that especially
prepared new dies had to be cut for the purpose. Since the publication of my article, a
paper by J. Friedländer (ZfN 1883, p. 6) has come to my attention. Describing a dirhem
struck in Cairo, 653 H., this author had already recognized that the die in question had
been cut especially for Aybak.
Gold
All marginal legends counter-clockwise.
CAIRO, 654 H.
‫كله الدين على ليظهر الحق ودين‬
‫بن ايوب الدين نجم‬
‫الكامل الملك‬
‫ايبك‬
‫بالقاهرة الدينار هذا صرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية وخمسين اربع سنة‬
‫االمام‬
•••
Thorburn. BMC IX, 470a (20, 4.21).
ALEXANDRIA, 654 H.
7. As above.
As above, but marginal legend ends:
‫ وستماية وخمسين اربع سنة باسكندرية‬...
L 700 (21, 4.75) Plate I. BMC IX, 470 f (20, 3.82). BMC IV, 470 (23, 4.67) date
missing. Siouffi p. 18.
MINT AND DATE MISSING
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 233.
Silver
CAIRO
Similar to the wide-flan, Damascus-type dirhem of the Ayyūbids, with double, dotted
and linear square inscribed in double, dotted and linear circle. The marginal legend runs
counter-clockwise in the segments. All the legends are in Naskhi except Aybak's name,
written in elongated neo-Kufic. Aybak's "tamgha" separates his name from the royal
protocol: ∴ ∴
All the known dirhems are from the Cairo mint. Whereas the obverse is the same on all
coins, the marginal legend of the reverse is arranged differently for the various dates.
Obv. on all dirhems:
Segments:
B ‫ | بالهدى‬L ‫ | ارسله هللا ل‬T ‫ | رسو محمد هلل‬R ‫ا اال اله ال‬
Center:
‫ايوب الدين نجم‬
∴ ∴
‫ابيك‬
Rev. (segments):
652 H.
8. B ‫ | وستماية‬L ‫ | وخمسين اثنتين‬T ‫ | سنة بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens) Plate I, 8. BMC IX, 470m (20, 2.78).
Jungfleisch (21, 2.91).
653 H.
9. B ‫ | وستماية خمسين‬L ‫ | و ثلث سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (ten specimens) cf. Plate I. Khediv. 1465.
654 H.
10. B ‫ | ستماية خمسين‬L ‫ | و اربع سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens) Plate I. Khediv. 1466.
655 H.
A
11. B ‫ | ستماية‬L ‫ | وخمسين خمس سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens). ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.80); (21,
2.74); (20, 2.84).
12. B ‫ | ستماية‬L ‫ | وخمسين خمس‬T ‫ | سنة بالقاهرة‬R ‫ضرب هللا بسم‬
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44. Plate I.
Rev. center for every year:
‫االمام‬
In the Fayyūm hoard (BIE 1952, pp. 43–44), the average diameters are 19 to 22, the
weights are 2.54 to 2.96.
Fractions of the dirhem
13. Several half-dirhems exist; struck with the dirhem-die, but on a small, irregular flan,
the mint and date written in the segments are always off flan.
Balog, three specimens. cf. Plate I (15, 1.42).

DIRHEMS WITH MINT AND/OR DATE MISSING
Ashm., Soret, 2 e lettre à M. Sawélieff, 1854, p. 56, No. 70. Harold Glidden coll.
Jungfleisch (two specimens).
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN 'ALI

655–657 H. = 1257–1259 A.D.
Nūr al-Din 'Ali's coinage is designed in the traditional Ayyūbid style, but the by this
time fictitious Ayyūbid overlord is not mentioned any more. The reverse on the 655 and
656 H. emissions still presents the protocol of the last 'Abbāsid Caliph, al-Musta 'ṣim
bi'llāh; the latter had been murdered by Hulagu, after his victory over the Caliph's army
near Baghdad, early in 656 H. The 657 H. issue has, for the first time, a purely religious
legend in the center of the reverse.
Gold
On all dinars: border on both sides a circular line; marginal legends counter-clockwise,
separated from the center by a double circular line.
ALEXANDRIA
655 H.
Marginal legends:
14. ‫ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬
‫كله الدين على ليظهره الحق ودين بالهدى‬
‫سنة بالسكندرية الدينار هذا ضرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية وخمسين خمس‬
Central legends:
‫ابيك‬
‫المنصور الملك‬
‫بن على الدين نور‬
‫المعز الملك‬
•••
‫االمام‬

•••
BMC IX, 470t (21, 3.17). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 1 (21, 7.10). Plate I.
656 H.
15. As above.
Last word: ‫ المعز‬٧
In exergue no pellets.
Marginal legend ends:
‫ وستماية وخمسين ست سنة باسكندرية‬....
Central legend as above, but:
and in exergue two pellets: • •
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 2 (22, 6.36). Plate I.
657 H.
A
16. As above, in exergue two pellets: • •
‫ وستماية وخمسين ست سنة باسكندرية‬.....
Center:
‫الحق‬
‫هللا اال اله ال‬
‫هللا رسول محمد‬
‫بالهدى ارسله‬
‫ودين‬
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 237–8, no. 4 (22, 6.36) Plate I; no. 5 (22, 6.33).
17. As above, but in exergue three pellets: • • •
As above, but ‫ هللا‬at the end of third line.
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 238, no. 6 (22, 6.94) Plate II; no. 7 (22, 5.75); no. 8 (23, 6. 25); no.
9 (23, 722). Siouffi p. 18. ANS (24, 5.07).
CAIRO
No dinars of 655 and 656 H. have been preserved.
657 H.
18. As above.
‫ وستماية وخمسين سبع سنة بالقاهرة‬....
Center as above, but pellet following the first line: •‫الحق‬
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 3 (22, 5.80) Plate II. Gotha no. 1046 (4.58).
Silver
The dirhem is similar to the wide-flan Damascus-type Ayyūbid silver: linear circle in
circle of dots, in which linear square in square of dots. Only Cairo issues are preserved,
of 655 H., with the Caliph's protocol, and of 657 H., with religious legend on the
reverse. No dirhems of 656 H. have yet been found.
CAIRO
655 H.
19. Segments:
B ‫ | بالهدى‬L ‫ | ارسله هللا ل‬T ‫ | رسو محمد هلل‬R ‫االا اله ال‬
Center:
‫على الدين نور‬

‫ايبك ابن‬
Segments:
B ‫ | ستماية و خمسين‬L ‫ | و خمس سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ضرب‬R ‫هللا بسم‬
Center:
‫االمام‬
last line of obv.: ٧ ٧ ‫ايبك ابن‬
BMC 471 (19, 2.88). Østrup no. 1997. Balog, five specimens: (20, 2.92) Plate II, 19a;
(21, 2.94); (22, 2.85); (16, 1.31) half-dirhem; Plate II, 19b; (10, 1.14) half-dirhem.
last line of obv.: ٧ ٧ ٧ ‫ايبك ابن‬
Balog, five specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.82); (16, 1.30) half-dirhem; (10 16, 1.06) half-
dirhem; (12 15, 1.60) half-dirhem. ANS (13, 1.32) half-dirhem.
657 H.
*20. Segments as above.
Segments:
B ‫ | وستماية خمسين‬L ‫ | و سبع سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ضرب‬R ‫هللا بسم‬
Center:
‫على الدين نور‬
٧ ٧ ٧ ‫ايبك ابن‬
Center:
Balog, five specimens: (19, 2.73) Plate II, 20; (20, 1.94); (16, 1.48) half-dirhem; (14,
0.70) quarter-dirhem; (13, 0.82) quarter-dirhem. ANS (20, 2.51).
*21. Segments as above.
Center:
‫وا الدينا نور‬
‫ايبك بن على لدين‬
Segments as above.
Center as above.
Balog (10×17, 1.14) half-dirhem, Plate II. ANS (19, 2.92).
Incomplete, or insufficient description
Gagarine no. 1330. Mayer. Ashmol. A large hoard in the Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo,
unregistered and unstudied.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYF AL-DĪN QUṬUZ

657–658 H. = 1259–60 A.D.
The gold coins are very scarce; only two had been published previous to the group of 23
dinars which I described in 1950. Since then another small hoard, probably less than a
dozen coins, was acquired by a Cairo dealer. Dirhems were completely unknown; the
silver coin no. 472 of the BMC, attributed to Quṭuz, belongs to al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji. Even
today, less than a score of dirhems have come to light.
Although in appearance Quṭuz's coinage still remains similar to the Ayyūbid issues,
there is a definite change. No more reference is made to the late Ayyūbid dynasty; as on
al-Manṣūr 'Alī's coins, the protocol is already purely Mamlūk. The style of writing has
also become stocky, heavier and less artistic.
The Alexandria dinars were struck on a wider flan, the Cairo gold is thick and has a
smaller diameter; there are wide discrepancies in the individual weights.
All dinars present, on both sides, a border consisting of a circular line, then a counter-
clockwise marginal legend which is separated by a double circular line from the central
legend.
Gold
ALEXANDRIA, 658 H.
22. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula, ending with: ‫كله الدين على‬
Center:
•••••
‫الملك المظهر‬
‫الدينا سيف‬
٧ ‫قطز والدين‬
Marginal legend:
‫باسكندرية الدينار هذا ضرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية وخمسين ثمان سنة‬
Center:
‫الحق‬
‫ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ودين‬
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239–249, no. 1 (23, 5.80) Plate II; no. 2 (23, 5.43); no. 3 (21.5,
5.11); no. 4 (23, 6.48); no. 5 (21, 4.63); no. 6 (23 5, 7.14); no. 7 (23, 4.71); no. 8 (23.5,
7.09). L 703 (8.10). BMC 471 (23, 6.67).
CAIRO, 658 H.
23. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
‫ وستماية وخمسين ثمان سنة بالقاهرة‬...

Center as above.
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239–249, no. 9 (21.5, 6.0); no. 10 (21.5, 5.25); no. 11 (21, 7.14);
no. 12 (20.5, 6.0); no. 13 (20.5, 5.49); no. 14 (20, 7.49); no. 15 (21.5, 5.49); no. 16 (22,
7.46); no. 17 (21, 6.41); no. 18 (21, 5.85); no. 19 (20, 9.38); no. 20 (20, 5.34); no. 21
(19.5, 5.24) Plate II; no. 22 (22.5, 5.24); no. 23 (22, 5.30). ANS (22).
Silver
Dirhems are very scarce and have been mentioned in the literature only by Mayer ("A
hoard of Mamlūk coins") and by Schulman (Beyram), but no description was given.
CAIRO, 657 H.
24. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. Counter-clockwise marginal
legend in the segments:
B ‫ | بالهدى‬L ‫ | ارسله هللا ل‬T ‫ | رسو محمد هلل‬R ‫ا اال اله ال‬
B ‫ | وستماية خمسين‬L ‫ | و سبع سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬
On both sides: linear square in square of dots.
Center:
‫الملك المظفر‬
‫سيف الدين‬
‫ والدين قطز‬٧
Center:
‫ال اله اال هللا‬
‫محمد رسول هللا‬
Mayer, three specimens: mint and date missing, one specimen: mint missing, (65) 7 H.
Beyram 242. Balog, nine specimens: (19, 2.61) Plate II, 24a; (20, 2.10) Plate II, 24b;
(17, 2.85); (18, 1.82); (12×17, 0.92) Plate II, 24c; (10×15, 1.50); (14, 1.48); (15, 1.91);
(13, 1.56) Plate II, 24d. Ashmol.
658 H.
*25. As above.
As above, but date in left and bottom segment:
B ‫ | وستماية خمسين‬L ‫و ثمان سنة‬
Balog (20).
Copper
Only two specimens have so far been observed. Fortunately the legends, only partially
preserved on each of the two coins, complete each other to a great extent.
CAIRO, 858 H.
*26. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
‫هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬
..... ‫?ثمان سنة القاهرة? ينه‬....
On both sides: linear hexalobe.
Center:
‫قطز‬
٧ ‫المظفر الملك‬
‫الديناو سيف‬
‫الدين‬
Center:
‫ودين بالهدى‬
‫ارسله‬
ANS (17, 3.87) Plate II, 26. München (19, 3.12) Plate XLI, 26a.
The mint and date are preserved on the München specimen, preceded by ‫سه‬...? which
probably is the ending of the epithet ‫( ?المحروسة‬al-maḥrūsah) = the guarded, not
infrequent on coins of the Cairo mint. The existing three letters are, however, not clear
and Dr. Peter Jaeckel of the Munich State Collection suggests the word ‫ = مدينة‬madīnah.
We do not know, however, of any Cairo issue with the name Madīnat al-Qāhirah, and
this would therefore be, if true, its first occurrence. The only known Mamlūk mint with
Madīnah is Madīnat Ḥalab.
AL-ẒĀHIR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS I

658–676 H. = 1260–1277 A.D.
In 659 H. Baybars granted asylum to the 'Abbāsid prince Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad, who,
after having escaped the general slaughter of his family by Hulagu in 656 H., settled in
the Egyptian capital. Baybars also set him up as the new 'Abbāsid Caliph, receiving, in
exchange, official recognition as sultan of Egypt. The investiture is plainly reflected on
the new coinage, because in 659 H. the title "al-sulṭān al-malik" appears on Mamlūk
coins for the first time. Nevertheless, the simpler and less exalted title "al-malik"
continues to be used on some of the issues, even in later years.
The Caliph's protocol also is inscribed on the reverse from 659 H. on; first al-Mustanṣir,
then, after his death, al-Ḥākim I. The name of the latter, however, does not appear on
the gold, but only on silver and copper. At the same time, simultaneously with these
issues, many more coins were struck with a religious legend on the reverse; there seems
to be no reason for the substitution of the Caliphal protocol, as both types continue to
circulate side by side.
An entirely new feature of the coinage is the inclusion of the blason. The lion passant to
left is Baybars's heraldic device to be found on all his coins, except the very first silver
issue of Ayyūbid type. Incidentally he and his son, Baraka Qān, were the only Mamlūk
sultans who inscribed their blasons not only on the copper, but also on silver and gold.
Gold
Considering the long 18-year rule of Baybars, the number of gold coins which has come
down to us is pitifully small. Fifteen or twenty years ago they were still very common in
the goldsmith's bazars in Cairo, but astonishingly few have been acquired for the many
private and public collections to which we have had access. Today they have vanished
from the numismatic market altogether.
Two types can be distinguished: religious legend on the reverse or the Caliph al-
Mustanṣir's protocol. The types subdivide according to the sultan's protocol.
On all dinars, on both sides, border: circular line, in which counter-clockwise marginal
legend. In this double circular line and central legend.
>Type I. Reverse: religious legend

Title: al-Malik
ALEXANDRIA
658 H.
27. Marginal legend:
‫ليظهره الحق ودين‬

‫‪Marginal legend:‬‬
‫الدينار هذا ضرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬
‫وستماية وخمسين تسع سنة باالسكندرية‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الصالحى ببرس‬
‫الظاهر الملك‬
‫والدين الدنيا ركن ‪٧‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الحق‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧‬ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ودين‬
‫‪Karabacek no. 909.‬‬
‫‪659 H.‬‬
‫‪BMC 473 (24, 5.08). ANS (23, 7.24).‬‬
‫‪As above.‬‬
‫‪Balog (23, 7.45) Plate II.‬‬
‫‪CAIRO‬‬
‫‪663 H.‬‬
‫‪29. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with:‬‬
‫ليظهره‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الصالحى‬
‫الظاهر الملك‬
‫ببرس الدين ركن‬
‫بسم هللا ضرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة سنة ثالث وستين ‪....‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫ال اله اال‬
‫هللا محمد رسو‬
‫ل هللا ارسله‬
‫بالهدى‬
‫‪Beyram no. 243 (19, 2.10). Half-dinar. Schulman's illustration is, unfortunately, not‬‬
‫‪good enough for reproduction.‬‬
‫‪Title: al-Sulṭān al-Malik‬‬

‫‪ALEXANDRIA‬‬
‫‪66l H.‬‬
‫‪*30. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.‬‬
‫سنة باالسكنديرة الدينار هذا ضرب‬
‫وستماية وستين احد‬
‫‪Baybars I‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الملك السلطان‬
‫والدين الدنيا ركن الظاهر‬
‫ببرس قسيم امير المومنين‬

Center:
‫هللا محمد رسول‬
٧٧
‫هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ ودين الحق ليظهره‬٧
‫على الدين‬
ANS (24, 6.44).
667 H.
31. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Center: as above.
BMC 474 (24, 5.95). L 704 (8.20).
Marginal legend:
‫ وستماية وستين سبع سنة‬....
Center: as above.
668 H.
*32. Marginal legend:
‫ وستماية وستين ثمان‬....
Center: as above.
Balog (24, 7.35).
Marginal legend:
(‫)سنة( باالسكندرية‬..‫ ستماية( و وستين‬.....
Center: as above.
673 H.
33. H. W. Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, p. 159, nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
DATE INCOMPLETE OR MISSING
33. a BMC 475 (23, 7.46). L 705 (5.18). Méry-Tocchi.
33. b DATE MISSING, ALEXANDRIA, ON TOP OF REV. CENTER WITHOUT

‫ضرب‬
BMC 476 (23, 5.64); 477 (23, 4.45). Ashmol.
CAIRO
659 H.
*34. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with: ‫ليظهره‬
Marginal legend:
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة‬
‫سنة تسع وخمسين وستماية‬
Center:
‫ السلطان الملك‬٧
‫الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين‬
٧٧
Center:
‫الحق‬
‫ال هللا اال هللا‬
ω ‫محمد رسول هللا‬
‫ودين‬
‫‪Balog (23, 5.61) Plate II, 34.‬‬
‫‪660 H.‬‬
‫‪Marginal legend ends with:‬‬
‫‪ ...‬بالقاهرة في سنة ستين وستماية هجرية‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الحق‬
‫ال هللا اال هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧ ٧‬ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ودين‬
‫‪Siouffi p. 18. Balog (23, 5.28).‬‬
‫‪661 H.‬‬
‫‪Marginal legend ends with:‬‬
‫‪ ....‬بالقاهرة في سنة احدو ستين وستماية‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬بسم هللا‬
‫ال اله اال هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫محمد رسول‬
‫ودين الحق‬
L 707 (5.80). Balog (25, 4.45) Plate II.
36. a DATE MISSING
Karabacek no. 910. ANS (24, 5.33).
Type II. Reverse: the Caliph al-Mustanṣir

MINT MISSING, 659 H.
37. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Center: as above, but small ornament on:
‫ الظاهر‬٧
.... ‫سنة تسع وخمسين و‬
Center:
‫االمام‬
‫ المستنصر باهلل‬٧
‫ ابو القسم احمد بن‬٧
‫ االمام الظاهر امير‬٧
L 706 (6.20).
38. As above.
‫ ستين وستماية هجرية‬....
Center: as above.
L 708 (5.50) Plate II. ANS (23, 5.70).

Silver
AYYŪBID STYLE (NON-HERALDIC)
This is the only non-heraldic issue of Baybars I, probably his first dirhem emission,
struck in Damascus. Only two coins have been published by L. A. Mayer and a third is
in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Unfortunately Mayer's description
is summary and he does not mention the date; the Ashmolean Museum specimen is in a
worn state of preservation, and the date missing. Therefore part of the legend cannot be
reconstructed until a better preserved specimen is available. On the coin of the
Ashmolean the last line of the obverse center is obliterated, so that we must rely on
Mayer's statement that there is a legend and not the lion passant.
The following is a description of the Ashmolean Museum dirhem:
DAMASCUS
39. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots; in this is inscribed a linear
square within a square of dots.
Segments:
R ... | B ... | L .... | T ‫| ضرب بدمشق‬
Segments obliterated.
Center:
‫ الملك الظاهر‬٧
‫)ركن( الدنيا‬
......
Center:
......
‫علم الدنيا‬
‫الدين ببرس‬
Mayer, two dirhems. Ashmol. (20, 2.80).
ARMENIAN STYLE (HERALDIC)

MINT MISSING, UNDATED
*40. Border on both sides: circular line within circle of dots.
Central legend only:
‫الملك الظاهر‬
‫ركن الدينا والدين‬
‫ببرس‬
In smaller script, counter-clockwise, on the left: ‫ضرب‬, but the mint (on the right) is
missing.
... ‫ محمد رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬....
Circle of dots, in which lion passant to right, tail curled back.
ANS (19, 2.98) Plate II.
MINT MISSING (OR NO MINT), 658 H.
*41. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
.... ‫ثمان وخمسين‬
Center:
‫ركن الديناوا‬
‫لدين ببرس‬
.... ‫ ارسله بالهدى‬....
Circle of dots, in which lion passant to left, tail curled back.

ANS (19, 2.54) Plate II.
MAMLŪK STYLE (HERALDIC)

Type I. With Caliph al-Mustanṣir
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Struck with normal dirhem dies
42. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. There is no marginal legend,
only a counter-clockwise circular inscription which is part of the central field.
Circular legend:
R ‫ الرحيم‬L ‫ الرحمن‬Top ‫بسم هللا‬
Center:
‫ببرس الصالحى‬
‫ الملك الظاهر‬٧
ω ‫ركن الدنيا والدين‬
Circular legend:
‫ال اله اال هللا وحده ال شريك له محمد رسول هللا‬
Center:
‫االمام المستنصر‬
‫باهلل ابو القاسم‬
‫احمد امير المومنين‬
L 728. 2.85. Mayer no. 2. Lagumina, 93, no. 1 (24, 2.80). Balog, three specimens: (22,
2.80); (23, 2.76) Plate III; (15, 1.40) Half-dirhem. ANS (23, 2.74).
Struck with special half-dirhem dies
43. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on top, continuing on left and ending on

right:
‫بسم هللا |الرحمن |الرحيم‬
Center:
‫الملك‬
‫الظاهر‬
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on right side:
‫ال اله|اال هللا |محمد |رسول هللا‬
Center:
‫االمام‬
‫باهلل‬
‫المستنصر‬
Balog, (16, 1.17) Plate III, 43a. ANS (18, 1.38). L 743 (14, 1.20) lion passant to right.
Plate III, 43b. Rev. circular legend: L ‫ ال هللا‬Top ‫ اله ا‬R ‫ال‬
Title: al-Sulṭān al-Malik

NO MINT, UNDATED
Dirhems
No circular legend.
‫السلطان الملك‬
‫ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين‬٧

‫امير المومنين‬
‫باهلل‬
‫ االمام المستنصر‬ω ٧
‫ابو القاسم احمد بن‬
‫االمام الظاهر‬
Balog, four specimens: (22, 2.98) Plate III; (22, 2.90); (23, 2.91); (23, 3.37). ANS, ten
specimens: (22, 2.14); (23, 3.01); (22, 2.11); (22, 2.97); (22, 2.78); (22, 2.80); (24,
2.71); (22, 2.27); (24, 2.86); (25, 2.43).
Half-dirhems struck with special dies
No circular legend.
‫السلطان‬
‫االمام‬
‫باهلل‬
Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.25); (15, 1.22).
WITH MINT AND DATE

CAIRO, WHEN DATE PRESERVED: 660 H.
No circular legend.
‫الظاهر ركن الدينا والدين‬

Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on left side:
‫ضرب بالقا|هرة سنة ستين|وستماية‬
Center:
‫باهلل‬
‫االمام المستنصر‬
‫ابو القاسم احمد بن‬
‫االمام الظاهر امير‬
BMC 481 (20, 2.47). L 724 (2.96); 725 (2.55); 742 (1.38) Half-dirhem. ANS, five
specimens: (21, 2.80); (20, 2.90); (22, 2.65); (21, 2.58); (22, 2.50). Balog, three
specimens: (20, 2.95); (20, 2.37); (15, 1.37) Half-dirhem.
DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING
47. As above.
L 713 (2.50).
As above, but circular legend starts on left side: ‫بدمشق‬
ḤAMĀH, 660 H.
48. As above.
As above, but no circular legend. Mint and date on top of center:
‫ستين‬
‫بحماة سنة ستماية‬
Gagarine no. 1338. ANS (23, 3.21).
Type II. With Caliph Al-Ḥākim
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Dirhem
*49. Border on both sides: linear octolobe in octolobe of dots. In center of obverse,
small lion passant to left, in the midst of the writing.
‫لحى‬ ‫الصا‬
‫ركن الدنيا والدين‬
‫االمام الحاكم‬
‫بامر هللا ابو العباس‬
ANS (24, 3.43) Plate III.
Half-dirhems, struck with special dies
‫ بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬٧
Center:
‫ الملك‬٧
‫ الظاهر‬٧
٧ ‫اال اله اال هللا محمد رسول هللا‬
Center:
‫االمام‬
‫الحاكم‬
L 735 (1.52); 736 (0.90); 737 (1.48) in the four corners of the circular legend on the
rev.: ∴ instead of: O; 738 (1.19); 739 (0.99). Mayer no. 13. Balog, nine specimens: (13,
0.90) Plate III, 50a; (14, 1.40); (15, 1.82) Plate III, 50b; (14, 1.67); (14, 1.52); (14,
1.69); (14, 1.47); (11, 1.44); (10, 1.45). ANS (14, 1.33).

DAMASCUS WITH YEAR BUT WITHOUT MONTH
This seems to be a late issue; few coins have the complete date, which is always
between 670 and 674 H. On two coins the decade is missing (6 × 6), and we think it
should read 676 H.
Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
670 H.
51. No circular legend.
‫الظاهر ركن الدينا والدين‬
• •
Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting on top:
‫ضرب بدمشق|سنة |سبعين و |ستماية‬
Center:
‫بامر هللا ابو‬
‫العباس احمد‬
Mayer no. 7. Balog (17, 1.07) Half-dirhem. Note ornament on top of al-'Abbās on rev.:
‫العباس‬. It is common to all coins of this issue. Plate III.
673 H.
*52. As above.
As above, but date:
... ‫ سنة ثالث وسبعين‬....

ANS (21, 2.95).
674 H.
*53. As above.
As above, but date.:
‫سنة اربع وسبعين‬
Balog (17, 2.91) Plate III.
675 H.
*54. As above, but "Rukn" written thus:
‫ ركن‬instead of the customary: ‫ركن‬
As above, but date:
‫سنة خمس وسبعين‬
Balog (21, 2.72) Plate III.
54.a INCOMPLETE OR MISSING DATES
Mayer (35 specimens). BMC 484 (24, 2.78) date: 6..6 H., may be 676 H. because 666
H. would be early for this emission; 485 (23, 2.76) date missing. L 714 (3.10) date
missing; 715 (2.50) date missing. Lagumina p. 94, no. 2 (21, 2.78) date missing.
Ashmol., three specimens: date missing. ANS, six specimens: (22, 3.01) 6..4 H.; (22,
2.97) 6..6 H.; (23, 2.78) 67.. H.; (23, 2.61) date missing; (22, 2.77) date missing; (22,
2.84) date missing.
*55. There exist numerous fractions of this issue; struck on small square flans generally
insufficiently heated; these small coins retain the four spike-like protrusions remaining
from the edges and represent all the transitions between the square and the circle. Only
the central portion of the die-inscriptions is on the flan. Although the mint is invariably
missing, the attribution to Damascus is assured by the style of writing and even more
through the tiny ornament on top of the letter sīn of the Caliph's name on the reverse:
Balog, seven specimens: (12, 1.41) Plate III, 55a; (14, 1.62) Plate III, 55b; (15, 17.5);
(12, 1.65); (12, 1.48); (11, 0.69) Plate III, 55c; (11, 0.74). ANS (13, 1.03) the obv. of
this specimen has been struck with the ordinary dirhem die, the reverse with a special
half-dirhem die.
WITH YEAR AND MONTH

AND DAMASCUS WRITTEN: DAMASCUS THE GUARDED = ‫دمشق المحروسة‬
666 H. DHŪ AL-QĀ'DAH

*56. As above.
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on top:
| B ‫ | القعدة سنة ست‬L ‫ | الحروسة بذى‬T ‫ ضرب بدمشق‬R ‫وستين وستماية‬
Center:
‫امر هللا ابو‬
667 H. ṢAFAR
*57. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ المحروسة فى صفر سنة سبع وستين وستماية‬....
ANS (24, 2.56).
667 H. JUMĀDĀ AL-ĀKHIR
*58. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ المحروسة بجمادى االخر سبع وستين وستماية‬....
Ornaments:
668 H. ṢAFAR
*59. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ فى صفر سنة ثمان وستين وستماية‬....
ANS (22, 2.94).
669 H. ṢAFAR
*60. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ فى صفر سنة تسع وستين وستماية‬....
ANS (22, 2.73).
669 H. JUMĀDĀ AL-AWWAL
61. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ بجمادى االول سنة تسع ستين و ستماية‬....
Mayer, diameter and weight not given.
669 H. RAJAB
62. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ فى رجب سنة تسع وتسين وستماية‬....
Mayer, diameter and weight not given.
674 H. RAJAB OR RAMAḌĀN
*63. As above.
As above, but only the first letter of the month visible; it may be Rajab or Ramaḍān.
The year is clearly visible.
ANS (22, 2.90).
ḤAMĀH
Two varieties of this issue exist. On the first, the mint and date formula is in the circular
legend; on the second, it is on top and bottom, always on the reverse.
A
666 H.
*64. No circular legend.
No circular legend.
‫وستين وستماية‬
(sic!)‫االمام الحاكم باهلل‬
‫ابو العباس بن‬
‫امير المومنين ضرب بحماة‬
‫سنة ست‬
ANS (22, 2.89).
668 H.
65. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
‫سنه ثمان‬
L 710 (379); 711 (2.86).
673 H.
66. As above.
As above, but first line missing.
Last line: ‫سنة ثالث‬
BMC 482 (24, 2.63) the decade is missing; this issue seems, however, to be a late
emission; we think it should be 673 rather than 663 H.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME ISSUE
66.a BMC 483 (22, 2.68). Mayer no. 3 and 5. Balog (23) date: 67.. H. ANS (20, 2.39).
DATE MISSING
*67. As above.
‫|وستماية‬....|....|(‫ضرب بحما)ة‬
Center:
‫بامر هللا ابو‬
‫العباس‬
ANS (22, 2.81).
Type III: With religious legend
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Half-dirhem
*68. Circular legend, counter-clockwise:
R ‫ الرحيم‬L ‫ الرحمن‬T ‫هللا‬
Center:
‫الملك ا‬
‫لظاهر‬
‫‪Circular legend, counter-clockwise:‬‬
‫هللا ‪ T‬الحمن ‪ L‬الرحيم ‪R‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫هللا محمد‬
‫رسول هللا‬
‫‪ANS (14, 1.32).‬‬
‫‪CAIRO‬‬
‫‪658 H.‬‬
‫‪*69. Counter-clockwise circular legend:‬‬
‫بسم هللا ‪ T‬الرحمن ‪ L‬الرحيم ‪R‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫ببرس الصالحى‬
‫الملك ا لظاهر‬
‫ركن الدنيا والدينا‬
‫‪Counter-clockwise circular legend:‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة|سنة ثمان|وخمسين |وستماية‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧ ٧‬ارسله بالهدى‬
Balog (19, 2.51).
659 H.
*70. As above.
As above, but date:
.... ‫ سنة تسع‬....
Balog (20, 2.58) Plate III, 70a.
DATE MISSING, SAME ISSUE
L 716 (2.98) date: 65.. H. Mayer, no. 8. ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.19); (20, 2.78);
(19, 2.53). Balog (14, 1.53) Half-dirhem. Plate III, 70b.
*71. As above.
‫|وستماية‬....|....|‫ضرب بدمشق‬
Center:
‫ ال اله اال هللا‬٧
‫ محمد رسول هللا‬٧
‫ ارسله بالهدى‬٧ ٧
ANS (22, 2.80).

CAIRO
All the following dirhems belong to the CAIRO mint. Three slight varieties can be
distinguished:
• a) 660–663 H. The mint and date formula starts on the left side of the reverse, in
the counter-clockwise circular legend.
• b) 662–664 H. The mint and date formula starts on the right side of the reverse.
• c) 662–676 H. The mint and date formula starts on top of the reverse.
On all three varieties:
No circular legend on the obverse.

Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
A
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS ON LEFT SIDE
660 H.
*72.
‫السلطان الملك ا‬
‫لظاهر ركن الدنيا الدين‬
‫ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين‬٧ ٧
Circular legend:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | هرة سنة ستين‬L ‫ضرب بالقا‬
Center:
ω ‫ال اله اال هللا‬
ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.72); (21, 2.83); (21, 2.78).
661 H.
*73. As above.
Circular legend:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | سنة احد وستين‬L ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Center as above.
ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.20); (22, 2.25) holed.

‫‪663 H.‬‬
‫‪*74. As above.‬‬
‫‪As above, but date:‬‬
‫‪ ...‬سنة ثالث وستين ‪...‬‬
‫‪ANS (22, 3.02).‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS ON RIGHT SIDE‬‬
‫‪662 H.‬‬
‫‪*75.‬‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧‬ببرس قسيم امير المومنين‬
‫‪Circular legend:‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة ‪ | R‬ةسنة اثنىو ‪ | T‬ستين وستماية ‪L‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.79); (21, 2.22).‬‬
‫‪663 H.‬‬
‫‪*76. As above.‬‬
As above, but circular legend on top:
‫)بالقاهر(ة سنة ثالث‬
Balog (20, 2.66).
664 H.
*77. As above.
As above, but circular legend on top:
‫)بالقاهر(ة سنة اربع‬
Balog, three specimens: (22, 3.09); (22, 2.70); (20, 3.04). ANS, two specimens: (20,
1.98); (22, 2.64).
77.a DATE MISSING
ANS, seven specimens: (20, 2.79); (20, 3.09); (20, 2.48); (20, 1.98); (21, 2.62); (21,
2.81); (22, 2.29). Balog (16, 1.81).
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS AT TOP
662 H.
78.
∴ ∴
Circular legend:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | وستين‬L ‫ | سنة اثنين‬T ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Center:

‫ ارسله بالهدى‬٧ ٧ ٧
Mayer no. 9.
663 H.
79. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ثالث وستين‬
Mayer no. 9.
664 H.
80. As above.
As above, but date:
‫اربع وستين‬
Mayer no. 9.
665 H.
81. As above.
As above, but date:
‫خمس وستين‬
Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (22, 2.66). ANS, three specimens: 1. (21, 2.87); 2. (22, 2.65);
3. (22, 2.10). Balog, two specimens: 21, 2.86) Plate III; (20, 2.65).
666 H.
82. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ست وستين‬
L 717 (2.68). Mayer no. 9. ANS (22, 2.37).
667 H.
83. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سبع وستين‬
L 718 (2.48). ANS (21).
668 H.
84. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ثمان وستين‬
Beyram no. 245.
669 H.
85. As above.
As above, but date:
‫تسع وستين‬
Mayer no. 9.
670 H.
86. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة سبعين وستماية‬
Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.95) Plate III; (20, 2.88). Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (20,
2.81).
671 H.
87. As above.
As above, but date:
... ‫سنة احد وسبعين‬
Mayer no. 9. ANS (22, 2.61). Balog (20, 2.71).
672 H.
*88. As above.
As above, but date:
... ‫سنة اثنين وسبعين‬
Balog (20, 2.83) Plate IV.
673 H.
No coins.
674 H.
89. As above.
As above, but date:
... ‫سنة اربع وسبعين‬
L 719 (2.75). Fonrobert no. 6554. ANS (21, 2.74). Balog, two specimens: (21, 2.77);
(20, 2.92).
675 H.
90. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة خمس وسبعين‬
Mayer no. 9. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.76); (20).
676 H.
*91. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ست وسبعين‬
Balog, two specimens: (22, 2.83) Plate IV; (20, 2.88).
MISSING DATE, ENDING WITH: ‫هجرية‬
*92. As above.
As above, but on right side the date ends with: ‫هجرية‬
ANS (21, 3.00).

93. It has been established that all dirhems with a religious legend on the reverse were
issued by the Cairo mint; the only exception is a single coin (ANS) with the title "al-
Malik," from Damascus.
On the other hand, there exist many fractions of this dirhem, struck on narrow flans
after more or less heating, on which the whole peripheral portion of the legends is
missing. Consequently, on all these coins the mint as well as the date is always off flan.
Nevertheless, they are easy to identify with the Cairo emission, because of the regal title
"al-Sulṭān al-Malik" and especially from the small scroll-like ornament on top of the
word ‫ رسول‬on the reverse. Of the numerous specimens we have seen, here are a few:
L 731 (1.25); 732 (0.90); 733 (1.16). ANS, six specimens: (13, 0.74); (13, 0.96); (14,
1.03); (14, 1.08); (16, 1.60); (13, 158). Balog, six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.88) Plate
IV, 93a; (13,1.06); (13,1.21) Plate IV, 93b; (11, 1.68); (14,1.70). BM, six specimens.
Copper
Baybars' copper coins are scarce enough; usually much worn, the legends are often
incomplete. They still often imitate the Ayyūbid-style arrangement of the legends, with
a linear square or a hexagon. In general the fulūs belong to four groups.
All copper coins present Baybars' coat of arms, the lion passant to left.
With the Caliph al-Mustanṣir

94. Border on both sides: circular line, in which linear square. In the resulting segments
the legends have vanished.
Center:
Center:
‫االمام‬
‫باهلل ابو القسم‬
BMC 490 (18). Balog (18).
NO MINT, UNDATED
*95. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which circular line.
Segments:
R ‫ | ببرس‬B .... | L ‫ | والدين‬T ‫الصالحى‬
In the square:
‫الملك الظا‬
‫ركن الدنيا هر‬
‫االمام‬
‫المستنصر باهلل‬
The legend, beginning in the square, continues in the segments; the complete reading is:
‫ببرس الصالحى‬.... ‫الملك الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين‬
ANS (21, 2.60) Plate IV.
With the Caliph al-Ḥākim
MINT AND DATE MISSING, OR NOT MENTIONED
*96 Border missing on both sides. Linear square, in which:
‫االمام‬
‫الحاكم ا‬
‫مير المومنين‬
Balog (17) Plate IV.
DAMASCUS, 674 H.
No circular legend.
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | سبعين‬L ‫ | سنة اربع و‬T ‫ضرب بدمشق‬
Balog (25, 2.80) Plate IV.
With religious legend
98. Border on both sides: circle of dots in which circular line:
Horizontal cartouche of dots, being the central segment of a hexagram.
In upper segment: ‫السلطان‬
In central segment:
In lower segment: ‫الملك الظاهر‬
Linear hexagram. In the external angles, illegible traces of mint and date. In center:
‫هلل‬
‫ال اله اال ا‬
‫محمد رسول ا‬
‫هلل‬
BMC 488 (18). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949, 8–3–431; no number (16). Ashmol. (19) Plate
IV. ANS (22, 1.69); (21, 2.11); (18, 3.17). Balog, three specimens: (17); (16) badly
worn; (15) badly worn.
99. As above.
As above, but center:

BMC 489 (18). Jungfleisch (12, 2.73). Jungfleisch read the mint: Damascus.
DAMASCUS, 6 6/7 1 H.
100. Border circular line, in which concave-sided linear square:
Segments:
| ∴ B ‫ ∴ | ∴ الظاهر‬L ‫ ∴ | ∴ الملك‬T ‫ ∴ ∴ السلطان‬R ‫∴ ركن الدين‬
Border circular line, in which linear square.
Segments:
R ‫ | سنة احدى‬B ‫ | بدمشق‬L .... | T ....
Center:
Center:
L 744 (18, 1.27) Plate IV. Jungfleisch (19, 2.41).
On both coins the segment on the right, and with it the decade, is missing.
NO MINT, UNDATED
101. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which linear circle.
Var. A
‫هللا محمد رسو‬
‫ل هللا‬
BMC 486 (22) Plate IV, 101a. L 746 (2.88). Khediv. 1492, 1493. Dorn et Gamazoff p.
73. Fonrobert no. 6552. Miles, "Antioch" no. 168. Wien no. 688. ANS, four specimens:
(18, 1.63); (22, 2.69); (21, 2.90); (20, 2.55). Balog (20, 2.45) Plate IV, 101 b.
102.
As above.
BMC 487 (21). Jungfleisch (18), 2.82). Balog (18, 1.84).
With royal protocol only
‫الظاهر‬
‫الملك‬
BM, T.W. Armitage 1936 5–19 (13) Plate IV. Soret 3–e lettre (à Dorn), no. 160. Soret
attributed it to Aybak, but it belongs here.
AL-SA'ĪD NĀṢIR AL-DĪN BARAKA QĀN

676–678 H. = 1277–79 A.D.
Baraka displayed the blason he inherited from his father, the lion passant to left, on all
his coins. The gold is represented by two dinars only, but his silver is a little more
common, although not frequent.
Gold
ALEXANDRIA, 676 H.
104. Border on both sides: circular line; then counter-clockwise marginal legend,
separated from the center by a double circular line.
Marginal legend missing.
Marginal legend:
... ‫ضرب باالسكندرية سنة ست وسبعين‬
Center:
‫الملك السعيد ناصر‬
‫الدنيا والدين يركه قان بن‬
‫الملك الظاهر قسيم‬
Center:
‫ضرب باالسكندريه‬
‫ ارسله بالهدى‬٧
L 747 (20, 3.28) Plate IV, 104a. ANS (21, 4.26). Balog (19, 3.23) clipped. Plate IV,
104b.
Silver
On all dirhems, border on both sides; circular line in circle of dots. No circular legend
on obverse; counter-clockwise circular legend, containing the mint and date formula on
the reverse.
CAIRO
676 H.
105. As above, but ornament on top of

٧ ‫السعيد‬
Circular legend:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | وسبعين‬L ‫ | سنة ست‬T ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Center:
ω ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Mayer. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog (21).
677 H.
*106. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة سبع وسبعين‬
ANS (21, 2.24).
678 H.
107. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ثمان وسبعين‬
Mayer. Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.79) Plate IV, 107a; (21, 2.82) Plate IV, 107b;
(19, 2.52).
107.a DATE MISSING
L 751 (3.28). ANS (21, 2.89). Balog (20, 2.78).
Half-dirhems
*108. ANS (15,1.44). Balog, nine specimens: (9, 1.65); (9, 1.43); (10, 1.83); (9, 1.69);
(10, 1.47); (9, 1.47): (15, 1.64) Plate IV, 108a; (15, 1.45) Plate IV, 108b; (15, 1.85)
Plate V, 108c.
The Cairo dirhems have two characteristics which enable us to identify them even when
the mint is missing: On the obverse, there is no ornament in front of the lion's head. On
the reverse, a pretty scroll-like floral ornament is engraved on top of the word ‫رسول‬.
We shall see that the Damascus dirhems have different characteristic marks.
DAMASCUS
676 H.
109. As above, but with Baraka's Tamgha in front of the lion's head:
Circular legend:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | وسبعين‬L ‫ | سنة ست‬T ‫ضرب بدمشق‬
Center:
L 748 (2.63). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5–13–28. ANS (22, 2.77). Balog (21, 2.76)
Plate V.
677 H.
110. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة سبع وسبعين‬
L 749 (2.99). Mayer. BM, no number. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog, three specimens: (20,
2.41); (21, 2.85) Plate V; (21).
678 H.
111. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ثمان وسبعين‬

Mayer. Khediv. no. 1494. ANS (20, 2.77). Balog (20, 2.80).
111.a DATE MISSING
L 750 (2,76), Khediv. no. 1495. Beyram no. 246. ANS, four specimens: (20, 3.25); (20,
3.64); (20, 2.84); (14, 1.48) Half-dirhem. Balog (14, 1.57) Half-dirhem.
The Damascus dirhems have a small triangular symbol, the edges looped, engraved in
front of the lion's head: . On the reverse, on top of the word ‫رسول‬, the elegant
scroll-like floral ornament of the Cairo coin has been transformed into a somewhat
simpler, more compact ornament: . Both signs are sufficient to recognize dirhems
on which the mint is missing, as belonging to Damascus.
ḤAMĀH, 678 H.
112. Mayer, no details.
Loewe, in NC XIX, 1856–7, pp. 71–84, attributed a silver coin to Baybars I. The
illustration which accompanies his article, leaves no doubt that the coin is a dirhem of
Baraka Qān.
AL-'ĀDIL BADR AL-DĪN SALĀMISH

678 H. = 1279 A.D.
Baybars's youngest son, Salāmish, was permitted to remain on the throne for a hundred
days only by his regent, Qalā'ūn; accordingly, his coins are rather scarce and consist of
dirhems only. His regal title on the Cairo emissions is al-Malik, on those of Damascus:
al-Sulṭān al-Malik.
CAIRO, 678 H.
*113. Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
‫الملك العادل‬
• ‫ بدر الدنيا والدين‬٧ ٧ ٧
‫سالمش‬
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | وسبعين‬L ‫ | سنة ثمان‬T ‫ضرب بالقهرة‬

Center:
Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.75) (23, 2.72). Here again, note the characteristic floral-
scroll ornament on the reverse, on top of the word ‫رسول‬: Plate V.
114. ‫المومنين‬
‫ الملك العادل‬٧
‫ بدر الدينا والدين سالمش‬٧
‫ بن الملك الظاهر‬٧
(‫قسيم )امير‬
Circular legend as above. Center: as above, ornaments slightly different.
BM, Gayer-Anderson 1947 7–6–27 (20) Plate V. Hartmann: ZfN XVIII, 1892, pp. 1–4,
no. 2 (22, 2.68). Thorburn. ANS, two specimens: (21, 3.31); (22, 3.17).
DAMASCUS 678 H.
No circular legend.
‫العادل بدر الدنبا والدين‬
‫سالمش بن الملك الظاهر‬
○ ‫قسم امير‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ثمان وسبعين وستماية‬

Center: as above, but no ornaments.
L 754 (3.14). Hartmann, ZfN XVIII, 1892, pp. 1–4, no. 2 (22, 2.79). Siouffi p. 18.
Mayer ANS (20, 2.86) Plate V.
INCOMPLETE
Siouffi p. 18. ANS (23, 2.86). Ashmol.
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN QALĀ'ŪN

678–689 H. = 1279–1290 A.D.
Notwithstanding his eleven year reign, few coins of Qalā'ūn have come down to us. As
the date is either incomplete or entirely missing on many coins, this series does not give
a satisfactory picture of the sequence of his emissions.
Gold
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
Mint at top of obverse area
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: traces of profession of faith formula.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet in each external angle.
Center:
‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
‫السطان الملك ا‬
‫لمنصور سيف الدنيا والدين‬
‫قالون الصالحى قسيم‬
Marginal legend: illegible traces.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet in each external angle.
Center:
‫الحق‬

‫ودين‬
BMC 491, s. (18, 2.75) Half-dinar Plate V. L 757 (6.30) Lavoix read in the rev.
marginal legend of this coin the date 692 H.: ... ‫)ضرب هذا الدينار( المبارك سنة اثنين وتسعين و‬.
This is impossible, because Qalā'ūn died in 689 H. Khediv. 1499, 1500.
Mint at top of reverse area
687 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with:
‫ بالهدى ودين الحق‬....
‫ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة سنة سبع وثمانين وستماية‬
‫وستماية‬
Double linear circle; center:
‫المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين‬
‫قالون الصالحى‬
‫قسيم امير‬
Double linear circle; center:
ω ‫◯ ال اله اال هللا‬
‫ محمد رسول هللا‬٧ ٧
ANS (21, 6.81).
688 H.
118. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنه ثمان وثمانين‬
Khediv. 1497.
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1496, 1498. Broach p. 341 (23, 7.26). ANS (23, 6.02). Balog (22, 5.35) Plate
V.
ALEXANDRIA
681 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe; center:
• ‫• المومنين‬
‫ قالون الصالحى‬٧
‫ قسيم امير‬٧
... ‫ضرب باال]سكندرية سنة احد وثمانين و‬
Linear dodekalobe, center:
• ‫• الحق‬

‫ودين‬
Balog (26, 4.76) Plate V.
119.a DATE MISSING
L 755 (5–38). BMC 491, k (23, 5.12); 491, n (23, 5.12); 491, o (21, 4.04).
Although the mint is missing, they can be safely attributed to Alexandria through the
type of the legend.
DAMASCUS
682 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each external angle.
Center:
‫ضرب بدمشق‬
‫لمنصور سيف الدينا والدين‬
‫ سنة اثنين وثمانبن وستماية‬....
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each external angle.
Center:

‫ودين‬
Balog (21, 5.54) Plate V.
DATE MISSING
L 756 (4.90). Cunha 1470. ANS (22, 5.44).
MINT AND DATE MISSING, NO DETAILS
Fonrobert 6555 (22, 5.60). Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency no. 10.
Silver
All silver coins are of the same type. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between
two linear dodekalobes. No marginal legend, but on the reverse, a counter-clockwise
circular inscription starting at the top, containing the mint and date formula.
CAIRO
A
678 OR 679 H.
121. ‫قسيم امير‬
‫ قالون الصالحى‬٧
‫• • المومنين‬
Circular legend:
‫(وسبعين‬... ‫ضرب بالقارهرة )سنة‬
Center:
Mayer, two coins. The digit of the date is missing; the coins can, therefore, belong to
either Qalā'ūn's first or to his second year.
681 H.
122. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة احد وثمانين وستماية‬
L 767 (2.48); 768 (2.90). Mayer, three coins. Balog (22, 2.44) Plate V. ANS (22, 2.82).
683 H.
123. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ثالث وثمانين وستماية‬
Mayer, one coin.
685 H.
*124. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة خمس وثمانين وستماية‬
ANS (22, 2.94).
688 H.
*125. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ثمان وثمانين وستماية‬
ANS (21, 2.81).
ANS (21, 2.82) 68.. H.; (23, 2.48). L 764 (2.95) 68.. H.; 769 (2. 75) 6..7/9 H.; 771
(1.30) Half-dirhem. Mayer 68.. H. nine coins. Jungfleisch (23, 2.49) Plate V. Balog (21,
2.11) 6–9 H.; (21, 2.87).
B
126. ‫المومنين‬
‫المنصور سيف الدنيا‬
‫والدين قالون الصالحى‬
(‫قسيم )امير‬
As above.
L 766 (2.84) 68– H.; 770 (2. 69) 6— H. Balog (21, 2.82).
127. All the Cairo dirhems show a characteristic floral-scroll ornament on top of the
word ‫ رسول‬of the reverse legend. Consequently, the following dirhem-fractions, all with
the mint missing, have been struck in Cairo:
L 780 (1.78) 687 H. the word ‫سبع‬, seven, is preserved in the circular legend; 781 (1.50)
68– H.; 783 (1.22) Plate V, 127a; 784 (2.05); 785 (1.05); 786 (1.80) Plate V, 127b; 787
(1.93); 788 (1.10); 789 (0.90); 790 (2.35); 791 (2.10); 792 (1.50. ANS (15, 2.44); (14,
1.49). Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.84); (17, 1.41); (14, 1.56). Ashmol. Beyram.
ALEXANDRIA, 684 H.
*128. As Cairo, var. A.
As above, but mint and date:
R ‫ | وستماية‬B ‫ | وثمانين‬L ‫ | سنة اربع‬T (‫ضرب باالس)كندرية‬
ANS (22, 3.27).
DAMASCUS
A
681 H.
129. ‫امير المومنين‬
‫قسيم‬
Circular legend:
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة احد وثمانين وستماية‬
Center:
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة احد وثمانين وستماية‬
L 772 (3.0)
683 H.
130. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ثالث وثمانين وستماية‬
L 773 (2.92).
685 H.
131. As above.
As above, but date:
‫خمس وثمانين وستماية‬
L 774 (2.91); 775 (2.66); 776 (3.03) Plate V, 131a.
DATE MISSING
L 777 (3.18); 778 (2.29). Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.39); (20, 3.26) ornament on top
of ‫ رسول‬Plate V, 131b; (22, 2.60) ornament on top of ‫رسول‬. Jungfleisch (15,
0.89) Half-dirhem. Obv.: ‫ المنصور‬Plate V, 131c. ANS, two specimens: (20, 3.07); (20,
3.70).
B
687 H.
132. ω ‫الصالحى‬
‫ لمنصور سيف الدينا والدين‬٧
‫قالون‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة سبع وثمانين وستماية‬
Center:
ω ‫ارسله بالهدى‬
Gagarine 1349. ANS (22, 2.77).
688 H.
*133. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة ثمان ثمانين وستماية‬
ANS (21, 2.90).
689 H.
134. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة تسع ثمانين وستماية‬
L 761 (2.73); 762 (2.79). ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.81); (21, 2.89). Jungfleisch (22,
2.92) Plate V. Balog (21, 2.82).
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504–7. L 759 (3.04); 778 (3.55); 763 (2.83).
DATE MISSING, NO DETAILS

Broach, four coins. Mayer 681 H.; 683 H.; 684 H. Although no description given, these
coins should belong to var. A. Fonrobert 6556 (21, 3.20).
ḤAMĀH
135. Mayer p. 171, 679 H. three coins. L 758 (2.92) date missing. Lavoix' description
does not seem to correspond entirely with this type of dirhem. For dirhems and half
dirhems of 689 H. infra p. 394.
ALEPPO
136. Mayer p. 171, date missing.
UNCERTAIN MINT, DATE MISSING
137. Coarse writing
As above, but profession of faith formula on reverse ends with: ‫ ليظهره على الدين كله‬BMC
494 (23, 2.20). Balog (17, 1.41) Half-dirhem. Plate V.
Copper
NO MINT, UNDATED
A
*138. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear square, in a square of dots.
Legends in the segments: missing.
‫الملك المنصور‬
‫سيف‬
‫الدنيا والدين‬
‫قالو‬
‫ن‬
BM, no number (22) Plate V.
‫الملك‬
‫سيف‬
‫الدين‬
‫الدين‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪Blau 291. Balog (18, 2.30) Plate V.‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, 678 H.‬‬
‫‪*140. Border on both sides missing.‬‬
‫‪Circular legend:‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ثمان وسبعين وستماية‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫ال اله اله هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫‪Ashmol. Balog (21, 2.82) Plate V.‬‬
‫‪DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪141. As above.‬‬
As above, but mint: ‫ ضرب بدمشق‬and date missing.
Erman B/35–1 (22).
AL-ASHRAF ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN KHALĪL

689-693 H. = 1290-1293 A.D.
Although few dinars have been preserved, we have a fairly representative series of
different mints. The dirhems are somewhat more numerous, but astonishingly few
complete dates are known and it seems that only Cairo and Damascus issued silver.
Finally, copper is represented by only two specimens.
Gold
CAIRO
690 H.
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend:
‫بسم هللا ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول هللا ارسله‬
‫بالهدى ودين الحق‬
‫)ضرب هذا الدينار(المبارك بالقاهرة المحروسة‬
.... ‫سنة تسعين‬
On both sides, double circular line.
Center:
‫قالوة‬
٧ ω ‫السلطان الملك االشرف‬
‫صالح الدين ناصر الملة المحمديه‬
‫محى الدولة العباسية‬
‫ خليل بن‬٧
Center:
‫الدين كله‬
ω ‫ال اله اال هللا محمد‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله‬
‫ بالهدى ودين الحق‬٧
‫ليظهره على‬
Balog (24, 4.60) Plate VI.
691 H.
*143. Border missing.
Center: as above.
ANS (23, 6.80).
Border: circular line.
[‫]ه المحروسة سنة احد وتسعين وستما[بة‬....
Double circular line. ‫محى الدولة العباسية‬
Center: as above.
692 H.
On both sides counter-clockwise marginal legend:
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق‬
.... ‫ الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة سنة اثنين‬...
On both sides: circular line.
Center:
‫قالون‬
‫السلطان الملك اال شرف‬
‫صالح الدين ناصر الملة المحمدية‬
‫محى الدولة العباسية‬
‫خليل بن‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد ‪ω‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى ‪٧ ω‬‬
‫ودين الحق ليظهره على‬
‫الدين‬
‫‪BMC 495 (23, 6.42). Khediv. 1510. ANS (22, 3.84). Balog (23, 5.89) Plate VI.‬‬
‫‪DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪145. Border on both sides: circular line.‬‬
‫‪Counter-clockwise marginal legend:‬‬
‫‪Traces of profession of faith formula‬‬
‫‪ ....‬الدينار المبارك ‪...‬‬
‫‪On both sides: double circular line.‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫االشرف صالح الدنيا والدين‬
‫خليل قسيم امير المومنين‬
‫بن الملك المنصور‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الاله اال هللا‬
Khediv. 1509. Cunha 1471, 1472. White-King 2229 (7.10).
On all Cairo dinars the mint is: ‫" = بالقاهرة المحروسة‬Cairo the Guarded."
ALEXANDRIA, 690 H.
146. As Cairo 690 H.
‫ باالسكندرية سنة تسعين وستماية‬...
Circular line. Center: as Cairo 690 H.
Siouffi p. 18.
ALEXANDRIA, "FORTIFIED PLACE," 692 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula ending:
‫على الدين كله‬
Circular line on both sides.
Center: as Cairo 692 H.
‫ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بثغر‬
‫االسكندرية سنة اثنتين وتسعين و ستماية‬
Center: as Cairo 692 H., but first and last line flanked by triple pellets:
‫كله‬ / ‫الدين‬
ANS (24, 8.41).
This is one of the exceptionally rare occurrences of the mint-name: ‫ثغر االسكندرية‬. cf.
mint-notes.
DAMASCUS, 690 H.
148. As Cairo 690 H.
As Cairo 690 H., but marginal legend:
‫بدمشق المحروسة سنة تسعين وستماية‬
L 793 (7.51). Siouffi p. 78.
Silver
Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes, on all
dirhems.
CAIRO, DATE MISSING ON ALL COINS
149. No circular legend.
‫قالون‬
‫السلطان الملك االشرف‬
‫محى الدولة الدولة العباسية‬
‫خليل بن‬
...... ‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة‬
Center:

L 797 (2.93); 798 (2.81); 799 (0.96); 800 (1.29); 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804
(1.11); 805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54) Plate VI; 808 (1.73); 809 (2.13). Balog (22,
2.79). Thorburn (0.97).
PROBABLY CAIRO, DATE MISSING
150.
.... ‫االشرف صالح‬
.... ‫خليل قسيم امير‬
‫محمد رسول هللا ارسله‬
BMC 496 (22, 2.80) similar to the dinar Khediv. 1509, therefore, likely to have been
struck in Cairo.
DAMASCUS
690 H.
151. Counter-clockwise circular legend on both sides:
T ‫المنصور‬
R ‫الملك‬
B ‫السلطان‬
L ‫موالنا‬
R ‫وستماية‬
B ‫تسعين‬
L ‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪T‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫االشرف صالح الدنيا‬
‫والدين خليل بن‬
‫‪....‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬محمد رسول هللا‬
‫)‪Balog (21, 2.88) Plate VI, 151a. Jungfleisch (22, 2.88) Plate VI, 151b. L 796 (3.24‬‬
‫‪Plate VI, 151c.‬‬
‫‪152. No circular legend.‬‬
‫بن قالون‬
‫بالسلطان الملك االشرف‬
‫محى الدولة العباسبة‬
‫خليل‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪......‬‬
‫‪Center: as above.‬‬
‫‪ Rev. Center:‬خليل بن‪/‬قالون ‪L 794 (3.03) Circular legend: ....; 795 (2.82) Obv. Center:‬‬
‫ودين الحق‪/‬‬
‫‪MINT MISSING‬‬
L 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804 (1.11); 805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54); 808
(1.73); 809 (2.13).
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
*153. On both sides: border of dots.
‫الملك االشرف‬/
‫صالح الدنيا‬
‫ضرب‬
‫والدين خليل‬
‫ابن قالون‬
....
Thorburn (18, 1.71).
*154. Border missing on both sides.
‫ا]لسطان الملك ا[الشرف‬
‫صالح الدين ناصر الملة المحمد[ية‬
‫ومحى]الدولة العبا[سية‬
‫خليل‬
‫ال]اله اال هللا‬
‫محمد]رسول هللا ارسله‬
‫بالهدى ودين‬
]‫[الحق‬
ANS (16, 1.36). Epigraphy and arrangement of legends suggest Egyptian origin.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD

1ST REIGN: 693-694 H. = 1293-1294 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 698-708 H. = 1299-1309 A.D.
3RD REIGN: 709-741 H. = 1310-1341 A.D.
In a footnote on page 150 of his Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British Museum,
vol. IV, Stanley Lane-Poole wrote: "After many fruitless attempts to distinguish the
coinage of the first reign from that of the second reign, and this latter from the third, I
am obliged to arrange the whole series together; seeing that not one coin in it can
definitely be ascribed to the first or second reign."
Eighty years have passed since these lines were written. Although we have now many
more coins than Lane-Poole had, the material is still not sufficiently abundant. Only two
dinars, with date complete, belong with certainty to the second reign and these two were
already known to Lane-Poole. There are still none of the first reign.
It would seem, therefore, that we have not advanced very much since the conclusion of
the British Museum Catalogue. Yet it is possible now to arrange al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's
coinage in fairly good chronological order to a certain extent.
A distinct evolution is apparent, if we compare the gold and silver issues with each
other and with the successive coinages of both al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's predecessors and
successors. Specimens with complete date are comparatively scarce; there is, however,
no doubt that coins similar to Baybars I and Qalā'ūn's issues must be early. The heavy
dinars, struck on a wide flan and without a marginal legend, must on the other hand,
represent the coinage of the later years; they served as prototype for his successors.
With al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's accession, the emission of copper suddenly became

abundant. Many fulūs are undated; it is not possible to attribute them specifically to any
of the three reigns.
As, however, all the dated copper coins belong to the third reign, for practical purposes
this is where the entire copper coinage shall be listed.
1ST REIGN: 693–694 H. = 1293–1294 A.D.
No coins
AL-'ĀDIL ZAYN AL-DĪN KITBUGHĀ

694-696 H. = 1294-1296 A.D.
Kitbughā's coins are all of great rarity; the 17 dirhems in the Paris collection probably
come from a single hoard.
Gold
CAIRO, 695 H.
155. Border on both sides: linear circle.
Profession of faith formula to: ‫ليظهره‬

‫بسم هللا هدا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة‬
‫سنة خمس وتسعين وستماية‬
‫‪Double circular line on both sides.‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫المنصورى‬
‫العادل زين الدنيا والدين‬
‫‪ ٧‬كتبغا قسيم امير‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪L 835 (5.94). Siouffi p. 18. Balog (22, 6.60) Plate VI.‬‬
‫‪DAMASCUS, 695 H.‬‬
‫‪*156. Border on both sides: circular line.‬‬
‫‪Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:‬‬
‫بالهدى ‪Profession of faith formula to:‬‬
‫بسم هللا ضرب هذا الدرينار بدمشق المحروسة‬
‫سنة خمس و ‪....‬‬

‫‪Circular line on both sides.‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫كتبنا‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧‬العادل ناصر الملة‬
‫المحمدية زين الدينار‬
‫الدين‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫الحق‬
‫الاله اال هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫محمد رسول هللا‪ω‬‬
‫ودين‬
‫‪Wien Inv. no. 6332 (24, 8.50) Plate VI.‬‬
‫‪Silver‬‬
‫‪CAIRO‬‬
‫‪694 H.‬‬
‫‪157. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.‬‬
‫‪No circular legend.‬‬
‫العادل زين الدنيا والدين‬
‫كتبغا قسيم امير‬

R ‫|وستماية‬
B ‫|وتسعين‬
L ‫|سنة اربع‬
T ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Center:
L 837 (2.74); 843 (3.25).
695 H.
158. As above.
As above, but digit of date:
‫سنة خمس‬
L 838 (2.80). Balog (13, 1.37) Plate VI, 158a. ANS (21, 3.01).
L 839 (3.39) 69– H.; 840 (2.45) 69– H.; 844 (3.40) 69– H.; 846 (1.63) 69– H.; 841
(2.12); 842 (1.60) Plate VI, 158b; 845 (1.72); 847 (1.37); 848 (1.38); 849 (1.19); 850
(1.00); 851 (0.92); 852 (0.90). Gagarine (1334) Half-dirhem. ANS, three specimens:
(22, 2.97); (14, 1.15); (12, 1.31). Balog (12, 1.31). Thorburn 0.97.
DAMASCUS, 695 H.
159. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in dodekalobe of dots.
No circular legend.
‫كتبغا‬
‫ العادل ناصر الملة‬٧ ٧
‫ المحمدية زين الدنيا‬٧
‫والدين‬
R ‫|وستماية‬
B ‫|وتسعين‬
L ‫|سنة خمس‬
T ‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Center:
Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.10) Plate VI, 159a (date missing); (20, 2.82) Plate VI,
159b. L 836 (2.57) Lavoix misread Kitbughā's name for the date. BMC 497 (20, 2.42)
date missing. ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.97) incomplete; (13, 1.13) Half-dirhem,
incomplete.
Copper
NO MINT, UNDATED
Epigraphic
‫الملك‬
‫العادل‬
‫)زين(الدين‬
‫كتبنا‬
‫)قسم ا(مير المومنين‬
ANS (17) unique fals. Plate VI, 160.
Heraldic
161. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
‫السلطا‬
‫ن الملك ا‬
‫لعادل‬
No legend. In field: chalice.
Mayer, SH, Pl. XX, nos. 2 and 4. BM, Marsden CCCI (16) Plate VI, 161a. Balog, two
specimens: (8) Plate VI, 161b; (19). Jungfleisch, three coins: (14, 1.67); (16, 2.58); (20,
3.69).
AL-MANṢŪR ḤUSĀM AL-DĪN LĀJĪN

696-698 H. = 1296-1299 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 697 H.
162. Border on both sides missing (probably circular line).
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend: ‫ سبع وتسعين وستماية‬.. Profession of

faith formula, ending with: ‫الحق‬
Center:
‫خلد هللا‬
‫المنصور حسام الدنيا والدين‬
‫ابو الفتح الجين المنصورى‬

‫سلطانه‬
Center:
BM, Salurgie 1901 10–681 (20, 5.50) Plate VI, 162a. ANS (21, 6.35) Plate VI, 162b
date missing. L 845 (22, 5.37) Plate VI, 162c date missing. Siouffi p. 18.
Note the invocation ‫ سلطانه | خلد هللا‬on obv.
MINT? (POSSIBLY DAMASCUS) 698 H.
On both sides: counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Missing (profession of faith formula). .... ‫المحروسة سنة ثمان وتسعين‬
On both sides: circular line.
Center:
‫الجين‬
‫المنصور ناصر الملة‬
‫المحمدية حسام الدنيا‬
‫والدين‬
Center:
‫الحق‬
‫ ارسله بالهدى‬ω
....
L 853 (20, 4.85) Plate VII.
Lavoix (p. 561 of the Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes, Additions & Corrections)
notes the difficulties in reading the date, which on the coin is clearly ‫جمل‬. We believe,
that it is simply a misspelling for eight ‫ثمان‬, the logical date for Lājīn being 698. Of the
mint, only the epithet "the Guarded", ‫المحروسة‬, is preserved; it applies to Cairo as well as
to Damascus, but as the Damascus dirhem is of the same type, the dinar may as well
belong there.
Silver
MINT? (PROBABLY CAIRO; SAME VARIETY AS THE CAIRO DINAR).
DATE MISSING
164. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
No circular legend.
Center:
‫المنصور حسام الدنيا والدين‬
‫ابو الفتح الجين المنصورى‬
‫سلطانه‬
Circular legend missing.
Center:
BMC 498 (20, 3.88). ANS (21, 3.25).

DAMASCUS, 696 H.
165. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
No circular legend.
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ست تسعين وستماية‬
Center:
‫الجين‬
‫المنصور ناصر الملة‬
‫المحمدية حسام الدنيا‬
‫والدين‬
Center:
L 855 (3.12). ANS, three specimens: (22, 2.82); (20, 2.92); (20, 3.08) date missing.
Balog (21, 3.16) Plate VII. Gagarine 1355.
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
166. Border: circle of dots.
‫السطا‬
‫ن الملك‬
Border: circle of dots in circular line. Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
‫الجين ضرب بدمشق‬
Center: Lājīn's blason: a fesse.
Mayer, SH p. 148 (17.5, 1.60) Plate VII; p. 149 (18, 1.57). ANS Balog (16).

2ND REIGN: 698–708 H. = 1299–1309 A.D.
Two dinars can be attributed to the second reign with certainty. One has the complete
date, the digit is missing on the other, but it is of the same type as the first; therefore, it
is safe to place it in the same reign. A few more dinars are known of the same type, that
is, with a marginal legend on both sides; although the date is missing, there is little
doubt that they also were struck during al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's second reign. A unique
fals, anonymous but dated 701 H., is known, but no silver.
Gold
CAIRO
69– H.
....‫ال اله اال هللا محمد‬
‫تسعين وسنماية‬..... ‫ضرب هذا‬
On both sides: double circular line.
Center:
‫قالون‬
‫ ناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين‬ω ω
‫محمد ابن الملك‬
Center:
ω ‫ محمد رسول هللا‬٧
BMC 498,k (22, 3.69).
707 H.
168. As above.
Marginal legend:
‫ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة المحروسة سنة سبع وسبعماية‬
Center as above.
BMC 498.m (23, 6.09). Thorburn.
DATE MISSING
Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides.
On both sides: double circular line.
Central legend: as above.
BMC 502,d (27, 4.34) Rev. margin: .... ‫ بالقاهرة المحروسة سنه ست و‬... L. 815 (22, 5.92) Rev.
margin: ... 695 ... ‫?المارك بالقاهرة سنة خمس‬. Broach no. 3 (23, 5.57). Balog BIE XXXII
1950, p. 255 (18, 1.18) Half-dinar. Plate VII.
ḤAMĀH, DATE MISSING
169. Border missing.
Circular line.
Center:
‫قالون‬
‫الناصر ناصر الديناوا‬
‫لدين محمد بن الملك‬
‫ المنصور‬٧
Border missing.
... ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا‬
Circular line.
Center:
‫○ ضرب بحماة‬
‫○ ودين الحق‬
L 810 (22, 5.15) Plate VII, Retouched.
170. Border on both sides missing.
... ‫ )بد(مشق المحروسة سنة‬...

.... ‫ المبارك سنة‬....
Center:
As above.
Center:
‫المحروسة‬
L 813 (4.11). BMC 502, f (20, 6.61).
Copper
ALEPPO, 701 H.
*171. Border on both sides: missing.
On both sides: linear hexagram, in which:
‫ضرب‬
‫بحلب‬
‫احدو‬
‫سبعماية‬
This is an anonymous coin, struck in Aleppo in 701 H. There can be no doubt therefore
that fulūs were struck during al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's second reign.
ANS (18, 2.86) Plate VII.
AL-MUẒAFFAR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS II

708-709 H. = 1309-1310 A.D.
Only a few coppers coins were hitherto known, and now a half-dozen dirhems have
come to light; dinars are as yet unknown.
Silver
On all dirhems, border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
TRIPOLI, 709 H.
Counter-clockwise circular legend.
R ‫|وسبعماية‬
L ٧ |‫سنة تسع‬
T ‫ضرب بطرابلس‬
Center:
‫المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين‬
٧ ‫ببرس المنصورى‬
Center:
ω ‫ محمد رسول هللا‬٧ ٧
Balog, three coins: (23) Plate VII, 172a; (20) Plate VII, 172b; (14) Plate VII, 172c.

A
*173.
‫المظفر ركن الدينا وا‬
‫‪ ٧‬لبين ببرس قسيم‬
‫)امير المومنين(‬
‫|وسبعماية ‪R‬‬
‫|تسع ‪B‬‬
‫|سنة ‪L‬‬
‫ضرب ‪T ....‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧‬محمد رسول هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪Balog (19, 2.20) Plate VII.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪*174.‬‬
‫المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين‬
‫ابو الفتح ببرس قسيم‬
‫)امير المومنين(‬
‫|سنة تسع ‪L‬‬
‫ضرب ‪T ....‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
Balog (20, 3.16) Plate VII.
Copper
TRIPOLI, 709 H.
175. Border on both sides: double circle of dots.
‫السلطان الملك المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين‬
‫ ضرب بطرابلس المحروسة سنة تسع‬٧ ٧ ٧
On both sides: inner circle of dots.
Center:
‫ ببرس‬٧
Center:
‫وسبعماية‬
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173–4; Münzkabinett . BMC 491 BM, no number (both coins first
attributed to Baybars I, later transfered to Baybars II). Gagarine 1361, 1362 (al-Nāṣir
Muḥammad or Baybars II?). P.A.M. 498. ANS München. Thorburn. Balog, five
specimens: (20), Plate VII, 175a; (20); (20); (20); (17) Half-fals. Plate VII, 175b.

3RD REIGN: 709–741 H. = 1310–1341 A.D.
Gold
Only dinars minted in Cairo and Damascus are extant from the third reign. Two types
can be distinguished:
I. Early issues which still show a marginal legend. The mint and date formula is in the
marginal legend of the reverse. One exception is known: BMC 499 t, Cairo 738 H., still
has marginal legends.
II. New type on a wide flan, without marginal or circular legends. Border on both sides,
on all dinars, a thick circular line. Only one dinar is dated 724 H., all the others are later
than 730 H.
Type I
CAIRO
711 H.
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق‬
‫ ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك(بالقاهرة سنة احد وعشر‬٧)
Double circular line on both sides.
Center:
‫هللا‬
‫وما النصر اال من عند‬
‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد‬
‫ابن الملك المنصور‬
‫قالون‬
Center:
‫هللا‬
‫وما النصر االمن عند‬
ω ‫رسول هللا ارسله‬

‫الحق‬
BMC 498,s (23, 5.44) Plate VII.
713 H.
177. As above.
As above, but marginal legend:
.... ‫( عشر‬sic) ‫ سنة ثالث‬....
BMC 499 (24, 5.95). Mint missing, but same arrangement of legends, therefore: Cairo.
DATE MISSING
Khediv. (1512, 1513). L 816 (7.82). Balog (23, 5.10) Plate VII.
DAMASCUS
711 H.
(sic) ‫بدمشق المحروسة سنة احد عشر وسبعما‬...‫بسم هللا‬
(sic) ‫ضرب بدمشق سنة احد عشر‬...(‫على الدين )كله‬
Center:
‫قالون‬
‫السطان الملك‬
ω ω ‫الناصر ناصر الدنياو‬
‫الدبن محمد بن الملك‬
Center:
‫ليظهره‬
ω ‫ال اال اال هللا‬
L 811 (21, 4.15) Plate VII.
Obv.: marginal legend contains the mint and date formula. Rev.: Religious legend
starting in the field continues in the margin and ends with the mint and date formula
once more.
713 H.
179. As above, but marginal legend:
‫بدمشق سنة ثلث عشر وسبعماية‬
‫المحروسة سنة ثلث عشر وسبعماية‬...
L 812 (7.11). Siouffi, two specimens: pp. 18 and 78.
Type II
All coins of this type: border on both sides a thick circular line. No marginal or circular
legends.
CAIRO
724 H.
*180.
‫بالقاهرة‬
‫السلطان الملك النا‬
‫ صر الدنيا والدين محمد‬ω
‫بن المالك المنصور قالون‬
‫اربع وعشرين وسبعماية‬

‫هللا‬
‫الاله اال هللا محمد ‪ω‬‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله ‪ω‬‬
‫الحق‬
‫‪Bajocchi (21, 9.0) note that the word Nāṣir of the protocol only occurs once.‬‬
‫‪733 H.‬‬
‫‪*181.‬‬
‫سنة‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد ابن‬
‫الملك المنصور ‪ω‬‬
‫ثالث وثالثين سبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله ‪ω‬‬
‫‪BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 4–350 (24, 6.0) Plate VIII. Jungfleisch (25, 5.38).‬‬
‫‪738 H.‬‬
‫‪182. This is the only late dinar with marginal legends.‬‬

.... ‫ الحق ليظهره على الد‬....
... ‫ ضرب هذا الدينار‬...
Double circular line on both sides.
Center:
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد بن‬
‫سنة ثمان وثالثين وسبعماية‬
Center:
As above.
BMC 499,t (24, 6.02).
739 H.
183.
‫ناصر الدنيا و الدين محمد بن‬
‫سنة تسع‬
(sic) ‫وثالثين وسبعما‬
As above, but last line: ‫لي ظهره‬
BMC 500 (24, 7.92) according to Lane-Poole, the marginal legend is illegible; actually,
there is no marginal legend. Broach no. 5, two coins.
184. The omission of Catalogue No. 184 is an editorial error discovered too late to
allow alteration without completely upsetting the reference values of the entire
catalogue. No coin has been left out.
740 H.
185.
‫سنة‬
‫ناصر الدين محمد بن‬
‫اربعين وسبعماية‬
As above, but ornaments:
‫ارسله‬
‫رسول‬
L 814 (7.85).
741 H.
186.
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد بن‬
‫الملك المنصور سنة احد‬
‫( و سبعماية‬sic) ‫وربعين‬
‫هللا‬
‫وما النصر اال من عند ‪ω‬‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله با ‪ω‬‬
‫لهدى ودين الحق‬
‫• ليظهره •‬
‫‪BMC 500,k (25, 6.80) Plate VIII.‬‬
‫‪BMC 501. (24, 11.0). Cunha 147. Wien 7420.‬‬
‫‪DAMASCUS‬‬
‫‪738 H.‬‬
‫‪187.‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬باهلل‬
‫وماتوفيقى اال‬
‫اللسلطان الملك الناصر ‪ω‬‬
‫‪ ω‬ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد‬
‫قالون‬
‫محمد رسول هللا ارسله ‪ω‬‬
‫بالهدى ودين الحق ضرب‬
‫بدمشق سنة ثمان و‬
‫‪ ٧‬ثلثين وسبعماية‬
‫‪Khediv. 1514.‬‬
‫‪739 H.‬‬
‫‪*188. As above.‬‬
‫‪As above, but last two lines:‬‬
‫بدمشق سنة تسع و‬
‫ثلثين وسبعماية‬
‫‪Jungfleisch (28, 6.90) Plate VIII.‬‬
‫‪740 H.‬‬
‫‪189.‬‬
‫بالسلطان الملك الناصر‬
‫‪ ω‬ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد‬
‫بن الملك المنصور سنة‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪ ω‬ال اله اال هللا محمد‬
‫‪ ω‬رسول هللا ارسله‬
‫‪BMC 500,f (26, 9.59). Broach no. 5 (27, 7.39). Fig. Codrington.‬‬
‫‪741 H.‬‬
‫‪190. As above, but last line:‬‬
‫احدى واربعين )‪(sic‬‬

As above.
BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 (4–349) Plate VIII. Broach no. 5. ANS (22, 6.82).
DATE MISSING
Broach no. 5, several specimens.
Silver
Border on both sides, on all dirhems: circular line in circle of dots.
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫محمد‬
‫ال]ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين بن ام[ير‬
ANS (21, 2.99) note at the end of protocol: ‫ = بن امير المومنين‬son of the commander of the
faithful. (Probably engraver's error).
CAIRO, DATE MISSING

A
192.
‫الناصر ناصر الدنياو الدين‬
‫محمد بن قالون قسيم‬

‫ضرب بالقاهرة ‪ | T‬سنة اربع ‪ | B ..... | L‬وسبعماية ‪R‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫محمد رسو ل هللا‬
‫‪BMC 514 (22, 2.99) date 7–4 H. which may be 714, 724 or 734 H.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪193.‬‬
‫)المومنين(‬
‫الناصر ناصر)الدنيا والدين(‬
‫محمد بن)قالون(‬
‫‪As above, but date only: 7—H.‬‬
‫‪L 818 (1.72).‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪730 H.‬‬
‫‪*194.‬‬
‫وما توفيقى اال‬
‫‪ ٧‬باهلل السلطان الملك‬
‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين ‪ω ω‬‬
‫محمد بن الملك المنصور‬

‫قالون‬
ω ‫ محمد رسول هللا ارسله‬٧ ٧
‫بالهدى ودين الحق ضرب‬
‫بدمشق سنة ثلثين‬
Balog (20, 2.93) Plate VIII.
731 H.
195. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
‫بدمشق سنة احدى‬
‫وثلثين وسبعماية‬
Khediv. 1515.
734 H.
*196. As above.
‫بدمشق سنة اربع‬
‫وثلثين وسبعماية‬
DATE MISSING
BMC 513 (22, 3.41). Ashmol. date 7–2 H. Damascus. ANS (22, 2.51).
B
MINT MISSING, PROBABLY DAMASCUS
DATE MISSING
197. (There is some doubt about the attribution to Damascus, because the legends on
both sides, on the 711 and 713 H. dinars of Cairo, also start with: ‫)هللا‬.
‫وما النصر اال من عبد‬

‫هللا‬
‫بن المالك المنصور‬
‫قالون‬
‫هللا‬
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد‬
‫الحق‬
‫‪BMC 515 (20, 2.68). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20, 2.61); on rev. of his second coin:‬‬
‫‪ at the beginning of the fifth line; (20, 3.62).‬ارسله‬
‫‪TRIPOLI, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪198.‬‬
‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا و[الدين‬
‫[بن ا]لمنصور‪... ...‬‬
‫‪......‬‬
‫ضرب بطرابلس‬
BMC 512 (22, 2.05).
ALEPPO
730 H.
‫قالون‬
••
‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا و‬
‫الدين محمد بن الملك‬
R ‫ | وسبعماية‬B ‫ | سنة ثالثين و‬L .... | T ‫ضرب بحلب‬
Center:
‫الاله اال هللا‬
••
Jungfleisch (23, 2.76). Balog (21, 2.67).
731 H.
*200. As above.
As above, but date starts at the bottom, counter-clockwise:
...... ‫سنة احد وثالثية|و‬
733 H.
201. As above.
‫سنة ثالث ثالثين |سبعيماية‬
BMC 504 (22, 2.61).
737 H.
*202. As above.
‫سبع وثالثين و|سبعماية‬
739 H.
*203. As above.
R ‫ | وسبعماية‬B ‫ | ثالثين‬L ‫سنة تسع‬
DATE MISSING
Of a large number of coins, only a few can be mentioned:
BMC 507 (20, 3.11) date 7–1 H.; 509 (21, 2.60). L 820 (3.08). Beyram. Wien 7869.
ANS (22, 3.11); (21, 3.50). Jungfleisch (20, 2.48); 20, 2.87); (21, 3.09). Balog (20,
3.38); (20, 3.40).
ḥamāh
715 H.
*204.
‫قالون‬
‫لناصر ناصر الدنيا وا‬
‫لدين محمد بن الملك‬
‫ضرب بحماة‬
‫خمس عشر وسبعماية‬
719 H.
*205. As above.
‫تسع عشر وسبعماية‬
Jungfleisch, two coins: (21, 1.59); (22, 3.22).
730 H.
*206. As above.
‫ثالثين وسبعماية‬
Balog (20, 3.35).
733 H.
*207. As above.
‫ثالث ثالثين‬
Jungfleisch (20, 1.48)
734 H.
*208. As above.

‫اربع ثالثين سبعماية‬
735 H.
209.
‫قالون‬
‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين محمد بن الملك المنصور‬
‫خمس ثالثين‬
BMC 505 (20, 3.56) mint missing, but the arrangement of the legends indicate Ḥamāh;
511 (20, 2.72) although the date is missing, the arrangement of the legends is typical for
the same year.
736 H.
210. As 734 H.
As 734 H., but last line:
‫سنة سته وثالثين‬
BMC 506 (21, 3.18) Plate VIII, 210a. Jungfleisch (20, 1.87).
DATE MISSING
Same variety, mint on the reverse
BMC 510 (19, 2.72). L 817 (3.02). Broach no. 32, eight specimens. Wien 5755. ANS
(21, 2.85). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20, 2.79); (20, 3.02). Balog (21, 2.25) Plate
VIII 210b.
Mint on the obverse

*211.
‫والدين محمد بن قالون‬
Only ‫ سنة‬visible on the left, otherwise the counter-clockwise circular legend missing.
Center:
ANS (21, 2.85).
212. Black (cut) dirhems and fractions of the dirhem
We have a great number of silver coins minted with the technique of the Fāṭimid black
dirhems. These are struck on an unheated or insufficiently heated piece, cut from a
narrow silver-ribbon. According to the heating (none at all, insufficient or, sometimes
enough), the resulting coin remained square, or has been partially or entirely rounded by
the striking.
They vary in size and weight. The diameter is from 11 to 15 mm., the weight from 0.50
grm. to 3.11 grm. They have one thing in common: only a central portion of the legends
is on the flan and mint and date are almost without exception missing.
A few examples:
L 821 (1.93); 822 (2.25); 823 (3.22); 824 (2.09). Balog, three specimens: (9, 0.51) Plate
VIII, 212a; (10, 0.55); (12, 1.04) Plate VIII, 212b.
ARMENIAN TRAMS OVERSTRUCK BY AL-NāṢIR MUḤAMMAD
Around the middle of the nineteenth Century, numismatists noticed the existence of
Armenian silver-coins, overstruck with an Arabic legend. L. L. Sawaszkiewicz ( Le
Génie de l'Orient, 1846) was the first author to mention them; he did not, however,
recognize their proper place in the history of Mamlūk coinage. Nearly fifty years later
O. Codrington published several specimens in his very important article on the Broach
hoard of Islamic dinars and dirhems (1883). In his Manual of Musalman Numismatics
(1904) they were already correctly attributed to al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and connected
with the results of his military operations in Cilicia.
In 714–715 H. (1314–15 A.D.), al-Nāṣir Muḥammad attacked and invaded Cilicia; a

second invasion followed in 716 H. (1316 A.D.). Next year the campaign was renewed
but ended unsuccessfully for the Mamlūks. In 721 H. (1321 A.D.) Armenia endured a
Mongol invasion from Asia Minor, which incidentally was also instigated by al-Nāṣir
Muḥammad. The worst for the Armenians was to come in 722–723 H. (1322–23 A.D.)
when the Mamlūk sultan again invaded Cilicia, laid waste large parts of its territory and
finally even captured Sīs, the capital. Not only did he capture the treasury of Leon IV,
but an annual tribute of 1,200,000 trams was imposed for years to come.
This considerable mass of ready cash which continued to come in regularly for several
years served to succour the chronically deficient Mamlūk silver currency. Part of the
tribute was probably melted down to strike Mamlūk dirhems; part again may have been
put into circulation without any alteration whatsoever. Masses of trams, however, were
overstruck with al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's dies. All three kinds of coins have been found
together in hoards from this period, which is an indication that they circulated freely
without discrimination.
The overstriking must have been executed with insufficient heating of the trams,
because the original Armenian legends are often well enough preserved and the Arabic
legends of the overstriking not always distinct.
The mint as well as the date is missing on all specimens. The coin-type, with this pious
invocation on both sides, occurs only on very early dinars (711 and 713 H.) of the Cairo
mint. It has been found on a few dirhems which probably belong to Damascus, but on
which the mint-name is also missing. As for the date, the coins were probably
continuously overstruck as long as the tribute continued to flow in.
The legends of the overstriking, reconstructed from several coins, read as follows:
‫هللا‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين‬
‫محمد بن الملك المنصور‬
‫قالون‬
‫هللا‬

Dr. Paul Bedoukian of New York City kindly informed me that in his corpus of
Armenian Coins a total of 117 trams with Arabic overstriking are listed. Of these, 13
belong to Oshin (1308–1320 A.D.) and 45 to Levon IV (1320–1342 A.D.); on the
remaining 59 the king's name is illegible.
It is easily understandable that the coins which were part of the loot and, to a much
greater extent, made up the yearly tribute, belong to the contemporary ruler and his
immediate predecessor.
Dr. Bedoukian was also kind enough to confirm the identification of several of my own
specimens, as follows:
overstruck on oshin (1308–1320 A.D.)
213.
Balog, three specimens: (21, 2.38); (21, 2.29) Plate VIII, 213a; (23, 2.25) Plate VIII,
213b.
overstruck on levon iv (1320–1342 A.D.)
Balog, three specimens: (22, 1.95) Plate VIII, 213c; (20, 2.20); (18, 1.90) Plate VIII,
213d.
the armenian king's name illegible
Balog, four specimens: (25, 2.25); (22, 2.32) Plate VIII, 213e; (21, 1.89) Plate VIII,
213f; (19, 2.17) and several other specimens not controlled. ANS (20, 2.23); (22, 2.05).
Copper
It would seem that under al-Nāṣir Muḥammad copper was issued in much greater
quantities than before. His fulūs are preserved not only in large numbers, but also in a
variety of different types. His coppers have been found in hoards, which sometimes
contain as many as over 500 specimens, like for example the 1959 hoard which the
present writer acquired, and which was chiefly composed of Cairo and Damascus fulūs.
Normally, the coins should be listed in chronological order. As, however, many copper
coins of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad are undated, it was thought that an arrangement according
to coin types was more practical. The types are as follows:
• I. Legends only.
• II. Legends in ornamented field.
• III. Heraldic charges.
Within each group, first come the coins without mint and date, then those with mint but
undated, and finally, coins with mint and date.
I. Legends only
Short horizontal legend
NO MINT, UNDATED
214. Border: circle of dots in circular line.
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
Border: circular line, in which square of dots.
‫محمد‬
‫بن‬
‫قالون‬
Blau 292.
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
‫بن‬
‫الملك‬
ANS (14, 1.19).
DAMASCUS
UNDATED

‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
‫ضرب‬
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
‫‪Balog (16) Plate IX.‬‬
‫‪TRIPOLI‬‬
‫‪UNDATED‬‬
‫‪*217‬‬
‫مو‬
‫النا السلطان‬
‫الملك‬
‫اطرابلس‬
‫ناصر الدنياوالدين‬
‫ضرب‬
‫‪Balog (20) Plate IX.‬‬
‫‪726 H.‬‬
‫الملك‬
‫محمد‬
‫الناصر‬
‫ضرب‬
‫طرابلس سنة ست‬
‫عشرين وسبعماية‬
‫‪L 833 (18, 2.60).‬‬
‫‪Several lines of horizontal legend.‬‬

‫‪NO MINT, UNDATED‬‬
‫‪*219.‬‬
‫هللا‬
‫قالون‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪Balog, five specimens: (20); (21); (22); (22); (22).‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, UNDATED‬‬
‫‪220. Border: double circular line, between the lines, groups of pellets.‬‬

‫قالون‬
Circular line, Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Circular line. Center:
‫هللا‬
‫ رسول هللا ارسله‬ω
‫الحق‬
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p.94, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (18) Plate IX; (21);
twenty-two specimens from the 1959 hoard. Jungfleisch (22, 3.25). ANS (23, 3.05).
*221. As above.
Center:
‫هللا‬
Balog (24) Plate IX.
DAMASCUS
735 H.
‫بدمشق‬
‫سنة خمس وثلثين‬

‫ناصر الدينا والدين محمد‬
‫قالون‬
‫هللا‬
‫الحق‬
L 828 (3.02); 829 (3.11); 830 (3.06); 831 (2.75). Fraehn, Additions to Nova Suppl. p.
282 no. 4/aa. Lagumina p. 94 no. 3. Siouffi p. 18. B/35/2 (20). BM 521-A-11–737 (19).
Ashmol., two specimens. München. Balog, two specimens: (20); (21, 2.44); eight more
specimens from the 1959 hoard.
736 H.
*223. As above.
As above, but date:
...‫سنة ست‬
Balog, six coins from the 1959 hoard.
737 H.
*224. As above.
As above, but date:
...‫سنة سبع‬
Balog (20) from the 1959 hoard.
739 H.
225. As above.
As above, but date:

...‫سنة تسع‬
Windisch-Graetz no. 180. Zambaur read the date as 709 H.; it must be: 739 H. Ashmol.
Balog, three specimens: (20) Plate IX; (20); (20). ANS (17, 3.11); (17, 3.32).
741 H.
226. Welzl v. Wellenheim no. 12376.
DATE MISSING
BMC 523 and 524. BM, no number. Balog, numerous specimens from the 1959 hoard.
TRIPOLI
UNDATED OR DATE MISSING
227. Border not mentioned
(‫ناصر الدين محمد)بن‬
(‫)قالون‬
As above.
Erman B/48/3.
ALEPPO
UNDATED OR DATE MISSING
‫حلب‬
‫قالون‬
As above.
Balog, two coins: (21); (23).

‫‪ḥamāh, undated‬‬
‫اللسلطان الملك الناصر‬
‫قالون‬
‫ارسله بالهدى ودين‬
‫)الحق(‬
‫)‪ANS (20, 2.68‬‬
‫‪Circular legends‬‬
‫‪NO MINT, UNDATED‬‬
‫‪Counter-clockwise marginal legend:‬‬
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين‬
‫‪Circular line. Center:‬‬
‫محمد‬
‫‪Field:‬‬
‫ودين‬

Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate IX, 230a; (20) Plate IX, 230b.
CAIRO, UNDATED
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدين‬
Circular line. Center:
‫محمد‬
Field:
ANS (21) Plate IX, 231a; (17). Jungfleisch, four specimens: (18, 2.83); (19, 3.10); (20,
2.49); (22), 2.77). Balog (20) Plate IX, 231.
cairo , 710 H.
Circular line. Center: ‫محمد‬

‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة عشر وسبعماية بن‬
Circular line. Center: ‫قالون‬
BMC 517 (15). L 834 (2.82) Lavoix read 716 H. Blau no. 290. Balog (20) Plate IX.
Jungfleisch, five specimens: (15, 1.48); (17, 2.84); (18, 2.37); (20, 2.78); (21, 2.60).
ALEPPO, 710 H.
233. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
Circle of dots on both sides.
Center: • ‫محمد‬
‫ضرب بحلب المحروسة سنة عشر‬
Center: ‫وسبعماية‬
BMC 517,d (20) Plate IX, 233a. Miles, Antioch 170. Beyruth (13) Half-fals Plate IX,
233b. München.
II. Legends and Ornaments

mint and date missing
.... ‫ال اله اال هللا‬

Illegible traces of marginal legend.
On both sides: broad circular band with oblique spokes to left (water-wheel design).
Center: ‫محمد‬
Center: ‫وسبعماية‬
Madrid, National Museum (15) Plate IX.
tripoli, undated
*235. On both sides: broad decorative marginal band. External circle, with eight small
fleur de lis pointing inwards end inner circle with eight tiny spikes pointing outwards.
Center:
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫بطرابلس‬
Balog (19) Plate IX.

aleppo, undated
*236. Border: circular line.
‫صر‬
‫الملك النا‬
‫الملك المنصور بن‬
Border: circular band with rigid cable pattern to left.
Center: ‫بحلب‬
ANS (14).
Hexagram design
NO MINT, UNDATED
*237. On both sides: border of circular line, in which linear hexagram. Pellet in the
external angles and the small triangles.
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
Balog, two specimens: (15) Plate IX; (15).
anonymous, aleppo , 710 H.
*238. On both sides: border of linear circle, in which linear hexagram.
‫ضرب‬
‫بحلب‬
‫عشر‬
(sic) ‫سبع‬
München (19).
tripoli, undated
*239. Border missing. Hexagram.
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram.
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
‫طرابلس‬
ANS (18, 2.88).
TRIPOLI, 741 H.
*240. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with slightly rounded
edges. Pellet in the external angles and the small tringles.
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
‫طرابلس‬
‫احدوار‬
‫بعين‬
Gagarine 1368. ANS (19, 2.69). Balog (21) Plate IX.
Miḥrāb design
ḥamāh, undated
Clockwise marginal legend:
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا و الدين‬
Circular line. Center: ‫بحماة‬
Border missing.
Miḥrāb (rounded arch placed on two columns), a mosque-lamp hanging from the arch.
Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate IX, 241a; (14) Plate IX, 241b.
III. Heraldic Emblems

Napkin (‫)البقجة‬
cairo , 720 H.
242. Border: circular line.
‫صر‬
Border: linear dodekalobe.
BR ‫ | عشرين‬BL ‫ | ة سنة‬TL ‫ | لقاهر‬TR ‫ضرب با‬

Linear square standing on edge. In center:
L1 146 Lavoix did not read the whole date and could not decide whether to attribute this
coin to al-Nāṣir Muḥammad or al-Nāṣir Ḥasan. ANS, two specimens: (18, 2.77); (16,
2.53) date incomplete. Balog, eight specimens: (16); (17); (17); (18) Plate IX, 242a;
(18) Plate IX, 242b Rev. circular starts at top left side; (19); (20) Plate IX, 242c; (15)
and many other specimens.
Note: On all coins the reverse circular starts at top, right side, except on Balog (18),
where it starts at top left side.
721 H.
*243. As above.
As above, but circular legend, starting at top, right hand side:
BR ‫ | عشرين‬BL ‫ | سنة احد‬TL ‫ | لقاهرة‬TR ‫ضرب با‬
Balog (17) Plate X.
DAMASCUS, 720 H.
*244. As above.
Border: linear dodekalobe. Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting at bottom left

side:
TL ‫ | عشرين‬TR ‫ | سنة‬BR ‫ | بدمشق‬BL ‫ضرب‬
The napkin is represented by a linear rhombus, instead of the linear square.
Center:
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X; (14); (15); (15).
Fesse
NO MINT, UNDATED
245. Border on both sides: dotted circle between two linear circles.
Field:
‫الماك‬
‫الناصر‬
Shield divided by horizontal band into three horizontal segments (fesse). The central
band is bendy of eleven pieces, variety a.) to left, var. b.) to right. Upper and lower
segment contains a floral arabesque.
BMC 528,k (18); 528,l (17). ANS, four specimens: (20, 2.52); (19, 2.52); (20, 3.82);
(15, 1.11) Half-fals. Balog, three specimens: (20 Var. a) Plate X, 245a; (17 Var. b) Plate
X, 245b; (18 Var. b).
damascus, undated
246. Border on both sides: circular line. Field on both sides divided by two horizontal
lines into three segments (fesse). In the upper and lower segment: undulated cable to
left. In the central segment:
‫الملك الناصر‬
Khediv. 1531. Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19). ANS (17, 2.78).
DAMASCUS, 732 H.
Field:
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر ضرب‬
‫دمشق‬
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse). In central segment,
oval cartouche with small fleur-delis at both ends, pointing outwards.
In upper segment: ‫سنة اثنين‬
In central cartouche: ‫محمد‬
In lower segment: ‫وثلثين‬
ANS (21, 2.46); (21, 2.59). Jungfleisch (20, 3.01). Balog (18).
733 H.
*248. As above.
As above, but in upper segment:
‫سنة ثلث‬
Jungfleisch (19, 2.62). Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19).
734 H.
249. As above.
As above, but in upper segment:
‫سنة اربع‬
BMC 518 (17); 519 (18); 520 (20). L 825 (2.98); 826 (2.41); 827 (2.44).
ḥamāh, undated
250. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ‫ضرب‬
Central segment: ‫الملك الناصر‬
Lower segment: ‫بحماة‬
Upper and lower segment: ornament
Central segment: bendy of eleven pieces to the left.

BMC 529,f (20).
*251. Square flan. Border on both sides: square of dots in linear square. In it, circular
line. In the four corners small ornament.
Field:
‫الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ‫بحماة‬
Central segment bendy of nine pieces to to the left.
Lower segment: ‫ضرب‬
ANS (12, 2.24) Plate X, 251.
aleppo, undated
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper and lower segment contains an ornament.
Larger central segment:
Circular floral scroll, in which circular line. Center: ‫ضرب‬

‫بحلب‬
Balog (22) Plate X.
tripoli, undated
253. Border of small diamonds, in which circular line.
Lower segment: ‫اطرابلس‬
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram.
Fonrobert 6559. Balog (20) Plate X.
Fleur-de-lis
NO MINT, UNDATED
A
*254. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by horizontal flexed cable to left.
Border: circular line in circle of dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on piqué ground.
Upper segment: ‫الملك‬
Lower segment: ‫الناصر‬

Balog, two specimens: (14) Plate X; (13).
*255. As above.
Border: double circular line in circle of dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on plain ground.
Balog (14) Plate X.
Rosette
Six-petaled, except the Damascus, 730 H. issue, on which the rosette has five petals
only
NO MINT, UNDATED
A
‫السلطا‬
‫ن الملك‬
‫الناصر‬
Border: hexalobe of dots, in which double linear hexalobe.
Center: six-petaled rosette.

BMC 528,a (14) Plate X, 256a. Flagel. (15) Plate X, 256b. P.A.M.
‫بن‬
‫الناصرو‬
Border circular line. In it, linear hexagram composed of two interwoven triangles. Pellet
in the external angles.
Center: six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X, 257a; (14) Plate X, 257b; (15); (13). ANS, two
specimens: (14, 2.43); (14, 2.08).
Ḥamāh, undated
Border: thick circular line.
In center: six-petaled rosette, in linear hexalobe. Between hexalobe and marginal circle,
six pellets.

ANS (16, 1.74). Balog (16) Plate X.
N. B. The Sulṭān's name was difficult to identify on this coin and has been erroneously
read as al-Nāṣir Muḥammad . It belongs, correctly, to al-Ṣāliḥ Hājji. Cf. 527, Plate XXI.
tripoli, undated
Field divided by horizontal line of dots between two horizontal lines.
Border: circular line, in which linear hexagram. Six flowerettes pointing inwards from
the external circle, between the points of the hexagram.
Center: small six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
Upper segment: ‫الملك الناصر‬
Lower segment: ‫ضرب طرابلس‬
BMC 528 (18). Miles, Antioch 172.
ALEPPO, 717 H.
260. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds between two circular lines.
٧ ‫السلطان‬
‫عز نصره‬
‫ضرب بحلب المحروسة سنة سبع عشر وشبعماية‬
Center: six-petaled rosette with central pellet, in linear hexalobe.

BMC 528,b (20). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5–13–29 (21) Plate X, 260a; Sir R. Burns
1949 8–3–417 (22) Plate X, 260b. L 1145 Lavoix did not attribute the coin to Nāṣir
Muḥammad because of the invocation ‫عز نصره‬. Miles, Antioch 171, 173. ANS, two
specimens: (23, 2.67); (22, 2.39).
This seems to be the earliest occurrence of ‫ عز نصره‬on a Mamlūk coin. Marcel

Jungfleisch believed that a dinar of al-Manṣūr 'Alā al-Dīn 'Ali, struck in Cairo in 779
H., was the first Mamlūk coin to present this invocation (BIE IX, 1927, pp. 51–55). As
can be seen, the formula 'azza naṣruhu was in use from 717 H., thus a full sixty years
before al-Manṣūr 'Ali's dinar was issued. Incidentally, coins with this invocation in al-
Nāṣir Ḥasan's and al-Ashraf Sha'bān's name also are known.
DAMASCUS, 730 H.
Five-petaled rosette
In the field: legend between two horizontal floral-scroll ornaments.
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلثين‬
Center: round shield, in which concave, five-petaled rosette.
BMC 525 (17). White-King 2331. München (18) three specimens. Jungfleisch (20,
3.48) Plate X, 261a. Balog, two coins: (18) Plate X, 261b; (18). ANS, six specimens:
(22, 3.14); (20, 2.05); (20, 2.83); (18, 3.29); (18, 2.93); (17, 3.70).
732 H.
262.
Fonrobert 6560. Welzl von Wellenheim.
Eagle
Eagle to left
mint missing, undated
.......
‫ضرب‬
Eagle with spread wings, tips downward, claws stretched toward the wing-tips. Head to
left.
Balog (18) Plate X, 263.
Eagle to right
tripoli, undated
*264. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
‫ضرب‬
‫طرابلس‬
Eagle as above, but head turned to right. Head flanked by pellet in front and three
pellets behind. Underneath, a branch with leaf.
Balog (19) Plate X, 264a. ANS (18, 2.10) Plate XI, 264b.
Double-headed eagle
damascus, undated
‫)بد مش(ق‬
‫)ضر(ب‬
Double-headed eagle, wings spread, tips downward, claws spread to grasp the wing-
tips. Feathers and tail elaborately designed.
München (20) Plate XI.
Although many undated fulūs do not carry al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's full name, there is no
doubt about the attribution. Al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's copper issues already have a different style
of design.
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN ABŪ BAKR

741–742 H. = 1341 A.D.
Only one dinar is known of this sultan, no dirhems, and quite a number of copper fulūs.
Gold
cairo , 742 H.
‫المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين ابو بكر بن‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنين‬
‫واربعين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫ وما النصر اال من عند‬ω
‫ رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬ω
Broach p. 342 no. 6 (Pl. I, no. 5) (27, 7.39) Fig. Codrington.
Copper
DAMASCUS, 741 H.
267. Border on both sides: thick circular line. In it, linear hexagram; pellet in the
external angles. In the center:
‫احد‬
‫سنةى‬
‫واربين‬
BMC 528,t (20). ANS, four specimens: (19, 2.88); (20, 3.21); (19, 2.71); (17, 2.69).
Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (19, 3.34) Plate X; (19, 3.22).
742 H.
268. As above, but date:
‫اثنين‬
‫سنة‬
‫واربعين‬
As above.
BMC 528,v (19). Appel, Tafel II no. 10. Ashmol. ANS (18, 3.12). Balog, two
specimens: (18, 2.27) Plate XI; (19, 3.27).
Reverse of both the 741 and 742 H. issues have been put before the obverse on the plate
by mistake. In order to avoid confusion, the same order has been observed in the above
text.
AL-ASHRAF 'ALĀ AL-DĪN KUJUK
742 H. = 1341–1342 A.D.
Dr. Abdelraḥmān Fahmy Muḥammad of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo has kindly
permitted me to mention that two dirhems of this ruler exist in the collection of that
museum. No other coins are known.
AL-NĀṢIR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD

742–743 H. = 1342 A.D.
Gold
cairo , 742 H.
269. A unique dinar has been published by Codrington and another specimen has been
acquired recently by the Munich State Coin Collection.
Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
No marginal or circular legends.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنين‬
‫شهاد الدنيا والدين احمد‬
‫بن الملك الناصر محمد‬
‫هللا‬
‫ ال اله اال هللا محمد‬ω

‫‪ ω‬رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫الدين‬
‫‪Broach p. 342 (26, 6.96) Fig. Codrington. München (26, 6.39) Plate XLI.‬‬
‫‪Silver‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪270.‬‬
‫شهاب الدنيا والدين‬
‫احمد ‪....‬‬
‫هللا‬
‫ال اله اال هللا ‪...‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪....‬‬
‫‪Erman (22).‬‬
‫‪ḥamāh , 742 H.‬‬
‫‪271.‬‬
‫شهاب الدنيا والدين‬

.....
....
‫باهدى ودين الحق‬
‫سنة اثنين واربعين‬
Moritz, Additions à la Bibl. Khediv. p. 203, three specimens. Windisch-Graetz 199 (19,
3.43). Beyram 257.
Copper
anonymous
DAMASCUS, 743 H.
*272. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with pellet in the
external angles. Center:
‫ثالث‬
‫سنة‬
‫ضرب‬
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
ANS (19, 2.70) Plate XI.
Although anonymous, the date leaves no doubt about the attribution to al-Nāṣir Aḥmad.
Here too, the reverse has been placed at the left side and the obverse at the right side.
For additional specimen infra p. 395. Plate XLIV, A.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ 'IMĀD AL-DĪN ISMĀ'ĪL

743–746 H. = 1342–1345 A.D.
The few existing gold coins are all from Cairo, except one coin with mint not
mentioned. Silver, which is a little less scarce, seems, on the contrary, to have been
struck in Syria only, and fulūs in Cairo as well as in several Syrian mints.
‫‪Gold‬‬
‫‪cairo , 743 H.‬‬
‫‪273. Border on both sides: double circular line.‬‬
‫سنة‬
‫السلطان الملك الصالح‬
‫عماد الدنيا والدين اسماعيل )!‪(sic‬‬
‫ابن الملك الناصر محمد ثالث‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪ ω‬رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪Broach p. 343 no. 8,b. White-King 2232 (8.50). ANS (28, 10.87).‬‬
‫‪744 H.‬‬
‫‪274. As above, but date:‬‬
‫اربع‬
‫‪L 856 (25, 8.85) Plate XI.‬‬
‫‪745 H.‬‬
‫خمس‬
‫واربعين سبعماية‬
As above.
Broach p. 345 no. 8,a (26, 6.95). Khediv. 1519.
DATE MISSING
BMC 529 (25, 7.19). Cunha 1475.
no mint, 745 H.
‫اسمعيل‬
‫الصالح عماد الدنيا و‬
‫الدين بن الملك الناصر‬
‫• ضرب سنة خمس واربعين‬
‫هللا‬
‫ارسله بالهدى ود‬
‫ين الحق‬
Balog (25, 4.33). Nāṣir at the end of the fourth line on the obverse is written without the
final rā. Plate XI.
Silver
On all dirhems the border on both sides is a circular line in a circle of dots.
DAMASCUS, 744 H.
277.
‫ضرب‬
‫‪ ω‬الصالح عماد الدنيا و‬
‫الدين اسمعيل بن الملك‬
‫‪ ω‬الناصر محمد بن قالون‬
‫دمشق‬
‫هللا‬
‫ارسله بالهدى ودبن‬
‫الحق اربع واربعين‬
‫‪BMC 530 (23, 3.12) date missing, but this type; 536 (23, 4.34) date missing, but this‬‬
‫‪type. Khediv. 1521. Broach 33/1 (23, 2.85). ANS (20 1.61). Jungfleisch (21, 2.50).‬‬
‫‪Balog, three specimens: (23, 2.44) Plate XI, 277a; (21, 2.58) Plate XI, 277b; (21, 2.48.‬‬
‫‪ANS (22, 2.24) (15, 3.00) year missing, but the type is of this year only.‬‬
‫‪745 H.‬‬
‫‪278.‬‬
‫اسمعيل‬
‫الدبن بن محمد ضرب‬
‫دمشق سنة خمس‬
‫هللا‬

‫ارسله بالهدىودين‬
‫الحق‬
‫واربعين ‪L 857 (2.27); L 858 (2.50); L 859 (2.04); Lavoix read at the top of the obverse:‬‬
‫‪. Erman B/311,5. Jungfleisch (24, 2.45). ANS (21, 1.86).‬اسمعيل ‪but it is clearly:‬‬
‫‪746 H.‬‬
‫‪279.‬‬
‫‪As above, but date:‬‬
‫دمشق سنة ست‬
‫‪BMC 534 (22, 2.08); 535 (22, 2.07). Erman B/311,7.‬‬
‫‪280.‬‬
‫عماد الدنيا والدين اسمعيل‬
‫ابن الملك الناصر بن‬
‫قالون‬
‫باهلل‬
‫التوفيقى اال‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪Erman (20) B/311,8.‬‬
‫)‪MINT AND DATE MISSING (PROBABLY DAMASCUS‬‬

‫‪281.‬‬
‫عماد الدين اسماعيل بن الملك‬
‫الناصر محمد بن ‪....‬‬
‫قالون‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪BMC 537 (22, 3.24).‬‬
‫‪ḤAMĀH‬‬
‫‪744 H.‬‬
‫‪282.‬‬
‫محمد بن قالون‬
‫الصالح عماد الدنيا‬
‫والدين اسماعيل بن‬
‫اال اله اال هللا‬
‫‪ ٧‬محمد رسول هللا ا‬
‫رسله بالهدى ودين‬
‫سنة اربع واربعين‬

L 860 (20, 3.30) although mint missing, there is no doubt about the attribution to
Ḥamāh. The calligraphy of ‫ اسماعيل‬on the obverse is characteristic for Ḥamāh in this
series. Plate XI, 182a.
DATE MISSING
Erman B/311,9 and B/311,10 (both 15). BM 1949/671; no number (23, 2.27). Ashmol.,
two specimens. ANS (20, 2.87). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85).
Balog, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85) Plate XII, 282b. ANS, two specimens: (20,
2.99); (20, 2.81).
ALEPPO, DATE INCOMPLETE
283.
‫محمد‬
‫الدين اسماعيل ابن‬
R ‫وسبعماية‬
B ‫اربعين‬
L ....‫سنة‬
T ‫ضرب بحلب‬
Center:
‫ ال اله اال هللا‬ω
‫ محمد رسول هللا‬ω
BMC 531 (23, 5.25). ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.99); (20, 2.81). Jungfleisch, two
specimens: (20, 2.19); (20, 3.09). Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.50) Plate XII; (21).
*284. The emission of dirhem-fractions on unheated (or insufficiently heated) irregular

flan continued under al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl as before. See the section on minting technique.
The small flan contains so few legends that it is mostly impossible to establish the coin-
type. Mint and date are, of course, always missing.
BM 1955 1–51 (1.72). Balog, three specimens: (11, 1.70); (10 13, 1.02) Plate XII, 284a;
(9 15, 0,73) Plate XII, 284b.
Copper
CAIRO, 745 H.
Cross-shaped cartouche, flanked by four pellets.
Linear square standing on edge.
Arabesque knot in the corners.
A floral scroll on each side.
In the cartouche:
‫اسمعيل‬
‫لصالح‬
In center:
‫ضرب‬
‫( خمس‬sic!) ‫بالقاهرة‬
Qāhirah written without final hā.
Jungfleisch BIE XXXIV, 1952, pp. 98–100. Photographs but no description. Balog, 190
specimens: mostly from the 1959 hoard. Diameter from 18 to 23, weight 2.50 to 3.40;
no. 3. (20, 3.14) Plate XI, 285a; no. 5 (23, 2.95); Plate XI, 285b. ANS, two specimens:
(21, 3.59); (22, 2.88).
746 H.
*286. As above.
As above, but date:
‫( ست‬sic!) ‫بالقاهر‬
Balog, three specimens: (20); (20); (21), these three specimens come from the 1959
hoard.
DAMASCUS, 743 H.
287. Border on both sides: circle of large dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
‫اسمعيل‬
•••••••
‫الملك الصالح‬
•••••••
‫بن محمد‬
•••••••
‫فى سنة ثالث واربعين‬
•••••••
BMC 539 (23). Khediv. 1524, 1525, 1526. Siouffi p. 18. Jungfleisch (22, 3.31); (21,
3.53). Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.47); (22).
744 H.
288. As above.
As above, but date:
‫فى سنة اربع واربعين‬
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173–4 no 5. Das Muhammedanische Münzkabinett d. Asiat. Mus.

1821. Stickel, Die Sammlung Gemming nos. 46, 49. BMC 540 (22). Khediv. 1527. L.
863. Siouffi p. 18. Karabacek, Die Kufischen Münzen des … Joanneums in Graz no 23.
Windisch-Graetz 182 (19). München. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.61) Plate XI; (21,
3.67).
746 H.
*289. Smaller flan.
As above.
As above, but date:
‫فى سنة ست واربعين‬
Balog (18, 3.19).
Dirhem-type fals (Cairo?)

290.
‫الصالح عماد الدنياو‬
‫الدين اسمعيل بن الملك‬
......

.....
BMC 541 (20).
ALEPPO, 743 H.
‫السلطان الملك الصالح عماد الدنيا والدين‬
‫ضرب بحلب سنة ثالث واربعين وسبعماية‬
On both sides: circular line. Center: six-petaled rosette.
BMC 538 (21); 538a. L 865 (18, 3.25) Plate XII, 291a. Hamilton p. 52 no. 10.
München. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.88) Plate XII, 291b; (20) Obv. Marginal legend
clockwise.
744 H.
292. As above.
As above, but date:
‫اربع واربعين‬
Hamilton p. 51 no. 5. München. Balog, four specimens: (20); (20); (19); (20).
746 H.
*293. As above.
As above, but date:
‫ست واربعين‬
DATE MISSING
Windisch-Graetz 183. Wien 791. Jungfleisch, five specimens: (19, 2.96); (18, 1.85);
(18, 2.81); (17, 2.93); (18, 2.16).
Another type
746 H.
294. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (Fesse):
In upper (and probably in lower) segment, ornament:
In central segment:
Upper and lower segment obliterated.
In central segment:
‫بحلب سنة ستة واربعين‬
Lagumina p. 97 no. 18 (17, 1.90).
ḤAMĀH, UNDATED
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse).
Upper (and probably lower) segment: ornament
Central segment:
Inverted linear dodekalobe, each point of arch crowned with tiny fleur-de-lis.
Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫بحماة‬
BMC 540 m. Lagumina p. 96 no. 7 (17, 2.18).
746 H.
‫سمعيل‬
‫الملك ا‬
‫الصالح‬
Border: circular line. In it, double linear square.
In the segments, counter-clockwise marginal legend:
T ‫|سبعماية‬
R ‫|اربعين‬
B ‫|سته‬
L ‫سنة‬
In the square:
‫ضرب‬
‫بحماد‬
BMC 540g (20) Plate XII; 540h (21). ANS (19, 2.79).
TRIPOLI, 744 H.
Anonymous
*297. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
‫اربعين سبعماية‬
‫طرابلس‬
Lion passant to right.
Balog (17, 1.12).
AL-KĀMIL SAYF AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN I

746–747 H. = 1345–1346 A.D.
Al-Kāmil Sha'bān's coins, especially the copper, are all scarce.
Gold
CAIRO, 747 H.
‫السلطان الملك الكامل‬
‫سيف الدنيا والدين شعبان بن‬
‫الملك الناصر ستة سبع‬
‫هللا‬
‫ رسول هللا ارسله‬ω
Johnston, Muh. Coins. Broach p. 343 no. 9/2; no. 11/3. Cunha 1476. White-King 2234.
BM, Dr. F. Burgess 86–4–7–6, (26, 6.66) Plate XII. Thorburn (4.83). Broach p. 343 no.
11/2 belongs to al-Ashraf Sha'bān; the date is clearly 768 H.
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
‫السلطان الملك الكامل‬
‫ سيف الدنيا والدين شعبان‬٧
ω ‫بن الملك الناصر محمد‬
‫سنة ست واربعين‬
‫هللا‬
٧ ω ‫رسول هللا ارسله‬
٧ ‫بالهدى ودين‬
Broach p. 343 no. 9/1 (25, 5.50) p. 343 no. 11/2. Fig. Codrington. Ex-King Faruk
collection, Kubbah palace, Cairo.
Silver
Only dirhems of the Syrian mints are known.
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
‫شعبان‬
‫‪ ٧‬الكامل سيف الدنيا و‬
‫الدين ابن محمد ضرب‬
‫بدمشق سنة ست‬
‫هللا‬
‫•‬
‫• الحق‬
‫‪BMC 544 (23, 3.26) Plate XII, 300a; 545 (20, 2.37). L 866 (2.74); 867 (2.06). ANS (20,‬‬
‫‪3.02). Balog (17) Half-dirhem. Plate XII, 300b.‬‬
‫‪747 H.‬‬
‫‪301.‬‬
‫شعبان‬
‫الكامل سيف الدنيا و‬
‫الدين شعبان بن محمد ضرب بدمشق‬
‫سنة سبع واربعين‬
‫‪Broach p. 366 no. 34 (20, 1.75).‬‬
‫‪ALEPPO, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪*302. Border on both sides: circular line (in circle of dots).‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫الكامل سيف الدنيا و‬
... ‫الدين شعبان‬
.....
‫ضرب بحلب‬
.....
Balog (21) Plate XII.
Copper
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
303. Border on both sides: circle of large dots. Field on both sides divided by two
horizontal lines of dots.
‫موال نا‬
.......
‫الملك الكامل‬
......
.........
‫فى سنة ست واربعين‬
........
L 868 (19, 2.83) Plate XII.
747 H.
304. As above.
As above, but date: ‫فى سنة سبع واربعين‬
Blau. Balog, date missing. Windisch-Graetz 184, date missing (15).
AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYF AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI I

747–748 H. = 1346–1347 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 747 H.
Profession of faith formula to: ‫ليظهره‬
... ‫ بالقاهرة المحروسة سبع واربعين‬....
Center:
‫الملك المظفر سيف‬
‫الدنيا و الدين حاجى‬
‫بن الملك النا محمد‬
‫صر‬
Center:
‫هللا‬
‫و ما النصر اال من عند‬
‫بالهدى‬
Note that the word year = ‫ سنة‬is omitted in the date formula.
L 869 (25, 5.21). BMC 546d (23, 5.77). Johnston, Muh. Coins. Thorborn (5.82). Balog
(24, 7.33) Plate XII.
DAMASCUS, 747 H.
‫السلطان الملك المظفر‬
‫سيف الدنيا والدين حادجى‬
‫بن الملك الناصر فى شعبان‬
ω ‫سنة سبع واربعين‬
‫هللا‬
‫و ما النصر اال من عند‬
٧ ω ‫رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ودين الحق ليظره على‬
BMC 546 (27, 7.18) year preceded by the month: Sha'bān = ‫شعبان‬. White-King 2235
(6.30) year preceded by the month: Dhū al-Hijjah = ‫ذو الحجة‬. Cunha 1477 no particulars.
Balog (24, 5.51) year preceded by the month: Sha'bān = ‫ شعبان‬Plate XII.
Silver
DAMASCUS, 747 H.
307. (Border missing, but probably circular line in circle of dots).
......
‫المظفر سيف الدنياو‬
‫الدين ابن الملك الناصر‬

‫دمشق سبع‬
‫هللا‬
‫الحق‬
‫‪BMC 547 (23, 2.65).‬‬
‫‪748 H.‬‬
‫‪*308. As above, but date:‬‬
‫دمشق ثمان‬
‫‪Thorburn.‬‬
‫‪DAMASCUS, VARIETY‬‬
‫‪*309.‬‬
‫حاجى‬
‫المظفر سيف الدنياو‬
‫الدين اين محمد ضرب‬
‫دمشق سنة‬
‫‪......‬‬
‫‪ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.59); (21, 2.13).‬‬

mint missing
PROBABLY DAMASCUS
310.
‫المظفر سيف الدنيا و‬
‫الدين حاجى ابن‬
‫شعبان‬
As above.
BMC 548 (22, 4.15). Balog (19, 2.72).
Probably Damascus, because of the reverse legend, which is similar to the Damascus
dirhems.
PROBABLY ḤAMĀH
UNDATED
‫الملك المظفر سيف‬
‫الدنيا والدين حاجى‬
‫بن الملك الناصر‬
....‫ضرب‬
Balog (19, 1.56) Plate XII.
PROBABLY ALEPPO. (FLOWERET IN CENTER OF obv.)

747 H.
312.
‫الناصر‬
‫المظفر سيف الدنيا‬
‫والدين حاجى‬
‫بن الملك‬
......
‫سنة سبع‬
(‫)واربعين‬
BMC 549 (20, 3.36); 550 (20, 2.47) date missing. Balog (15) Half-dirhem, date missing
Plate XII.
Undeterminate fraction
*313.
Balog (11) Plate XII.
Copper
ALEPPO, UNDATED
314. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of large dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into a broad central segment and two smaller ones
(Fesse).
Central segment: ‫الملك المظفر‬
Lower segment: ‫بحلب‬
Stylized fleur-de-lis flanked by four pellets.

L 870 (19, 2.33) Plate XII; 871 (2.50) same, but on both sides cable-border.
ḤAMĀH, UNDATED
Field divided by two horizontal lines (Fesse). In upper and lower segment, ornament. In
central segment:
Inverted linear endekalobe, with small fleur-de-lis on each point.
In center:
‫ضرب‬
‫بحماة‬
L 872 (19, 2.16) Plate XII. BMC 550c (20). Thorburn. L 873, 874, 875 belong to al-
Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji.
*316. Scalloped border.
‫الملك‬
‫المظفر‬
.....‫سبع اربعين و‬....
Linear hexalobe. Center:

ANS (20, 2.28) Plate XII.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN
1ST REIGN: 748–752 H. = 1347–1351 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 755–762 H. = 1354–1361 A.D.
Although al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's gold coins are not frequent, we have a good representative
series, including both reigns. During the first period, he seems to have issued dinars
only from Cairo and Damascus; from the second reign we know gold from Alexandria
also, but none from Aleppo, Tripoli or Ḥamāh. Coins with ‫ موالنا‬in the protocol seem to
belong to the first period, gold as well as silver.
The few existing dirhems are poorly preserved and the date, as a rule, is missing.
Only Syrian copper is known from the first reign, whereas a new type of epigraphic
fulūs has come down to us from the Cairo mint, issued during the second period. This
prototype was maintained at Cairo by al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's successors nearly to the end of
the Baḥri sultanate.
1ST REIGN: 748–752 = H. 1347–1351 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 749 H.
317. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن بن‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد سنة تسع‬
‫هللا‬
L 878 (7.01). BMC 550f (23, 7.71) Rev. Profession of faith formula ends: ‫الحق‬. BM
1903 Bomb. Br.-11, R.A.S.–4.
‫‪750 H.‬‬
‫‪318. As above, but last two lines:‬‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد سنة‬
‫خمسين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫‪ ٧ ٧‬رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪BMC 550h (25, 6.74).‬‬
‫‪751 H.‬‬
‫احد‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد سنة‬
‫وخمسين وسبعماية‬
‫)‪BMC 550,k (26, 8.81). Broach 14/2, 4 and 6. Jungfleisch (25, 11.9). Balog (27, 6.81‬‬
‫‪Plate XIII.‬‬
‫‪752 H.‬‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنى‬
BMC 550,m (26, 6.35). Cunha 1482. Broach 14/6, 8. Balog (28, 6.59) Plate XIII.
DAMASCUS
On all the Damascus dinars of the first reign the name of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad al-Nāṣir
Ḥasan's father, is preceded by the title ‫موالنا‬, mawlānā, "our lord."
748 H.
321.
‫موالنا السلطان الشهيد‬
‫الملك الناصر سنة ثمان‬
‫وابرعين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
ω ‫رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫ ودين الحق ليظهره على‬٧
Broach 17/1 (26, 10.30).
749 H.
322. As above, but date at the end of the fifth line: ‫سنة تسع‬
As above.
BMC 550g (24, 5.05) Plate XIII. L 877 (6.41)
750 H.
‫‪323.‬‬
‫‪Johnston, no particulars.‬‬
‫‪ in the‬موالنا ‪BMC 562 (24, 3.97) can be ascribed to the first reign through the word‬‬
‫‪protocol.‬‬
‫‪Silver‬‬
‫‪Only one dirhem with complete date is known:‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, 748 H.‬‬
‫‪324.‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫والدين حسن ابن‬
‫)‪....‬ثما(ن اربعين‬
‫[ضرب با]لقاهرة‬
‫‪BMC 551 (20, 2.95).‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪325.‬‬
‫‪......‬‬
‫الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين حسن بن موالنا ال[ساطان‬
‫الملك الناصر محمد‬
BMC 564 (24, 3.87) should belong to the first reign, because of the title ‫ موالنا‬in the
protocol.
TRIPOLI, DATE MISSING
326.
......
‫الناصر باصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين حسن بن موالنا‬
.......
‫[ارسله]بالهدى‬
........
Broach 35/1 (22, 2.20) note the title ‫ موالنا‬in the protocol.
Copper
On the basis of similarity, the undated fulūs of Tripoli have also been listed under the
first reign. All the copper coins of this period have the fesse, al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's blazon, on
their obverse.
DAMASCUS, 749 H.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: ‫بن محمد‬
Central segment: ‫الملك الناصر حسن‬
Lower segment: ‫ضرب دمشق سنة‬

Two interwoven tetralobes with pointed arches; between and outside the two arches,
pellets.
Center: ‫تسع و اربعين‬
BMC 552 (20). BM, A.N. Clemenger 1936 8–5–29. Khediv. 1530. Karabacek, Zur
Oriental. Münzkunde no. 7. Windisch-Graetz 185 (18). Ashmol., four specimens. ANS,
ten specimens: (19, 3.12); (16, 2.58); (16, 2.04); (18, 2.70); (20, 2.78); (19, 2.76); (19,
2.73); (20, 2.40); (18, 2.32); (18, 2.89). München. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.03);
(19) Plate XIII.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
Upper segment: ‫ حسن بن محمد‬/
Central segment: ‫الملك الناصر‬/
Lower segment: ‫عز نصره‬
Field divided by two rigid cables to right into three horizontal segments. In upper and
lower segment, ornament. In central segment: (sic!) ‫بحلب ضرب‬
Welzl von Wellenheim 12378. Ashmol.
TRIPOLI, 750 H.
Upper segment: ‫بن محمد‬/
Central segment: ‫الملك الناصر حسن‬/

Lower segment: ‫ضرب طرابلس‬
As Damascus 749 H., but date:
‫سنة‬
‫خمسين‬
BMC 553 (19). ANS (20, 2.26); (17, 1.17). Balog (18) Plate XIII, 329a. L 884 (2.31)
Plate XIII, 329b; 887 (3.65).
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ṢĀLIḤ

752–755 H. = 1351–1354 A.D.
Gold
We have dinars of each regnal year from the Cairo mint, but only one coin, date
missing, of Damascus.
CAIRO, 752 H.
‫صالح الدنيا والدين صالح‬
‫ بن الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنى‬٧
‫هللا‬
‫ وما النصر االمن عند‬٧
‫ رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬٧

‫ ودين الحق ليظهره على‬٧
‫ الدين كله‬٧ ٧
BMC 555 (27, 7.18) Plate XIII, 330a. Broach p. 346 no. 20. ANS (28, 6.71). Balog (26,
7.47) Plate XIII, 330b.
The small ornaments of the reverse legend are slightly different on the BM and Balog
specimens, as can be noted from the illustrations.
753 H.
331. As above, but date at the end of the fourth line: ‫سنة ثالث‬
As above.
BMC 555,d (26, 6.87). Broach p. 346 no. 20 (27, 7.19) and three more specimens
mentioned.
754 H.
331.a.
As above, but date at the end of the fourth line: ‫سنة اربع‬
As above.
BMC 555,a (27, 6.20). L 889 (8.74). Broach p. 346 no. 20, three specimens; no
particulars. Cunha 1485. White-King 2237 (8.50). Thorburn (5.60).
755 H.
*332. Border on both sides: double linear hexalobe.
‫ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس‬٧
‫صالح الدنيا والدين صالح بن‬
‫الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور قالون‬
As above.
Balog (28, 5.27) Plate XIII.
The digit of the date, clear on the coin, is not very conspicuous on the photograph.
333.
Broach p. 347 no. 21 (24, 5.08).

PROBABLY SYRIAN ?
‫بن السلطان الشهيد الملك‬
ω ‫الناصر محمد بن قالون‬
‫سنة اثنين وخمسين‬
As above, but formula ends at ‫ الحق‬and
ornament above ‫رسول‬
L 890 (25, 8.73). Wien 7969 (27, 5.75).
Silver
Only three dirhems are known to belong without any doubt to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ; nos. 265
and 266 of Beyram, not being described, may belong to either al-Ṣāliḥ Isma'īl or al-
Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji.
ḤAMĀH
MINT AT TOP OF OBVERSE, 755 H.
335.
‫الصالح صالح)الدنيا(‬
‫والدين )صالح‪(...‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫سنة خمس‬
‫ال اله االهللا‬
‫)خمسين(وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 556 (22, 3.20).‬‬
‫‪MINT AT TOP OF REVERSE, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪336.‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫الصالح صالح)الدنيا(‬
‫والد)بن صالح‪(...‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫ارسله با)لهدى(‬
‫‪Broach p. 367 no. 36 (17, 2.14).‬‬
‫‪UNCERTAIN MINT, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪337.‬‬
‫ضرب‪...‬‬
‫السلطان الملك)الصالح(‬
.... ‫)بن الملك (الناصر محمدا‬
........
‫هللا‬
‫[وما]النصر اال من عند‬
‫[رسول]هللا ارسله‬
.....
Erman no. 17. For additional specimen infra p. 396, Plate XLIV, B.
Copper
ALEPPO, 755 H.
Upper segment: ‫سنة خمس‬
Central segment: ‫الملك الصالح‬
Lower segment: ‫وخمسين بحلب‬
Border: circle of scrolls (or on some specimens a circular cable?) between two circular
lines.
In center: bird walking to right, head turned straight back. Above the bird's back, swan-
like body, so far unidentified.
On top of the name, ‫الصالح‬, is an ornament; on some specimens it is: ‫ الصالح‬ω (P M–

5823), on others: ‫( الصالح‬L 890, b and L 940).
L 890,b (18) Plate XIII, 338a; 940 (18, 2.80). P M–5823 (20) Plate XIII, 338. BMC 542
(20); 543 (21); 543,a. BM F–5–70–7–15980. Lagumina p. 96 no. 6. Blau no. 300 a, b.
Wien 774. ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.56); (19, 2.14). Thorburn. Balog,
three specimens: (20, 2.99); (20); (20).
Only a few specimens were known to Lavoix, who attributed them to al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji, but
read the mint-name Aleppo correctly: Lane-Poole ascribed the coin to al-Ṣāliḥ Isma'īl
and read the upper and lower segments as: ‫ قسيم محمد‬and ‫ضر بحلب‬.
We have now several fulūs of this issue, on which the mint, Aleppo, and the date, 755
H., are clear. There can be no doubt about the attribution to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ.
The heraldic bird of the reverse has been described as a duck, to which — especially on
poorly preserved specimens — it has a certain resemblance. Mayer, in his Saracenic
Heraldry (p. 7 and notes p. 3, 10 and 26), points out, however, that there is no evidence
that the duck was ever used as heraldic emblem on a Mamlūk blazon.
On closer examination of the coins, the bird does not resemble a duck but rather any
walking bird with short legs, and could be an eagle, a raven or even a sparrow. Until we
have further clearer evidence, we should like to suggest the eagle.
UNCERTAIN MINT, 755 H.
‫سنة خمس‬
.......
Border: a circle of ten, pointed arches.
In it, a rosette of ten rhomboidal petals around a central pellet.
Balog (15) Plate XIII. Wien 775.
The only other Baḥri sultan who could have struck this fals would be al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl
(743–746 H.), because the digit of the date, 5, is included only in his regnal years. Al-
Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji reigned between 783 and 784 H. and a second time between 791 and 792 H.
Therefore it must belong to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ: 752–755 H. Al Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl is, on stylistic
grounds, less likely.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN

2ND REIGN: 755–762 H. = 1354–1361 A.D.
‫‪Gold‬‬
‫‪CAIRO, 756 H.‬‬
‫‪340. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ست‬
‫ناصر الدينا والدين حسن بن الملك‬
‫الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور‬
‫هللا‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪L 879 (6.81). BMC 556,k (28, 7.52). Broach 16/1, 17.‬‬
‫‪757 H.‬‬
‫سنة سبع ‪341. As above, but date at the end of the first line:‬‬
‫‪BMC 556,p (26, 6.87); 556,q (26, 6.09). Broach 16/13, 16/15, 16/24, 16/28.‬‬
‫‪758 H.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
342. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة ثمان‬
As above.
L 880 (8.28). Broach 16/2.
343.
‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة ثمان‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن‬
As above.
BMC 557 (26, 5.10).
759 H.
344. As var. A.) of 758 H., but date at the end of the first line: ‫تسع‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
L 881 (10.18). Broach (15/26). Beyram 264 (8.30). Siouffi p. 18 (10.25).
760 H.
A
345. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫ستين‬
‫سنة‬
and the last line: ‫وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 560,f (26, 5.64). Broach (number?). Cunha 1483.
*346.
‫سنة‬
‫ضر ب بالقاهرة ستين‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والين حسن بن الملك‬
‫وسبعماية من الهجرة‬
As above.
Balog (28, 7.30) Plate XIV.
761 H.
*347. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة‬
‫احد‬
and the last line: ‫ستين وسبعماية‬
As above.
Horovitz (6.60).
762 H.
348.
Broach 16/12 no particulars.
ALEXANDRIA, 756 H.
As above, but mint and date at the first line: ‫ضرب باالسكندرية سنة ست‬
and the last line: ‫خمسين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 556,m (26, 7.39). Broach 16/33.
758 H.
350. As above, but date at the end of first line: ‫ثمان‬

‫سنة‬
Last line: decade missing.
As above.
L 876 (7.10) although the decade is missing, the type is that of the coins of the second
reign.
759 H.
351. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫تسع‬
‫سنة‬
and the last line: ‫خمسين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 558 (26, 5.37). Horovitz. Cunha 1484.
DATE MISSING
BMC 559 (24, 5.08); 562,d (26, 8.10) date 76– H. P. de Vogüé coll. 1548 (29) date 75–
H. White-King 2236 (10.0).
DAMASCUS, 756 H.
‫بن الملك الناصر محمد سنة ست‬
As above.
BMC 556,n (25, 5.18). Broach 15/8. ANS (25, 8.91).
757 H.
353. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سبع‬
‫سنة‬
‫‪BMC 556,o (25, 9.59). Broach 15/10, 16.‬‬
‫‪758 H.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪354.‬‬
‫الناصر ناصرالدنياو‬
‫الدين سنة ثمان وخمسين‬
‫‪BMC 557,d (25, 6.93).‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪355.‬‬
‫ضرب بدشمق‬
‫بن الملك الناصر سنة ثمان‬
‫‪BMC 557,e (25, 6.67). Broach 15/1 (24, 6.02).‬‬
‫‪759 H.‬‬
‫‪356.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة تسع‬

‫بن المالك الناصر محمد‬
‫وسبعماية وخمسية‬
‫‪BMC 559,d (25, 5.96).‬‬
‫‪760 H.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪357.‬‬
‫○ بن المالك المنصور‬
‫سنة ستين وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 560,a (24, 5.96) Plate XIV. Broach 15/2, 3, 4, 6. Balog (24, 6.65).‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪358.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ستيت‬
‫‪ ٧‬ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن‬
‫○ بن الملك الناصر محمد‬
‫‪ ٧‬وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 560 (25, 8.38) Plate XIV. ANS (24, 6.32).‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪*359.‬‬
‫‪ ٧‬مشق‬
‫ضرب بد سنة ستين‬
‫‪ ٧‬ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن‬
‫‪Jungfleisch (25, 8.40) Plate XIV.‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪360.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ستين‬
‫ناصر الدنياوالدين حسن بن الملك‬
‫‪Broach 18/1, 2, 3.‬‬
‫‪761 H.‬‬
‫‪361.‬‬

‫الملك الناصر سنة احد‬
‫‪ ٧‬و ستين وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 561 (23, 8.63). ANS (24, 9.39). Balog, two specimens: (24, 9.27) Plate XIV,‬‬
‫‪ Plate XIV, 361b.‬الملك الناصر محمد سنة احد ‪361a; (24, 8.60) Obv. fourth line:‬‬
‫‪762 H.‬‬
‫‪362. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة اثنين‬
‫ناصر الدنياوالدين حسن بن الملك‬
‫وستين وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 561,c (26, 6.35). Balog (25, 4.68) Plate XIV.‬‬
‫‪Silver‬‬
‫‪CAIRO (?), DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪*363. Border on both sides: missing.‬‬
‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا و‬
‫الدين حسن ابن الملك‬
‫الناصر‬

‫ليظهره على الدين‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪Jungfleisch (22, 2.56) Plate XIV.‬‬
‫‪364.‬‬
‫قالون‬
‫|سنة ستين ‪B‬‬
‫|)المحروسة؟( ‪L‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪T‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫)‪BMC 563 (22, 3.05). ANS (22, 2.88‬‬
‫‪DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪365.‬‬
‫)السلطان الملك الناصر(‬
‫)ناصر(الدنيا والدين‬
‫حسن‪.... ...‬‬
‫‪......‬‬
‫‪....‬‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫‪BMC 566 (24, 2.44).‬‬
‫)‪MINT AND DATE MISSING (76– H.‬‬
‫‪366.‬‬
‫ستين وسبعماية‬
‫الناصر ناصر الد[نيا والدين‬
‫حسن بن محمد‬
‫‪BMC 565 (22, 3.0). ANS (21, 3.31); (21, 2.81). Balog (20, 2.16).‬‬
‫‪ḤAMĀH, DATE MISSING‬‬
‫‪367.‬‬
‫الناصر ناصر الدينا‬
‫والدين حسن بن محمد‬
‫‪......‬‬

Soret 26–e lettre no. 167. L 882 (2.78); 883 (3.02) Probably Ḥamāh. Lavoix's reading:
‫ ابو المحاسين‬is to be corrected: ‫والدين حسن‬. Broach 35/3. Balog (16) Plate XIV.
ALEPPO, DATE MISSING
ω ‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين حسن‬
.....
Border missing.
.....
‫بالهدى حسن ودين‬
.... ...‫الحق‬
Balog (22, 3.59) Plate XIV. Rev. the small cartouche in a border of dots, with the name
Ḥasan ‫حسن‬, is engraved on the die, not a countermark. The owner of the name is
unknown; it is probably that of a mint-official (Plate XIV., ad: 368). Broach 35/2 no
car-touche on rev.
MINT AND DATE MISSING, NO PARTICULARS
Cunha 1507, 1508, 1509. Beyram 262, 263, six specimens.
Copper
CAIRO, 759 H.
369. Border: linear dodekalobe in circle of dots.
Center:
‫الناصر حسن بن الملك‬
‫الناصر محمد بن الملك‬
‫المنصور قالون‬
Eight-pointed star in a circular line surrounded by a circle of dots. Flowerets pointing

inwards from the circle, in the segments.
Center:
‫سنة تسع وخمسين‬
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 95 no. 5,a; Einige Berichtigungen p. 35. BMC 567 (23); 567,a
(20). ANS, six specimens: (21); (25); (25); (26); (22); (25). Jungfleisch, five specimens:
(21, 2.61); (24, 4.45); (25, 4.33; (25, 4.31; (26, 3.80). Balog, four specimens: (21); (22)
Plate XIV. Rev. ornament: , (22), Rev. ornament: ; (25).
760 H.
370. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة ستين‬
BMC 568 (28). L 885 (3.96). Siouffi p. 18. Dorn (& Gamazoff) p. 74 no. 2. Jungfleisch,
five specimens: (25, 4.20); (25, 3.85); (25, 3.73); (26, 4.20); (26, 4.32). ANS (23); (24);
(25). Balog, four specimens: (20); (21); (24); (25).
761 H.
371. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة احدى وستين‬

Lagumina p. 97 no. 9 (22, 3.95). Bern. München. Jungfleisch (25). ANS (26); (22).
Balog (22) Rev. ornament; (25).
762 H.
*372. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة اثنى وستين‬
Balog (27).
DAMASCUS, 756 H.
*373. Border on both sides missing.
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ست وخمسين‬
Gothic shield, resembling an inverted drop, on both sides.
Center: ‫الدين‬
Center: ‫سبعما‬
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XIV; (15) badly worn.
762 H.
The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripherial segments
and a small central area.
‫‪In the segments, clockwise:‬‬
‫‪In the segments, clockwise:‬‬
‫دمشق سنة|اثنين وستين|وسبعماية‬
‫حسن ‪Center:‬‬
‫ضرب ‪Center:‬‬
‫‪BMC 569,f (20, 2.26) Plate XIV. ANS, three specimens: (18, 2.91); (19, 2.31); (18,‬‬
‫‪2.51).‬‬
‫‪Balog (20).‬‬
‫‪AL-MANṢŪR ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD‬‬

‫‪762–764 H. = 1361–1363 A.D.‬‬
‫‪Gold CAIRO, 762 H.‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنى ‪375.‬‬
‫السلطان الملك المنصور‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين محمد بن الملك‬
‫المظفر حاجى بن الملك الناصر‬
‫هللا‬

BMC 569,m (25, 9.33). Broach 22/1 (27, 8.04); 22/4. München. ANS (28, 8.91).
763 H.
376. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫ثالث‬
As above.
Broach 22/3. Gotha 1047 (7.62). Schulman; list no. 19 (7.62) Schulman; Cat. March
1929 (7.62) the three are probably one and the same coin. Wien 7961 (7.40). München,
two specimens.
764 H.
377. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫اربع‬
As above.
BMC 570 (27, 6.93). L 891 (7.38); 892 (6.14). Khediv. 1533. Broach 22/6, 9, 10.
Münzen und Medaillen A.G., Basel, List 185, Nov/Dec. 1958 no. 483.
DATE MISSING
Gotha 1048 (7.68). Broach 22/2, 5, 7, 8.
ALEXANDRIA, 762 H.
378. As above, but first line:
‫ضرب باالسكندرية سنة اثنى‬
As above.
BMC 569,o (24, 6.87). Broach 22/17.
764 H.

‫ضرب باالسكندرية سنة اربع‬
‫‪BMC 570,d (28, 5,83). Khediv. 1534. Broach 22/13, l6. White-King 2238 (6.60).‬‬
‫‪Thorburn (9.42).‬‬
‫‪Broach 22/15. ANS (25, 6.87).‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ثالث‬
‫صالح الدينا والدين محمد‬
‫بن الملك المظفر حاجى‬
‫هللا‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى ‪ω‬‬
‫‪BMC 569,t (24, 6.87). Broach 22/11, 12. München. Horovitz (25, 6.15) Plate XIV.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪381.‬‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين محمد بن‬
‫الملك المظفر حاجى بن الملك‬

‫الناصر محمد بن قالون‬
As above.
Broach 23 (24, 5.70). Cunha 1486, 1487.
MINT MISSING
Siouffi p. 18 (8.50) 764 H. Broach 22/18 date missing.
Silver
Only four dirhems have come down to us so far.
MINT MISSING (PROBABLY CAIRO), 762 H.
‫ال]سلطان المل[ك‬
‫المنصور صالح الدنيا‬
‫و]الدين محمد بن السلطان الملك‬
‫حاجى بن الملك الناصر‬...
‫محمد]بن قالو[ن‬
R .... | B ‫ | وستين‬L ‫ | سنة اثنين‬T ....
Center:
‫بالهدى وجين الحق‬
ANS (21, 4.41) Plate XIV.
Although the mint is missing, the coin is almost certainly from Cairo. The style of
writing is exactly the same as that on al-Ashraf Sha'bān's Cairo dirhems.
MINT MISSING (PROBABLY ALEPPO), 763 H.
383. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R ‫ | وسبعماية‬B ‫ | وستين‬L ‫ | ثلثة‬T ‫سنة‬

Center:
‫صالح الدنيا والدين‬
‫محمد بن حاجى بن الملك ا‬
‫لناصر محمد بن قالون‬
Counter-clockwise circular legend in Turkoman Kufic:
(sic) R ‫ | بوبكر‬B ‫ | عمر‬L ‫| عثمان‬T ‫على‬
Center, in Turkoman Kufic:
‫هللا‬
‫محمد‬
Beyram 268.
384. ......
‫المنصور صالح الدنيا‬
‫والدين بن السلطان‬
‫ حاجى بن الملك‬...
.......
Traces of profession of faith formula.
BMC 571 (18, 4.37).
MINT MISSING, 764 H.?
Miles, Antioch 181, lump fragment, mint obscure.
Copper
CAIRO, 762 H.
385. Border linear dodekalobe in circle of dots.

‫صالح الدنيا والدين‬
‫محمد بن الملك المظفر حاجى‬
Border: circular line. In it, eight-pointed linear star. A floweret in each segment between
circle and star, pointing inward from the circle.
Center:
‫سنة اثنيى وستين‬
BMC 572 (24); 571,w (21). L 893 (3.75): 894 (4.14). Fonrobert 6562 (23). ANS (20,
3.30). München. Jungfleisch (23, 3.99); (24, 3.33). Balog (21, 3.69).
763 H.
386. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ثالث وستين‬
BMC 573 (22). Khediv. 1535. Stickel, Coll. v. Gemming no 63. Beyram 267. Méry,
Tocchi no. 33. Fonrobert 6563 (22); 6564 1. (23) 2. (25). ANS (22, 4.14); (24, 3.90).
Ashmol. Wien. Jungfleisch, four specimens: (25, 4.47); (23, 3.83); (25, 4.18); (23,
3.87). Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.81); (25, 4.50); (23, 4.52); (24, 4.56) Plate XIV.
München.
764 H.
387. As above.
As above, but date: ‫اربع وستين‬
BMC 573,e (28). L 895 (3.60). Fonrobert 6565, four specimens. Stickel, Coll. v.
Gemming no. 64. Méry, Tocchi no. 34. Münter 304 not quite clear whether al Manṣūr
Muḥammad or al-Ashraf Sha'bān. ANS, five specimens: (21, 4.22); (20, 3.89); (25,
4.09) 24, 4.06); (23, 3.97). Jungfleisch, three specimens: (25, 4.25); (22, 4.18); (24,
4.71). Ashmol. Wien. Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.68); (25,4.50); (23,4.52); (24, 4.96)
Plate XV.
DAMASCUS, 762 H.
The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripheric segments
and a small central area.
In the segments, clockwise:
‫السلطان|الملك|المنصور‬
In the segments, clockwise:
‫بدمشق سنة|اثنين وستين|وسبعماية‬
Center: ‫ضرب‬
Balog (20) Plate XV.
763 H.
389. As above.
As above, but date in the second segment: ‫ثالث وستين‬
BMC 574 (19.5) Plate XV. München.
764 H.
*390. As above.
As above, but date in the second segment: ‫اربع وستين‬
ANS (18, 1.84). Thorburn. Balog (18, 2.28).
PROBABLY DAMASCUS, 762 H.
*391. Border: undulated circular line in circle of dots.
‫ضرب‬
‫؟بدمشق؟‬
Border: circle of dots. In it, triangle with broken sides and looped angles. In the
segments, counter-clockwise legend:
‫ |ثنين ضرب )؟( |وستين‬..... / ‫وسبعماية‬
Center:
Madrid, National Museum (17) Plate XV.
ḤAMĀH, UNDATED
A
Center: chalice in circular line
Lion passant to left with tail curled back. A human-faced sun with flame-like rays,
rising behind the lion. Underneath:
‫بحماة‬
L 928 (16,1.59) Plate XV. Miles, Antioch 180 probably this type. ANS Antioch hoard,
two specimens. BM, T. W. Armitage 1936 5–17–15. Balog, three specimens in poor
condition.
This is an example of a composite blazon occurring on two sides of the same coin.
393. Border on both sides: circle of dots between two circular lines.
Field divided by two horizontal double lines into three segments (fesse).
Central segment: ‫الملك المنصور‬
Horse trotting to left. On its back a "qubbah" or ceremonial baldaquin (?) with two
streamers floating from the top.
Mayer SH pl. XX, no. 3. Beirut (16) Plate XV, 393a. ANS (16). Balog (16) Plate XV,
393 b.
In the central section of the field:
At top and underneath, six-petaled rosette flanked by flowerets.
Field divided into three horizontal segments (fesse), the central segment bendy with
eleven pieces (to left).
ANS, two specimens: Antioch hoard (20) Plate XV, 394a; (20) Plate XV, 394b; three
more specimens.
The royal protocol on the three types of Ḥamāh copper is simply "al-Malik al-Manṣūr,"
without the name proper. The coins are undated; their attribution to al-Manṣūr
Muḥammad, therefore, is conjectural. They can, however, be safely ascribed to this
ruler because the style and types of fulūs of those other Baḥri sultans whose title also is
al-Manṣūr, is quite different from the copper coins just described.
NO MINT, UNDATED
*395. Border: circular line in circle of dots. Clockwise circular legend:
‫السلطان الملك المنصور محمد‬
In central circle: wheel with six spokes (simplified rosette?).
Border: circular line. Large, naturalistically designed eagle, standing, facing left. Breast
ornamented. Over the eagle's back, crescent.
Balog (17) Plate XV, 395a; (15) Plate XV, 395b on this specimen, the eagle's breast is
not ornamented. The crescent has a stem, like a chalice, and resembles design No. 26,
on page 8 of Mayer, SH. ANS (15, 2.94).
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II

764–778 H. = 1363–1377 A.D.
Al-Ashraf Sha'bān's coinage is well represented in modern collections. We have dinars

of the Cairo mint of nearly every year and many coins of Alexandria and Damascus,
although much fewer of Aleppo. Less is known about his silver issues, but copper is
abundant and very varied, especially the numerous types of Syrian fulūs.
Gold
CAIRO, 764 H.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اربع‬
‫ ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن بن‬٧
‫الملك الناصر محمد بن قالون‬
‫ستين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬

Cunha 1488; his reading of the mint: al-Manṣūrīyat al-Maḥrūsa is certainly incorrect
and must be al-Qāhirat al-Maḥrūsa. Balog (31, 9.50).
765 H.
397. As above, but date at the end of the first line:
‫سنة خمس‬
and no ornament above the letter fā of Ashraf.
Broach 24/15. Balog, two specimens: (29, 6.32): (28, 10.66) Plate XV.
766 H.
398. As above, but date: ‫سنة ست‬
As above.
BMC 576 (28, 9.07). L 902 (11.12). Broach 24/1, 8,17. Gotha (7.80.)
767 H.
399. As above, but date: ‫سنة سبع‬
As above.
Broach 24/13, 23.

769 H.
400. As above, but date: ‫سنة تسع‬
As above.
BMC 576,h (28, 6.61). Horovitz (7.07). Thorburn (7.26).
771 H.
401. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة احد‬
and the last line: ‫ سبعين وسبعماية‬٧
As above, but ornaments as on the 764 H. issue.
BMC 576,m (28, 11.40). Broach 24/5, 16, 18, 31. White-King 2239 (6.10). Balog (29,
9.75) Plate XV.
772 H.
402. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة اثنى‬
As above.
BMC 576,p (27, 8.03). Broach 24/10. Cunha 1492. ANS (31, 9.72). Jungfleisch (29,
10.15). Horovitz (6.80).
773 H.
403. As above, but date: ‫سنة ثالث‬
As above.
BMC 576,x (28, 7.32). Soret 3e lettre, no. 168 (10.20).
774 H.
*404. As above, but date: ‫سنة اربع‬
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (28, 8.80); 27, 5.15).
775 H.
*405. As above, but date: ‫سنة خمس‬

Balog, three specimens: (27, 8.01) ‫;رسول هللا ارسله‬ (27, 9.50) Plate XV ‫رسول‬
‫;هللا ارسله‬ (25, 6.1) ‫ رسول هللا ارسله‬٧ ٧.
776 H.
406. As above, but date: ‫سنة ست‬
As above.
BMC 577 (25, 5.31).
777 H.
407. As above, but date: ‫سنة سبع‬
As above.
BMC 577, f (26, 7.78).
778 H.
408. As above, but date: ‫سنة ثمان‬
As above.
BMC 577,k (26, 10.17). Broach 24/4, (28).
DATE MISSING
L 903 (11.05). Broach 24/thirty-one specimens. Gotha 1050 (5.28); 1051 (8.98).
Beyram 269 (5.30). Schulman List 19, no. 41 (7.62); 42 (8.98) probably identical with
Gotha 1051. Schulman 1929 no. 1203 probably identical with Gotha 1050; 1204
probably identical with Gotha 1051. ANS, two specimens: (29, 6.01); (27, 6.59).
ALEXANDRIA, 765 H.
409. Border on both sides: double circular line.
‫ سنة خمس‬٧
‫ضرب باالسكندرية‬
‫ناصر الدنيا و الدين شعبان بن حسن بن‬
‫ الملك الناصر محمد بن قالون‬٧
As above.
Balog (29, 11.33) Plate XV.
766 H.
410. As above, but date at the first line:
‫سنة ست‬
As above.
Johnston. Jungfleisch (26, 6.22).
767 H.
‫سنة سبع‬
As above.
Broach 24/64, 69. Wien (8.50).
769 H.
*412. ‫سنة‬
‫ضرب باالسكندرية‬
‫ناصر الدنيا و الدين شعبان بن حسن‬
‫نسع وستين وسبعماية‬
As above.
773 H.
‫ضرب باالسكندرية سنة ثالث‬
and last line: ‫وسبعين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 576,t (26, 8.16).
775 H.
‫سنة خمس‬
As above.
BMC 576,cc (27, 5.90).
777 H.
‫سنة سبع‬
As above.
BMC 577,h (25, 5.96). Broach 24/62, 66, 70, 75, 76. Balog (25, 5.96) Plate XV.
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1537. Broach 24/ six specimens. Balog (25, 5.92).
DAMASCUS, 765 H.
‫خمس‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان‬
‫بن حسن بن الملك الناصر‬
‫وسبعماية‬....
‫هللا‬
ω ‫وما النصر االمن عند‬

Balog (28, 6.99) Plate XV.
Although the decade is missing, there is no doubt that the date must be 765 H. On the
775 and 776 H. issues the legend starts with‫ما النصر اال من عند هللا‬, on both sides and the
mint and date formula is relegated to the last line of the obverse. Note the powerful,
thick-set style of writing on the Damascus dinars, as compared with the Egyptian coins.
766 H.
417. ‫ضرب بدمشق‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان ابن‬
‫السلطان الشهيد محمد بن قالون‬
‫ست ستين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 576,c (26, 9.20).
768 H.
418. As above, but date at the last line:
‫ثمان وستين وسبعين‬
As above.
BMC 576,f (26, 10.56). ANS (26, 9.80) last line:
771 H.
419. ‫سنة احد‬
‫ضرب بدمشق وسبعين‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن بن‬

‫‪BMC 576,n (27, 8.03) Plate XVI. Broach 24/56.‬‬
‫‪772 H.‬‬
‫‪420. As above, but date at the first line:‬‬
‫اثنتى‬
‫سبعين وسبعماية ‪and the last line:‬‬
‫‪BMC 576,p (27, 8.23).‬‬
‫‪773 H.‬‬
‫‪421. As above, but date at the first line:‬‬
‫سنة ثالث وسبعين‬
‫‪BMC 576,v (24, 12.18).‬‬
‫‪774 H.‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪...‬اربع ‪422.‬‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان‬
‫بن حسن بن الملك الناصر‬
‫وسبعين وسبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 576,z (24, 8.03); 576,aa (26, 8.29).‬‬
‫‪775 H.‬‬
‫هللا ‪423.‬‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن ين‬
‫صرب بدمشق سنة خمس وسبعين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 576,ff (25, 8.55); 576,gg (26, 8.29.) L 901 (12.35).
776 H.
424. As above, but last line:
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ست وسبعين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 577,b (27, 9.20) Plate XVI. Balog (26, 14.79).
DATE MISSING
L 900 (10.34). Broach 24/ nineteen specimens. Jungfleisch (24, 7.13). Horovitz, two
specimens (9.83).; (8.28) Obv. before 775 H. ANS, two specimens: (25, 9.62); (25,
10.31) both coins are with mint and date missing; the legend starts, however, on both
sides with ‫ ;وما النصر االمن عند هللا‬they must, therefore, belong to the 775 or 776 H.
Damascus issues.
ALEPPO,773 H.
*425. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in it linear circle and in this, linear multilobe
(dodeka-tetralobe). Pellets between the circle and multilobe.
‫ضر ب بحلب سنة‬
‫ ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن‬٧
‫بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قالون‬
‫ثلث وسبعين وسبعماية‬
As above.
Balog (25, 6.98) Plate XVI.

777 H.
‫سبع سبعين وسبعماية‬
As above.
L 898 (25, 8.88) Plate XVI; 899 (6.83). Khediv. 1536.
778 H.
*427. As above, but last line:
‫ثمان سبعبين وسبعماية‬
As above.
Balog (24) Plate XVI. Horovitz.
Silver
Despite al-Ashraf Sha'bān's fourteen-year reign his dirhems are less than numerous in
modern collections. They are not even representative of his coinage as, for example, the
date is missing on all his known Cairo dirhems, and only very few silver coins of the
Syrian mints have come down to us.
CAIRO
*428. Date missing on all the known dirhems.
Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in border of pellets.
The style of writing is characteristic, similar to that of the Cairo dinars, so that coins
with the mint missing are easily recognized as belonging here. This applies to the "cut"
dirhems and their fractions.
‫االشرف ناصر الدنيا و‬
‫الدين شعبان بن حسن‬
... ‫بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قالون خلد‬

‫ رسول هللا ارسله‬٧
Balog, three specimens: (22, 5.0) Double-dirhem. Plate XVI, 428a; (23, 5.0) Double-
dirhem. Plate XVI, 248b; (22, 3.09). ANS, four specimens: (22, 3.88).; (21, 3.04);
(9×28, 4.97) Double-dirhem; (19, 1.63) Half-dirhem.
*429. "Cut" dirhems and fractions
ANS, four specimens: (10, 1.90); (10, 1.89); (10, 1.90); (10, 1.52). Balog, five
specimens: (15 2.45); (12×16 2.15) Plate XVI, 429a; (12×13 2.05); (13 1.79); (9×15
1.44) Plate XVI, 429 b.
DAMASCUS, 770 H.
‫االشرف ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين شعبان بن محمد‬
‫سنة سبعين زسبعماية‬
‫دمشق‬
DATE MISSING
431. ‫السلطان‬
‫الملك االشرف بامر‬
‫الدنيا والدين شعبان‬
‫بن حسن‬
‫‪BMC 585 (24, 2.70); 587 (24, 1.80).‬‬
‫‪ALEPPO, 767 H.‬‬
‫‪*432. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.‬‬
‫االرشف ناصر الدنيا والدين‬
‫شعبان )بن(الملك ‪....‬‬
‫ضرب ‪ | R‬سبع وستين ‪B ..... | L .... | T‬‬
‫‪Center:‬‬
‫‪Balog (21) Plate XVI.‬‬
‫‪ḤAMĀH, 766 H.‬‬
‫‪*433. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.‬‬
‫االشرف ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين شعبان بن حسن‬
‫سنة ست وستين‬
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–412 (20).
768 H.
‫سنة ثمان وستين‬
As above.
Erman no. 18.
771 H.
‫سنة احد وسبعين‬
As above.
L907 (14, 1.24).
778 H.
As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة ثمان‬
and the last line: ‫وسبعين‬
As above.
Balog (18) Plate XVI.
DATE MISSING
BMC 580 (21, 3.65).
BMC 581 (18, 3.50); 582 (22, 2.60); 583 (22, 3.30) 773 H.; 584 (23, 3.89); 586 (24,
4.42); 588 (22, 3.00); 589 (22, 3.99); 590 (23, 3.68). L906 (3.95) 770 H. (?). Erman nos.
19, 20, 21, 22. ANS, six specimens: (21, 1.87); (20, 1.88); (20, 3.42); (20, 2.93); (19,
1.63); (18, 2.49).
Copper
Similar to al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's and al-Manṣūr Muḥammad's fulūs, the copper coins issued
by al-Ashraf Sha'bān in Cairo and Alexandria are purely epigraphical. The Syrian
issues, varied and numerous, are either heraldic or, at least, ornamented; their diameter
is smaller than that of the Egyptian coins. Also, very frequently the fulūs from the
Syrian mints are undated.
CAIRO
All the Cairo copper coins are of the same pattern, and present the same legends. Only
the date changes every year.
764 H.
437. Border of dots, in which linear deka-hexalobe.
Center:
‫االشرف شعبان بن حسن بن‬
Border of dots in which circular line. In it, linear eight-pointed star, with floweret in
each segment between circle and eight-pointed star.
Center:
‫سنةاربع ستين‬
L 914 (3.91). Wien. Jungfleisch (25, 3.97). Balog, three specimens: (21); (21); (22).
765 H.
438. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة خمس وستين‬
L 915 (3.91); 916 (4.05); 917 (4.05); 918 (4.10). BMC 591,b (26). Khediv. 1538.
Fonrobert 6567. ANS, two specimens: (22, 3.97); (21, 3.95). München. Wien. Balog,
three specimens: (23); (23); (21).
766 H.
439. As above.
As above, but date: ‫وستين‬
‫سنة ست‬
BMC 592,q (25). Khediv. 1539. L 919 (4.01). Wien. München. Jungfleisch, two
specimens: (25, 4.29); (23, 3.88). Balog, two specimens: (23); (22) Plate XVI.
767 H.
440. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ستين‬
‫سنة سبع و‬
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12381. BM, H. W. Harrison 1928 8–8–9; 8–8–10. Wien.

München. Balog, two specimens: (23); (21).
768 H.
441. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ستين‬
‫سنة ثمان‬
Khediv. 1541. Dorn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 3. Welzl v. Wellenheim 12382. Fonrobert

6568, three specimens. ANS, three specimens: (21, 4.31); (22, 4.21); (23, 4.18).
Jungfleisch (26, 4.42). Balog (23) Plate XVI.
769 H.
442. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة تسع‬
‫ستين‬
L 920 (3.90); 921 (3.73). ANS (20, 4.09). Jungfleisch (25, 4.20). Balog, two specimens:
(22) (22) Plate XVI.
770 H.
443. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة‬
‫سبعين‬
Khediv. 1542. Wien. Balog (25) Plate XVI.
773 H.
444. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ثالث و‬
‫سنة سبعين‬
L 922 (4.15). Windisch-Graetz 187, (24). Schulman 1907 February. Wien. Balog, two
specimens: (24). (25).
775 H.
*446. As above.
‫وسبعين‬
BM, T. O. Mabbott 1936 5–4–4. G. Fr. Clark 6–14–1–86.
776 H.
*446. As above.
‫ست وسبعين‬
Balog, three specimens: each (22) Plate XVI.
777 H.
447. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سبع وسبعين‬

Blau.
778 H.
*448. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ثمانوسبعين‬
Wien.
ALEXANDRIA
Similar to the Cairo fulūs, but the style of writing is less regular, not so harmonious.
770 H.
*449. ‫السلطان‬
‫الملك االشرف‬
‫شعبان بن جسن بن الملك‬
‫المنصور قالون‬
‫ضرب سكندرية‬
‫سنة سبعين‬
Balog (24).
773 H.
*450. As above.
‫ضرب سكندرية‬
‫سنة ثلث‬
‫وسبعين‬
Balog (23) Plate XVII.
776 H.
*451. ‫السلطان الملك اال‬

‫شرف‬
‫شعبان بن‬
‫حسن‬
‫االسكندرية‬
‫سنة ست‬
‫سبعين‬
‫‪Balog, two coins: (25); (22) Plate XVII.‬‬
‫‪777 H.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫السلطان ‪*452.‬‬
‫شعبان بن الملك‬
‫‪.....‬‬
‫سكندرية‬
‫سنة سبع‬
‫سبعين‬
‫‪Balog (26) Plate XVII.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫السلطان الملك اال ‪*453.‬‬
‫شرف شعبان بن حسن بن قالون‬
‫‪Balog (26) Plate XVIII.‬‬
‫‪Heraldic coins (fesse), dated‬‬
‫‪770 H.‬‬
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into a wider central segment and
two narrower, upper and lower, segments.
In upper and lower segments, arabesque ornament.
In central segment:
Central segment: ‫وسبعماية سنة سبعين‬
Lower segment: ‫بدمشق‬
L 909 (17, 2.17) Plate XVII; 910 (17, 2.75). Soret 26-e lettre, no. 170, Soret read the
date as 776; it is 770. ANS (18, 2.12); (18, 2.33). Balog, five specimens: (16); (18);
(18); (18); (19).
771 H.
*455. As above.
As above, but central segment:
‫سبعين و‬
‫سنة احد‬
Balog (15) Plate XVII.
456. As above.
As above, but central segment:
‫احد سبعين‬
.... ‫سنة‬
L 911 (2.11). Balog (19) Plate XVII.
772 H.?
457. BMC 600 (19); 601 (17) seem to belong to Var. A. of the 771 H. issue.
UNDATED
A
Clockwise circular legend:
‫السلطان الملك اال شرف شعبان‬
In the center, spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-de-lis edges; in it: ‫حسن بن‬
Concave-sided linear octolobe with floweret on the edges. Pellets between the
flowerets. In the center: ‫ضرب‬
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
Pietraszewski p. 45, no. 161. BMC 567,a. BM, L. A. Lawrence; Parkes-Weber 11–3–
1906 5396. Pertsch no. 19. Ashmol., three specimens. Thorburn. Jungfleisch, two
specimens: (19 2.42) Plate XVII, 458a; (17 2.15). Balog, seven specimens: (18); (18);
(19); (19); (19); (20); (20) Plate XVII, 458b. ANS, twelve specimens: (19, 2.65); (19,
2.46); (21, 2.18); (21, 2.71); (20, 2.61): (19, 3.78); (18, 2.39); (18, 2.38); (19, 2.96); (17,
3.01); (17, 2.35); (17. 2.35).
Linear square is square of dots. In it: ‫الملك‬
‫االشرف‬
In linear hexagram: ‫بد‬
‫مشق‬
‫ضرب‬
Fonrobert 6566 (16).
ḤAMĀH
UNDATED A
‫الملك‬
‫االشرف‬
In hexagram: ‫بحماة‬
ANS (18, 2.79). Ashmol. (16) Plate XVII. Thorburn. Balog (17).
*461. Circular line in border of dots. In it, oblong cartouche, lateral ends pointed
inwards, on upper and lower sides, convexity.
Center: ‫الملك‬
‫االشرف‬
No border.
Double circular line, connected with 12 spokes; on the external circle, 24 short radiating
rods, crowned with a pellet.
In center: ‫بحماة‬
ANS (20, 2.16). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVII; (18).
C
Heraldic (fesse)
At top and bottom, arabesque ornaments, between them:
Field divided into three horizontal segments, the central segment bendy with seven
pieces to right.
Upper segment: ‫بحما‬
Balog (19) Plate XVII; (17).
D
Heraldic (lion to right)
463. Circular line in border of dots. In it, linear square. Center:
‫الملك‬
‫االشرف‬
In the two lateral segments, ornament.
Border: circular rigid cable to left between two linear circles.

Center: lion passant to right, with tail curled back, knot in the middle of the tail.
Fraehn; Nova Suppl. p. 96 no. n. L 1100 (2.17). ANS, four specimens: (20, 2.37); (17,
2.05); (16, 1.98); (17, 1.16). Balog (18) Plate XVII.
E
Heraldic (lion to left)
464. As above, but lion on the reverse to left.
BMC 606,c (18) Plate XVII, 464a; 606, f (17). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1935 5–1–4; 5–1–
5. L 1099 (2.08). ANS (15) Plate XVII, 464b.
F
Heraldic (shark)
466. Border on both sides: thick circular line.
Center:
In field: shark, body bent downwards.
Above: ‫بحماة‬
Underneath: ‫ضرب‬
Blau 313. Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muḥammadan States, p. 186 no. 2.
Valentine read: ‫بخارا‬, but the mint is without any doubt Ḥamāh ‫بحماة‬, and not Bukhāra.
BM, no number (17) Plate XVII; L. A. Lawrence, knot on obverse center: ANS Antioch
hoard, five specimens. Balog (19).
Mayer (SH, pp. 10 and 26) does not consider the fish as a heraldic sign. In this case,
however, it occupies a prominent position, is well detached from the surroundings and
stylized in design. We believe, therefore, that it has a heraldic value.
WITH DATE
764 H. Heraldic (fleur-de-lis)
466. Border on both sides: rigid cable to left between two circular lines.
Center:
‫اربع‬
‫سنة بحماة‬
‫ضرب‬
‫ستين‬
Center: Fleur-de-lis with wide basis, between two small rings. Top flanked by two
pellets.
BMC 606, q (20) Plate XVII. ANS Antioch hoard (19, 1.66). Wien. Thorburn. Balog
(17); (18).
765 H.
Heraldic (fesse)
Central segment: ‫الملك االشرف‬
Field divided by a triple horizontal line.
Upper segment: ‫و ستين‬
Lower segment: ‫سنة خمس‬
Balog (17).
ALEPPO
ALL THE KNOWN COINS OF THIS MINT ARE UNDATED Non-heraldic A
468. Border of large dots, in which double-linear square. On each side of the square, a
semi-circular convexity. In the center:
‫الملك‬
‫ف‬
‫االشر‬
Border of dots, in which circular line. In center a large pellet, with three spindle-shaped
petals. Between the petals, around the center, three oval pellets. In the segments
between the petals:
‫ضرب|مدينة|حلب‬
BMC 603 (16) Plate XVII, 468a; 603, a (18). Dorn-Gamazoff p. 76 no. 2. ANS, four
specimens: (18, 1.64); (17, 1.70); (16, 1.97); (15, 1.78). Ashmol. Plate XVII, 468b.
Thorburn. Balog (18).
469. Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, elongated tertalobe.
Center: ‫عز‬
‫نصره‬
Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, linear octolobe.
Center:
‫بحلب‬
‫ضرب‬
Fraehn, Nova Suppl, p. 96 nos. 8 and 9. BMC 601, a (17). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–
11. ANS (16, 2.23). Balog, four specimens: (20) Plate XVII; (17) Half-fals; (17); (17).
Heraldic
Six-petaled rosette
Central segment: ‫السلطان الملك‬
‫الملك االشرف شعبان‬
Six-petaled rosette in small central hexalobe.
BMC 605, d (18) Plate XVIII. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens. Jungfleisch (17).
Crescent and fesse

A
Upper segment: ‫بحلب‬
Central segment: ‫الملك االشرف‬
Linear dodekalobe with flowerets looking inwards. In it, linear hexagram with central
crescent.
BMC 605, m (20). Soret 3–e lettre no. 169. ANS (19, 1.51). Ashmol. (19) Plate XVIII.
Balog (18).
*472. As above, but legend in central segment inverted:

As above.
Balog (16) Plate XVIII.
TRIPOLI
Non-heraldic 776 H.
‫عزا لوالنا‬
‫ال شرف شعبان‬
‫سنة ست وسبعين‬
Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, linear hexagram. Flowerets in the spaces
between border and hexagram.
Center: ‫طرابلس‬
Ashmol. (22) Plate XVIII.
UNDATED
474. Border on both sides: circle of dots. Linear hexagon with looped edges, and a
floweret on each side.
Center: ‫الملك‬
‫ف‬
‫االشر‬
Triquetra composed of three linear spindles, with floweret in each spindle and three
pellets in center.
In the segments: ‫ضرب|بطر|ابلس‬

BMC 602 (18) Plate XVIII; 602, b (20) Lane-Poole attributed both coins to Aleppo;
they belong to Tripoli. Mūnchen. Thorburn. Balog (19).
Heraldic
Water-wheel
475. Circular line in border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines into a wide
central segment and two narrow (upper and lower) segments:
Upper segment: ‫طرابلس‬
Central segment:
‫شعبان بن حسن‬
Linear wheel with eight, counter-clockwise curved spokes. Pellet in every second space
between the spokes.
Dorn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 4. ANS Half-fals. Wien. Ashmol. Plate XVIII.
Six-petaled rosette
A
Field divided by double horizontal line. Central pellet between the two lines.
Upper segment: ‫الملك االشرف‬
Lower segment: ‫ضرب بطرابلس‬
Border: circular wavy cable to left, between two circular lines. In it, six-petaled rosette
with central pellet.
BMC 604 (17); 605 (16) Plate XVIII 476b; 605, a (16). BM, A. N. Clemenger 1936 8–
5–30. L 912 (2.22); 913 (2.07). ANS (20, 2.0). Balog, four specimens: (16); (17); (18);
(19) no pellet between the lines on obv. Plate XVIII, 476a.
Four-pointed concave-sided star, in which small circle. In center, six-petaled rosette

with central pellet.
In the segments between border and star:
‫الملك|االشرف|شعبان|بن حسن‬
Eight-pointed star composed of two interwoven four-pointed stars.
In center: ‫طرابلس‬
‫ضرب‬
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVIII, 477a; (18) Plate XVIII, 477b.
*478. As above.
As above, but in center: counter-clockwise circular legend around central pellet:
ANS, two specimens: (19, 1.62); (19, 2.86).
Fleur-de-lis
‫االشرف شعبان‬
Border of dots, in which double linear octolobe. In it, fleur-de-lis with wide transverse
band.
BM, F. 5–7–70 14201; Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–414 (15); 8–3–415 at top of obv. ‫سنة خمس‬
but no decade. ANS (18, 3.04); (17, 2.30). Ashmol. (17) Plate XVIII. Bern.
Lion passant
480. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots into three segments:
‫ضرب طر‬
‫ابلس‬
Lion passant to left, with tail curled back. The lion's body is adapted to the circular
field.
BMC 606 (18) Plate XVIII. BM, F. 5–7–70 15979. ANS, six specimens: (17, 1.77); (19,
2.31); (17, 2.25); (17, 2.25); (17, 1.86); (15, 2.25). Ashmol. (17). Balog, two specimens:
(16); (19).
AL-MANṢŪR 'ALĀ AL-DĪN 'ALI

778–783 H. = 1377–1381 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 778 H.
A
‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة ثمان‬
‫لسلطان الملك المنصور‬

‫عال الدنيا والدين على بن الملك اال‬
‫شرف شعبان بن حسن بن محمد عز نصره‬
‫هللا‬
Jungfleisch BIE IX, 1926 (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII.
According to Jungfleisch, this is the first coin to show the invocation 'azza naṣruhu ,
‫عزنصره‬. Apparently, he was not acquainted with al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's and al-Nāṣir
Ḥasan's Aleppo fulūs (cf. above, pp. 162, 187). To our knowledge, the first Mamlūk
coin with ‫ عزنصره‬is a fals of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, dated 717 H., struck 61 years earlier
than al-Manṣūr Muḥammad's dinar.
482. ‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ثمان‬
‫عال الدنيا والدين على بن الملك ا‬
‫ال شرف شعبان بن حسن بن محمد قالون‬
As above.
(without ‫ بن‬between Muḥammad and Qalā'ūn)
BMC 607, b (26, 10.82). Cunha 1494. Broach 30/4, 13.
779 H.
483. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ‫سنة تسع‬
As above.
BMC 607, e (28, 7.58) Plate XVIII. L 923 (28, 10.55). Broach 30/2, 3, 4. Codrington
read 777 H., which must be corrected to 779 H. Balog (27, 7.94).
780 H.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة‬
and last line:
‫ثمانين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 608, e (28, 7.84). Balog (26, 5.99) Plate XVIII.
781 H.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة احد‬
and last line:
‫ثمانين وسبعماية‬
As above.
BMC 609 (26, 9.60); 609, a (27, 7.65). Fonrobert 6569 (26, 4.30). ANS (27, 4.68).
Jungfleisch (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII; (28, 7.17).
782 H.
486.
Karabacek: Zur Oriental. Münzkunde no. 8. Horovitz (6.96) date at the end of the first
line: ‫سنة ثنتين‬
ALEXANDRIA
No dinars of Alexandria except two coins in the Broach hoard, have survived.
Unfortunately Codrington listed them without description.
‫‪77X H.‬‬
‫‪487.‬‬
‫‪Broach 30/17.‬‬
‫‪781 H.‬‬
‫‪488.‬‬
‫‪Broach 30/16.‬‬
‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ثمان‬
‫عال الدنيا والدين على‬
‫ن السلطان الملك االشرف‬
‫شعبان بن حسن بن الملك الناصر محمد‬
‫هللا‬
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول‬
‫هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ‪ω‬‬
‫ليظهره على الدين‬
‫كله‬
‫‪BMC 607 (24, 9.07). White-King 2240 (8.90). Broach 28/2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9. Balog (24,‬‬
‫‪8.79) Plate XIX.‬‬
‫‪779 H.‬‬
‫‪490.‬‬
Broach 30/15. Date read by Codrington 777 ‫ سبع‬instead of 779 ‫ تسع‬H.
780 H.
491. ‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ثمانين‬
‫عال الدنيا والدين على بن السلطان‬
‫الملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن بن‬
As above.
BMC 608, c (26, 8.10); 608, d (25, 6.67) as dinar of 778 H., except the date. Broach 28.
781 H.
‫احد وثمانين‬
As above.
BMC 608, f (25, 7.97); 608, g (25, 5.51). Broach 29.
Silver
Only a handful of dirhems are known; the date is always missing and so is the mint,
except on two coins. As already recognized by Lavoix (III, p. 384, no. 924, footnote),
the sultan's protocol is al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn 'Ali ‫ المنصور ناصر الدين على‬on the dirhems.
The legends are reconstructed:
ALEXANDRIA
493. ‫السلطان الملك‬
‫المنصور ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين على بن الملك‬
‫االشرف شعبان‬
‫ضرب بالسكندرية‬

‫ارسله بالهدى و‬
‫دين الحق‬
BMC 610 (24, 5.73) Lane-Poole did not read the mint, although it can be deciphered.
ALEPPO
494. As above.
As above, but at top: ‫ضرب بحلب‬
Miles, Antioch no. 185. Miles read the title ... ‫ المنصور عال‬with a query.
MINT MISSING
495.
BMC 611 (18, 2.07) Plate XIX, 495a; Ornaments on obv.: ‫ المنصور ناصر‬612 (24,
3.69); 613 (13, 1.75) Plate XIX, 495b; Ornaments obv.: ‫ المنصور ناصر‬rev.:
‫ رسول‬L 924 (2.35). Balog (16) Plate XIX, 495c.
Copper
The Cairo and Alexandria fulūs are purely epigraphic and similar to the copper of al-
Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and al-Ashraf Sha'bān; the Syrian fulūs are nearly
all heraldic. The copper coins struck at Tripoli do not have the sultan's full name; they
can, however, be safely attributed to al-Manṣūr 'Ali on stylistic grounds. Al-Manṣūr
Muḥammad's copper coins are of a different fabric.
CAIRO
Border and ornaments as on al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's Cairo fulūs.
779 H.
*496. ‫السلطان الملك ا‬
‫لمنصور عال الدنيا والدين على‬
‫بن الملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن‬
‫بن الملك الناصر محمد قالون‬
‫سنة تسع و‬
‫سبعين‬
Jungfleisch (20, 3.80). Balog (25) Plate XIX.
781 H.
497. As above.
‫سنة احد وسبعين‬
L 925 (3.80). Jungfleisch (23, 4.26).
782 H.
*498. As above.
‫سنة اثنتى وسبعين‬
Jungfleisch (23, 3, 15).
ALEXANDRIA
Similar to the Cairo fulūs, but the writing is much coarser and the linear dodekalobe of
the obverse border has become a simple undulant circle surrounded by large dots. The
coins are all undated.
*499.
‫المنصور على بن الملك‬
‫االشرف شعبان بن حسن‬
‫ضرب با‬
‫السكند‬
‫رية‬
Balog, four specimens: (22) Plate XIX, 499a; (22) Plate XIX, 499b; (24); (19).
*500.
‫المنصور على بن االشرف‬
‫بن حسن‬
‫ضرب‬
‫اسكندرية‬
Balog (22) Plate XIX.
The mint is tentatively read ‫" اسكندرية المحروسة‬Alexandria, the guarded." This reading is
by no means certain. It would also be unusual for Alexandria.
DAMASCUS, 781 H.
501. Border on both sides: circular line; in it, clockwise marginal legend:
Small circle, in which:
‫على‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة احد ثمانين وسبعماية‬
Small circle, in which fleur-de-lis with triangular basis, flanked by two pellets.
Soret 3–e lettre, no. 172.
782 H.
502. As above.
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة اثنين ثمانين وسبعماية‬
Soret, 3-e lettre, no. 173. L 927 (17, 2.19) Plate XIX, 502a. ANS (17, 2.34) and eight
more specimens from the Antioch hoard. Horovitz (16) no pellets on rev. Plate XIX,
502b. Jungfleisch (20, 1.72). Balog (16, 2.27).
783 H.
*503. As above.
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ثالث ثمانين وسبعماية‬
ANS (16, 2.31) and three more specimens from the Antioch hoard.
DATE MISSING
BMC 619, a. BM, Sir R. Burn 1949; Chr. Blunt 1947. Ashmol. Bodl. 199, 200, 201.
Balog (20); (16).
TRIPOLI
Al-Manṣūr 'Ali's fulūs struck in Tripolis are all undated.
Heraldic
Fesse | Fleur-de-lis
504. Border of dots, in which circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into
three segments:
Upper segment: ‫ضرب طر‬
Lower segment: ‫ابلس‬
Border of dots in which circular line. In it, a hexagon with concave sides. In the
segments formed by circle and hexagon, annulets. In the field, fleur-de-lis with
rhomboidal basis.
L 930 (17, 2.09) Plate XIX; 931 (2.46); 932 (2.48). Windisch-Graetz 188. (16).
Jungfleisch (16, 2.84). ANS (19, 2.44); (18, 1.85); (17, 1.95); (17, 2.25). Balog (16).
Lion
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots.
‫ ضرب طر‬/
‫ لملك المنصور‬/
‫ابلس‬
Lion passant to left; tail, with knot in the middle, curled back.
L 929 (17, 2.27) Plate XIX, 505a. ANS (18, 2.35); (17, 2.16). Flagellation (18) Plate
XIX, 505 b. München, two specimens. Jungfleisch (22, 4.36).
Fesse | Crescent
Linear hexagram, with ringlets in the angles between hexagram and circle. In center, a
crescent.
Balog (20) Plate XIX, 506a; (18, 2.32) Plate XIX, 506b.
(PROBABLY TRIPOLI) Crescent
‫الملك ا‬
‫لمنصور‬
Two interwoven linear tetralobes. In the center, a crescent. Pellets in the free spaces.
Balog (17) Plate XIX.
Non heraldic
A
Field divided by horizontal cable to right between two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: ‫الملك ا‬
Lower segment: ‫لمنصور‬
Linear octogram, with square center. In it:
‫طرابلس‬
Balog (21) Plate XIX, 508a. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens Plate XIX, 508b.
B
MINT: TRIPOLI?
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots:
...../
‫الملك المنصور‬/
?‫?ضرب طرابلس‬
ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens.
Six-petaled flower, resembling a lotus, petals forming a counter-clockwise whorl.

Balog (18) Plate XX, 509a; (16) Plate XX, 509b.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II

1ST REIGN: 783–784 H. = 1381–1382 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 791–792 H. = 1389–1390 A.D.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji had not occupied the throne for more than a year, when he was deposed
by Barqūq, the first Burji sultan. He was not reinstated to the sultanate until eight years
later, when the Mamlūk nobles rebelled against Barqūq. Ḥājji's second reign did not,
however, last any longer than his first, because the year 792 H. saw the last of him and
of Qalā'ūn's House and the definite advent of Burji rule.
If we proceed in a strictly chronological order, al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's coinage should be

followed by Barqūq's first reign, then again by Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's second emissions, and
finally by Barqūq's second period.
Nevertheless, we want to emphasise that this is a turning-point in Mamlūk History. Al-

Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's two reigns are therefore discussed in this section. Barqūq's coins of his first
as well as those of his second reign are, on the other hand, listed in the first chapter of
the Burji series.
On his second accession, al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji assumed a new title, namely that of al-Manṣūr
Ḥājji. On a unique dinar of Cairo he is styled: al-Manṣūr Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥājji, ‫المنصور‬
‫ناصر الدين حاجى‬, and on two other unique coins, a dinar of Aleppo and a dirhem with mint
missing, al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḥājji, ‫المنصور ناصر الدين حاجى‬.
1ST REIGN: 783–784 H. = 1381–1382 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 783 H.
A
510. Border on both sides (on all the Cairo dinars): double linear dodekalobe.
‫ثلث‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن‬
‫شعبان بن حسن بن محمد بن قالون‬
‫وثمانين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬

‫‪ ٧‬رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى‬
‫‪L 935 (28, 12.37). Balog (28, 5.63).‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ثلث ‪*511.‬‬
‫ضرب باقاهرة سنة‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن ا‬
‫لملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن بن )محمد(‬
‫‪Balog (26, 9.07) Plate XX.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ثلث ‪*512.‬‬
‫السلطان الملك الصالح ‪ω‬‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن ا‬
‫لملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن محمد )‪(sic‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪Ashmol. (26). Balog (28, 11.14) Plate XX.‬‬
‫‪784 H.‬‬
‫اربع ‪*513.‬‬
‫السلطان الملك الصالح صالح‬
‫الدنيا والدين حاجى بن الملك االشرف‬
‫شعبان حسن محمد )‪ (sic‬بن قالون‬
‫‪Jungfleisch (28, 12.81) Plate XX.‬‬
‫اربع وثمانين‬
‫صالح الدنيا والدين حاجى‬
‫)بن(الملك االشرف شعبان‬
‫رسول ‪Ornament:‬‬
‫‪BMC 615 (26, 9.40) date missing, but this variety. Balog (24, 9.34); 25, 10.49) Plate‬‬
‫‪XX, 514a: (26, 7.27) Plate XX, 514b.‬‬
‫‪UNCERTAIN DATE‬‬
‫ضرب بدمشق ‪515.‬‬

‫صالح الدنيا والدين حا‬
‫جى بن الملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن‬
As above.
BMC 616 (25, 5.95) date missing, but this variety. L936 (7.92) Lavoix read the date as
788H. with a query. This would be impossible. But in reality the date is ‫اربع = سنة اعد من‬
‫?ثمانين وسبعمابة‬
Silver
516. The dirhems are very scarce; they are difficult to read, with much of the legends
missing, the date always and the mint mostly vanished. After reconstruction of the
inscriptions, as well as possible from the scanty material, the coins probably belong to
one and the same variety. One dirhem positively shows the mint-name Aleppo, another
has the initial ḥā of Ḥalab (but Ḥamāh is not excluded); we believe, therefore, that they
all may belong to Aleppo.
‫االشرف‬
ω ‫الصالح صالح الدنيا‬
‫والدين حاجى بن السلطان‬
‫الملك‬
BMC 617 (22, 3.30) Aleppo. 618 (18, 2.86). BM, C. H. Hexender 1937 8–18–1 Plate
XX, 516a. L 937 (2.85) Aleppo (or Ḥamāh); 938 (3.69); 939 (3–81). Balog (24) Plate
XX, 516b.
Copper
CAIRO
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji issued a normal fals, similar to the Cairo emissions of al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-
Manṣūr Muḥammad, al-Ashraf Sha'bān and al-Manṣūr 'Ali, and an unusual, heavy
copper coin, which curiously corresponds with the wuqĩyah-weight. The latter also
differs from the normal fals in type and style of the engraving.
Normal coinage
783 H.
517. ‫السلطان الملك‬
‫الصالح صالح الدين حاجى بن‬
‫الملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن ين محمد‬
‫بن قالون‬
‫ثالث وثمانين سنة‬
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XX.
784 H.
*518. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة اربع وثمانين‬
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (21).
Heavy coinage
783 H.
Unusually heavy coins, struck on a wide, thick flan. Jungfleisch described two
denominations, the wuqīyah weight and the half-wuqīyah.
Wuqīyah
519. Border on both sides: border of dots between two circular lines.
In it, linear square, ornaments in the segments.
Center:
‫ الملك الصا‬٧
‫لح حاجى‬
‫عز نصره‬
Concave-sided linear hexagon, three pellets in each segment.
Center:
‫ثالث وثمانين‬
‫سنة‬
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948–9 (34, 34.62). Balog, four specimens:
(34, 36.05) Plate XX; (34, 32.96); (34, 35.40); (35, 32.87).
Half-wuqīyah
520. Border on both sides: border of pellets, then circular line.
In it, linear square, with three pellets in each segment.
Center:
‫الملك‬
‫نصر‬
‫الصالح‬
‫حاجى‬
Concave-sided linear hexagon, three pellets in each segment.
Center:
‫ثالث ثمانين‬
‫سنة‬
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948–9 (27, 17.17).
Jungfleisch, who discovered these unusual coins of one wuqīyah and half-wuqīyah
weight, thought that they could either be a special issue of true copper coinage, or
weights in the form of coins, or else, again, coins which, in case of necessity could be
employed as weights.
At the time of the publication of Jungfleisch's paper only one specimen of the wuqīyah-
coin and one of the half-wuqīyah coin were known. Today we have four more wuqīyah-
coins, but still only the one half-wuqīyah observed by Jungfleisch. As can be seen
above, all the wuqīyah coins, though more or less deficient, nevertheless approximate
the weight of the wuqīyah. Therefore his theory that they might be true weights, or
subsidiary weights, is not altogether excluded. It should be mentioned, however, that the
usual shape for a weight should be that of a small barrel. The barrel-shape had been in
use since the 'Abbāsids (we have a weight of this period) through the Fāṭimids (a rather
large series from the second half of this dynasty), also during the Mamlūk reign (a four-
wuqīyah weight of al-Ashraf Sha'-bān's, with date and mint) and right through the
Turkish rule in Egypt.
Consequently it well may be that the large coins of this heavy series are nothing but
multiples of the fals.
ALEXANDRIA
*521. The border on both sides as well as the arrangement of the legends on all the
Alexandria copper is similar to those of the Cairo fulūs, except that the style of writing
on the former is much cruder.
UNDATED
‫الصالح حاجى بن‬
‫شعبان‬
‫ضرب‬
‫سكند‬
‫رية‬
Balog (24) Plate XX.
783 H.
‫حاجى بن‬
‫شعبان‬
‫اال‬
‫ضرب‬
‫سكند‬
‫رية‬
‫سنة ثالث‬
‫وثمانين‬
Balog, four specimens: (22); (22); (22) Plate XX, 522a; (23) Plate XXI, 522b.
784 H.
*523. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة اربع‬
Balog, four specimens: (21) Plate XXI, 523a; (22); (23) Plate XXI, 523b; (25).
DAMASCUS, 783 H.
‫السلطان الملك الصالح صالح الدين‬
Inner circle; center: ‫حاجى‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلث وثمانين وسبعماية‬
Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis.
L 873 (18, 2.79). Ḥājji written with diacritical points. Plate XXI, 524a; 874 (1.85); 875
(2.65). Lavoix attributed these 3 coins to al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji, but the marginal legends
were either missing or illegible. Windisch-Graetz 190. Karabacek, Zur Oriental.
Münzkunde 9. Fonrobert 6570 (14). BM, T. B. Clarke-Thornhill 1929 5–7–6; A. N.
Clemenger 1936 8–5–27. ANS, four specimens: (16); (15); (14); (14); and 17 more
coins from the Antioch hoard. Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (15) Plate XXI, 514b;
(15); (18); (19). Ḥājji written without diacritical points on Balog's four coins.
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
‫الملك‬
‫السلطان ا‬
‫الصالح‬
Field divided by horizontal line into a narrow upper segment and a large lower segment:
Upper segment: ‫بطرابلس‬
Lower segment: large stylized fleur-de-lis.

L 933 (18, 3.48). Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Manṣūr 'Ali, but his
specimen has incomplete legends. P Vogüé 1549. ANS, three specimens: (16, 3.04);
(16, 2.46); (17, 4.09). Balog (20) Plate XXI.
MINT MISSING (TRIPOLI?)

Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
Field divided by two horizontal rigid cables to left; the cables are enclosed between two
lines.
Upper segment missing.
Lower segment effaced.
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram. In the spaces between hexagram and circle,
flowerets. In the center, fleur-de-lis.
Though the sultan's proper name is missing, the style of the coin is indicative of al-Ṣāliḥ
Ḥājji's coinage. The fleur-de-lis in the hexagram might come from the Tripoli mint.
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI.
ḤAMĀH
Heraldic
Fesse | six-petaled rosette
In center six-petaled rosette, enclosed in linear hexalobe. Surrounded by six pellets.
Lower segment: ‫حماة‬
(‫ حماة‬inverted)
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI. Two specimens.
On this coin also the sultan's name Ḥājji, is missing; the attribution to al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji.
however, is doubtless correct. Cf. coin No. 258.
2ND REIGN: 791–792 H. = 1389–1390 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 791 H.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة احد سنة‬
‫ السلطان الملك المنصور‬٧
‫صالح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن‬
‫الملك االشرف شعبان عز نصره‬
‫وتسعين وسبعماية‬
Border: traces of double linear dodekalobe.
‫هللا‬
Balog (25, 10.60). Plate XXI. Al-Ḥājji's title: ‫المنصور صالح الدين‬, and invocation ‫ضرب‬
‫بحلب‬.

‫ناصر الدنيا والدين حاجى بن السلطان‬
‫الملك االشرف شعبان بن حسن‬
‫)خلد(مكله‬
As above.
Balog (28, 7.60). Al-Ḥājji's title is: ‫ المنصور ناصر الدين‬and invocation: ‫خلد مكله‬.
Silver
ω ‫المنصور ناصر الدنيا‬
‫والدين حاجى بن الملك‬
‫محمد رسول هللا ار‬
‫سله بالهدى ودين الحق‬
L 941 (3.40) note that al-Ḥājji's title is here also as on the Aleppo dinar.
Copper
ALEXANDRIA, UNDATED
*531. Border on both sides, as on the Alexandria fulūs of the first reign. The flan is
smaller.
‫حاجى بن‬
‫شعبان‬
‫ضرب‬
‫سكند‬
‫رية‬
Balog (20) Plate XXI.
DAMASCUS, 791 H.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse):
Upper segment: ‫المنصور‬
Lower segment: ‫حاجى‬
Linear hexagram, with a dot in each small triangle.
In the external segments, counter-clockwise:
‫في|سنة|احدو|تسعين|وسبعما|ية‬
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
L 942 (2.29); 943 (2.81); 944 (2.66); 945 (3.22). BMC 619, a (17) Plate XXI, 532a;
619, b (17). Ashmol. (19) Plate XXI, 532b. Mūnchen. Balog (17) Plate XXI, 532c.
792 H.
533. As above.
As above, but date:
‫في|سنة|احدو|تسعين|وسبعما|ية‬
Fonrobert 6572 (17). ANS, two specimens: (17, 2.85) date missing; (17, 2.47) date
missing.
BURJI MAMLŪKS
A.H. A.D. Page:

Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Barqūq, 1st reign 784–791 1382–1389 249–275
2nd reign 792–801 1390–1399
Al-Nāṣir Abū al-Sa'ādāt Faraj, 1st reign 801–808 1399–1405 276
Al-Manṣūr 'Izz al-Dīn 'Abd al-'Azīz 808–809 1405–1406 (No coins)
Faraj, 2nd reign 809–815 1406–1412 276–295
Al-Musta'īn bi'llāh Abū al-Faḍl 'Abbās 815 1412 296–298
Al-Mu'ayyad Abū al-Naṣr Shaykh 815–824 1412–1421 299–306
Al-Muẓaffar Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad 824 1421 307–308
Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Ṭaṭar 824 1421 309
Al-Ṣāliḥ Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad 824–825 1421–1422 310
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Barsbāy 825–841 1422–1438 311–318
Al-'Āzīz Jamāl al-Dīn Yūsuf 841–842 1438 319
Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Jaqmaq 842–857 1438–1453 320–327
Al-Manṣūr Fakhr al-Dīn 'Uthmān 857 1453 328–329
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Aynāl 857–865 1453–1461 330–337
Al-Mu'ayyad Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad 865 1461 338–339
Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Khushqadam 865–872 1461–1467 340–345
Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Bilbāy 872 1467 (No coins)
Al-Ẓāhir Abu Sa'īd Temirbughā 872–873 1467–1468 346–347
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Qā'itbāy 873–901 1468–1496 348–360
Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad 901–904 1496–1498 361–366
Al-Ẓāhir Abū Sa'īd Qānṣūh 904–905 1498–1500 367–368
Al-Ashraf Abū al-Naṣr Jānbalāt 905–906 1500–1501 369
Al-'Ādil Ṣayf al-Dīn Ṭumānbāy 906 1501 370
Al-Ashraf Qānṣūh al-Ghūri 906–922 1501–1516 371–382
Al-Ashraf Ṭumānbāy 922 1516 383
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ

1ST REIGN: 784–791 H. = 1382–1389 A.D.
CAIRO, 784 H.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة اربع سنة‬
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر‬
‫يف الدينا والدين بوسعيد عز نصره‬
‫برقوق خلد هللا سلطانه‬

‫هللا وما النصر االمن عند‬
•••
L 953 (8.90). Balog (28, 6.83). Plate XXII.
Although the decade of the date is missing, there is no doubt that the year is 784 H. The
style of writing on the Cairo gold of the second reign is quite different, and the
accession formula ‫ عز نصره‬does not occur in any other year but in 784. Note also, that
besides ‫عز نصره‬, there is a second invocation in favor of the sultan: ‫سلطانه‬.
785 H.
535. Border as above.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة‬
‫سيف الدنيا الدين بو سعيد برقوق‬
ω ‫خلد هللا سلطانه‬
‫وثمانين سبعمايه‬
L 952 (9.40).
As above.
786 H.
536. As above, but the date at the end of the first line: ‫ست‬
‫سنة‬
BMC 622 (25, 7.22).
As above.
787 H.
*537. As above, but date: ‫سبع‬
‫سنة‬
Ashmol. (3.67). Horovitz.
As above.
788 H.
*538. As above, but date: ‫سنة‬
‫ثمان‬
Horovitz (9.85).
As above.
789 H.
539. As above, but date: ‫تسع‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
Beyram 273. Balog (26, 10.92). Plate XXII, 539a.
DATE MISSING, BUT FIRST REIGN
539.a Fonrobert 6573 (24, 13.10). ANS (26, 12.16). Balog (25, 1.37) Quarter dinar.
Plate XXII, 539b.
ALEXANDRIA, 788 H.
*540. Border on both sides: double circular line.
‫ضرب سكندرية سنة ثمان‬
‫سيف‬
‫الدنيا والدين بوسعيد برقوق‬
ω ‫خلد هللا سلطانه‬
‫وثمانين سبعماية‬
As above.
Jungfleisch (28, 9.36) Plate XXII. ANS (26, 8.20).
Alexandria written: ‫ سكندرية‬.
791 H.
‫ضرب سكندرية احد‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
BMC 626 (25, 11.14). Plate XXII.
Alexandria written: ‫سكندرية‬. Although the last line of the obverse is missing, the date is
without doubt 791 H.
DAMASCUS, 785 H.
‫سنةخمس ثمانين‬
‫ ابو سعيد سيف الدنيا والدين‬٧
‫برقوق عز هللا انصاره‬
‫باهلل‬
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول‬

‫هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق‬
‫ليظهره على الدين كله ولو‬
‫كره المشركون‬
‫‪BMC 621 (25, 9.49). Plate XXII; 627 (24, 7.19). Balog (25, 10.90).‬‬
‫‪ on the obverse.‬عز هللا انصاره ‪Note the unique invocation‬‬
‫‪787 H.‬‬
‫‪543. Border on both sides: circular line in double linear dodekalobe.‬‬
‫باهلل‬
‫وماتوفيقى اال‬
‫‪ ٧‬السلطان الملك الظا‬
‫هر سيف الدنيا والدين‬
‫‪ ٧‬ابو سعيد برفو‬
‫ق‬
‫‪ ٧‬الا له اال هللا‬
‫>‬
‫ضرب بدمشق سبع سنة‬
‫‪ ٧‬وثمانين وسبعماية‬
‫‪L 950 (24 11.75). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (26, 9.74). Plate XXII, 543a; (23, 6.56).‬‬
‫‪Balog, three specimens: (25, 10.78). Plate XXII, 543b; (25, 8.06); (23).‬‬
‫‪790 H.‬‬
‫وما توفيقى ‪544.‬‬
‫اال باهلل السلطان‬
‫‪ ٧‬الملك الظاهر سيف‬

‫الدنيا والدين ابو‬
‫سعيد برقوق‬
‫تسعين وسبعماية‬
‫‪L 951 (8.76). ANS (23, 7.17). Balog (25, 6.58) Plate XXII.‬‬
‫‪ALEPPO, 784 H.‬‬
‫‪545. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in the external angles.‬‬
‫الدنيا سيف والدين سيف ابو سعيد‬
‫برقوق خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫هللا‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله با ‪ω‬‬
‫لهدى ودين الحق ليظهره‬
‫‪L 946 (8.42). BMC 620 (25, 8.75); 620, a (26, 10.43).‬‬
‫‪.‬خلد هللا ملكه ‪Note the invocation:‬‬
‫‪786 H.‬‬
‫ضرب بحلب ‪546.‬‬

‫لظاهر سيف الدنيا الدين‬
‫ابو سعيد برقوق خلد‬
‫هللا ملكه سنة سته وثمانين‬
‫‪BMC 623 (24, 5.71).‬‬
‫‪787 H.‬‬
‫السلطان الملك الظا ∴‬
‫هر سيف الدنيا الدين ابو‬
‫‪ ٧‬سعيد برقوق خلد هللا ‪ω‬‬
‫ملكه سبع سنة وثمانين سبعماية‬
‫‪BMC 624 (25, 8.94). Plate XXII. L 947, (7.83); (948, 6.88). Jungfleisch (27, 11.58).‬‬
‫‪788 H.‬‬
‫‪*548. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in each external angle.‬‬
‫>السلطان الملك الظا‬
‫هر سيف الدنيا الدين‬
‫ابو سعيد برقوق)خلد هللا(‬
‫)ملكه(ثمان ثمانين وسبعماية‬
‫‪Jungfleisch (24, 6.25) Plate XXII. Balog (27, 11.0).‬‬

790 H.
549. As above; but date:
‫ سنة تسعين وسبعماية‬. . .
BMC 625 (25, 7.74).
As above.
Lead coins
550. In 1933 L. A. Mayer published a hoard of 36 curious lead coins, acquired in 1931
from a dealer by the Department of Antiquities of Palestine. The same dealer had two
more specimens and Mayer saw four other coins in the hands of another antiquarian in
1928. Five specimens are in the collection of the ANS, but there is no record to show
whether these coins belong to the same hoard or not.
The obverse of all coins is the same; the legends of the reverse, however, are of two
different types.
Obv.:
‫السلطان الملك الظا‬
‫هر سيف الدنيا والدين ابو‬
‫سعيد برقوق خلد هللا‬
‫انصاره وملكه سنه سبع ثمانين سبعماية‬
Rev. A:
‫وما النصر االمن هللا‬
∇∴

Alif at the beginning of last line: ‫ ك‬instead of: ‫ا‬
Rev. B:
‫وما النصر االمن‬
‫هللا ال اله هللا‬
‫الى عالم العز له‬
....
(Mayer's reading)
Mayer pointed out several mistakes in the legend. There are minor errors and
irregularities in the obverse and type A of the reverse; nevertheless, in our opinion the
inscriptions are clear and similar to those of the regular gold issues. The legend on the
reverse B, though pleasing to the eye, really shows manifest defects, even signs that the
original may been copied, more or less faithfully, by an artisan who could not read the
text he copied.
It has been suggested by Mayer that the lead coins might be identical with Maqrīzi's
black dirhems (cf. Qalqashandi, Ṣubḥ al-ashā, III, 442). Since the publication of Mayer's
article, the Ayyūbid and Fāṭimid black dirhems have been identified by us (BIE
XXXIII, 1951, pp. 1–41 and XXXV, 1952, pp. 401–429 — Actes du Congrès Intern.
Num., Paris, 1953, pp. 555–56). They have nothing in common with Barqūq's lead
coins, but are small silver coins of very base alloy (less than 30% silver content), struck
on unheated square or irregular flan. They ceased to circulate with the Ayyūbid rule.
It was furthermore proposed by Mayer, that the lead coins could be contemporary
counterfeit money, not yet finished. In our experience, counterfeit Islamic coins are
always fourré coins, covered with a thin gold or silver pellicle and containing an inner
copper core. No counterfeit dinars or dirhems with a lead core have ever teen found.
Besides, there is another argument against this theory. The counterfeiter of Islamic coins
in the Middle Ages applied the pellicle of precious metal on the copper flan, then
proceded to heat it and struck the red-hot piece with the dies. In the case of Mayer's
coins, the naked lead disc had already been struck, thus precluding the subsequent
application of the silver or gold pellicle.
With regard to the faulty and partly illegible writing, the possibility of forgery should,
however, not be completely discarded. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer.
Type A
Mayer, thirty-eight specimens: QDAP 1933, pp. 20–23 (32, 16.83); (33, 17.01); (35,
13.50); (24, 5.44); (30, 12.91); (35, 8.67); (35, 15.39); (28, 14.29); (30, 10.52); (41,
10.32); (40, 21.88); (30, 13.69); (27, 11.86); (29, 13.27); (33, 12.22); (33, 18.18); (30,
4.89); (34, 13.49); (34, 7.48); (26, 10.89); (44, 13.21); (25, 9.21); (28, 11.12); (31,
16.83); (31, 14.87); (31, 12.10); (30, 12.49); (26, 9 81); (34, 22.01); (33, 14.77): (25,
9.96); (33, 10.32); (30, 18.20). ANS, five specimens: (45, 20.05); (37, 27.11); (25,
16.93); (32, 22.37); (30, 11.77).
Type B
Mayer, five specimens: loc. cit. (33, 18.40); (27, 7.77); (31, 16.09); (30, 10.66); (32,
10.43).
Silver
CAIRO
551. There is no numismatic evidence to show whether or not Barqūq issued silver in
Cairo during the early years of his reign. The dirhems preserced in modem collections
are all of the same year, 789 H., and of a new coin-type, designed differently from any
dirhem struck previously. The new dirhem has a marginal legend and a central legend
enclosed in a circle, on the obverse; the reverse shows the usual profession of faith
formula written in horizontal lines.
The coins confirm the medieval chronicler, Ibn Furāṭ, who tells us that "in 789 H. Jarkas
al-Khalīli received orders to strike coins of a new type, the coins to show two circles
with a legend between them, in the innermost circle on the one side a legend, on the
other the name of Barqūq." (Cit. from Mayer, Lead coins of Barqūq , p. 22, 2nd
paragraph: and footnote 2, of the same page: Ibn Furāṭ, MS. Vienna, Vol. IX, fo. 4v, II.
4–3 from bottom). "The final legends was different, as Ibn Furāṭ tells us; in the circle
the text read 'Barqūq 'azza naṣrahu', on the margin round it 'al-Malik al-ẓāhir'."
‫الساطان الملك الظاهر ضرب بالقاهرة تسع سنة وثمانين وسبعماية‬
Inner circle, center:
‫برقوق‬
‫عزنصره‬
‫ارسله رسوله‬
‫بالهدىو‬
‫دين‬
Khediv. 1549. Erman no. 5 (17). White-King 2242 Half-dirhem. Balog, seven
specimens: (23, 3.57) Plate XXII, 551a; (22, 3.96); (20, 3.42) Plate XXII, 551b; (16,
1.33) Plate XXII, 551c; (13, 1.07); (14, 0.64) Quarter-dirhem; (16). ANS, seven
specimens: (24, 4.36); (17, 2.26); (16, 1.29); (15, 2.16); (16, 1.98); (15, 2.19); (14,
1.98).
ALEPPO
552. Of the handful of Aleppo dirhems which are extant, only one has the date 784 H.;
on the others it is incomplete or missing.
Border on both sides missing.
‫سيف‬
‫لظاهر الدنيا والدين‬
‫ابو سعيد برقوق‬
‫خلد‬
‫سنة اربع وثمانين‬
BMC 628 (18, 2.55), no ornament above ‫ رسول‬on the reverse. Plate XXIII, 552a; 629
(22, 2.46); 630 (22, 3.43); 631 (22, 3.15); 632 (22, 3.21). Khediv. 1545, 1546, 1547,
1548. L 955 (18, 2.39) Plate XXIII, 552b; 956 (21, 1.47); 957 (2.09). Erman, three
specimens: (21) date: 7–7; (22); (20). Blau 306. Noury 379 date: 784 H. Miles, Antioch
187, 188. Balog, five specimens: (18, 3.00). Plate XXIII, 552c; (18, 2.78); (19, 2.79);
(18, 2.45); (10, 17, 0.7). Quarter dirhem. End-piece of the ribbon-shaped thin ingot,
from which the flan was cut off. Plate XXIII, 552 d.
ḤAMĀH
553. As the Aleppo dirhem, but the mint, Ḥamāh, at top of the obverse: ‫ضرب بحماة‬
Erman no.4. Thorburn. ANS, four specimens: (19, 2.88); (17, 0.85); (12, 1.24); (14,
2.14).
Mint and date missing on some, but this type; therefore, they belong either to Aleppo or
to Ḥamāh.
Copper
Here are listed the dated fulūs of the first reign. The undated copper will follow under
the second rule.
CAIRO, 785 H.
*554. Border: linear dodekalobe in dodekalobe of pellets.
Center:
‫الظاهر سيف الدنيا و‬
‫برقوق‬
‫الدين ابو سعيد‬
‫عز نصره‬
Border: circular line; in it, linear octogram, with flowerets in the peripheric segments.
Center:
‫خمس سنة وثمانين‬
Thorburn. Abu Sa'īd written: Bū Sa'īd.
786 H.
*555. As above.
As above, but date: ‫ست‬
‫سنة وثمانين‬
Balog, three specimens: (24) Plate XXIII; (20); (20).
791 H.
*555.a As above.
ANS (19, 4.24).
As above, but date: ‫ سنة احدى تسعين‬.
ALEXANDRIA
We read in Mayer's Lead coins of Barqūq, p. 21: "His (Barqūq's) major-domo Maḥmūd
b. 'Ali al-Ustādār, bought copper from Europe and struck many fulūs establishing in
A.H. 794 a mint at Alexandria for the purpose." In a footnote Mayer continues: "It is
curious that in none of the well-known collections of Mamlūk coins (British Museum;
Bodleian Library; Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; Egyptian Library, Cairo) do there
appear to be any of the copper coins struck by Barqūq at Alexandria (cf. the catalogues
of Lavoix and Lane-Poole). Still, they do exist and will be published in the forthcoming
catalogue of Mamlūk coins of the Palestine Archaeological Museum." Unfortunately,
Mayer did not publish his projected catalogue of Mamlūk coins. Nevertheless, there is
no doubt that the discovery of Barqūq's Alexandria fulūs belongs to him.
There is, however, a marked diserepancy between the written records and the testimony
of the coins. We do have a fals of the Alexandria mint dated 784 H. and another of the
year 785 H. There can, therefore, be no doubt whatsoever that were struek there at that
time. Moreover, the table of minting sequence at the end of our Mint Notes (p. 52,
above) proves that copper was issued in Alexandria without interruption from Ashraf
Sha'bān's reign on. Consequently there was no necessity for Barqūq to create a new
mint in Alexandria for the special purpose of issuing copper coins.
The flan of the Alexandria fulūs is smaller than that of the Cairo copper; otherwise
border and the octogram of the reverse are similar.
784 H.
‫ابو سعيد‬
‫برقوق‬
‫ضرب‬
Balog (19) Plate XXIII.
785 H.
*557. As above.
Balog (21).
As above, but date: ‫سنة خمس‬
DAMASCUS, 784 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو السعيد‬
Circular line; center:
‫برقوق‬
Border missing.
‫ضرب بدمشق سنة اربع ثمانين وسبعماية‬
Fleur-de-lis on triangular basis, flanked by four pellets.
L 968 (14, 1.79). Plate XXIII. Balog (18, 2.02). ANS, seven specimens: (19, 2.17); (17,
2.11); (18, 1.88); (16, 2.06); (16, 1.26); (16, 2.07); (15, 2.05).
Cf. the legends with the arrangement of the inscriptions on the 789 H. Cairo dirhems
(Ibn Furāṭ, loc. cit. in Mayer, Lead coins of Barqūq ).
Heraldic
Fesse
786 H.
*559. Remaining border: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines: fesse.
Upper segment: ‫برقوق‬
Central segment ‫الملك الظاهر‬
Lower segment: ‫ضرب بدمشق‬
Border: linear circle in circle of dots. In it, linear hexagram, in the small triangle,
pellets.
Center: ‫سنة‬
‫ست‬
ANS (18, 3.19). Balog (17) Plate XXIII.
787 H.
*560. As above.
ANS (18, 2.58).
As above, but date: ‫فى‬
‫سبع و ثمانين‬
790 H.
561. Remaining border: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: ‫الظاهر‬

Lower segment: ‫برقوق‬
Border: circular line in circle of dots. In it, linear hexagram.
Segments:
‫|عام|تسعين و|سبعما|ية‬. . .
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
L 963 (2.37). Khediv. 1551. ANS (15, 2.58). Plate XXIII. Ashmol., two specimens.
Non-heraldic
790 H.
‫ابو سعيد سيف‬
‫الدنيا و الدين‬
‫الدنيا و الدين ضرب بدمشق سنة ثسعين وسبعماية‬
Circle of big dots.
center: 4‫برقوق‬.
L 964 (3.05); 965 (2.82) Plate XXIII. Blau 307. BM, A. N. Clemenger 8–5–1936.
Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17); (19).
ALEPPO
Egyptian style
*563. Remaining border on both sides: circular line.

(‫)برقوق‬
‫لملك الظاهر‬
(‫)ابو سعيد‬
In it, linear octogram, with flowerets in the segments.
Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫بحلب‬
‫سنة‬
‫ست‬
Balog (20, 3.52).
Date: only the year, six ‫ ستة‬is engraved on the coin, but the style is that of the early
issues; we attribute it to 786 H.
Syrian style
Heraldic
Fesse
788 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (fesse).
Upper segment: ‫برقوق‬.
Central segment: ‫الملك الظاهر‬
Lower segment: ‫ابو سعيد‬
Upper segment: ‫وسبعماية‬
Central segment: in it, hexagonal cartouche, ending to left and right in a floweret.
Center: ‫ب‬
‫بحلب‬
‫ضر‬
Lower segment: ‫سنة ثمان و ثمانين‬
BMC 322 (17) erroneously listed under the Ayyūbid al-Ẓāhir Ghāzi. L 958 (17, 1.91).
Miles, Antioch 191. ANS (19, 2.20). Balog (15, 2.45). Plate XXIII.
789 H.
*565. As above.
ANS (19, 2.18).
As above, but date in the lower segment:
‫سنة تسع وثمانين‬
2ND REIGN: 792–801 H. = 1390–1399 A.D.

Gold
CAIRO, 792 H.
Writing coarse, unartistic.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنين‬
‫السلطان لملك الظاهر‬
‫سيف عز نصره‬
(‫ بو‬sic) ‫الدنيا والدين بوسعيد‬
ω ‫برقوق خلد هللا سلطانه‬
L 954 (18.16).
‫هللا‬
ϖ
‫ودين الحق لبظهره على‬
794 H.
*567. As above, but date at the end of first line: ‫اربع‬
‫سنة‬
Horovitz (11.56).
As above.
797 H.
*568. As above, but date at the end of first line: ‫سبع‬
‫سنة‬
ANS (26, 10.83) (holed).
As above.
798 H.
*569. As above, but date at the end of first line: ‫سنة‬
‫ثمان‬
ANS (30, 15.22). Horovitz (11.20).
As above.
800 H.
*570. As above, but first line: ‫ في سنة‬and last line: ‫ثمان ماية‬
Balog (29, 10.09) Plate XXIII.
As above.
801 H.
571. As above, but date at the end of first line: ‫احد‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
Khediv. 1544. Balog (29, 9.74) Plate XXIII. Horovitz.
DAMASCUS, 793 H.
*572. Horovitz (11.13) no description.
795 H.
*573. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe; at each intersection, an arabesque
floweret pointed inwards.
‫سنة خمس‬
‫الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين‬
‫بد‬
‫ضرب مقش‬
‫ ال اله اال هللا‬ω
Horovitz (22, 10.60) Plate XXIII.
798 H.
*574. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe‚ arabesque knot at each intersection.
‫سنة ثمان‬
‫‪Vog. 1550 (25).‬‬
‫‪800 H.‬‬
‫‪*575. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.‬‬
‫السلطان الملك ا ‪(sic) a superfluous alef‬‬
‫سنة ثمان ماية‬
‫بد‬
‫ضرب مشق‬
‫ال اله اال هللا ‪ω ω ٧‬‬
‫‪ϖ‬‬

‫‪ϖ‬‬
‫في دين الحق‬
‫‪Balog (26, 9.53) Plate XXIII.‬‬
‫‪ALEPPO, 793 H.‬‬
‫• بحلب‬
‫السلطان الملك الظ‬
‫هرسيف الدنيا والدين ابو‬
‫سعيد برقوق خلد هللا‬
‫ملكه سنة ثلث وتسعين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫رسول هللا ارسله با‬
‫لهدى ودين الحق ليظهر ه ‪ω‬‬
‫على االدين كله‬
‫‪Balog (24, 11.58) Plate XXIII.‬‬
‫‪798 H.‬‬
‫)?‪577. Remaining border on both sides: linear dodekalobe (double‬‬

‫ينة‬
‫ضرب بمد حلب‬
‫ايام دولة السلطان الملك‬
‫الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين ابو‬
‫سعيد برقوق خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫سنة‬
‫ثمان وتسعين وسبعماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫با لهدى ودين الحق ليظهر ه‬
L 949 (26, 9.15). Horovitz (26, 8.19). Thorburn (10.69). Balog, two specimens: (28,
10.46) Plate XXIII; (26, 7.19).
Silver
The silver coinage has been discussed under the first reign, as no dirhem can be safely
attributed to the second rule.
Copper
CAIRO, 792 H.
*578. The fulūs are similar to those of the first reign. The style of writing is, however,
coarse and plain. The flan, nearly always too narrow for the die, contains only part of
the legend and the border is very often missing. The inscriptions can easily be
reconstructed from various specimens, as this series of coins has been found in great
numbers, sometimes in very large hoards.
Border on the obverse: undulating linear circle (on the fulūs of the first reign it was a
linear dodekalobe in a dodekalobe of dots).
Center:
‫السطان الملك‬
‫الظاهر سيف الدنيا و‬
‫الدين ابوسعيد برقوق‬
‫عز نصره‬
Border on the reverse: circular line. In it, linear octogram.
Center:
‫اثنى تسعين‬
‫سنة سبعماية‬
Balog (20).
793 H.
*579. As above.
Balog (18).
As above, but date: ‫سنة ثالث وتسعين‬
794 H.
*580. As above.
Balog, two specimens: (18); (19).
As above, but date: ‫سنة اربع وتسعين‬
795 H.
*581. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة خمس وتسعين‬
Balog, four specimens:(23) Plate XXIII; (22); (21); (20).
796 H.
*582. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة ست فى تسعين‬
ANS (20, 4.42). Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XXIV.
798 H.
*583. As above.
As above, but date: ‫سنة فى ثمان وتسعين‬
ANS, two specimens: (20, 4.16); (17, 4.56). Thorburn.
799 H.
584. As above.
As above, but date: ‫تسع وتسعين‬
BMC 638 (24) the date is: 799. Beyram 272. Thorburn.
UNCERTAIN DATES
BMC 637, 638 and 639. L 966. Windisch-Graetz 191.
Al-Qāhirat al-Maḥrūsa ,
DATE MISSING (OR UNDATED)
*585. ‫السلطان الملك‬
‫سيف الدنيا‬
‫والدين ابو‬
‫سعيد برقوق‬
Balog (23) Plate XXIV.
... ‫المحروسة‬
ALEXANDRIA, UNDATED
"Bi'l-Iskandarīya"
‫برقوق‬
‫ضرب‬
‫باالسكند‬
‫رية‬
Balog, two specimens: (19); (21) Plate XXIV.
"Skandarīya"
*587.
‫برقوق‬
‫الظاهر‬
‫عز نصره‬
‫ضرب‬
‫سكند‬
‫رية‬
BM 5–70–F–7 14206; I–5–4 1955 Balog pres. Balog, six specimens; (27) Plate XXIV,
587 a; (22) Plate XXIV, 587 b; (21); (20) Plate XXIV, 587c; (20); (18). ANS, eleven
specimens.
See p.50, above on the mint.
DAMASCUS
Non-heraldic
796 H. MINT: ‫بدمشق‬
‫ابو سعيد‬
‫برقوق‬
‫ضرب ست سنة‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫وتسعين و‬
BMC 636 (17) date incomplete, but mint: ‫ بدمشق‬L. 959 (4.0); 960 (2.96); 961 (2.64) date
incomplete, but mint: 962 (3.54) ‫ بدمشق‬date incomplete, but mint: ‫ بدمشق‬ANS, two
specimens: (15, 2.68); (17, 2.71). Balog, four specimens: (17, 250); (19, 2.82) Plate
XXIV, 588a; (18); (25), 3.03 Plate XXIV, 588b.
797 H. MINT ‫بدمشق‬
589. As above.
‫ضرب‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫سبع وتسعين‬
‫ سنة سبعماية‬٧
Windisch-Graetz (192, 23) the date (799 H.) read by Zambaur is not possible; this
emission ended in 797 H. Balog (19, 3.15) Plate XXIV.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis chalice
798 H.
590. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
(‫بو‬. sic) ‫الظاهر بو سعيد‬
‫برقوق خلد ملكه‬
‫ب بد‬
‫ضر مشق‬
‫ثمان و‬
‫تسعين‬ ‫ست‬
‫ وسبعماية‬٧
Miles, Antioch 192. ANS (21, 4.46) mint: Dimishq al-Maḥrūsa: 21) ;‫بدسمشق المحروسة‬,
4.10). München. Thorburn. Balog, three specimens: (18, 4.20); (23); (25, 4.58) Plate
XXIV.
799 H.
591. As above.
As above, but date:
‫سنة‬
‫تسعين‬ ‫تسع‬
BMC 633 (25) the date must be: 799; 634 (25). Welzl v. Wellenheim 12386. ANS, two
specimens: (21, 4.92); (20, 4.23). Miles, Antioch 193. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, eight
specimens: (20, 3.37) Plate XXIV; (21, 4.75); (21, 4.13); (21, 4.60); (22, 4.35); (22,
507); (22, 5.17); (22, 4.67).
The fleur-de-lis chalice is not an imaginary charge; on the contrary, it was inspired by
the chalice or cup with cuspidated rim, fashionable in Mamlūk times. The small cup,
belonging to our collection, is illustrated here as an example:
ALEPPO
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING
... ‫برقوق‬
Field divided into two segments by a horizontal double line.
‫شهور‬
‫ ضرب بحلب سنة‬//
......
......
Balog (23, 4.68) Plate XXIV.
Note the word "months," ‫شهور‬, preceding the missing date. The formula ‫شهور سنة‬, was in
traditional use on the coins of the Dehli sultans. It was probably borrowed from there.
Heraldic
Fleur de lis
793 H.?
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر بحلب ثلث سنة‬
Inner circle. Center:
‫ق‬
‫قو‬
‫بر‬
Border: rigid circular cable to left, between two circular lines. In center fleurde-lis
flanked by four pellets.
L 967 (14, 1.78) Plate XXIV, 593a. Jungfleisch (17, 1.78). Balog, two specimens: (14,
2.15) Plate XXIV, 593b; (14, 2.20).
The date is ‫سنة ثلث‬, probably 793 H.

Heraldic
Lion passant in fesse
UNDATED
Upper segment: ‫بحلب‬
Central segment: lion passant to right, tail curled back.
Miles, Antioch190.
Heraldic
Fesse / Lion passant and cup
Field divided by two double horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: ‫ضرب بحلب‬
Lower segment: ‫عزنصره‬
Lion passant to left, long tail curled back, ending in a tuft. Above the lion, a chalice,
flanked on the left by leaf-shaped ornament and on the right, by the tuft of the tail.
Although there is no proper name or date on the coin, it most certainly belongs to
Barqūq. The lakab ‫ الظاهر‬does not occur in a sultan's name until much later, when the
style of the coins has changed considerably; the composite blazon (lion and chalice) is
also that of Barqūq.
BM, T. R. Stewart 1946 (16) Plate XXIV, 595a; Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–421 ANS, two
specimens: (16, 2.42) Plate XXIV, 595b; (16, 2.13); Antioch hoard, 53 coins (diam.
from 15 to 19 mm.) München. PAM. Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate XXIV, 595c;
(15) Plate XXIV, 595d.
ḤAMĀH
Non-heraldic
799 H.
‫سيف الدنيا والدين‬
‫برقوق‬
Field divided into segments by three horizontal lines.
‫كفى بالموت وعظا‬
‫سنة تسع تسعين‬
This is an unusual coin, with the "memento mori" = ‫ كفى بالموت وعظا‬on the reverse. It
would not be surprising if it were an allusion to the danger of Mongol invasion, which
was avoided only because of Timur's military campaign against Toqtamish, khan of the
Golden Horde, a campaign which fully occupied Timur's armies.
BM, A.N. Clemenger 8–5–1936; no number. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, seven

specimens: (27, 5.13) Plate XXV, 596a; (23, 4.58) Plate XXV, 596b; (22, 4.30) Plate
XXV, 596c; (23, 4.51); (21, 3.13); (24, 5.08); (22, 4.20).
Heraldic
Lion in fesse
UNDATED
‫برقوق‬
(‫ بو‬sic) ‫الظاهر بو سعيد‬

Central segment: lion passant to left, tail curled back.
Balog, four specimens: (25, 4.52) long tail; (23, 4.02) long tail; (22, 4.82) short tail,
Plate XXV, 597a; (21, 4.36) long tail, small bush behind the lion; Plate XXV, 597b.
Miles, Antioch 189. ‫ ضرب‬is in the upper segment, Ḥamāh (not quite fully preserved) in
the lower segment.
Heraldic
Composite blazon
UNDATED
(‫السلطان )الملك الظاهر‬
Inner circle. Center:
‫برقوق‬
Central segment: wide chalice between two polosticks (?); in left upper corner small
crescent.
Balog (19, 3.40) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse, bendy / Eagle
Field divided by horizontal bar, into three segments, bendy to left with eleven pieces.

Lower segment: ‫الظاهر‬
Eagle with head turned to right, wings inverted. On the breast:
‫بحماة‬
Only contours drawn, design rather primitive.
ANS (14, 0.90) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (17); (17); (19).
Heraldic
Waterwheel / Fesse
UNDATED
600. Border: circular line in border of dots.
Waterwheel (whirling rosette) with eight sickle-shaped spokes curved clockwise.
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 282, no. 3. Balog, three specimens: (17) Plate XXV, 600a; (16);
(14) Plate XXV, 600b.
Non-heraldic
UNDATED
*601. Border: on both sides circular line in circle of large dots.
Field on both sides, devided into two halves by horizontal line.
‫ الملك‬/‫الظاهر‬
‫ ضرب‬/ ‫بحماة‬
ANS (17, 2.60) Plate XXV, 601a; Antioch hoard; (18) Plate XXV, 601b: Five more
specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm.
TRIPOLI
Heraldic
Lion passant
789 H.
Part clockwise marginal legend (reconstructed):
Inner circle, in which large lion passant to left, knotted tail curled back.
Field divided by horizontal line:
‫ ضرب طرابلس‬/ ‫ثمان و تسعين وسبعماية‬
Balog (23, 6.23) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse / Fleur-de-lis
UNDATED
603. Border of dots, in which circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into
three segments.
Upper segment: ‫ضرب طر‬
Lower segment: ‫ابلس‬
Border of dots, in which circular cable to left, between two circular lines.
Center: fleur-de-lis, flanked by two pellets.
L 969 (14, 1.79) Plate XXV, 603a. BMC 321 (20) erroneously listed under the Ayyūbid
al-Ẓāhir Ghāzi. Plate XXV, 603b.
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING OR UNDATED
‫برقوق‬
‫ضرب‬
‫طرابلس‬
Ashmol. (14) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse
UNDATED
*605. Border on both sides: circular line, in circle of dots.
Lower segment: ‫طرابلس‬
In the field, arabesque knot.
Balog (20) Plate XXV, 605a; (15) Plate XXV, 605b.
Heraldic
Fesse / Waterwheel
UNDATED

Waterwheel with eight sickle-shaped spokes, curved clockwise.
ANS (13). This coin is similar to the Ḥamāh fals with waterwheel, except the mint.
MINT MISSING
Heraldic
Fesse / Lion passant
MINT MISSING, UNDATED
Central segment: ‫( السلطان الظاهر‬sic)
Lower segment: writing effaced.
Lion passant to right, with tail curled back, knot at the end.
München (14, 1.85).
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Fesse, (bendy) / Eagle
Field divided by horizontal bar, bendy of eleven pieces to left, into three segments.
Lower segment: ‫الظاهر‬
Eagle of primitive design, head turned to right, wings inverted.

ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (18) Plate XXV, 608a; (18) Plate XXV, 608b and
eight more specimens, diam. between 15 and 19 mm. Balog (15) eagle probably
doubleheaded; not certain, as this part of the coin is much effaced Plate XXV, 608c.
Heraldic
Six-petaled rosette
Var. a) No pellets around the rosette
*609. Border on both sides: circular line in border of pellets.
‫ الملك‬/‫الظاهر‬
In the field, six-petaled rosette.
ANS (20, 1.84) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (20, 1.84); seven more specimens, diam.
between 15 and 22 mm.
Var. b) Six pellets around the rosette
*610. As above.
As above, but six large pellets around the rosette.
ANS, Antioch hoard. (15) Plate XXV; more specimens, diam. between 15 and 18 mm.
München (18, 1.61).
Heraldic
Lion passant
Field divided by double horizontal line into two segments:
‫ الملك‬//‫الظاهر‬
Lion passant to left, tail curled back.
München (18,1.61).
Non-heraldic
*612. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
‫ الظاهر‬/ ‫الملك‬
Two pairs of parallel lines, arranged crosswise. Pellets in the center and the corners.
Bicuspid ends to the cross.
ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (16) Plate XXVI, 612a; (16) Plate XXVI, 612b;
14 more specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm. Balog (18) Plate XXVI, 612c.
A whole series of small copper coins, either with or without mint do not have the
sultan's proper name, only his laqab, al-Ẓāhir. None of them is dated. Nevertheless we
attribute them without hesitation to Barqūq, for the following reasons: as we have
already pointed out for the Aleppo fals type D), with fesse and lion passant with cup
above it, the style of the legends, the composite blazons and the general appearance of
the coins suggest Barqūq's period. Since Baybars I, no other Baḥri sultan had the same
laqab, and after him al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar, reigned a very short time, left no copper coins. The
next al-Ẓāhir was Jaqmaq, and at his time the style and fabric of the copper coins had
already changed to such an extent that mistaking the coins of the one for those of the
other is quite unlikely. Finally, most of the coins in question are represented in the
"Antioch hoard" of the American Numismatic Society. This hoard contains coins of a
period not earlier than al-Ashraf Sha'bān and not later than Barqūq. Therefore, coins
with the laqab al-Ẓāhir, which are similar to those of the Antioch hoard, can be
attributed to Barqūq without any doubt.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 1ST REIGN:

801–808 H. = 1399–1405 A.D.
AL-MANṢŪR 'IZZ AL-DĪN 'ABD AL-'AZĪZ 808–809 H. = 1405–1406
A.D.
No coins.
AL-NĀṢĪR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 2ND REIGN:
809–815 H. = 1406–1412 A.D.
Faraj had ruled for seven years when he was overthrown by his brother, al-Manṣūr 'Abd
al-'Azīz, who in turn became sultan. The latter was, however, deposed after two months
and Faraj once again occupied the throne until his assassination in 815 H. Although
Faraj's reign was cut in two by 'Abd al-'Aziz's revolt, the interregnum lasted two months
only and caused no interruption in Faraj's coinage. We have dinars of 808 as well as of
809 H., and we believe, therefore, that it is not necessary to list the coins in two
different series.
Faraj's reign is distinguished by two attempts at radical monetary reforms. The first was
to reinstate the ancient gold dinar to its former position as the monetary standard, the
second, to create a new gold coin based on the weight of the Venetian sequin. The first
reform, introduced in 804, lasted only two years and ended in complete failure. It is
noteworthy that even during these two years (804–5 H.), the emission of the accustomed
coin-ingots of irregular weight was not discontinued, as if the authorities had, from the
beginning, some misgivings as to the effect of the reform.
The second reform was, at least at its face value, more lasting, as the sequin-type gold
coin was adopted by Faraj's successors and was maintained to the very end of the
dynasty.
Gold
CAIRO, 801 H.
large flan
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر‬
(‫ بو‬sic) ‫الدنيا والدين بو السعادات فرج‬
‫بن الشهيد برقوق خلد هللا‬
‫ملكه احد وثمان ماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫ ال اله االهللا محمد‬٧

‫‪BMC 641 (25, 6.91). L 97 (5.55) date incomplete, but this variety occurs only in 801 H.‬‬
‫"‪Johnston, "Mohammedan Coins.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪614. Border as above, on both sides.‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة احد سنة‬
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ابو‬
‫السعادات فرخ بن الشهيد‬
‫الملك الظاهر برقوق‬
‫وثمان ماية‬
‫‪L 976 (11.40) date incomplete, but belongs to this variety. Balog (30, 7.75) Plate XXVI.‬‬
‫‪803 H.‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة ثالث سنة ‪*615.‬‬
‫ابو السعادات فرخ بن الشهيد‬
‫الملك الظاهر برقوق‬
‫‪Balog (26, 9.50) Plate XXVI. Horovitz.‬‬
‫‪804 H.‬‬
‫‪*616.‬‬

‫الدنيا والدين بو فرج بن الشهيد‬
‫برقوق خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫اربع وثمان ماية‬
As above.
Balog (27, 11.13) Plate XXVI.
805 H.
617. As 803 H., but date at the end of first line: ‫خمس‬
‫سنة‬
BMC 643 (25, 16.85).
As above.
806 H.
*618. As 803 H., but date at the end of first line: ‫ست‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
Balog, four specimens: (30, 10.21) Plate XXVI; (25, 5.27); (27,10.29); (25, 9.52). ANS,
two specimens: (25, 9.43); (26, 11.71) holed.
807 H.
619. As 803 H., but date at the first line:
‫سنة‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سبع‬
As above.
Khediv. 1552. Ashmol. Horovitz (1.62) Quarter-dinar. Thorburn (11.30).
808 H.
*620. As 803 H., but date at the first line:
‫ثمان‬
As above.
ANS (25, 6.21). Horovitz (8.20).
809 H
*621. As 801 H. Var. A.), but date at the end of first line: ‫تسع‬
‫سنة‬
As above
Balog. (24, 7.87). Horovitz (30, 13.60).
810 H.
A
*622. As 803 H. but date at the end of first line: ‫عشر‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
Balog (26, 5.93) Plate XXVI. Horovitz (9.78).
and last line:
(‫عشر)وثمان مايه‬
Khediv. 1553.
As above.
DATE MISSING
BMC (24, 10.69). Horovitz, six specimens: (9.40); (10.70); (8.65); (11.60); (25, 2.70)
Half-dinar; (10.60).
CAIRO, 1st reform (mithqāl-standard), 804–805 H.
The coins of this series belong to the traditional dinar or monetary-mithqāl system; the
weight is 4.25 grm., with only a few centigrams margin for error; in fact, only the
Umayyad dinars surpass them in accuracy. The reform was introduced by the governing
amīr (ustadār) Sayf al-Dīn Ilbughā b. 'Abdullāh al-Sālimi al-Ẓāhiri. The new dinars
were called dīnār al-Sālimi by contemporary sources. Although Maqrīzi puts the date of
the reform in the year 803 H., the earliest coins are dated 804 H.; we also have dinars of
805 H., but not from any subsequent year.
As mentioned above, the unit was the dinar, but we have the double and triple dinar
also.
804 H.
*624. Border circular line.
‫السلطان الملك الناصر بن الملك الظاهر‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة المحروسة سنة اربع وثمان ماية‬
Double inner circle; center:
‫فرج‬
Border missing.
(‫ هللا‬omitted) ‫وما النصر االمن عند‬
‫ال اله االهللا محمد‬
Balog (20, 4.29) Plate XXVI.
805 H.
A
*625. Border: circular line, to which is attached an external linear deka-hexalobe.

‫السلطان الملك الناصر بن برقوق‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس وثمان ماية‬
Inner circle; center: ‫فرج‬
Linear deka-hexalobe.
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (21, 4.35) Plate XXVI, 625a; (24, 12.90) Triple-dinar. Plate
XXVI, 625b. Horovitz, two specimens: (22, 8.46) Double-dinar; (22, 8.55) Double-
dinar.
*626. Border: only circular line on the flan.
‫السلطان الملك الناصر بن الشهيد برقوق‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس وثمان ماية‬
As above.
Horovitz, two specimens: (20, 4.24) Plate XXVI; (20, 4.27).
DATE MISSING
‫السلطان الملك الناصر بن الظاهر برقوق‬
....‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬
Inner circle (a little wider); center: ‫فرج‬
Balog (18, 2.17) Half-dinar Plate XXVI.
As above.
CAIRO 2ND REFORM (SEQUIN-STANDARD)

, 810–814 H.
According to Maqrīzi, the sequin-type gold coin of 3.50 grm. was introduced in 811 H.,
yet we have several specimens of 810 H., which fixes the date of the second reform a
year earlier. Contemporary with the new dīnār Nāṣiri, the striking of the old type coin-
ingots was discontinued, the last emission being that of 810 H.
810 H.
628. Border: dotted circle.
Upper segment: ‫فرج‬ /
Central segment: ‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬/
Lower segment: ‫بن برقوق‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة عشر‬
BMC 645 (20, 3.54). Khediv. 1556, 1557. L 973 (3.52). München. Balog, three
specimens: (18, 3.45) Qāhirah: ‫ باقاه‬Plate XXVI, 628a;(17, 3.47); (19, 3.50) Qāhirah:
‫ بالقاهرة‬Plate XXVI, 628b.
812 H.
629. As above.
‫اثنين وعشر وثمانماية‬
L 974 (3.32). Khediv. 1558. Balog (17, 3.36) date at the last line on the rev.: ‫اثنى وعشر‬
‫وثمانماية‬
813 H.
630. As above.

‫بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة ثلث سنة‬
‫عشر وثمانماية‬
‫ثالث ‪BMC 646 (17, 3.43). Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.43); (17, 3.42) Three written:‬‬
‫‪814 H.‬‬
‫‪631. As above.‬‬
‫‪As above, but last two lines:‬‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة اربع سنة‬
‫‪BMC 647 (17, 3.37). Khediv. 1555.‬‬
‫‪NO MINT, BUT PROBABLY STRUCK IN CAIRO‬‬
‫‪810 H.‬‬
‫‪*632. As above.‬‬
‫•• ••‬
‫ضرب سنة عشر ومثانماية‬
‫‪Balog (19, 3.47). ANS, two coins.‬‬
‫‪814 H.‬‬
‫‪633. Border on both sides: dotted circle.‬‬
‫فرج‬ ‫بن برقوق سنة اربع عشر‪ /‬السلطان الملك الناصر‪/‬‬
Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo.
ALEXANDRIA
Large flan
810 H.
*634. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
‫ضرب بثغر سكندرية‬
‫ابوالسعادات فرج ابن الشهيد‬
‫الملك الظاهر بقوق‬
‫عشر وثمان ماية‬
‫وما النصر اال من عند هللا‬
Balog, two specimens: (26, 10.18) Plate XXVII, 634a; (25, 7.62) Plate XXVII, 634b.
The mint-name Port of Alexandria, ‫ثغر سكندرية‬, occurs only on these two coins and on a
dinar of al-Ashraf Khalīl. See the introduction, p.50. Horovitz (10.02) as above, but the
mint is ‫ سكندرية‬only, without ‫ثغر‬.

Large flan
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ‪635.‬‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين فرج‬
‫بن السلطان الملك الظاهر‬
‫برقوق‬
‫ضرب بد مشق‬
‫‪BMC 647, k (22, 7.26). Horovitz.‬‬
‫‪ALEPPO, DATE MISSING‬‬

‫‪Large flan‬‬
‫‪636. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.‬‬
‫ضرب بمدينة حلب‬
‫ابو السعادات فرج بن الملك‬
‫الظاهر بو سعيد برقوق )‪ sic‬بو(‬
‫خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫هللا ال اله اال هللا‬
‫بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره‬
‫‪Khediv. 1554. Balog (25, 9.78) Plate XXVII, 636a. Horovitz (26, 10.0) Plate XXVII,‬‬
‫‪636b.‬‬
‫‪TRIPOLI, DATE MISSING‬‬

‫‪Large flan‬‬
‫ناصر الدنيا والدين‬
‫فرج بن السلطان الملك الظا‬
‫هر برقوق خلد هللا‬
As above.
Horovitz (28, 8.10) Plate XXVII.

Large flan
638. ‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬
‫ابو السعادات فرج‬
....‫السلطان الملك ا‬...
‫برقوق سنة خمس و‬
‫ثمانماية‬
As above, but last line:
‫الدبن كله ولو‬
BMC 642 (25, 7.32).
Silver
PRGBABLY CAIRO
The few existing coins of this category are all cut dirhems, with only a fraction of the
legends on the flan, the mint and date always missing. The arrangement of the legends
and style of writing are, however, similar to the Cairo silver emissions. The coins are,
therefore, provisionally listed here, although one or the other might belong to some
other mint. Future finds may give more precise information.
A
....‫ا]بو السعادا[ت‬....
....‫السلطان الملك‬.....
(‫)ارسله بالهدى‬
L 1143 7 (13, 2.83) Plate XXVII.
‫الناصر فرج خلد‬
‫هللا ملكه‬
‫اربع‬
München, date 804 or 814 H., as the decade is missing. Damascus, date at the last line
of reverse: 812 ‫ = سنة اثنى وعشر وثمانماية‬H,; date missing, 2 specimens of 10mm. diam.
each. Thorburn.
...‫الناصر ناصر الدنيا‬
(‫ بو‬sic) ....‫الظاهر بو سعيد‬....

(‫)ارسله بالهدى‬
Balog (9,13) Plate XXVII.
DAMASCUS
Only a handful of coins belong to this series, some with the date 810 or 811 H. On the
majority, however, the date is missing. The arrangement of the legends is similar to the
789 H. emission of Jarkass al-Khalīli struck in Barqūq's name.
810 H.
Inner circle; center:
‫فرج‬
‫ال اله االهللا‬
‫عشروثمانماية‬
‫سنة‬
Balog, two specimens: (19, 2.28) Plate XXVII, 642a; (16, 2.47) Plate XXVII, 642b.
Damascus (15) cut dirhem.
811 H.
*643. As above.
‫احد عشر وثمانماية‬
‫سنة‬
Balog (18, 3.12).

DATE MISSING
Balog, eight specimens: (17, 4.30) Double dirhem; (16, 2.50); (16, 2.60); (16, 2.35);
(16, 2.80); (17, 2.41); (19, 2.52); (11, 1.65) Half dirhem (cut dirhem). Damascus, eleven
cut dirhems, one round dirhem.
‫ضر ب بحلب‬
...‫الناصر بن الشهيد‬
Linear dodekalobe.
‫هللا‬
Balog (17, 2.65) Plate XXVII.
Although the date and the sultan's proper name are missing, there is no doubt about the
attribution to Faraj. The last Baḥri sultan with the laqab al-Nāṣir was al-Nāṣir Ḥasan,
the next Burji, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qa'itbāy. The silver of both is known and quite
different in style and arrangement of legends.
Uncertain dirhems
Soret, 3e lettre, 174 no details.
Beyram 276 no details.
Copper
There are no fulūs of Cairo.
ALEXANDRIA
803 H.?
*645. On a small flan, similar to the Alexandria copper of the later Baḥri sultans or
those of Barqūq. The date is not certain, as the last word on the reverse is only partly
preserved and difficult to read.
Border missing.
‫ابو[السعاد[ات‬
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram, with trefoil in each small segment between
border and hexagram.
Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫?ثالث‬
807 H.
‫السلطان الملك الناصر بن الظاهر‬
Border: linear dekalobe.
Center: ‫ضرب سكندرية‬
‫سبع ثمان ماية‬
ANS (22, 2.96) Plate XXVII, 646a; (16, 2.83) square flan. Plate XXVII, 646b.
DAMASCUS
801 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis chalice
*647. Reconstructed border: linear tetralobe.
‫الناصر فرج بن الملك‬
‫الظاهر برقوق‬
‫عز نصره‬
Border missing, but probably linear multilobe, similar to Barqūq's Damascus coins. In
center, fleur-de-lis chalice, around which legend:
For specimen dated 802 H. cf. infra p. 397.
803 H.
*648. As above.
As above, but digit of the date at left:
‫ثالث‬
‫سنة‬
806 H.
*649. As above.
As above, but digit of the date at left:
‫ستة‬
‫سنة‬
DATE MISSING
München. Balog, three specimens: (19, 3.05); (19, 4.05); (22, 4.10).
810 H.
Non-heraldic
Field divided by two thick horizontal cables to left.
Only central segment on the flan:
‫الماك الناصر‬
Linear triangle with undulated sides. Around it, partly preserved clockwise marginal
legend:
‫بدمشق|سنة|عشر‬
In the triangle: ‫وثمان ماية‬
PAM (16) Plate XXVII. Thorburn.
811 H.
Non-heraldic
‫فرج‬
‫احد عشر وثمان ماية‬
L 978 (15, 1.08) Plate XXVII, 651a. ANS (19, 2.63) Plate XXVII, 651b.
DATE MISSING
*652. Border?
‫صر‬/
‫الملك النا‬/
‫عز نصره‬
Border?
Marginal legend missing. In linear square:
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
Thorburn.
ALEPPO
802 H.
Non-heraldic
Obv.:
‫ابو السعادات فرج‬
‫ابن الملك الظاهر‬
‫برقوق‬
Miles var. A.
‫فى شهور‬
‫ضرب بحلب‬//
(sic) ‫اثنان و ثمان مية‬
‫سنة‬
Rev.:
Miles var. B:
‫شهور فى‬
‫ضرب بحلب‬//
(sic) ‫اثنان وثمان مية‬
Miles, Antioch 196 Var. A, 43 specimens; 197 Var. B, 12 specimens; 198 undetermined
var., 30 specimens. Beyram, two specimens, undetermined var. Dorn-Gamazoff p. 77,
no. 4 ANS (24, 3.43). BM, Sir. R. Burn 1949 8–3–422. München. Balog, four
specimens: (23) Miles Var. B. Plate XXVII, 653a; (21, 4.40) Plate XXVII, 653b; (22);
(21).
Obv.
Rev. A.
Rev. B.
803 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots:
‫السلطان‬/
‫الملك الناصر فرج‬/
‫عز نصره‬
‫ضرب بحلب فى سنة ثالث وثمانماية‬

Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis
BM, John Walker pres. München. Balog, six specimens: (18, 3.85) Plate XXVIII, 654a;
(19, 2.73) Plate XXVIII, 654b; (19, 2.55); (22, 2.75) Plate XXVIII, 654c; (21, 3.55);
(21).
804 H.
Six-petaled rosette
‫السلطان الملك الناصر فرج‬
Inner circle; in center, six-petaled rosette, with bicuspid petals.
‫فى سنة اربع‬
‫ثمان ماية‬
Balog, two specimens: (21, 3.47) Plate XXVIII, 655a; (19, 3.17) Plate XXVIII, 655b.
UNDATED
Lion passant in fesse
*656. Mint missing on all four specimens, the coins are, however, similar to the Aleppo
fulūs of Barqūq, and we have attributed them, therefore to this mint.
Border missing on both sides.

‫فرج‬
Central segment: lion passant to left.
Miles, Antioch 200, 201 and 202. Balog (20, 2.57) Plate XXVIII.
ḤAMĀH
UNDATED
Heraldic
Fesse
657. Very poorly preserved, this coin had to be reconstructed from seven specimens.
Upper segment: ‫فرج‬ /
Central segment: ‫السلطان الملك‬/
Lower segment: ‫الناصر‬/
Four intersecting semi-circles produce a sort of cross-shaped design. In the segments,

spindles, in the two horizontal branches wedge-like ornaments, in the upper branch:
‫ ضرب‬and in the lower branch: ‫بحماة‬
BMC 256 (19) probably this coin. Balog, seven specimens: (21) Plate XXVIII, 657a;
(22) Plate XXVIII, 657b; (23) Plate XXVIII, 657c; (17); (19); (22); (22).
(ḤAMĀH AL-MAḤRŪSA) UNDATED

Non-heraldic
Clockwise marginal legend: ‫السلطان )الملك الناصر (فرج‬
Inner circle; center: ‫على‬
Border missing.
‫?المحروسة‬
L 977 (18, 3.27) Plate XXVIII.
This is a puzzling legend. We do not know who 'Ali, ‫على‬, in the obverse center, is. The
reading Ḥamāh al-maḥrūsa is not absolutely certain.
UNDATED
Heraldic
Composite blazon
*659. This unique little fals of irregular shape and roughly cut flan has exactly the same
composite blazon, as the corresponding copper coin of Barqūq, struck at Ḥamāh. It is,
therefore, although the mint is missing, listed under the Ḥamāwi series. The blazon, on
the reverse, is a wide cup, flanked by a polo-stick (?) at right, by the end of a polo-stick
(?) at left, above which a crescent, the whole in the central segment of the three-
segmented field (fesse).
Field divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
/‫الملك الناصر‬/
Upper segment: legend missing.
Central segment:
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (12 × 19, 1.77) Plate XXVIII.

TRIPOLI
804 H.
Non-heraldic
‫برقوق‬
‫الظاهر‬
Linear octogram, small trefoils in the segments between border and hexagram. Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫اربع ثمان ماية‬
‫سنة‬
Balog, five specimens: (23, 3.62) Plate XXVIII, 660a; (24, 3.80) Plate XXVIII, 660b;
(23, 3.25); (22, 3.26); (21, 3.85).
( ṭarāblus al-maḥrūsa ) UNDATED

Non-heraldic
*661. Border on both sides: thick circular line in 24-lobe.
‫صر‬
‫عز نصره‬
‫ضرب‬
‫طرابلس‬/
Balog, two specimens: (22, 4.30) Plate XXVIII, 661a; (21, 4.60) Plate XXVIII, 661b.
DATE MISSING
Heraldic
Fesse / Fleur-de-lis in fesse
Upper segment: legend missing: (‫)فرج‬/
Central segment: ‫الملك الناصر‬/
Lower segment: ‫)بن( برقوق‬
Border missing.
Upper segment: ‫ضرب بطرابلس‬
Central segment: small fleur-de-lis in circle, flanked right and left by floweret.
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (17, 2.28). Plate XXVIII
DATE MISSING
Non-heraldic
*663. Border: linear circle.
In it, linear square, divided by horizontal cable to left.
Upper oblong: ‫ابو السعادات‬//
Lower oblong: ‫الملك الناصر‬

Left segment: ‫نصره‬
Right segment: (‫)عز‬
Scalloped border.
‫بن السلطان الملك‬
Balog (22, 4.99) Plate XXVIII.
DATE MISSING
Heraldic
Lion passant
Border missing.
.....‫السلطان الملك‬
In the field, lion passant to left, tail curled back, looped. Above:
Inner circle; center: six petaled rosette.
ANS (16, 2.34). Balog (14) Plate XXVIII.
This coin may belong to Faraj as well as to Barqūq, as the lion and the six-petaled
rosette are charges of father and son. The sultan's name or laqab are missing on both
specimens.
MINT MISSING
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات‬

‫فرج‬
Linear pentagon with ornamented edges.
Center: ‫هللا‬
‫هللا‬
Peripheric segments: legends missing.
Windisch-Graetz 194 (20).
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
DATE MISSING
Field divided by two horizontal cables to right, but only the lower is on the flan.
Upper segment: missing.
In it, linear hexagram with pellets in the external angles and the small triangles. In the
center, fleur-de-lis.
ANS (17, 2.85) the fleur-de-lis in the hexagram is often used at the Tripoli mint.
UNDATED
Field divided by two horizontal twisted cables.
Lower segment: ‫بن برقوق‬
Jungfleisch (16, 1.67) Plate XXIX.
Large fleur-de-lis, top petal flanked by ornaments.
Lion passant
DATE MISSING
Field divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
....‫فرج‬..../
‫الملك الناصر‬/
......
Illegible traces of clockwise marginal legend.
Inner cirele. In it, lion passant to left, tail curled back.
BMC 649 (22) Plate XXIX, 668a (Damascus?). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–421. L 1138
(3.87); 1139(4.14) Lavoix listed them as uncertain Mamlūks; 1140 (4.05). ANS (20,
4.38). Jungfleisch (22, 4.36) Plate XXIX, 668b. Balog (18).
808 H.
Legends written in three horizontal rows. Faraj's name enclosed in a small central circle:
‫بن الملك‬ ‫الناصر‬

‫سنة ثمان وثمانماية‬....
Undulated inner circle; in it, lion passant to left, tail curled back.
L 979 (20, 4.71) Plate XXIX, 669a; 980 (19) 4.13, Plate XXIX, 669b.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
*670. Border: ?
Inner circle: Center: ‫فرج‬
Border: circular cable left.
In it, fleur-de-lis.
ANS.
ABŪ AL-FAḌL AL-'ABBĀS AL-MUSTA'ĪN BI'LLĀH

815 H. = 1412 A.D.
Although he struck coins only because of his election to the sultanate, al-Musta'īn bi'llāh
styled himself amīr al-mū'minīn or al-imām al-ā'ẓam on all his coins, except the Cairo
dirhems.
Gold
CAIRO, 815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: ‫• العباس‬/

Central segment: ‫باهلل ابو الفضل االمام االعظم المستعين‬/
Lower segment: ? ‫? خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫محمد رسول هللا لرسله‬
‫بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة‬
‫وعشر وثمانماية‬
(Traces of legend)
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstücke. . ." mentions a dinar of this type in the
Berlin Museum. Damascus 5906. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.60) Plate XXIX, 671a;
(18, 3.48) Plate XXIX, 671b.
Regal title: the powerful imam, ‫االمام االعظم‬
DAMASCUS, 815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
Upper segment: ‫العباس‬ /
Central segment: ‫باهلل‬
Lower segment: ‫ امير المومنين المستعين‬/ ‫ابو الفضل‬
‫ال ا له اال هللا‬
‫محمد رسول هللا سنة‬
‫خمس وعشر ومثمانماية‬
L 981 (17, 3.38) Plate XXIX, 672a. Horovitz, two specimens: (17) Plate XXIX, 672b;
(17, 3.40) date missing. Moritz, "Additions au Catalogue de la Bibliothèque
Khédiviale," mentions the acquisition of a specimen.
Regal title: amīr al-mū'minīn , ‫امير المومنين‬.

Silver
MINT MISSING, BUT MUST BE CAIRO; 815 H.
Non-heraldic
‫السلطان الملك المستعين باهلل ابو الفضل العباس عز نصره‬
‫محمد‬
Field halved by horizontal line:
‫ال اله اال هللا‬/
‫ضرب خمس‬
L 982 (17, 1.48) Plate XXIX.
MINT MISSING, BUT MUST BE CAIRO; DATE MISSING

Non-heraldic
‫السلطان الملك العباس امير المومنين‬
Dotted circle; center:
‫محمد‬
Field divided by a central horizontal twisted cable and two horizontal lines; only the
central part on the flan:
/‫ال اله اال هللا‬
‫محمد رسول هللا‬/
ANS (16, 1.02).
Regal title on both Cairo dirhems: al-sulṭān al-malik but on var. A.) with date preserved,
it is followed by the caliphal title, amīr al-mū'minīn.
DAMASCUS, 815 H.
Heraldic
Buqjah
A
Linear diamond, with concave sides.
In the peripheric segments:
B ‫|المومنين‬L ‫|امير‬T ‫|العباس‬R ‫ابو الفضل‬
In the Diamond:
Large linear square. In the peripheric segments:
R ‫|وثمانماية‬B ‫|خمس وعشر‬L ‫|بدمشق‬T ‫ضرب‬
In the square:
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstücke..." three specimens: (23, 1.49); (19, 1.335);
(18, 1.448). Balog (15) Plate XXIX.
*676. As above, but segments:
R ‫|المومنين‬B ‫|امير‬L ‫|العباس‬T ‫ابو الفضل‬
As above.
AU Beirut. Plate XXIX

AL-MU'AYYAD SAYF AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-NAṢR SHAYKH
815–824 H. = 1412–1421 A.D.
Striking of gold was confined to Egypt during this reign; in 815 and 816 H. Cairo
continued to issue the new, sequin-weight gold coins, but we do not know for how long,
because no dinars have been found from the subsequent years. Then, in 821 H. a fresh
attempt was made at the revival of the classical mithqal-weight dinar, a futile attempt
which was discontinued at the death of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh. Contemporary, however,
with the emission of mithqal-type dinars, the Alexandria mint issued large, Baḥri-type
coins (ingots) of undetermined weight, just as if the sultan could not decide on the
measures to be taken to meet the economic crisis.
It is to be noted that after al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's death, the Alexandria mint ceased to
function altogether.
Gold
CAIRO
Sequin-Type Issues
815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
677. Border on both sides: dotted circle.
Upper segment: ‫( بو النصر شيخ‬sic)/
Central segment: ‫السلطان الملك المويد‬/
Lower segment: ‫خلد ملكه‬
‫بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة‬
BMC 650 (17, 3.43) Shaykh written: ‫شيخ‬. Khediv. 1559. Balog (17, 3.20) Plate XXIX,
Shaykh written: ‫شيخ‬
816 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
678. Border on both sides: dotted circle.

Upper segment: ‫( بو النصر شيخ‬sic)/
Central segment: ‫السلطان الملك المويد‬/
Lower segment: ‫عزنصره‬/
As above, but date:
‫ست‬
‫سنة‬
Bergmann, Shaykh written: ‫ شيخ‬Wien 743 (17, 3.50) Shaykh written: ‫ شيخ‬BM, Ebeian
1938 6–5–2 (17) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: ‫شيخ‬. Horovitz, two specimens: (17, 3.40)
Shaykh written: (18,3.50) ‫ ;شيخ‬Shaykh written: ‫شيخ‬. Fonrobert 6575 (18, 3.40) same
type.
Mithqāl-Weight Emission
821 H.
Non-heraldic
‫السلطان الملك ابو النصر شيخ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة‬
‫احد عشرين وثمانماية‬
Inner circle; center: ••••
‫مثقال‬
‫هللا‬
‫بالهدى‬
Khediv. 1560.
823 H.
‫السلطان الملك ابو النصر شيخ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة‬
‫ثالث عشرين ثمانماية‬
As above.
••••
‫مثقال‬
Balog (18, 4.37) Plate XXIX.
Half-mithqāl, 823 H.
as above
‫نصف‬
As above.
L 1142 (15, 2.06) Plate XXIX, listed by Lavoix as uncertain Mamlūk.
ALEXANDRIA
Large-flan gold
818 H.
A
682. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
‫ضرب سكندرية سنة‬
‫السلطان الملك المويد‬

‫ابو النصر شيخ سلطان اال‬
‫سالم والمسلمين خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫‪ ٧‬ثمان عشر ثمانماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫دين الحق ليظهره على الدين‬
‫كله ولو كره ال‪....‬‬
‫شبخ ‪BMC 651 (15, 9.16) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪*683.‬‬
‫ضرب سكندرية ثمان سنة‬
‫ابو النصر شيخ سلطان‬
‫االسالم والمسلمين خلد‬
‫)هللا ملكه عشر وثمانماية(‬
‫كله ‪As above, but ending at:‬‬
‫شبخ ‪Balog (24, 6.85) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written:‬‬
‫‪823 H.‬‬
‫‪*684. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.‬‬

‫ضرب االسكندرية سنه‬
‫ابو النصر سيخ سلطان اال‬
‫سالم والمسلمبن خلد هللا‬
‫ملكه ثالث عشرين ثمانماية‬
As above, but ending at: ‫كله و‬
Ashmol. (27, 7.65) Plate XXX, Shaykh written: ‫شبخ‬
MINT MISSING, BUT ALEXANDRIA TYPE

DIGIT OF DATE MISSING: 82- H.
‫الس]لطان الملك المويد سيف الد[نيا‬
‫و]الديبن ابو النصر شيخ سلطان ا‬
‫السالم المسلمين خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫وعشرين ثمانماية‬
As above.
BMC 652 (23, 7.20).
Silver
Until recently al-Mu'yyad Shaykh's silver was scarce. Only about thirty coins were
known, to which number may be added another score in the Horovitz collection, which,
however, for the time being is not available for examination.
The coin material consisted of specimens struck in Cairo, Damascus and Aleppo
between 817 and 819 H., and one of the year 815. Most of the coins weigh between 0.90
and 1.36 grams, three are somewhat heavier (1.61, 1.62 and 1.67) and one in the
Thorburn collection approaches the full dirhem (2.60). One small piece seems to be a
quarter dirhem (0.65). The number of coins is too small to determine the denomination
on which the bulk of the emissions was based.
A lot of 222 silver coins, struck in the name of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, turned up recently
and was purchased by us. This important lot, evidently a hoard, completes to a large
extent our knowledge of this sultan's coinage. The manuscript of the present work was,
however, already deposited for publication at the American Numismatic Society in New
York at that time, so that it was not possible to include the newly acquired coins in the
catalogue at their proper place, without completely upsetting the numbering of the entire
work. The description of the hoard has therefore been added at the end of the catalogue
as a supplement and the illustrations are reproduced on Plates XLII and XLIII.
CAIRO
815 H.
*686. Border on both sides: linear multilobe in circle of dots.
Small central square medallion with rounded corners. The sides are connected with the
border by a straight line.
‫)محمد(رسول هللا‬
‫)ضرب(بالقاهرة‬
Clockwise legend in the segments (reconstructed):
L.L. ‫|ثمانماية عشر خمس‬L.R. ‫|شيخ عز نصره‬U.R. ‫ |المويد ابو النصر‬U.L. ‫السلطان‬
Center: ‫نصف‬
Balog (15, 0.98) Plate XXX.
About one third broken off; even so, there is no doubt that the original weight was
around 1.30 whert intact, therefore, the coin is a half-dirhem.
817 H.
This emission, as well as all the subsequent issues of Cairo are of one and the same
type.
Border on both sides: two festooned, scalloped intersecting ribbons; each ribbon
consists of a line of dots between two parallel simple lines.
DATE WITHOUT DECADE
*687. ‫شيخ‬
‫ابو النصر‬

‫القاهرة سبع ثمانماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫ال هللا اال‬
Thorburn, two specimens: (2.60); (1.30). Balog, four specimens: (18, 1.67); (15, 1.34)
Plate XXX, (15, 1.35); (14, 0.65).
(cf. Balog, hoard infra p. 387, nos. A, B, C, Plate XLII).
DATE WITH DECADE

(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 388, no. D, Plate XLII.)
818 H.
DATE WITH DECADE, BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
‫بالقاهرة ثمان عشر‬
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.29): (16, 1.35).
DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY, THE LATTER IN DIVERSE STAGES OE

COMPLETION
(cl. Balog, hoard, infra p. 388, nos. E, F, Plate XLII.)
819 H.
‫بالقاهرة تسع عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
ANS (15, 1.31). Balog, six specimens: (16, 1.33) Plate XXX, 689a; (15, 1.35) Plate
XXX, 689b; (14, 1.30) Plate XXX, 689c; (13, 1.27); (13, 0.91); (12, 1.10).
All half dirhems. ‫ ثمانماية‬in different stages of completion, (cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 389,
nos. G, H, Plate XLII.)
DATE MISSING
BMC 653 (15, 1.23). ANS (13).
For dated 820 H., 821 H., and undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 389–390, nos. I, J, K,
L, M, Plates XLII and XLIII.
DAMASCUS
690. All coins issued in Damascus are half-dirhems.
Border: as on the Cairo coins.
817 H?
‫شيخ‬
‫الملك المويد‬
‫سبع )؟(عشر)؟(وثمانماية‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫ضرب‬
L 984 (1.21).
818 H.
DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY
‫ثمان عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (13, 1.35); (13, 1.36). Balog, two specimens: (13, 1.06) Plate
XXX, 691a; (13, 1.28) Plate XXX, 691b.
(cf. Balog, hoard; infra p. 391, no. N, Plate XLIII).
DATE WITH CENTURY BUT WITHOUT DECADE
‫ثمان ثمانماية‬
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.30) Plate XXX, 692a; (15, 1.21) Plate XXX, 692b.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. O, Plate XLIII).
819 H.
DATE WITH DECADE BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
692.a (cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. P, Plate XLIII).
693. As above; but last line:
‫تسع عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
Khediv. 1561. Balog (13, 1.28) Plate XXX.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. Q, Plate XLIII). For specimens dated 820 H. and
undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 391–392, nos. R, S, Plate XLIII).
ALEPPO
817 H.
Digit of date only, on first line of reverse
*694.
‫شيخ‬
‫سبع‬

Balog (13, 1.36) Plate XXX, 694a.
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens, infra, p. 392, nos. T, U, Plate XLIII).
818 H.
Date on last line of rev.
*695. As above.
As above, but last line: ‫ست ثمان‬
....
‫ ست‬on the right of ‫ ثمان‬of the date is not clear; it may stand for ‫سنة‬, year?
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens undated infra, pp. 392–393, nos. V, W, Z,
Plate XLIII).
Copper
Marcel Jungfleisch published a fals which he attributed to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (BIE

XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50). His attribution seems to be due to an error of reading and the
coin belongs to a Burji sultan whose title is al-Ashraf. There are no copper coins of al-
Mu'ayyad Shaykh.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT AḤMAD

824 H. = 1421 A.D.
Only one large flan dinar, two dirhems and a unique fals exist of this sultan who reigned
about six months.
Gold
cairo, 824 H.
*696. Border on both sides: linear deka-hexalobe, each small arch minted outwards.
‫ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اربع‬
‫السلطان الملك المظفر ابو السعادات‬
‫احمد بن السلطان ابو المويد سلطان‬

‫االسالم والمسلمين خلد هللا‬
‫ملكه ونصره‬
‫هللا‬
‫ال اله اله هللا محمد رسول‬
‫هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق‬
‫ليظهره على الدين كله ولو‬
‫كره المشركون‬
‫‪Damascus 10857 (27) Plate XXX.‬‬
‫سلطان االسالم ‪ and additional title:‬خلد هللا ملكه ونصره ‪Ringed, holed. Note the invocation:‬‬
‫والمسلمين‬
‫‪Silver‬‬
‫‪ḤAMĀH, 824 H.‬‬
‫‪*697. Border on both sides: two festooned, entwined ribbons, composed of two parallel‬‬
‫‪lines, between them a line of dots. Similar to the border of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's‬‬
‫‪dirhems.‬‬
‫‪ V‬احمد‬
‫المظفر بن السلطان‬
‫محمد رسوله‬
‫اربع‬
‫‪Balog (15, 1.79) Plate XXX.‬‬

*698. Border as above.
‫ملكه‬
....‫محمد رسول‬
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
Heraldic
Lion passant
699. Border not recorded.
‫السلطان الملك المظفر شهاب الدين ابو السعادات‬
Inner circle; center: ‫احمد‬
In the field: lion passant to left.
Above: ‫ضرب‬
Underneath: ‫بدمسق‬
Karabacek, "Zur Orientalischen Münzkunde" No. 10.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ AL-FATḤ SAYF AL-DĪN ṬAṬAR

824 H. = 1421 A.D
Silver
700. ‫ططر‬
‫الملك الظاهر‬/
‫ابو الفتح‬/
Profession of faith formula.
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12389 unique, the author gives no detailed description and no
illustration of the coin. Mint and date are not recorded.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD

824–825 H. = 1421–1422 A.D.
Silver
Border as on al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's and al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad's silver.
A
*701. ‫الملك الصالح‬
‫محمد خلد هللا‬
....
*702. ‫الملك الصالح‬
‫محمد خلد هللا‬
‫بحلب‬

AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR SAYF AL-DĪN BARSBĀY

825–841 H. = 1422–1438 A.D.
Gold
The sequin-weight has been definitely adopted for the gold issues, and a new
arrangement of the legends, in four rows between horizontal cables, is also an
innovation.
CAIRO
829 H.
703. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds alternating with pellets.
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal rigid cables to left.
‫السلطان الملك االشرف‬/
‫ابو النصر برسباى عز نصره‬/
‫عام تسع وعشرين وثمانماية‬
/ ‫ارسله‬
‫بالهدى‬
BMC 655 (19, 3.43); 656 (19, 3.41). Khediv. 1563, 1564. Vog. 1551 (20). Erman no. 6
(18). Balog, four specimens: (21, 3.40) Plate XXXI, 703a; (19, 3.41); (19, 3.38) Plate
XXXI, 703b; (19, 3.41).
For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, C.
830 H.
*704.
Thorburn. Possibly the digit of the date is missing: 83 H.

For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, D.
831 H.
*705. As above, but date at the last line:
‫عام احد وثلثين وثمانماية‬
As above.
Balog (18, 3.34) Plate XXXI, (holed).
834 H.
‫عام اربع وثلثين‬
As above.
Beyram 278. ANS (18, 3.40); (16, 3.41). Balog (20, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
835 H.
‫عام خمس وثلثين وثمانماية‬
As above.
L 986 (17, 3.41). BMC 656, m (17, 3.41). Windisch-Graetz 195 (17, 3.39).
836 H.
‫عام ست وثلثين وثمانماية‬
As above.
L 987 (3.42). Jungfleisch (19, 3.35).
837 H.
‫عام سبع وثلثين وثمانماية‬
As above.
Siouffi p. 19. ANS (17, 3.40). Balog (18, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
838 H.
‫عام ثمان وثلثين وثمانماية‬
As above.
L 988 (3.41); 989 (3.41)
840 H.
*711. As above, but date:
‫عام اربعين وثمانماية‬
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (17, 3.40); (17, 3.41).
841 H.
*712. As above but date:
‫عام احد اربعين وثمانماية‬
As above.
ANS (17, 3.40).
DATE MISSING
Fraehn, Bericht. . . 1840; Nova Suppl. p. 95, no. 7.aa. Two specimens. Cunha 1510,
1511. White-King 2243 (3.30). Schulman Nov. 1907, no. 911. BMC 657, 658 and 659.
ANS, six specimens. Bern, two specimens. Wien 7529 (3.42); 7971 (3.90); 7972 (3.35).
DAMASCUS
713. Border on both sides: linear multilobe.
As above, but first line:
‫بدمشق‬
As above.
Last line with date missing.

BMC 659, d (17, 3.43). Balog (19, 3.40). Thorburn 840 H. personal communication.
Silver
Barsbāy's silver coins belong to two types: the early issues of Damascus (and a solitary
coin of Ḥamāh) have a marginal legend and a central inscription on the obverse,
whereas the later emissions of Damascus, Aleppo and Ḥamāh are inscribed with
horizontal legends on both sides. In view of the marked differences, the coins will be
listed according to types.
Type I. Early Emissions
On all coins, border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend;
inner circle, central legend.
DAMASCUS
UNDATED
Without indication of value
714. Clockwise marginal legend:
‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر عز نصره‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫ ضرب‬٧
BMC, two specimens: 661 (13, 0.90). Blau 310. ANS (14, 2.26); (12, 1.05). Balog, nine
specimens: (15, 2.10) Rev.: ‫ ضرب بدمشق‬Plate XXXI, 714 a;

(15, 2.22) as above Plate XXXI, 714b; (15, 1.96) as above Plate XXXI, 714c; (17, 1.85)
as above; (16, 2.00) as above; (15, 2.04) as above; (12, 1.02) as above; (16, 2.00) Rev.:
‫بدمشق‬
(16, 2.06) as above Plate XXXI, 714d.
With indication of value
1/2 + 1/4, ‫نصف وربع‬
*715. Clockwise marginal legend;
‫السلطان الملك االشرف برسباى عز نصره‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫ ضرب‬٧
ANS, three specimens: (16, 2.20); (16, 2.24); (13, 1.00). BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5–
13–26 (14, 1.06). Jungfleisch (15, 2.05). Balog (15, 1.94) Plate XXXI.
1/4 + 1/8, ‫ربع وثمن‬
*716. Clockwise marginal legend as above.
‫ربع‬
‫وثمن‬
As above.
Balog, seven specimens: (13, 1.02) Plate XXXI, 716a; (13, 1.00) Plate XXXI, 716b;
(14, 1.02); (14, 1.00); (13, 1.06); (12, 1.06); (12, 1.01).
with date
1/4 + 1/8, ‫ربع وثمن‬
825 H.
717. Clockwise marginal legend:
‫السلطان الملك االشرف برسباى عام خمس‬
‫وعشرين وثمانماية‬
‫ربع‬
‫وثمن‬
As above.
L 1001 (12, 1.08); 1002(12, 1.08) Lavoix's reading of the obverse center as 1/4 dirhem,
‫ ربع درهم‬is to be corrected. ANS (13, 0.95). Ashmol. (Bodl.) (14) Plate XXXI.
827 H.
*718. Marginal legend as above, but date:
‫عام سبع عشرين وثمانماية‬
Center as above.
As above.
BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5–13–25 (13, 1.09); John Walker pres. 1951 (12, 0.64).
Balog (13, 1.06) Plate XXXI.
ḤAMĀH
‫السلطان الملك االشرف برسباى عز نصره‬

As above, but first line:
ANS (16, 2.07) date missing. Plate XXXI.
Type II. Late Emissions

DAMASCUS
832 H.
Non-heraldic
720. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
‫برسباى‬
‫خلد هللا ملكه‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫اثنين وثالثين‬
L 1000 (1.97). ANS, four specimens: (16, 2.05); (16, 2.38); (16, 2.03); (1.43) date
missing; four more specimens with date missing. BMC 660 (17, 1.95). BM, Rotlin 7–3–
84–276 (17, 1.90). Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.12).
Heraldic
Chalice
*721. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
‫برسباى‬
‫لنصر‬ ‫ابوا‬
‫اثنين وثالثين‬
‫ ال اله اال هللا‬٧
835 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*722. As above, but last line: ‫خمس وثالثين‬
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.06) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.08).
836 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*723. As above, but last line: ‫سنة وثالثين‬
As above.
ANS (14, 2.07). Balog, two specimens: (15, 2.06) Plate XXXI, 723a; (16, 2.03) Plate
XXXI, 723b.
837 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*724. As above, but last line: ‫سنة سبع ثلثين‬
As above.
ANS (15, 2.03). Balog (15) Plate XXXI.
839 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*725. As above, but last line: ‫سنة تسع ثلثين‬
As above.
BM, Juliet Reeve pres. 1950 3–4–1. Ashmol., three specimens. ANS (16, 2.02).
DATE MISSING
Heraldic
Chalice
ANS (12, 1.02) Half-dirhem.
ALEPPO
Non-heraldic
838 H.
726. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
‫ابو النصر برسباى‬
‫ملكه‬
‫سنة ثمان ثالثين‬
L 1003 (2.08); 1004 (2.13). Balog (16, 2.08) Plate XXXI.
839 H.
*727. As above.
As above, but last line: ... ‫سنة تسع‬
Balog, three specimens: (18, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (17, 2.09); (15, 2.03).
DATA MISSING
Noury 379.
ḤAMĀH
827 H.
*728. Border: circle of dots.
‫عام سبع وعشرين وثمانماية‬
‫عزنصره حماة‬
Border missing.
.....
.....
830 H.
*729. As above, but last two lines:
‫عام ثالثين وثمانماية‬
‫عزنصره حماة‬
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (14, 2.00) Plate XXXII; (15, 2.04).
Copper
CAIRO, 83- H.
Non-heraldic
Border of dots. In the center, small square, with illegible inscription. Around, four petal-
shaped segments. In the segments:
‫|ثالثين|وثمانماية‬....|‫بالقاهرة‬
Balog (15) Plate XXXII.

Heraldic
Fesse / Lion passant
*731. Border: traces of circular line.
Upper segment: ‫الملك اال‬
Central segment: ?/
Lower segment: ‫ برسباى‬. . .
Balog (23, 2.65) Plate XXXII.
Circular line.
? ‫ابو النصر برسباى‬....‫الملك‬
Inner circle, in which lion passant to left, tail curled back.
This is a puzzling coin. The second line of the obverse is not legible, though it would
seem quite clear. The marginal legend on the reverse also is read conjecturally and the
attribution to Barsbāy is made with reserve.
AL-'AZĪZ JAMĀL AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-MAḤĀSĪN YŪSUF

841 H. = 1438 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO
732. Border: small diamonds alternating with pellets. Field on both sides divided by
three horizontal cables to left.
‫بالقاهرة‬/
‫السلطان الملك العزيز‬/
‫ابو المحاسين يوسف بن برسباى‬/

‫ اربعين وثمانماية‬. . . .
‫ارسله‬/
‫بالهدى‬
BMC 662 (15, 3.60). L 1005 (17, 3.40). Khediv. 1569. Balog (17, 3.40) Plate XXXII,
732a. Damascus 5061. (16) Plate XXXII, 732b. Horovitz (17, 3.40). Bajocchi (17,
3.45).
Silver
733. A unique dirhem was published by Karabacek; although his description of the coin
is not detailed and there is no mint or date, the piece can be attributed to Aleppo through
the profession of faith formula on the reverse, engraved in Turcoman Kufic,
characteristic of this mint.
Marginal legend:
‫ابو المحاسين‬...‫السلطان‬
Inner circle, in which:
‫يوسف‬
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ SA'ĪD JAQMAQ

842–857 H. = 1438–1453 A.D.
Gold
A large number of dinars have come down to us, of which about fifty are recorded in the
literature. The mint, always Cairo, is preserved on 19 coins only and the date is missing
more often than not. All coins with date were struck in the early years of Jaqmaq's reign
(842, 843 and 846 H.); only one dinar of 854 H. was published by Fraehn.
As mentioned above, gold was issued at the Cairo mint only. The dinars nos. 1006,
1007 and 1008 of Lavoix belong to Kūhqadam and not to Jaqmaq.
There is only one type: the border consists on both sides of a circle of small diamonds
alternating with pellets, and the field is divided by three horizontal cables to left, into
four segments.
CAIRO
842 H.
‫‪734.‬‬
‫‪/‬بالقاهرة‬
‫‪/‬السلطان الملك الظاهر‬
‫‪/‬ابو سعيد جقمق عز نصره‬
‫اثنين واربعين ثمانماية‬
‫ارسله‬
‫‪/‬الاله اال هللا‬
‫‪/‬محمد رسول هللا‬
‫بالهدى‬
‫‪L 1015 (3.42). Schulman list 19, no. 44. Schulman attributed (with a query) this coin to‬‬
‫‪Damascus.‬‬
‫‪843 H.‬‬
‫سنة ثالث اربعين ‪735. As above, but last line: . . .‬‬
‫‪L 1009 (3.42); 1016 (3.43). Khediv. 1570.‬‬
‫‪846 H.‬‬
‫‪736. As above, but last line:‬‬
‫سنة ست و اربعين ثمانماية‬
‫‪and ornament above at third line.‬‬ ‫ابو سعيد‬
‫ارسله‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫اال هللا‬ ‫‪/‬ال اله‬
‫‪/‬رسول هللا • محمد‬
‫بالهدى‬
L 1017 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736a; 1018 (15, 3.43) but no ornament on obv.; ringlet
above ‫ اله‬on rev.; 1019 (15, 3.42) as 1019. BMC 663 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736b.
Gotha 1053 (3.43.) Schulman List 1929, no. 1205. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.40)
Plate XXXII, 736c.
854 H.
737.
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7.000, no details.
INCOMPLETE
The date is missing on all coins. When the mint is present, it is recorded, as well as the
small variations in the ornamentation.
L 1010 (3.43) Cairo; 1011 (3.42) Cairo; 1012 (3.43) Cairo; 1013 (3.43) Cairo; 1014
(3.41) Cairo; 1020 (3.42) Obv.: ‫ عز نصر‬without hā; 1021 (3.42) As 1021; 1022 (3.42)
Rev. ‫بالهدى‬ ; 1023 (3.42) as 1022. 1024 (3.42) Obv.: ‫ ال اله اال‬: Rev. ‫بواسعيد‬
1025 ; ‫ ارسله‬/ ‫) هللا‬3.42(; 1026 (3.37) Obv.: (3.40) 1027 ; ‫ جقمق‬as 1026. BMC 664 (15,
3.40) Cairo; 665 (15, 3.39) Cairo; 666 (15, 3.42). Khediv. 1571–1577. Rogers,
Catalogue Calcutta Mus. 7979. Gotha 1054 (3.37). Schulman List 1929, no. 1206
(probably the same specimen). Schulman List 19, no. 45. White King 2244 (3.20).
Beyram 279 (3.30). Cunha 1512–1513. ANS, twelve incomplete specimens. Wien 7161,
7301, 7302, 7428. Bern, two specimens. Ashmol., two specimens. Balog (16, 3.40)
Plate XXXII, 737a.
Silver
The Cairo dirhems are non-heraldic, but the Syrian silver coins often carry Jaqmaq's
heraldic devices, the chalice and buqjah.
CAIRO
844 H.
Small central lozenge with wavy sides, angles connected with the border.
In the segments:
‫( اربع‬sic) ‫الملك|الظاهرا|بوسيد جقمق|بالقاه‬
In the central lozenge:
‫نصره‬
‫عز‬
‫الملك هلل‬
‫محمدرسول هللا‬
ANS (15, 0.81) Plate XXXII.
845 H.
739. Border: linear octolobe.
In the segments:
‫الملك|الظاهرا|بوسعيد جقمق|سنة خمس‬
In the centra lozenge:
(sic) ‫هراقا‬
Border missing.
As above.
L 1030 (12, 1.27) Plate XXXII; 1031 (14, 1.62); 1032 (12, 1.47). Jungfleisch (12, 1.70).
Balog (12, 1.30).
846 H.
740. As above, but marginal legend starts at the left-hand segment and the date is: ‫ست‬
‫سنة‬
As above.
BMC 667 (14, 1.58) Plate XXXII. Balog (13, 1.42).
DAMASCUS
Non-heraldic
A
845 H.

‫ السلطان الملك الظاهرابو سعيد‬٧
‫جقمق‬
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
‫ضرب بدمشق‬/
‫سنة خمس اربعين‬
L 1033 (15, 1.77) Plate XXXII. ANS (14, 1.73).
847 H.
*742. As above.
As above, but last line: ‫سنة سبع اربعين‬
Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.64) Plate XXXII; (13, 1.60).
848 H.
*743. As above.
Balog (15, 1.47).
As above, but last line: ‫سنة ثمان واربعين‬
849 H.
*744. As above.
Balog (15, 1.56).
As above, but last line: ‫سنة تسع اربعين‬
DATE MISSING
L 1028 (1.57); 1029 (15, 1.77); 1029 bis (17); 1034 (15, 1.78); 1035 (1.75); 1036
(1.60); 1037 (1.46). Khediv. 1578, 1579, 1580. Blau 312. Soret, 3e lettre 176. Wien
4723. Jungfleisch (16, 1.62). Balog, four specimens: (15, 1.54); (14, 1.10) Plate XXXII,
744a; (15, 1.57); (12, 0.80).
B
DATE MISSING
*745. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد‬
Inner circle, in which written clockwise:
‫جقمق‬
‫)ضرب(بدمشق‬/
Balog (16) Plate XXXII.
Heraldic
845 H.
Inner circle; in center, small chalice.
/‫محمد رسول هللا‬
/‫خمس اربعين‬
Balog (15, 1.87) Plate XXXII.
Another specimen was seen in the Damascus bazaar in 1956.

ALEPPO
ALL ALEPPO DIRHEMS ARE UNDATED
Heraldic
Buqjah
In the field, concave-sided diamond standing standing on edge (buqjah). In it, on all
specimens, Jaqmaq's name:
••
‫جقمق‬
••
Field divided by three horizontal rigid cables to left:
‫بحلب‬/
‫ضرب‬
In the segments, clockwise marginal legend, slightly different for the following
varieties:
a) Legend starts in bottom left segment:
BR ‫| خلد هللا ملكه‬TR ‫| ابوسعيد‬TL ‫| الظاهر‬BL ‫الملك‬
L 1042 (15, 1.80) Plate XXXII, 747a.
b) Legend starts in bottom left segment:
BR ‫| الظاهر‬TR ‫| خلد ملكه‬TL ‫| ابو سعيد‬ BL ‫الملك‬
BMC 666, k (17, 1.75) Plate XXXII, 747b; 666, m (17, 1.81) Plate XXXII, 747c.
c) Legend starts in bottom right segment:
TR ‫| خلد هللا ملكه‬TL ‫| ابوسعيد‬BL ‫| الظاهر‬ BR ‫الملك‬
Balog, two specimens. (17, 1.84) Plate XXXII, 747d; (17, 1.80). ANS (14, 1.59) buqjah
with straight sides.
Non-heraldic
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal cables to left.
‫خلد هللا‬/
‫ابو سعيد جقمق‬/
‫ملكه‬
‫• بحلب‬/
‫ضرب‬
L 1038 (16, 1.89) Plate XXXII, 748a; 1939 (17, 1.83); 1040 (16, 1.88) Plate XXXII,
748b. BMC 667 (c 13). ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.75); (16, 1.77). Balog (16, 1.83).
Ḥamāh, undated
Field on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
‫بحماة‬/
٧ ‫ابو سعيد جقمق‬/
‫ضرب‬
‫• ارسله‬
‫بالهدى‬
L 1041 (1.86) mint missing, but this type: ‫ ارسله‬at top of rev. Balog (18, 1.83) Plate
XXXII.
UNCERTAIN MINT (ALEPPO?)

849 H.
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ابوسعيد‬
Spindle-shaped central cartouche; in it:
‫جقمق‬
Border: double linear dodekalobe.
. . . . ./
‫تسع اربعين‬
L 1043 (16, 1.75) Plate XXXII date incomplete. Balog (15, 1.66) date 849 H., ‫تسع اربعين‬.
Copper
ALEPPO
846 H. and 848 H. ?
Heraldic
Buqjah + Rosette
*751. Border: circular line (and circle of dots?).
Field divided by two horizontal chains:
‫عز‬/
‫نصره‬
In the field, lozenge with concave sides (buqjah), in which five-petaled rosette. In the
segments:
‫|ست اربعين‬....|‫ضرب|بحلب‬
Beirut (17) Plate XXXIII, 751a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIII, 751b. Date 848 H. ?
845 H.
Non-heraldic
Linear hexagram, in which:
‫جقمق‬
Field divided by horizontal lines (only two on the flan, may have been more):
. . . . ./
‫ضرب بحلب‬/
‫خمس اربعين‬
Ashmol. (19, 2.59) Plate XXXIII.
TRIPOLI, DATE INCOMPLETE: 85 x H.

Heraldic
Buqjah
Field divided by two horizontal chains:
‫عز‬/
‫الملك الطاهر‬/
‫نصره‬
Border missing.
In field, lozenge with concave sides (buqjah).
In the segments:
‫|وخمسين‬...|‫ضرب|طرابلس‬
L 970 (17, 2.62) Plate XXXIII.

Lavoix listed this fals under Barqūq; it belongs to Jaqmaq.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Only the upper part of the field is on the flan, but the legends may be reconstructed.
A central spindle-shaped segment is capped above and below by two crescent-shaped

segments:
Upper segment: ‫جقمق‬
Central spindle: ‫ابو سعيد‬
Lower segment: (‫ الملك الظاهر‬٧)
Border: missing (circular line?).
Eight small fleur-de-lis pointing inwards from the periphery.
Inner circle, in which a wide, squat chalice.
München (18) Plate XXXIII.
AL-MANṢŪR FAKHR AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT 'UTHMĀN

857 H. = 1453 A.D.
The coins of this sultan, who reigned less than three months, are of the greatest rarity.
Gold
CAIRO
DATE MISSING
Field on both sides divided by horizontal double lines of dots; only two lines visible, but
one may be off flan.
‫ابو السعادات عثمان‬/
‫السلطان الملك المنصور‬/
.....
Damascus 4256 (15) Plate XXXIII.
mint missing
857 H.
*756. Border: circle of annulets.
‫السلطان الملك المنصور ابو السعادات‬
Inner circle of dots, in which:
‫عثمان‬
Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal rows of dots (two visible, one off flan).
‫هللا‬/
....
Damascus 2177 (16) Plate XXXIII, 756a. ANS (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 756b. I. Artuk,
V. Türk Tarih Kongresi , p. 223 (19, 3.99).
A similar specimen was shown to us in 1947 by Hussein bey Rāshed, then director of
the Museum of Arabic Art, Cairo.
Copper
ALEPPO UNDATED
‫السلطان الملك المنصور ابو السعادات‬

‫عثمان‬
‫بن السلطان الملك الظاهر جقمق‬
‫بحلب‬
BM, J. R. Stewart 1946 (21) Plate XXXIII.
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR AYNĀL

857-865 H. = 1453-1461 A.D.
Few gold coins have come down to us and the legends are, on most of them,
incomplete. There are several types; the first, although not all specimens have the mint,
is safe to attribute entirely to Cairo: the other types are uncertain.
Gold
CAIRO
857H.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
‫? بالقاهرة‬/
‫ابو النصر اينال عز نصره‬/
٨٥٧ ‫عام‬
‫هللا‬
‫ ال اله اال هللا‬/
.....
ANS (15, 3.42). Balog (16, 3.39) Plate XXXIII.
This is the first time that the date of a Mamlūk coin appears in Arabic numerals.
B
759. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
‫? بالقاهرة‬/
‫ابو النصر اينال عز نصره‬/
٨٥٧ ‫عام‬
Field divided by three horizontal lines of dots.
‫هللا‬
....
L 1044 (16, 3.41) Cairo, date missing; 1045 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 857 H. Plate
XXXIII; 1046 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 853 H.; 1049 (16, 3.41) mint and date missing.
Khediv. 1581 mint missing, 857 H.; 1582 mint and date missing. BMC 667, t (15, 3.37).
Ashmol. (16, 3.41). ANS (16, 3.41) cables on obverse to right.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to right.
/‫ الملك االشرف‬. . .
/‫ابو النصر اينال‬
/. . . . .
Fieid divided by three horizontal lines of dots.
)‫(عام‬/٨٦٣
L 1047 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 863 H. Balog, two specimens: (12) mint and date
missing; (16) mint missing, 86x H.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
/‫السلطان الملك االشرف‬
/‫ابو النصر اينال‬
/. . . . .
‫ارسله بالهدى‬/
/. . . . .
BMC 667, s (15, 3.37). L 1048 (3.41); 1050 (3.39); 1051 (3.39); 1052 (3.41); 1053
(3.41); 1054 (3.41). Balog (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 761.
Linear dekagram; in the external angles, small six-pointed stars.
The field divided by two horizontal lines of dots.
‫ابو النصر اينال‬/
‫عز نصره‬
Field divided by horizontal lines of dots (two lines visible).
‫هللا‬
/. . . . .
Balog (16, 3.04 Plate XXXIII, (16,3.40) Obv. last line: ‫عز نصره‬
Silver
CAIRO
861 H.
٨٦١ ‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر اينال‬
Linear pentalobe; center:
‫عز نصره‬
‫ال اله اال هللا |محمد رسول هللا‬
Square linear cartouche with a convexity on each side. The left and right corners are
flowering into arabesques. Center:
‫هرة‬
‫بالقا‬
Ashmol. (15).
862 H.
*764. As above, but date at the end of the circular legend: ٨٦٢
As above.
Jungfleisch (16, 1.45). Balog, three specimens: (14, 0.75 Plate XXXIII, 764a; (16, 1.20)
Plate XXXIII, 764b; (16, 1.45).
863 H.
*765. As above, but date: ٨٦٣

As above.
AU Beirut. Balog, three specimens: (14, 1.47); (16, 1.54) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
864 H.
765.a
As above, but date: ٨٦٤
As above.
Balog (15, 1.48).
DAMASCUS
860 H.
*766. Border on both sides: linear circle.
Linear nono-lobe; center:
‫اينال‬
Field divided by three horizontal lines. In the center, square cartouche standing on edge,
a convexity on each side:
1st segment: ‫ضرب بدمشق‬
2nd segment: ‫ال اله|اال هللا‬
3rd segment: ‫محمد رسول|هللا‬
4th segment: ‫فى سنة ستين‬
In the cartouche: ٦٠
‫مسق‬
‫بد‬
ANS (15, 1.42). Ashmol. Jungfleisch (14, 1.42). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (15,
1.48) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
861 H.
767. As above.
As above, but in the cartouche:
٦١
‫مسق‬
‫بد‬
and last line: ‫فى سنة احد وستين‬
L 1060 (1.48); 1061 (1.48). Noury 379. Jungfleisch (15, 1.45). Balog, three specimens:
(16, 1.48); (16, 1.48); (15, 1.47).
862 H.
768. As above.
As above, but in the cartouche:
٦٢
‫مسق‬
‫بد‬
and last line: ‫فى سنة اثنين وستين‬
L 1062 (1.48). Fonrobert 6579 (14, 1.30). BM, J. Harrison Ball 5–13–23 two specimens.
Wien 4724. ANS, four specimens: (15, 1.47); (15, 1.50); (15, 1.47); (15, 1.48).
Jungfleisch, two specimens: (15, 1.43); (16, 1.40). Balog, three specimens: (16, 1.48)
Plate XXXIII, 768a; (17, 1.46) Plate XXXIII, 768b; (15, 1.42).
UNDATED
Clockwise marginal legend as above.

Inner circle; center: ‫اينال‬
‫ال اله اال هللا محمد رسول هللا‬
Cartouche: as above. In the center: ‫بد مشق‬
Balog (16, 1.40) Plate XXXIII, 769. ANS, two specimens: (15, 1.42) Dimishq written:
‫ بد مشق‬in linear hexalobe; (15, 1.44) Dimishq in rhomboidal cartouche:
ALEPPO
Few of the Aleppo dirhems have the mint name. They are, however, easy to attribute to
this town from the religious legend on the reverse, written in characteristic Turcoman
Kufic style.
862 H.
DATE ON OBVERSE
٨٦٢ ‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر‬
Balog (16, 1.48) Plate XXXIV, 770a. Jungfleisch (16, 1.47) as above, but border on
both sides: circular line and inner circle on obverse surrounded by linear multilobe.
Plate XXXIV, 770b.
DATE ON THE REVERSE

862 H.
771. The date on this group of coins is in the exergue of the reverse. Whenever the
lower part of the reverse is illegible or off flan, the date is missing, but the coin belongs
to this year.
Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر‬
As above, but under the last line: ٦٢
L 1056 (1.34); 1057 (1.54); 1058 (1.47) Lavoix mistook the date for ‫حلب‬. BMC 668 (15,
1.53). Lagumina p. 99, no. 12 (15, 1.45); 13 (15, 1.52). Balog, four specimens: (16,
1.49) Plate XXXIV, 771a; (16, 1.47); (16, 1.50); (16, 1.54). ANS, two specimens: (16,
1.44); (16, 1.43) "Ḥalab", ‫حلب‬, at top of rev. Plate XXXIV, 771b. Thorburn.
UNDATED
*772. Visible border: circular line.
‫السلطان الملك|االشرف|اينال‬
Oblong cartouche with four spike-shaped ornaments.
In center: ‫اينال‬
in Turcoman Kufic.
BM, Ebeian 1938 7-4-30, (15, 1.22) Plate XXXIV.
Copper
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫الملك ل = الملك‬
‫اشرف ا = االشرف‬
In the field, arabesque.
Balog (14) Plate XXXIV.
Marcel Jungfleisch (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50) published two copper coins; he
attributed the first to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, the second to al-Mu'ayyad Aḥmad. We have
already explained (p. 306) that the attribution of the first fals to Shaykh is not
convincing, and we believe that the second coin also is to be re-examined. We cannot
read the legend as "al-Mu'ayyad"; on the contrary, there is little doubt that the correct
reading is "al-Ashraf", ‫االشرف‬. The ornamentation on the reverse is very similar to that
on Aynāl's Cairo copper, and it is, therefore, listed under this sultan.
CAIRO
Heraldic
Fesse
For specimen dated 85- H. infra p. 399.
863 H.
‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر اينال‬
Arabesque knot.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse)
Upper segment: ‫بالقاهرة‬/
Central segment: ‫عام ثلث وستين‬/
Lower segment: ‫وثمانماية‬
BMC 669, a (ex- Petraszewski 134) (15) Plate XXXIV. Ashmol. (16) date: 86-H. Balog
(13).
For additional specimen infra p. 399.
864 H.
*775. As above.
ANS (18, 2.23) Plate XXXIV.
As above, but date at the second line:
‫عام ثلث وستين‬
Heraldic
Fesse
DATE MISSING
Upper segment: ‫شرف اينال‬/
Central segment: ‫الملك اال‬/
Lower segment: ‫ابو النصر‬
Clockwise marginal legend: traces of religious legend?
Circular central medallion with three tube-like prolongation towards the margin.
Center: ‫هرة‬
‫بالقا‬
P. 134 (21) Plate XXXIV, 776a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIV, 776b.
Heraldic
Lion
Linear square, divided by horizontal line:
‫ اينال‬/ ‫ الملك االشرف‬٧
Traces of clockwise marginal legend. Inner circle, in it lion passant to left.
Balog (20) Plate XXXIV.

ALEPPO
(‫السلطان الملك)االشرف‬
Linear hexalobe; center:
‫اينال‬
Field divided by a horizontal line, in the center of which a spindle-shaped cartouche.
Upper segment: (‫الملك اال)شرف‬
Spindle: ‫بحلب‬
Lower segment illegible, mostly off flan.
ANS (14, 2.0) Plate XXXIV.
AL-MU'AYYAD ABŪ AL-FATḤ AḤMAD

865 H. = 1461 A.D.
Gold
Three varieties of the very scaece gold coin are known.
A
CAIRO, 865 H.
779. Border: traces of dotted circle.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to right.
‫ابو الفتح احمد‬/
‫السلطان الملك المويد‬/
‫بن اينال عز نصره‬
/. . . . .
Field divided by three horizontal lines of dots:
٨٦٥
L 1067 (17, 3.41) Plate XXXIV, 779a; 1067 bis (16) Plate XXXIV, 779b. Balog
(18,3.40) Rev. ٨٦ .
B
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
/‫الس]لطان الملك المو[يد‬
/‫ابو الفتح احمد عز نصره‬/
/‫ال اله‬ ‫ال اله‬
L 1068 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXIV.
C
/‫السلطان الملك‬
/‫المويد ابو الف[تح‬
/‫ال اله اال هللا‬/
L 983 (14, 3.41) Plate XXXIV. Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Mu'ayyad
Shaikh. Wien 7423 (3.35); 7424 (3.35).
Silver
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫السلطان الملك المويد ابو الفتح‬
‫احمد‬
Profession of faith formula written in Turcoman Kufic:
BM, Ebeian 1938 7–30–5 (17) Plate XXXIV, 782a. AU Beirut (15) Plate XXXIV,
782b.
Although without mint, this coin is no doubt from Aleppo, because of the Turcoman
Kufic of the reverse legend.
Copper
There are no copper coins extant of this sultan. See our comment on Marcel
Jungfleisch's article (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50), on p. 306, above.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ-SA'ĪD KHUSHQADAM

865–872 H. = 1461–1467 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO
865 H.
783. Border: dotted circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables to right.
/‫السلطان الملك الظاهر‬
/‫ابو سعيد خشقدم‬
/ ‫عز نصره‬
Field divided by horizontal rows of beads.

/٨٦٥
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7 c.
866 H.
784. As above.
As above, but date: ٨٦٦
L 1077 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV, 784a. Horovitz.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME VARIETY; THEREFORE, PROBABLY

ALSO 866 H.
L 1070 (15, 3.42) Plate XXXV, 784b. Wien 744 (3.42). Thorburn.
867 H.
785. Border: dotted circular line.
Horizontal cables to right.
As above.
Horizontal row of flowerets placed on horizontal row of tiny arches, concave side up.
Legends as above, but date: ٨٦٧
L 1076 (16, 3.41) Plate XXXV, 785a. (16, 3.37). Balog (18, 3.42), date ٧)٨٦(.
BMC 670 (15, 3.38) Plate XXXV, 785b; 672
Lane-Poole read the date as 870 with query. It is more likely 867 H.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME VARIETY; POSSIBLY THE SAME DATE
867 H.
L 1071, (3.39); 1072, (3.41). BMC 672. k (15, 3.37). Khediv. (1589. 1590).
DATE MISSING
Khushqadam's name with all teeth of the letters clearly written.

Fieid, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal rows
of tiny arches, concave side up.
‫? هلل‬
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر‬/
‫سعيد م‬/
‫ابو خشقد عز نصره‬
‫? الملك‬
‫ضرب بالقاهرة‬/
....
L 1073 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXV; 1074 (15, 3.40). ANS (16, 3.40).
CAIRO, DATE MISSING

With unusual protocol
Field divided, on both sides, by rigid cables to right.
‫السلطان خوشقدم‬/
‫ابو النصر ملك الظاهر‬/
‫ارسله‬/
‫ال]اله اال هللا‬/
‫محمد]رسول هللا‬/
‫بالهدى‬
BMC 673 (16, 3.35). ANS (14, 3.16) Plate XXXV.

The title of all Mamlūk sultans was: al-sulṭān al-malik. This is the only example in
which the two regal titles are separated from each other: al-sulṭān Khushqadam Abū al-
Naṣr, malik al-Ẓāhir (malik without the article). Khushqadam witten: ‫خوشقدم‬, with waw.
DAMASCUS
DATE MISSING
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
‫ابو سعيد خشقدم عز نصره‬/
‫ارسله‬
‫بالهدى‬/
L 1069 (3.41); 1075 (3.38). Beirut, nine specimens. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog, five
specimens: (13,3.35) Rev.: ‫) ;ال اله‬15, 3.37) Rev.: ‫ ال اله‬Plate XXXV, 788a; (15, 3.38)
Rev.: ‫ ال اله‬Plate XXXV, 788b; (15, 3.38) Rev.: ‫( ; ال اله‬14, 3.39).
789. Field divided, both sides, by horizontal rigid cables.
‫خشقدم‬ /
‫ابو سعيد‬/
. . . .‫ر‬
(‫ ال اله اال )هللا‬/
(‫محمد رسول )هللا‬/
‫بالهدى‬
L 1078 (3.04).
UNCERTAIN VARIETIES
Bergmann, NZ 1876, p. 41 (3.42). White-King 2248 (3.30). Beyram 281. Cunha 1515.
Wien 6362, 7430, 7462.
Silver
CAIRO
866 H.
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد عز نصره‬
Linear hexalobe, with small heart-shaped arabesque at six o'clock.
Center: ‫و‬
‫خشقد‬
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments, the central segment wider
than the others.
٨٦٦ ‫عام‬
L 1079 (16, 1.45) Plate XXXV, 790a. Balog (14, 1.43) Plate XXXV, 790b.
868 H.
791.
Thorburn, no details.
DAMASCUS, date missing
Field divided, on both sides, by three horizontal lines.
/‫ابو سعيد خشقدم عز نصره‬
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7b. BM, Ebeian 1938 7–30–1 (16, 1.43) Plate XXXV,
792a. Ashmol. (15). Jungfleisch (15, 1.52) Plate XXXV, 792b.
Mint Missing, 866 H.
Traces of the clockwise marginal legend:
‫ الظاهر ابو سعيد‬....
Rhomboid medallion formed by four linear arches, each arch looped.
Center: ‫خشقد‬
‫م‬
Field divided by three horizontal lines
/)‫(ال(اله اال )هللا‬
/(٨٦)٦ ‫عام‬
Balog (15, 1.39) Plate XXXV.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
There is no mint, but the characteristic Turcoman Kufic of the profession of faith
formula on the reverse leaves no doubt about the attribution.
‫خشقد‬
•‫م‬
BMC 674 (16, 1.49). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1939 7–L–9 (15). Khediv. 1591, 1592, 1593,
1596. Ashmol. Bodl. 214, 215 and another specimen. PAM H. 21. 24. ANS, two
specimens: (15, 1.44); (15, 1.44). Thorburn. Balog (15, 1.44) Plate XXXV, 794a; (15,
1.37) Plate XXXV, 794b; (16) 1.41).
*795. As above, but clockwise marginal legend:
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد عز نصره‬
As above.
Ashmol. (16) Plate XXXV. Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.50); (17, 1.51).
796. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
‫ السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد‬٧
Inner circle in linear dodekalobe; center:
‫م‬
‫خشقد‬
As above.
Khediv. 1594, 1595. Jungfleisch (18, 1.48). Balog (16, 1.44) Plate XXXV.
Copper
Khushqadam's fulūs are rare and mostly in a poor state of preservation.
CAIRO, DATE MISSING ?
Heraldic
Rosette

....‫الملك الظاهر‬...
‫هرة‬
‫بالقا‬
Marginal legend double-struck, illegible. Inner circle, in it a five-petaled rosette.
Jungfleisch (19, 2.71). Thorburn, no details.
ALEPPO
UNDATED
Non-heraldic
‫م‬
‫خشقد‬
(‫السلطان الملك الظاهر )ابو سعيد‬
‫بحلب‬
BM, no number (21). BMC 575 (18) Plate XXXV. This specimen was listed under al-
Manṣūr Muḥammad, but the correct attribution is no doubt to Khushqadam. Balog (20,
4.20). Thorburn.
UNDATED
Non-heraldic

‫الملك الظاهر خشقدم‬
Inner circle; center: ‫بحلب‬
In the field, linear hexagram, surrounded by a second, external star attached to the
margin.
Balog (20, 2.09) Plate XXXV.
865 H.
Heraldic
Rosette
‫م‬
‫خشقد‬
٨٦٥ ‫ضرب بحلب سنة‬...
Inner circle; in it five-petaled rosette.
Balog, three specimens: (20, 1.62) Plate XXXV; (18, 2.06); (18, 1.90).
For specimen with central linear rhomboid on rev. infra p. 400, Plate XLIV, E.
AL-ẒĀHIR ṢAYF AL-DĪN BILBĀY

872 H. = 1467 A.D.
No coins
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ SA'ID TEMIRBUGHĀ

872–873 H. = 1467–1468 A.D.
Temirbughā's coins are all very rare: only four dinars, a unique dirhem and half a dozen
copper coins are known.
Gold
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal rows
of tiny arches, concave side up.
/‫الس]لطان الملك الظاهر‬
/‫ابو]سعيد تمربغا‬/
/‫محمد رسول‬/
L 1081 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV. Beyram 282.
MINT MISSING, 872 OR 873 H.
/‫السلظان الملك ا[ظاهر‬
/‫ابو]سعيد تمربغا‬/
/٣|٨٧٢ ?
/‫ال اله اال[هللا‬
Wien 745 (14, 3.40) Plate XXXV.
The digit of the date is not fully on the flan; it may be either a two (٢) or a three (٣).
803. Uncertain variety; mint missing, 872 H.
/‫ابو سعيد تمربغا‬
/٨٦٢
Profession of faith formula.

Bergmann, NZ 1876, p. 41 (3.40).
Silver
Inner circle; center: ‫تمر‬
‫بغا‬
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic:
PAM H. 21.20 (16) Plate XXXV.
Though there is no mint, the reverse legend in Turcoman Kufic is characteristic of

Aleppo.
Copper
Heraldic
Chalice
‫السلطان الملك الظاهر تمر بغا‬
Inner circle; in it, wide chalice (or cup) flanked by pellets.
Linear hexagram with pellets in the spaces and v-shaped ornaments in the external
segments; in the center, six-petaled rosette.
BM, F 70–5–7–14206 (Freudenthal coll.) (20) Plate XXXVI, 805a. München (20) Plate
XXXVI, 805b. Wien 738, 739.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Chalice

Field divided by horizontal lines of dots.
/‫الملك الظا[هر‬
/‫ابو سعيد‬
Traces of clockwise marginal legend, interrupted by arabesque knot at left and right. In
center circular shield divided by two horizontal lines into three segments, a wider
central and an upper and lower narrow segment. In the central segment, wide chalice.
Ashmol. Plate XXXVI. This specimen was published by Mayer in Saracenic Heraldry
(Plate XX, 5) but he read the title of the sultan as "al-Nāṣir". We believe that there is no
doubt about the attribution to Temirbughā. Blau 308. Balog (17).
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR QĀ'ITBĀY

873–901 H. = 1468–1496 A.D.
As might be expected in view of Qā'itbāy's exceptionally long reign (28 years), his
coins are quite common and display a wide variety of design.
Gold
Although occurring in great enough numbers (in a single Beirut hoard there were over
two hundred dinars), the gold coins are not easily listed according to mints. The reason
is that the diameter of the coins being too small for the die engraving, the mint and date
are mostly off flan.
A certain provisional order can be reached, nevertheless, by describing the coins in

groups of different types. At the same time, one or two types or varieties appear to be
characteristic for Cairo on the one hand and Aleppo on the other. When more coins turn
up, of varieties presently with mint missing, further types may be attributed to specific
mints.
Type I
Field divided into horizontal sections; no arabesque knots.
On all coins of this type, border, whenever present: linear multilobe or wavy circular
line.
807. Field divided by horizontal lines of flowerets, placed on horizontal lines of tiny
arches, concave side up.
/‫ابوالنصر قايتباى‬
/ • ‫عز نصره‬
Field divided by horizontal cables to left.
٧‫ارسله‬٧
٧‫بالهدى‬٧
L 1083 (3.41); 1086 (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.39) Plate XXXVI.
Last two latters of Qāitbāy:
808. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
/‫قاى‬
‫ابو النصر يتبا عز نصره‬/
‫ارسله‬
‫∴ ال اله اال هللا‬/
‫بالهدى‬/
P. Vog. 1552 (16). Balog, three specimens: (16, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 808a, Rev.: ∴‫اله‬
(15, 3.40) Plate XXXVI, 808b, Rev.: ; (15, 3.38) Rev.: . ANS, four specimens:
(15, 3.41); (13, 3.40); (15, 3.40); (16, 3.41) Obv.: /‫السلطان الملك االشرف‬
/‫قاى‬
‫ ابو النصر يتبا عز‬٧/
‫نصره‬
ALEPPO
809. Field, on both sides, divided by cables to right.

The writing is smaller than on the precedent coins and Qā'itbāy's name written with the
final yā attached to the last alif: ‫نصره‬
‫ضرب‬/
‫السلطان الملك اال‬/
‫قايتباى نصره‬
‫شرف ابو النصر عز‬/
‫بحلب‬
‫بالهدى‬/
‫ارسله‬
BMC 676 (14, 3.37) date missing; 675 (15, 3.36) mint missing, 879 H. rev. exergue:
679 ;9 ٧٩)٨( (15, 3.36) date missing. L 1089 (3.40) date missing; 1090 (3.39) date
missing. Beirut (15) 892 H. date rev. exergue ‫ سنة‬٩٢)٨(. ANS (15, 3.41); (15, 3.44) Rev.
cables to left; (15, 3.33). Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.40) date missing Plate XXXVI,
809a; (15, 3.41) date missing; (14, 3.37) mint and date missing Plate XXXVI, 809b;
(15, 3.39) mint and date missing Plate XXXVI, 809c. Whenever the date is in the last
line of the reverse, ‫ ارسله‬is at the end of the third line.
CAIRO
810. Qā'itbāy's name in decorative arrangement, with large characters. Var. I. Field on
both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
‫ارسله‬/
‫قايتباى‬
‫ ابو النصر عز نصره‬/
‫بالهدى‬
‫[ضرب]بالقاهرة‬/
ω ‫ ال اله اال هللا‬/
....
BMC 677 (16, 3.41). L 1084 (3.39). ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7320. Bajocchi (15, 3.40)
886 H. date: obv. exergue ‫ عام‬٨٨٦. Balog, three specimens: (15, 3.38) floweret above yā
in Qā'itbāy: ‫ ى‬Plate XXXVI, 810a; (14, 3.40) Floweret as above. Plate XXXVI,
810b; (15, 3.37). BM, No number (15) date: 889 H., in rev. exergue: (٨)٨٩‫ عام‬Plate
XXXVI, 810c. Third line of obv. written:
811. Var. 2. Field on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right. Legends as above.
Three pellets above yā in Qā'itbāy: ‫ى‬
L 1085 (3.40) date: 886 H. in rev. exergue 1087 ;٨٦)٨( (3.39) date missing. ANS, two
specimens: (16, 3.41) mint and date missing; (16, 3.42) date missing. Balog (15, 3.40)
Plate XXXVI.
*812. Var. 3. Obv.: cables to right. Rev.: horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on
horizontal lines of tiny arches, concave side up.
Legends as above.
ANS, two specimens: (14, 3.40) date: S97 H., in rev. exergue 15,3.39) ‫ (عام‬٨٩٧ date:
897 H., in rev. exergue: ‫ عام‬٨٩٧
Type II
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables. In the center, arabesque knot.
MINT MISSING ON ALL VARIETIES
*813. Arabesque knot, on obv. only. Cables to right.
‫ قايتباى‬/
/‫ابو النصر عز نصره‬
‫محمد رسول هللا‬/ ٧
ANS (14, 3.37). Balog (15, 3.38) Plate XXXVI.

814. Arabesque knot, , on obv. only. Cables to right.
‫ فى‬٨٩٦/
‫ابو النصر عز نصره‬/
As above.
BMC 680 (14, 3.37); 681 (15, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 814a; 682 (15, 3.34). L 1082 (3.40)
date at top obv.: 896 H., ‫ فى‬٨٩٦. Lavoix read it erroneously as Ḥalab. ANS (15, 3.40).
Balog (15, 3.37) date at top obv.: 896 H., ‫ فى‬٨٩٦. Plate XXXVI, 814b.
815. Arabesque knot on both sides. Cables to right.
‫ابو النصر عز نصره‬/
L 1093 (3.40). Wien 7433 (3.35). Thorburn, date: 88- H. Balog (15, 3.39) Plate XXXVI.
Type III
ALEPPO. PROBABLY UNDATED
816. Scalloped border.
(sic) ‫السلطان[الملك االشرف قا[يتباى عزه‬
‫بحلب‬
Field divided by horizontal cables to left.
BMC 683 (13, 3.37) Plate XXXVI.
Silver
CAIRO
886 H.
Linear octolobe; center:
‫ بالقاهرة‬/
‫ محمد رسول هللا‬/
‫ عام‬٨٨٦
ANS (15, 1.41). Balog (16, 1.50) Plate XXXVI.
887 H.
*818. As above.
‫ عام‬٨٨٦
Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.46) Plate XXXVI; (16, 1.47); (14, 1.42).
DATE MISSING
L 1096 (1.55); 1097 (0.72) Half-dirhem. Khediv. 1611–1614. Ashmol., two specimens.
Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (16, 1.52); (14, 1.47) Plate XXXVI, 818a; (14, 1.38);
(17, 1.50) Plate XXXVI, 818b. ANS, four specimens: (17,1.41); (14, 1.29); (15, 1.29);
(16, 1.35).
UNDATED
"Niṣf"
Linear octolobe. Center:
‫قايتبا‬
Diamond standing on edge, at each side a convexity. Arabesque flower at right and left.
Center:
BMC 684 (12, 1.55) 684a (13, 2.00). Khediv. 1608–1610 the reading of rev. center is:
‫ نصف‬and not ‫نصره‬. Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI; (15, 1.45); (12,
0.75).
The denomination is clearly "half-dirhem", ‫نصف‬, which is the full weight of the current
silver pieces of the period.
NO MINT, BUT CAIRO

886 H.
٦٨٦ ‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر سنة‬
Clockwise marginal legend: as above
Central cartouche as above, but upper and lower side rounded. Center:
Balog, two specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI. The date, 686, ٦٨٦, is an engraver's
error: it must read 886, ٦٨٦; (16, 1.52) Obv. marginal legend ends with incomplete date
–3. ٣). . .٨(. Khediv. 1607 as above, but marginal legend ends with incomplete date –4.
sic. ‫ سنة اربع‬ANS, two specimens: (13, 1.44); (17, 1.44).
"Niṣf"
*821 Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend illegible on both sides.
Undulated linear circle; center:
‫ى‬
‫قايتبا‬
••
‫نصف‬
Balog (16, 1.39) Plate XXXVI.
The attribution of this coin is uncertain, as all the inscriptions, except those in the
center, are effaced. It is listed here mainly because of the obverse which is similar to the
previous dirhems.
DAMASCUS
UNDATED
‫ى‬
‫قايتبا‬

‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
L 1095 (1.52). ANS (16, 1.28).
DATE MISSING
‫ابو النصر فايتباى‬
‫بالهدى‬
‫ارسله‬
ANS (15, 1.40).
ALEPPO
Type I
881 H.
*824. Border on both sides (when preserved), dotted circle.
Field divided by three horizontal lines. In center, diamond standing on edge, on each
side a convexity.
‫ال اله اال هللا |محمد رسول هللا‬/
‫السلطان الملك‬ /
‫ االشرف‬/
‫ احد وثمانين‬. . .

‫ال اله اال هللا |محمد رسول هللا‬
Spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-delis edges.
PAM H–21–62 (16) Plate XXXVI, 824 a. Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.38) Plate
XXXVI, 824b; (16, 1.39).
*825. Arrangement as above:
/. . .
...
‫االشرف عز نصره‬
.....
‫ارسله‬
Balog (16, 1.34) badly worn.
Type II
UNDATED
(‫السلطان الملك االشرف )ابو النصر‬
Inner circle; center: ‫قايتبا‬
Clocwise marginal legend:

Inner circle; center: ‫بحلب‬
Khediv. 1616 probably this variety. Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.40) chipped Plate
XXXVII; (17, 1.36).
Half-dirhem, "Niṣf"
NO MINT, BUT ALEPPO
Inner circle: center: ‫قايتبا‬
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic. In center, rhomboidal cartouche, in

which: •
‫نصف‬
PAM H–21–43 (17) Plate XXXVII.
NO MINT, BUT ALEPPO
As above.
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic:
Balog (15, 1.46) Plate XXXVII.
*829. As above, but inner circle enclosed in linear multilobe. Balog (15, 1.44) Plate
XXXVII.
As above.
*830. As above, but no multilobe around the inner circle.
Rev. legend in Naskhi:
(‫)بالهدى‬
)‫(ال(اله اال)هللا‬
(‫محمد رسول)هللا‬
‫ارسله‬
PAM H–21–45 Plate XXXVII.
Type III
On the few coins of this type, the mint and date, as well as the border on both sides, are
missing.
*831. Field divided by horizontal cables to left:
‫ ابو النصر قايتباى عز نصره‬/
....‫اثنين و‬....
Field divided by horizontal lines:
‫ارسله‬/
/. . . . .
Ashmol. Balog (16, 1.36) Plate XXXVII.
*832. As above, but no dividing cables.
Balog (16, 1.38).
As above, but no dividing lines.
Copper
Two distinct groups of fulūs are encountered: the more frequent large and small, non-
heraldic coppers of Cairo, and the scarcer small, non-heraldic and heraldic coins of
Syria, We may safely include in the Cairo group the large flan coins which have no mint
name, but belong to the same type.
CAIRO 886 H.
Large flan
Oblong cartouche, with arabesque knot at the two extremities.
Center: ‫قايتباى‬
‫عام ست وثمانين‬
L 1101 (7.32). BMC 685 (25); 685a (25); 686 (18). BM, Sir R. Burton 1949 8–3–429.
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12392. ANS (22, 8.95). Wien 747, 748. Balog, two specimens:
(24) Plate XXXVII, 833a; (25, 8.81) Plate XXXVII, 833b.
Small flan, with checkerboard
*834. Border missing on both sides, except traces of circular line.
‫الم[لك االشرف‬
‫بالقا[هرة‬
Field divided by checkerboard, of which only seven squares are on the flan. The date,
886 H., is inscribed in the squares in Arabic numerals. A recumbent 6 in the top central
square, 886 normally written in the next row, and again in reverse at the third row:
ANS (17, 2.50) Plate XXXVII.
Small flan, undated or date missing
Traces of illegible clockwise marginal legend (royal protocol).
Linear rhomboid, lateral edges probably ending in arabesque.
Linear hexagram.
Center: ‫هر‬
(sic) ‫بالقا‬
L 1102 (18, 2.33) Plate XXXVII. ANS (17, 2.44).
Small flan, undated
*836. Border: traces of circular line.
Linear hexagram, pellets in the spaces. Center: ‫قايتباى‬
Linear hexagram, pellets in the spaces. Center: ‫بالقا‬
‫هرة‬
ANS (16, 0.97) Plate XXXVII.
Wide flan. All legends missing except the sultan's name
Linear hexagram; center: ‫قايتباى‬
Only a small central circle visible.
Balog (22) Plate XXXVII.
Large flan
NO MINT, BUT CAIRO TYPE
891 H.
838. This type occurs in three varieties of the reverse, whereas the obverse is always the
same.
A
Border: circularly arranged six small circles, in which:
Three rigid horizontal cables, each composed of two, zig-zagging double lines,
interwoven with each other.
Anepigraph.
L 1106 (24, 9.92) Plate XXXVII, 838a. BMC 686f (24); 686g (25). Jungfleisch (25)
Plate XXXVII, 838b. ANS, six specimens: (24, 6.63); (24, 9.53); (22, 8.09); (23, 7.23);
(22, 8.00); (21, 10.00).
839. As above.
Two pairs of triple horizontal, zig-zagging wavelines, meeting in a horizontal row of

rhomboids. Pellet in each rhomboid.
Anepigraph.
Fonrobert 6582. ANS, seven specimens: (21, 2.78); (21, 6.96); (23, 8.54); (20, 8.43);
(20, 7.12); (23, 6.31); (22, 6.93). Wien 749, 750, 751, 753. Balog (21) Plate XXXVII.
*840. As above, but only the center legible: ‫قايتباى‬
Balo (24, 8.77) Plate XXXVII.
As above, but the date 891 H., written in central row of rhomboids, in Arabic numerals:
٨٩١
Small flan
NO MINT, UNDATED; PROBABLY SYRIAN
/‫الملك االشرف‬
• /‫ابو النصر‬/
Linear square, in which:
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3 (20) Plate XXXVII.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MISSING)
Heraldic
Rosette
Marginal legend effaced.
Inner circle, in which six-petaled primitive rosette.
Marginal legend (if any), effaced. In linear square:
L 1105 (17, 0.98) Plate XXXVII.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Lion passant
A
Linear square in square of dots. In center:
/‫االشرف‬
Lion passant to left, tail curled back, a large knot at the end.
L 1104 (18, 4.75). BM, no number (18) Plate XXXVII.
*844. As above, but legend inverted:
‫االشرف‬/
As above
München (20) Plate XXXVII.
NO HINT AND DATE (OR MISSING)
Heraldic
Eagle walking
Field divided by three horizontal lines (only two on the flan):
/‫قايتباى‬
/‫ ابو النصر‬٧/
Clockwise marginal legend, effaced.
Inner circle, in which eagle walking to right. Above, a sprig with three leaves.
PAM 302 (19) Plate XXXVII. Thorburn. Coll. Salomon Barukh, Cairo (poor specimen).
München.
AL-NĀṢIR ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT MUḤAMMAD

901–904 H. = 1496–1498 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO
(WHENEVER THE DATE IS PRESERVED, IT IS 904 H.)
(Sometimes a circular line)
A
846. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
/‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬
/‫ابو السعادات محمد‬
/‫بو قايتباى عز نصره‬
....‫اربع‬..../
‫لقاهرة‬ ‫با‬
L 1109 (16, 3.42) Plate XXXVIII. Beirut, four specimens. Khediv. 1617.
847. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
As above, but Abū al-Sa'ādāt written:
‫ابو السعادات‬
As above.
L 1108 (16, 3.37). Beirut, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate
XXXVIII. (15, 3.37).
DAMASCUS
WHENEVER THE DATE IS PRESERVED, IT IS 902 H.)
848. Border missing on both sides, Sometimes circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to let.
‫السلطان الملك‬/
‫( السعادات محمد‬sic !) ‫الناصر بو‬
/‫ بن قايتباى رحمت هللا‬/
‫عزنصره‬

٩٠٢
Note the unusual formula of filial piety, ‫" قايتباى رحمت هللا‬may God have mercy upon
Qā'itbāy!"
BMC 686p (15, 3.37); 686v (15, 3.37). L 1107 (16, 3.35). P H–3214 (18, 3.38) Plate
XXXVIII, 848a. Beirut, several; Plate XXXVIII, 848b. ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7327
3.35). Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.38) Plate XXXVIII, 848c; (16, 3.38); (16, 3.39);
(15, 3.37). München.
Silver
Only a few dirhems of the Cairo mint are known. Whenever the date is preserved, it is
902 H.
CAIRO, 902 H.
‫السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات بن قايتباى‬
Linear hexalobe, in which:
••
‫محمد‬
••
Field divided by horizontal cables to left:
‫ بالقاهرة‬/
٠٢)٩(
Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849a; (13, 1.40). ANS, three
specimens: (15, 1.34); (16, 1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849b; (16, 1.43) as above, but reverse
field divided by horizontal lines. For specimen with mint missing and specimen with
mint and date missing cf. infra p. 401, Plate XLIV, F, G.
Copper
Non-heraldic
With ‫ غزنصره‬on obverse
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫نصره‬
‫عز‬
Square of dots between two linear squares.
Center:
••
‫محمد‬
••
ANS, three specimens: (22, 5.33) Plate XXXVIII; (23, 5.86); (27, 7.07).
*851. As above, but instead of inner circle, linear tetralobe:
As above.
ANS (17, 2.00). Wien 780. Thorburn. Balog (19, 8.80) Plate XXXVIII.
*852. As above.
As above, but between the two linear squares, flowerets in the corners, ringlets in each
side, flanked by pellets;
ANS (21, 9.04). Balog (19, 9.50) Plate XXXVIII.
Non-heraldic
With circular rows of pellets
853. Border, whenever preserved, circular line.
Between two circles, 8 pellets. In center, pellet.
Double linear square, one pellet between the lines on each side.
Expédition d'Egypte, plates. Fonrobert 6586 (23); 6587 (20). Balog (22, 8.50) Plate
XXXVIII.
*854. As above, but between the two circles 9 pellets.
Square of pellets between two parallel linear squares.

Geneva Museum. Jungfleisch, two specimens: (24, 10.32) Plate XXXVIII; (25, 6.67).
As above.
ANS (23, 6.88). Jungfleisch (24, 6.41).
As above.
Ashmol
(Rev. anepigraph)
*857. Square of dots between two parallel linear squares.
Three concentric lines. External band: 18 pellets. Second band: 14 pellets.
Center: 1 pellet.
Jungfleisch (24, 7.72) Plate XXXVIII.
*858. As above.
As above, but in external band: 20 pellets, in second band 6 pellets and in center 1
pellet.
ANS (22, 7.25).
Heraldic
CAIRO, 902 H.
Waterwheel / Fesse
Spokes of waterwheel counter-clockwise
859. Border on both sides: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three
segments (fesse). Central segment divided into a central cartouche and two lateral
compartments by two entwined lines.
Legends:
‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬/
‫ابو السعادات‬
Small inner circle, in which waterwheel composed of 13 spokes, curved

counterclockwise. The inner circle is connected with the border by treble lines, on
opposite sides.
‫بالقاهرة عا|||م اثنين وتسعماية‬
L 1110 (20, 5.40). Plate XXXVIII; 1111 (20, 4.96).
L. A. Mayer SH did not accept the waterwheel (or whirling rosette as he called it) as a
heraldic device. We feel, however, that it represents a blazon; it may not be so clear on
the above two specimens, as the engraver overdid his task and multiplied the spokes to
13. On the following coins, however, the heraldic nature of the central shield seems
much more obvious.
Spokes of waterwheel clockwise
As above, but the design and writing much larger, so that only part of the engraving is
on the flan. The spokes of the waterwheel on the reverse, less in number, are curved
clockwise.
BM, J. Walker presented 1951 (18) 7 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 860a. ANS, six
specimens: (16, 4.77) 10 spokes; (19, 3.64) 8 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 860b; (18, 4.31) 8
spokes; (18, 5.07) 6 spokes; (18, 4.58) 6 spokes; (19, 3.01) 6 spokes. PAM (18) 6
spokes Plate XXXVIII, 86oc. Jungfleisch (19, 3.84) 6 spokes.
Conjectural attributions to this sultan

Stx-petaled Rosette
*861. No mint, undated (or both missing).
Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal chain.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
.....
Circular line in circle of dots.
Linear hexagram, in which small six-petaled rosette.
Balog (15) Plate XXXVIII.
ḤAMĀH
861. bis Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by horizontal cable to right:
‫الناصر‬/
. . . .‫الملك‬
‫بحماة‬
‫ضرب‬
BMC 699 (15) listed under uncertain Mamlūks. Probably al-Nāṣr Muḥammad b.
Qā'itbāy.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ SA'ĪD QĀNṢŪH

904–905 H. = 1498–1500 A.D.
Only a handful of dinars and a unique fals have come down to us, but no silver.
Gold
MINT AND DATE NOT MENTIONED (OR MISSING)
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
‫ابو سعيد قانصوه‬/
‫عز نصره‬
‫ارسله‬/
‫ال اله االهللا‬/
‫محمد رسول‬/
‫بالهدى‬
L 1112 (15, 3.36). Khediv. 1618. Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX, 862a;
(15, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 862b; (15, 3.34); (15, 3.37).
As above, but an additional alif between Abū and Sa'id, ‫ابو اسعيد‬:
BMC 687 (15, 3.39). L 1113 (15, 3.38). Balog, two specimens: (14, 3.28) Plate XXXIX,
862c; (15, 3.30). Beirut, two specimens.
‫بدمشق‬/
‫ابو سعيد قانصوه عز نصره‬/
As above.
L 1114 (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX. BMC 687b (15, 3.30).
UNCERTAIN VARIETY
Cunha 1518, 1519.

Silver
For a unique dirhem with mint missing 904 H. cf. infra p. 402, Plate XLIV, H.
Copper
Heraldic
Lion passant
Square medallion standing on edge, a convexity on each side. Center:
‫قاه‬
‫نصو‬
Border: circular line in circle of dots. In the field, lion passant to left.
Balog (17, 3.35) Plate XXXIX.
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR JĀNBALĀṬ

905–906 H. = 1500–1501 A.D.
*865. Until a few years ago there were no coins known of this ruler, who was
assassinated less than six months after he ascended the throne. During building-
excavations a large hoard of late Burji dinars was unearthed at the Lebanese town of
Tripoli and according to the law of this country the treasure was adjudged in equal
shares to the National Museum in Beirut and to those who found the coins. The treasure
— which really deserves this name from the numismatic point of view as well as in the
sense of value in weight, because it contained several hundred gold coins — was
composed mostly of Qā'itbāy's dinars, but there were coins of Khushqadam, al-Nāṣir
Muḥammad, al-Ẓāhir Qānṣuh, al-'Ādil Ṭumānbāy, Qānṣūh al-Ghūri, and last but not
least, six gold coins of Jānbalāṭ.
The border is missing on all dinars of Jānbalāṭ, as well as the mint and date. The field
on both sides is divided by horizontal cables to right.
‫جان بالط‬
‫ابو النصر‬/
‫عز نصره‬
‫ارسله‬/
‫بالهدى‬
Balog, three specimens: (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX; (15, 3.31); (15, 3.40). Beirut, three
specimens.
AL-'ĀDIL SAYF AL-DĪN ABŪ AL-NAṢR ṬUMĀNBĀY

906 H. = 1501 A.D.
Very scarce; only five dinars were known in the literature, but the Tripoli hoard
increased their number to 13. No silver or copper is known to exist.
Gold
MINT MISSING (OR NO MINT), 906 H.
866. Border of dots.
Field divided by horizontal cables to left on both sides.
• ‫الملك العادل‬/
‫ابو النصر طوامان باى‬/
٦٠٩/
‫ارسله‬/
‫بالهدى‬
(Date written in rev.)
L 1115 (15, 3.40) Rev.: 1116 ; ‫) الهاله‬15, 3.36) Rev.: 1117 ;‫) اله اله‬15, 3.36)
Rev.:• ‫ الا له االه‬Balog, three specimens: (17, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 866a, Rev.: ‫;اله اله‬
(15, 3.34) Plate, XXXIX, 866b, Rev.: ‫) اله اله‬15, 3.35) Rev.: ‫اله اله‬. Beirut, three
specimens.
NO MINT OR MINT MISSING; DATE MISSING
‫الملك العادل‬
‫ابو النصر طومان باى عز نصره‬
As above.
BMC 687k (15, 3.37). Khediv. 1619. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate XXXIX;
(15, 3.35).
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI

906–922 H. = 1501–1516 A.D.
Although numerous dinars of al-Ghūri exist in modern collections and appear not
infrequently in the goldsmiths' bazaars, the gold coinage of this sultan is incompletely
known. Only mintless gold is known of the first few years, Aleppo is represented by a
dinar with date missing, Cairo started to issue in 913 H. only, and Damascus began even
later, in 917 H.
Silver, just as in the case of most other Burji sultans, is scarcer than gold and the
legends are nearly always partly missing.
Copper becomes more abundant once again and, simultaneously with it, bronze makes
its first (and last) appearance in Mamlūk coinage.
Gold
The following two dinars, although the date is missing, are listed at the beginning of this
section, because the protocol contains al-Ghūri's patronymic, Abū al-Naṣr, written
together with his name in the same way as was usual under his predecessors. The style
of writing also resembles that on the dinars of Qā'itbāy, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, al-Ẓāhir
Qānṣūh and Jānbalāṭ. We believe, therefore, that both coins are probably early issues of
al-Ghūri.

‫قانصوه الغورى‬
‫ابو النصر‬/
/‫محمد رسول هللا‬/
Abū al-Naṣr Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written:
Balog (16, 3.25) Plate XXXIX.
*869 Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left. In center, an arabesque knot.
/(‫السلطان الملك)االشرف‬
/ /
/]‫ابو(النصر قانصوه ال[غورى‬
As above, but eables to left:
/ /
ANS (16, 3.33) Plate XXXIX.
Abū al-Naṣr Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written:
NO MINT, 908 H.
‫قانصوه الغورى‬/
‫عز نصره‬
‫ارسله‬/
٨٠٩ (sic)
BMC 688 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX.
Numerals reversed: ٨٠٩ Qānṣūh written
NO MINT, 909 H.
Legends as above.
Legends as above, but date: ٩٠٩
L 1122 (14, 3.39) Plate XXXIX.
NO MINT, 910 H.
872. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٠
L 1123 (3.36). BMC 689 (15, 3.39). Balog (15, 3.29) Plate XXXIX.
NO MINT, 911 H.
873. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١١
BMC 690 (15, 3.38).
*874. As above.
ANS (14, 3.38).
As above, but at top: ‫بحلب‬

CAIRO
On all coins Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written:
913 H.
‫قانصوه الغورى‬/
‫عز نصره‬
‫ بالقاهرة‬/ ?
٩١٣
L 1124 (3.38); 1125 (3.39); 1126 (3.41); 1127 (3.39) Rev.; small ‫ ح‬above ‫اله ح‬. Khediv.
1620. ANS (16, 3.41). Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX, 875a. Rev.:
small ‫ ح‬above ‫ ;اله ح‬Balog (16, 3.40) Plate XXXIX, 875b. Obv.: ‫ ح‬between Qānṣūh and
al Ghūri: ‫ قانصوه ح الغورى‬Rev.: small ‫ ح‬above ‫اله ح‬.
914 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal
rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
‫قانصوه ح الغورى‬/
‫عز نصره‬
٩١٤
Note the tiny numeral ٩ above the letter fā of Ashraf; probably the sign of officina No.
6?
BMC 692 (16, 3.37); 693 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. L 1128 (3.29). Bergmann, NZ 1876
p. 42 (3.40). P. Vog. 1553. ANS (17) 3.43. Thorburn.
915 H.
877. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٥
BMC 694 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. Khediv. 1621. ANS (20, 3.33). Balog, two
specimens: (17, 3.40); (18, 3.33).
916 H.
878. As above, but no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩١٦
BMC 695 (17, 3.36) Plate XXXIX. Balog (18, 3.40).
917 H.
879. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٧
Cottevieille-Giraudet, RN 1934, (18 3.35). No description of cables and other details.
918 H.
880. Border on both sides; circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by upper horizontal cable to left, central row of flowerets
placed on a row of tiny arches, concave side up and a lower horizontal cable to left.
Legends as above: officina number: two, ٢٠.
Legends as above, but date: ٩١٨
Floweret above: ‫اله‬

L 1121 (3.43) Date missing, but officina number 2 seems to be restricted to the 918 H.
issue. Balog, two specimens: (17, 3.39); (18, 3.35) Plate XXXIX.
919 H.
881. As above, but no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩١٩
L 1129 (3.32); 1130 (3.34) date missing; no officina number, therefore either 919 or 920
H. Balog (18, 3.42).
920 H.
882. As above, no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩٢٠
Balog (18, 3.42).
insufficient description
Khediv. 1622, 1623. Rogers; Calcutta Mus. Cat. 7980. Cunha 1520–23. Schulman list
19, no. 46. Gotha 1057 (3.38); 1058.
DAMASCUS
917 H.
‫الملك االشرف ابو‬/
‫النصر قانصوه الغورى‬/
‫عز نصره‬
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left, but in the center, linear hexalobe,
intersecting the central cable.
/‫اال هللا‬
/‫ال اله‬
/
‫رسول هللا‬/
/‫محمد‬
Mint and date in the hexalobe:
‫بدمشق‬
‫سنة‬
٩١٧
L 1119 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
918 H.
884. As above.
As above but date: ٩١٨
L 1120 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
919 H.
885. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٩
L 1118 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 885a. BMC 695g (14, 3.24) Plate XL, 885b. Horovitz (15,
3.30) Plate XL, 885c.
NO MINT, UNDATED
886. Border on both sides: wavy circular line.
‫قانصوه‬
‫ى‬
‫الغو‬
‫ر‬

‫ارسله‬/
‫بالهدى‬
L 1133 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 886a. Beirut, two specimens. Balog, three specimens: (14,
3.34) Plate XL, 886b; (15, 3.32) Plate XL, 886c; (15, 3.25).
Silver
Type I
MINT AND DATE MISSING; POSSIBLY CAIRO
‫? السلطان‬/
‫قانصوه ح الغورى‬/
‫عز نضره‬
.....
Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.06) Plate XL, 887a; (14, 1.11) Plate XL, 887b.
Type II
‫السلطان الملك )الشرف قا(نصره‬
Linear hexalobe; center: ‫الغورى‬
ANS (15, 1.45).

As above.
Type III
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
A
‫فانصوره‬
‫الغورى‬
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
Khediv. 1626, 1627, 1628. Siouffi p.19. ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.17); (12, 0.51).
Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.21) Plate XL, 889a; (16, 1.15) Plate XL, 889b.
Traces of clockwise marginal legend:
. . . . .(‫السلطان )الملك‬
Linear tetralobe; center:
Traces of clockwise marginal legend:
. . . . .(‫السلطان )الملك‬
Linear rhomboid with convex sides, the edges connected with the border. Center:
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
Beyram 284 probably belongs here. BM, R. M. Hodgson 1942 5–6–4 (15, 1.16) Plate
XL.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
891. Border and marginal legend missing on both sides.
‫بحلب‬
BMC 696 (11, 0.40) Plate XL. Siouffi p. 19. Balog (13, 1.01).
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫شرف ابو النصر عزنصره‬ ‫السلطان الملك اال‬
Linear octolobe with floweret at top and bottom. Center:
‫قاه‬
‫نصو‬
‫ل هللا‬ ‫محمد رسو‬ ‫اال هللا‬ ‫ال اله‬
Linear octolobe with floweret at the four cardinal points; center:
‫ى‬
‫الغو‬
‫ر‬
L 1134 (1.23); 1135 (1.38). ANS (14, 1.24). Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.20 Plate XL;
(13, 1.20).
Copper and bronze
There are three types:
I. Epigraphic on both sides.
II. Cbverse epigraphic, reverse anepigraphic.
III. Obverse epigraphic, reverse heraldic.
I
CAIRO, 905 H.?
‫شرف ابو النصر عزنصره‬ ‫السلطان الملك اال‬
Linear hexalobe with floweret at top and bottom. Center:
‫قاه‬
‫نصو‬
?... ‫بالقاهرة‬ ‫عام‬ ٩٠ B ?
Hexalobe with concave sides.
Floweret at the four cardinal points. Center:
‫ى‬
‫الغو‬
‫ر‬
L 1136 (23, 8.22) Plate XL, 893a. ANS (24, 8.64). BM, Pietraszewski 4–53–6–478.
Balog, four specimens: (19, 7.65); (20, 8.42); (21, 8.67) Plate XL, 893b. bronze; (21,
7.65) bronze.
CAIRO, 917 H.
‫قانصوه‬
‫عز نصره‬
‫الغورى‬
٩١٧
Wien 756 (23) Plate XL.
CAIRO, 918 H.
895. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٨
BMC 697 (23) Plate XL. Balog (21, 6.15) bronze.
Same Type
DATE MISSING
Fraehn, Paralipomena p. 79. Tab. IV. No. 13. Fonrobert 6588, 6589. Wien 757, 758,
759. Jungfleisch (21, 8.24) bronze. Balog, two specimens: (21) bronze; (24) bronze.
NO MINT (OR MISSING), 922 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by a thick horizontal cable to left:
‫قانصوه‬/
......
‫الغورى‬/
٩٢٢
Jungfleisch, two specimens: (23, 3.05) bronze; (21, 7.25) bronze. The two coins are no
longer available for examination.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MINT AND DATE MISSING?)
*897. Square flan; border missing on both sides.
Oblong cartouche, in which:
‫قانصوه‬
Oblong cartouche, in which:
‫الغورى‬
BM, no number (19, 5 mm. thickness) Plate XL.
Cf. Balog, NC 1963. It is not an oblong cartouche, but a fesse.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MINT AND DATE MISSING?)
Field divided into small squares, in each square a pellet. In center, a prayer-niche
shaped medallion, in which:
‫قاه‬
‫نصو‬
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp. In it:
‫ى‬
‫الغو‬
‫ر‬
ANS (23, 8.80). München (21, 7.15). Balog (19, 8.72) Plate XL.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MINT AND DATE MISSING)
Linear square, connected with the border. Center: ‫قانصوه‬
In right hand segment: (‫)عز‬
In left hand segment: ‫نصره‬
Border missing.
Marginal legend effaced.
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp.
Center: ‫الغورى‬
Balog (20, 6.78) Plate XL, bronze.
II
NO MINT, UNDATED
900. Border: linear hexalobe.
‫ى‬
‫الغو‬
‫ر‬
Border missing.
The entire field is occupied by a complicated arabesque star.

BMC 697d (20). ANS (20, 6.64). Ashmol., two specimens: (22) Plate XLI, 900a; (22).
Wien 765–771, seven specimens. Balog (21, 5.42) Plate XLI, 900b.
NO MINT, UNDATED
‫قانصوه‬
‫الغورى‬
In a circle of large dots, linear miḥrāb, in which is suspended a mosque-lamp.

Anepigraphic.
Balog, two specimens (20, 9.77) Plate XLI, bronze; (20, 9.99) bronze.
III
Heraldic
NO MINT OR MINT MISSING, 907 H.
(Fesse + Chalice)
Linear hexagram, with pellet in each small triangle and flowerets in the external
segments; center:
‫قانصوه‬
Central segment: large chalice containing:
‫الغورى‬
Lower segment: ٩٠٧
Flanking the chalice on the right: ‫ عز‬and the left: ‫نصره‬
Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.90) Plate XLI, 902a; (21, 4.98) Plate XLI, 902b.
On the second coin, ‫ نصره‬on the reverse is written from left to right.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Waterwheel
Field divided by a thick horizontal cable to right:
‫قانصوه‬/
‫الغورى‬
Border of large pellets.
Waterwheel with eight spokes curved counter-clockwise.
BM, F.W. Armitage 1929 11–14–5 (22). Wien 763 (20) Plate XLI.
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR ṬUMĀNBĀY 922 H. = 1516 A.D.

Only two gold coins have been published, and so far neither silver nor copper have been
found.
CAIRO, 922 H.
904. Border on both sides; circular line.
‫ابو النصر طومان باى‬/
‫عز نصره‬
ω ‫محمد رسول هللا‬/
٩٢٢
L 1141 (18, 3.25). Khediv. Additions p. 204. ANS (18, 3.25). Ashmol. (20) Plate XLI,
904a. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.30) Plate XLI, 904b; (17, 3.20). Horovitz, three
specimens.
UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTIONS
BAḤRI
ḤAMĀH
905. Border of dots?
Round shield, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Central bar bendy to left with 14 pieces.
Border of dots.
Round shield, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: chandelier?

Central segment: chalice or table?
Lower segment: empty.
Mayer SH Pl. XX, No. 6. Balog (19) Plate XLL.
This is an anonymous fals, struck at Ḥamāh, undated. Probably Qalā'ūn's House.
TRIPOLI
Linear square, in the segments floral ornaments. Center:
‫ال اله اال ا‬
‫هلل محمد‬
Linear hexagram; small ornaments in the triangles and the external segments. Center:
‫ضرب‬
‫بلس‬
‫طر‬
Balog (18) Plate XLI.
Anonymous. Tripoli, undated. The style and arrangement of legends and decoration
place this coin in the period of al-Ashraf Sha'bān or al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji. Tripoli written
without an alif.
INCOMPLETE
Field divided by flexed cable to left, with pellets in the spaces.
‫ المظفر‬or ‫ الملك المنصور‬/ ‫ الدنيا والدين‬. . . .
Incuse impression of the obverse, caused by a previously struck fals left by mistake in
the die.

The sultan's title is either al-Maṣūr or al-Muẓaffar; it is very difficult to read. It is
equally difficult to decide, whether it is a Baḥri or a Burji coin. If the reading is al-
Manṣūr, we have to choose between the Baḥri al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and the Burji 'Izz
al- Dīn 'Abd al-'Azīz. Earlier and later coins with this title are different in design and
can be disregarded. On the other hand, if we should read al-Muẓaffar, then for the same
reason al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji (Baḥri) and al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad are the only sultans to
consider. For the time being the attribution must remain undecided.
BURJI
INCOMPLETE
*908. Square flan. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment:. . . . ‫الملك‬
Central segment: fish to right
Lower segment: missing
Upper segment missing
Central segment: quadruped (lion ?) passant to right
Lower segment: missing
The whole fabric suggests Barqūq's or Faraj's period. The lion as well as the fesse are
common to both sultans. The fish is a rare heraldic symbol.
INCOMPLETE
Field divided by horizontal chains.
.....
(‫الملك الظا)هر‬
....‫ابو سعيد‬
Clockwise circular legend: ‫ثمانماية‬.....‫بالقاهرة‬
In center three spindles in form of a triquetra:

Jungfleisch (19, 2.27) Plate XLI.
Jungfleisch attributed this coin to Jaqmaq.
25
ḤAMĀH, UNDATED
Upper segment: ‫ضرب بحماة‬/
Central segment: ‫الملك الظاهر‬/
Lower segment: ‫خلد هللا ملكه‬
In the center small wheel with six spokes, or rather the negative of a six-petaled rosette;
surrounded by a double zig-zag circular line, forming lozenges all around. Pellets in the
spaces.
BM, no number (18) Plate XXXXI. ANS (18, 1.49).
This coin has the appearance of a Burji fals. The title al-Ẓāhir is common to several
sultans, but we can exclude the later period, as the fulūs of Jaqmaq, Kushqadam,
Temirbughā and Qānṣūh, more or less known, are different in style. Ṭaṭar and Bilbāy
are not likely prospects. Our best guess, therefore, is Barqūq, with whom the heraldic
devices, fesse and six-petaled rosette, are also consistent.
SUPPLEMENT A HOARD OF SILVER COINS STRUCK BY AL-

MU'AYYAD SHAYKH
This hoard, as already mentioned in the chapter dealing with al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (p.
302, above), came to light too late to be incorporated in the catalogue at its proper place,
and is fully described here as a supplement. Several varieties of the coins appear in the
catalogue as well as in this hoard; other varieties, however, are represented either in the
one or the other only and it is, therefore, necessary to compare the details of both series.
Consisting of 222, mostly well preserved silver coins, these new pieces increase the
corpus of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's dirhem issues sevenfold. It contains 112 specimens
struck in Cairo (and one with no mint, but clearly of the Cairo type), 97 issued in
Damascus and 12 minted in Aleppo. In order of chronology, many are the specimens of
the years 817, 818 and 819 H. already known to us. Furthermore, the hoard contains
coins of 820 (Cairo and Damascus) and 821 H. (Cairo).
Probably the most important contribution of this hoard to our knowledge of al-
Mu'ayyad Shaykh's coinage, is in the field of metrology. The material formerly at our
disposal consisted of coins weighing between 0.90 and 1.36 gram, but most specimens
were around 1.30 gram. Only two coins weighed 1.62 and 1.67 respectively and a third
was 2.60. These figures gave the impression that the entire issue was based on the 1.30
weight, which may or may not represent the half-dirhem.
Examination of our lot reveals that al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's silver belongs to three well
defined and clearly recognizable denominations belonging to the system of the dirhem.
Out of 222 coins, 23 are full dirhems, 189 half-dirhems and 10 quarter-dirhems. The full
dirhems all belong to the Cairo mint; none appears to have been struck in Syria. Also,
the bulk of the coins are half-dirhems (about 90%), which explains their near
exclusivity in the earlier material at our disposal.
The full dirhems weigh between 2.60 and 2.73, the half-dirhems between 1.20 and 1.43
(the overwhelming majority is around 1.30) and the quarters from 0.60 to 0.72. There is
no doubt that the weight of the coins was deliberately reduced, corresponding to a
devaluation of about 10% of the legal weight of the dirhem.
CAIRO
817 H.
DATE WITHOUT DECADE
Border on both sides; two festooned, scalloped, intertwining ribbons; each ribbon
consists of a line of dots between two simple lines
‫ابو النصر شيخ‬
‫بالقاهرة سبع ثمانماية‬
‫هللا‬
‫ ثمانماية‬in different stages of completeness.
Dirhems
*A
fourteen specimens: (20, 2.70); (19, 2.66) Plate XLII A/2); (18) 2.68); (18, 2.80); (20,
2.60); (19, 2.70) Plate XLII A/6; (20, 2.68); (19, 2.61) Plate XLII A/8; (19, 2.65); (18,
2.63); (19, 2.72); (19, 2.72); (18, 2.70); (18, 2.72).
Half-dirhems
*B
seven specimens: (17, 1 32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII B/2; (14, 1.34); (15, 1.30) Plate XLII
B/4; (15, 1.31) Plate XLII B/5; (15, 1.31); (14, 1.20).
Quarter-dirhems
*C
six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.64); (11, 0.69) Plate XLII, C3; (12, 0.63); (13, 0.65);
Plate XLII, C 5; (13, 0.60).
DATE WITH DECADE
*D As above, but last line:
‫بالقاهرة سبع عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
Dirhems
three specimens: (20, 2.62) Plate XLII D/1; (18, 2.64) Plate XLII D/2; (17, 2.36) Plate
XLII D/3.
818 H.
(A. Date without decade: ‫ثمان ثمانماية‬, cf. Shaykh's coins in Catalogue)
B DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY, THE LATTER IN DIFFERENT

STAGES OF COMPLETENESS
‫بالقاهرة ثمان عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
Dirhems
*E
six specimens: (19, 2.63) Plate XLII E/1; (18, 2.68); (19, 267) Plate XLII E/3; (19, 2.73)
Plate XLII E/4; (19, 2.60); (18, 2.51).
Half-dirhems
*F
twenty specimens: (13, 1.11); (14, 1.28) Plate XLII F/2; (14, 1.34); (14, 1.32) Plate
XLII F/4; (14, 1.36); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.37); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.37); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII
F/10; (15, 1.30); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.37); (15, 1.31); (15, 1.28); (16, 1.38); (17,
1.27) Plate XLII F/18; (17, 1.31); (18, 1.27).
819 H.
‫بالقاهرة تسع عشر ثمانماية‬
As above.
Half-dirhems
*G
twenty-four specimens: (16, 1.27); (15, 1.43); (16, 1.14) Plate XLII G/3; (15, 1.36); (15,
1.36) Plate XLII G/5; (15, 1.27) Plate XLII G/6; (15, 1.26); (15, 1.30); (15, 1.34); (15,
1.34); (15, 1.37); (15, 1.40); (15, 129); (15, 136); (14, 136); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.22); (16,
1.31); (14, 1.34); (14, 1.18); (14, 1.35); (14, 1.35); (13, 1.29); (14, 1.34).
Quarter-dirhem
*H
(11, 0.69) Plate XLII H.
820 H.
‫بالقاهرة عشرين ثمانماية‬
As above.
Half-dirhems.
*I
eight specimens: (16, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII I/2; (15, 1.24); (13, 1.34); (13, 1.04);
(13, 1.31); (12, 1.33); (12, 1.26).
Quarter-dirhem
*J
(10, 0.72) Plate XLII J.
821 H.
‫بالقاهرة احد عشرين‬
As above.
Quarter-dirhem
*K
(11, 0.63) Plate XLII K.
DATE MISSING
12 half-dirhems and 5 quarter-dirhems.
UNDATED
Half-dirhems
*L Ringlets in the intersections around the rev. border.
‫ابو النصر شيخ‬
As above.
three specimens: (17, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLIII L/2; (14, 1.37).
NO MINT (BUT CAIRO TYPE), UNDATED
*M Ringlets in the intersections around the obv. border.
‫( النصر شيخ‬sic) ‫المو‬
‫المويد‬
As above.
Half-dirhem
(15, 1.00) Plate XLIII M.
At the first line of the obverse, engraver's error: instead of ‫ابو النصر‬,‫المو النصر‬.
DAMASCUS
All coins are half-dirhems
818 H.
N* Border on both sides: as on the Cairo issues.
‫شيخ‬
‫ثمان عشر ثمانماية‬
‫بدمشق‬
‫ضرب‬
thirty-one specimens: (15, 1.29); (15, 1.15); (13, 1.19); (13, 1.28) Plate XLIII N/4; (15,
1.26) Plate XLIII N/5; (15, 1.31); (15, 1.27); (15, 1.34); (15, 1.32); (15, 1.32); (14,
1.27); (14, 1.30); (14, 1.24); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.32); (14, 1.31); (13, 1.25); (13,
1.30); (13, 1.33); (13, 130); (13, 124); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.30); (13,
1.30); (13, 1.34); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.26).
DATE WITH CENTURY BUT WITHOUT DECADE
*O As above, but last line: ‫ثمان ثمانماية‬
As above.
eight specimens: (13, 1.35); (16, 1.31); (14, 1.33) Plate XLIII O/3; (14, 1.28); (14, 1.27)
Plate XLIII O/5; (14, 1.30); (13, 1.32); (13, 1.29).
819 H.
DATE WITH DECADE BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
*P As above, but last line: ‫تسع عشر‬
As above.
twelve specimens: (14, 1.32) Plate XLIII P/1; (13, 1.30); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.33); (14,
1.30) Plate XLIII P/5; (13, 1.21); (13, 1.29) Plate XLIII P/7; (13, 1.29); (13, 1.36); (13,
1.36); (13, 1.09); (13, 1.36).
*Q As above, but last line: ‫تسع عشر ثمانماية‬

As above.
nine specimens: (14, 1.31) Plate XLIII Q/1; (13, 1.27); (13, 1.33); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.31);
(13, 1.32); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.40).
820 H.
*R As above, but last line: ‫عشرين ثمانماية‬
As above.
three specimens: (14, 1.30); (12, 1.33) Plate XLIII R/2; (14, 1.26) Plate XLIII R/3.
DATE MISSING
twenty-nine specimens
New type, with ‫ ;عز نصره‬date missing.
*S Border: linear multilobe
(‫)شيخ‬
‫المويد ابو النصر‬
‫عز نصره‬
Border: circular line
(15, 1.31) Plate XLIII S.
ALEPPO
817 H.
(A. Date: only digit, on first line of reverse.Cf. Shaykh's coins in catalogue.)
B DATE: ONLY DIGIT, ON LAST LINE OF REVERSE
*T Border as on the Cairo coins.

‫شيخ‬
‫السلطان املك المويد‬
.....
‫سنة سبع‬
(14, 1.37) Plate XLIII T.
DATE: WITHOUT CENTURY, ON FIRST LINE OF REVERSE
*U As above.
As above, but first line: ‫سبع عشر‬
two specimens: (13, 1.39) Plate XLIII U/1; (13, 1.34).
818 H.
DATE DIGIT ONLY, ON LAST LINE OF REV.
*V As above.
As above, but last line: ‫ثمان‬ (sic)
two specimens: (14, 1.25) Plate XLIII V/1; (14, 1.27).
DATE WITH CENTURY, BUT WITHOUT DECADE
*W As above.
As above, but last line: ‫ثمان ثمانماية‬
(14, 1.32) Plate XLIII W.
SAME TYPE, DATE MISSING
four specimens: (17, 1.34); (15, 1.31); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.26).
NEW TYPE, DATE MISSING
*Z Border on both sides: circular line.
‫السلطان الملك المويد ابو النصر عز نصره‬
Center, in circular line: · · ‫∴ شيخ‬
(16, 1.20) Plate XLIII Z.
Shahādā double-struck, but first line legible: ‫ضرب بحلب‬
SECOND SUPPLEMENT
BAḤRI MAMLŪKS
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN QALĀ'ŪN 678–689 H. = 1279–1290 A.D.
Only three dirhems ofḤ Hamāh are listed in the corpus, of the year 679 and one, date
missing.
Dr. George C. Miles has kindly informed me that a lot of 305 silver coins turned up in
the New York market recently. The mint, Ḥamāh, is preserved on 147 specimens and
whenever the date is legible, it is 689 H., Qalā'ūn's last year. Eight coins appear to be
half-dirhems. The complete legend has been kindly communicated by Dr. Miles:
ḤAMĀH, 689 H.
SS. 1
In the field:
‫سيف المنصور الدنيا‬
‫والدين قالون‬
In the field:
‫ال اله هللا‬
Right ‫○وستماية‬
Bottom ○‫وثمانين‬
Left ‫سنة تسعة‬
Top ‫ضرب بحماة‬
Right ‫○كله‬
Bottom ‫على الدين‬
Left ○‫ليظهره‬
Top ○‫○ودين الحق‬
. ANS.
AL-NĀṢIR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 742–743 H. = 1342 A.D.
SS. 2
DAMASCUS, 743 H.
In the field linear hexagram with small pellet in the external angles.
‫مشق‬
‫بد‬
Center: ‫ثالث‬
‫سنة‬
Cu. Balog, Plate XLIV, A. (18, 3.20).
This is the second known specimen of an exceedingly rare coin. It is anonymous; there
can, however, be no doubt about the attribution to al-Nāṣir Aḥmad.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLḤ AL-DĪN ṢĀLIḤ 752–755 H. = 1351–1354 A.D.
ALEPPO OR ḤAHĀH, DATE MISSING
SS. 3
>.......
...‫)بن(الملك الناصر محمد‬
.....
ω ‫ رسول هللا ارسله‬٧
. Balog (20). Plate XLIV, B.
The legend of this dirhem is similar to that in the catalogue Erman No. 17. Whereas the
latter shows no traee of the mint, the present coin shows the first letter, a , of the mint
name, which must be either Ḥalab or Ḥamāh.
Heretofore three dirhems of this sultan were known; the present coin is the fourth.
BURJI MAMLŪKS AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DIN FARAJ

I. 801–808 H. = 1399–1405 A.D.
II. 809–815 H. = 1406–1412 A.D.
DAMASCUS, 802 H.
SS. 4
The present coin, of the Damascus issue with fleur-de-lis chalice, belongs to a series of
which the years 8o1, 803 and 806 are known. The emission was copied from a similar
one struck by Barqūq, Faraj's father.
Border on both sides: linear hexalobe.
In the field:
‫عز نصره‬
In the field fleur-de-lis chalice, around
Cu. (22, 4.35). Balog.
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR BARSBĀY 825–841 H. = 1422–1438 A.D.
CAIRO, 829 H.
SS. 5
‫بالقاهرة ضرب‬
‫برى نصره‬
‫ابو النصر سبا غز‬
‫)عام(تسع عشرين وثمانماية‬
‫هللا‬
. (22, 4.925). Balog Plate XLIV, C.
CAIRO, 830 H.
SS. 6
As above but last line:

‫عام ثالين وثمانماية‬
As above.
. (24, 4.635). Balog Plate XLIV, D.
All the known gold coins of Barsbāy belong to the reform type based on the Venetian
sequin, initiated in Egypt by al-Nāṣir Faraj. The sequin-type coins weigh between 3.40
and 3.50 grams. They also show a new design and arrangement of the legends.
The present two gold coins, on the contrary, do not belong to the dinar (mithqāl) or the
sequin system and show the traditional design and arrangement of legends of the Baḥri
gold issues. They were struck in 829 and 830 H., contemporary with the earliest known
sequin-type emissions of Barsbāy. They give the impression that the sultan at first was
undecided whether to promote the new, sequin-type coinage or to return to the old
system in which the gold played the role of bullion only. No Baḥri type gold is known
of later years, only the sequin-type, and this latter in great numbers. We suppose
therefore that the large-flan emissions were discontinued.
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR AYNĀL 857–865 H. = 1453–1461 A.D.
Although both issues are already known, the coins are more than scarce and new
specimens deserve mention.
CAIRO, 85... H.
Heraldic
Fesse
SS. 7
‫شرف اينال‬/
‫الملك اال‬/
Cu. (18, 2.55). Balog.
Border missing.
Traces of clockwise circular legend:
....‫وخمسين‬....
Small circular medallion with three tubular prolongations toward the margin.
Within: ‫هرة‬
‫بالقا‬
CAIRO, 863 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
SS. 8
Border: circle of dots between two circular lines.
‫السلطان الملك االشرف ابو النصر اينال‬
In the center small arabesque knot.
Cu. (18, 2.72). Balog.
‫ثالث وستين‬/
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ-SA'ĪD KHUSHQADAM 865–872 H. = 1461–1467 A.D.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
SS. 9
Border missing.
Field divided by ornamented horizontal ribbon:
In the field central linear rhomboid, connected with the border.
In the segments:
LL ‫خشقدم‬
LR ?
UR ‫الظاهر‬
UL ‫الملك‬
Cu. (25, 3.83). Balog Plate XLIV, E.
The rhomboid on the reverse may represent a heraldic buqjah or "napkin", or it may be
a simple ornamental element.
I was unable to read the word in the lower right segment. It is part of the protocol, but is
neither Abū-Sa'īd nor Sayf al-Dīn, both titles of Khushqadam.
AL-NĀṢIR ABŪ AL-SA'ĀDĀT MUḤAMMAD 901–904 H. = 1496–1498

A.D.
SS. 10
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal lines:
...../
‫الملك الناصر‬/
‫ابو السعادات محمد‬/

٩٠٢ ‫عام‬
...../
)‫(ا(ارسله بالهد)ى‬
. (15, 1.41). Balog Plate XLIV, F.
SS. 11
As above, but last line missing.
As above.
. (15, 1 .41). Balog Plate XLIV, G.
These two issues are unpublished.
26
AL-ẒĀHIR ABŪ-SA'ĪD QĀNṢŪH 904–905 H. = 1498–1500 A.D.
SS. 12
Border of dots in which counter-clockwise circular legend:
‫السلطان)الملك الظاهر عز(نصره‬
In linear multilobe:
‫قاه‬
‫نصو‬
Border missing. Field divided by three horizontal lines:
...../
‫)ال اله(اال هللا‬/
‫)محمد رسو(ل هللا‬/

‫ عا‬٩٠
. (12, 1.46). Balog Plate XLIV, H.
This dirhem is unique.
BACK
INDEXES
All names are in alphabetical order disregarding the article al- (‫)ال‬.
The letter "a" after the catalogue number signifies either the current number (i.e., 210.a),
or the group of coins immediately following it. This group "a" belongs to the variety
described under the said number, but, generally, with date missing.
The abbreviation "ref." after a catalogue number refers to the coin(s) cited in the
references following the said number.
SS. refers to the Second Supplement of the Catalogue.
Coins with date missing, or undated, are not recorded in the Index of Years.
INDEX OF MINTS
Al-Iskandarīyah (Alexandria)
Date (AH) Metal Catalogue No. Page

AYBAK
654 Ꜹ 7 76
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN ʿALI
655 Ꜹ 14 78
656 Ꜹ 15 78
657 Ꜹ 16, 17 79
BAYBARS I
658 Ꜹ 27 85
659 Ꜹ 28 86
661 Ꜹ 30 86
667 Ꜹ 31 87
668 Ꜹ 32 87
673 Ꜹ 33 87
Missing Ꜹ 33.a, 33.b 87
BARAKA QĀN
676 Ꜹ 104 107
QALĀʾŪN
681 Ꜹ 119 113
684 128 116
Missing Ꜹ 119.a 113
KHALĪL
690 Ꜹ 146 121
692 Ꜹ 147 122
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd regin)
756 Ꜹ 349 194
758 Ꜹ 350 194
759 Ꜹ 351 194
Missing Ꜹ 351 ref. 194
AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD
762 Ꜹ 378 201
764 Ꜹ 379 202
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN II
765 Ꜹ 409 210
766 Ꜹ 410 210
767 Ꜹ 411 210
769 Ꜹ 412 211
770 Cu 449 219
773 Ꜹ 413 211
773 Cu 450 219
775 Ꜹ 414 211
776 Cu 451 219
777 Ꜹ 415 211
777 Cu 452 219
AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI
781 Ꜹ 488 231
Missing Ꜹ 487 231
Missing 493 233
Undated Cu 499, 500 234
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st reign)
783 Cu 522 243
784 Cu 523 243
Undated Cu 521 242
(2nd reign)
Undated Cu 531 246
BARQŪQ
784 Cu 556 257
785 Cu 557 257
788 Ꜹ 540 250
791 Ꜹ 541 250
Undated Cu 586, 587 265
FARAJ
803 Cu 645 285
807 Cu 646 286
810 Ꜹ 634 282
AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH
818 Ꜹ 682, 683 301
823 Ꜹ 684 302
82– Ꜹ 685 302
Al-Qāhirah (Cairo)
SHAJAR AL-DURR
648 Ꜹ 1 71
648 2 71
AL-ASHRAF MŪSÂ
649 Ꜹ 3 73
650 Ꜹ 4 73
Missing 5 74
AYBAK
652 8 76
653 9 77
654 Ꜹ 6 75
654 10 77
655 11, 12 77
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN ʿALI
655 19 80
657 Ꜹ 18 79
657 20, 21 80, 81
QUṬUZ
657 24 83
658 Ꜹ 23 83
658 25 83
658 Cu 26 84
BAYBARS I
658 69 98
659 Ꜹ 34 87
659 70 98
660 Ꜹ 35 88
660 72 99
661 Ꜹ 36 88
661 73 100
662 75, 78 100, 101
663 Ꜹ 29 86
663 74, 76, 79 100, 101
664 77, 80 100, 101
665 81 101
666 82 101
667 83 102
668 84 102
669 85 102
670 86 102
671 87 102
672 88 102
674 89 102
675 90 102
676 91 102
Missing Ꜹ 36.a 88
77.a, 92,
Missing 101, 102
93
BARAKA QĀN
676 Ꜹ 104 107
676 105 107
677 106 108
678 107 108
Missing Ꜹ 107.a, 108 108
SALĀMISH
678 113, 114 111
QULĀʾŪN
678 121 114
678 Cu 148 15
681 122 115
683 123 15
685 124 115
687 Ꜹ 117 112
687 127 15
688 Ꜹ 118 13
688 125, 126 15
Missing Ꜹ 116 112
Missing 127 ref. 115
KHALĪL
690 Ꜹ 142 120
691 Ꜹ 143 120
692 Ꜹ 144 121
Missing Ꜹ 145 121
Missing 149, 150 122, 123
KITBUGHĀ
694 157 127
695 Ꜹ 155 126
695 158 127
LĀJĪN
697 Ꜹ 162 129
Missing 164 130
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN
(2nd reign)
69– Ꜹ 167 133
707 Ꜹ 168 132
Missing but 2nd region. Ꜹ 168. a 133
(3rd region)
710 Cu 232 152
711 Ꜹ 176 137
713 Ꜹ 177 137
720 Cu 242 156
721 Cu 243 156
724 Ꜹ 180 138
733 Ꜹ 181 139
738 Ꜹ 182 139
739 Ꜹ 183 139
740 Ꜹ 185 139
741 Ꜹ 186 140
Missing Ꜹ 177 138
Missing Ꜹ 192, 193 141
220, 221, 149, 150,
Undated Cu
231 152
AL-MANṢŪR ABŪ BAKR
742 Ꜹ 266 164
AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
742 Ꜹ 269 167
Missing 270 167
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL
743 Ꜹ 273 169
744 Ꜹ 274 169
745 Ꜹ 275 169
745 Cu 285 172
746 Cu 286 173
AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN
747 289 177
AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I
747 Ꜹ 305 180
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (1st reign)
748 324 186
749 Ꜹ 317 184
750 Ꜹ 318 184
751 Ꜹ 319 185
752 Ꜹ 320 185
Missing 325 186
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ
752 Ꜹ 330 188
753 Ꜹ 331 188
754 Ꜹ 331.a 188
755 Ꜹ 332 189
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd region)
756 Ꜹ 340 192
757 Ꜹ 341 192
758 Ꜹ 342, 343 192
759 Ꜹ 344 193
759 Cu 369 199
760 Ꜹ 345, 346 193
760 Cu 370 199
761 Ꜹ 347 193
761 Cu 370 199
762 Ꜹ 348 193
762 Cu 372 199
Missing 363 197
762 Ꜹ 375 201
762 Cu 385 204
763 Cu 376 201
763 Cu 386 204
764 Ꜹ 377 201
764 Cu 387 204
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN
764 Ꜹ 396 208
764 Cu 437 217
765 Ꜹ 397 208
765 Cu 438 217
766 Ꜹ 398 208
766 Cu 439 217
767 Ꜹ 399 209
767 Cu 440 217
768 Cu 441 217
769 Ꜹ 400 209
769 Cu 442 218
770 Cu 443 218
771 Ꜹ 401 209
772 Ꜹ 402 209
773 Ꜹ 403 209
773 Cu 444 218
774 Ꜹ 404 209
775 Ꜹ 405 209
775 Cu 445 218
776 Ꜹ 406 210
776 Cu 446 218
777 Ꜹ 407 210
777 Cu 447 218
778 Ꜹ 408 210
778 Cu 448 218
Missing 428, 429 214
778 Ꜹ 481, 482 230
779 Ꜹ 483 231
779 Cu 496 233
780 Ꜹ 484 231
781 Ꜹ 485 231
781 Cu 497 234
782 Ꜹ 486 231
782 Cu 498 234
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II
783 Ꜹ 510, 511, 512 238, 239
783 Cu 517, 519, 520 241, 242
784 Ꜹ 513 239
784 Cu 518 241
(2nd region, as: al-Manṣūr ḤĀjji)
791 Ꜹ 528 245
BARQŪQ (1st region)
784 Ꜹ 534 249
785 Ꜹ 535 249
785 Cu 554 256
786 Ꜹ 536 249
786 Cu 555 256
787 Ꜹ 537 250
788 Ꜹ 538 250
789 Ꜹ 539 250
789 551 254
791 Cu 555.a 256
Missing Ꜹ 539. a 250
(2nd regin)
792 Ꜹ 566 260
792 Cu 578 263
793 Cu 579 264
794 Ꜹ 567 260
794 Cu 580 264
795 Cu 581 264
796 Cu 582 264
797 Ꜹ 568 261
798 Ꜹ 569 261
798 Cu 583 264
799 Cu 584 264
800 Ꜹ 570 261
801 Ꜹ 571 261
Missing Cu 585 265
FARAJ
801 Ꜹ 613, 614 276, 277
803 Ꜹ 615 277
804 Ꜹ 616, 624 277, 279
278, 279,
805 Ꜹ 617, 625, 626
280
806 Ꜹ 618 278
807 Ꜹ 619 278
808 Ꜹ 620 278
809 Ꜹ 621 278
278, 279,
810 Ꜹ 622, 623, 628
280
812 Ꜹ 629 281
813 Ꜹ 630 281
814 Ꜹ 631 281
Missing Ꜹ 623 ref., 627 279, 280
Missing 639, 640, 641 283, 284
AL-MUSTAʿĪN BIʾLLĀH
815 Ꜹ 671 296
815 673 297
Missing 674 297
AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH
815 Ꜹ 677 299
815 686 303
816 Ꜹ 678 300
817 687, A, B 303, 388
818 688, E, F 304, 389
819 689, G, H 304, 389
820 I, J 389, 390
821 Ꜹ 678 300
821 K 390
823 Ꜹ 680, 681 300, 301
Missing 689.a, K.a 304, 390
AL-MUẒAFFAR AḤMAD
824 Ꜹ 696 307
BARSBĀY
829 Ꜹ 703, SS.5 311, 398
830 Ꜹ 704, SS.6 311, 398
831 Ꜹ 705 311
834 Ꜹ 706 312
835 Ꜹ 707 312
836 Ꜹ 708 312
837 Ꜹ 709 312
838 Ꜹ 710 312
83– Cu 730 318
840 Ꜹ 711 312
841 Ꜹ 712 312
AL-ʿAZĪZ YŪSUF
841 Ꜹ 732 319
JAQMAQ
842 Ꜹ 734 320
843 Ꜹ 735 320
844 738 321
845 739 322
846 Ꜹ 736 320
846 740 322
854 Ꜹ 737 321
737 subsequent
Missing Ꜹ 321
ref.
AL-MANṢŪR ʿUTHMĀN
Missing Ꜹ 755 328
AYNĀL
85– Cu SS.7 399
857 Ꜹ 758, 759 330
861 763 332
862 764 332
863 765 332
863 Cu 774, SS.8 336, 399
864 765.a 332
864 Cu 775 336
Missing Cu 776 336
AL-MUʾAYYAD AḤMAD
865 Ꜹ 779 338
KHUSHQADAM
865 Ꜹ 783 340
866 Ꜹ 784 340
866 790 342
867 Ꜹ 785 340
868 791 342
Missing Ꜹ 786, 787 341
Missing Cu 797 344
QĀʾITBĀY
886 Ꜹ 810 ref., 811 350
886 817 351
820 (probably
886 352
Cairo)
886 Cu 883, 884 356
887 818 352
889 Ꜹ 810 ref. 350
897 Ꜹ 812 ref. 350
Missing 818.a 352
Undated 819 352
Undated Cu 835, 836, 837 357
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B.
QĀʾITBĀY
902 849 362
902 Cu 859 365
904 Ꜹ 846, 847 361
QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI
905? (should be 909) Cu 893 378
913 Ꜹ 875 373
914 Ꜹ 876 373
915 Ꜹ 877 374
916 Ꜹ 878 374
917 Ꜹ 879 374
917 Cu 894 378
918 Ꜹ 880 374
918 Cu 895 378
919 Ꜹ 881 374
920 Ꜹ 882 374
Missing Br 895.a 378
AL-ASHRAF TUMĀNBĀY
922 Ꜹ 904 383
Dimishq (Damascus)
BAYBARS I
666 56 95
667 57, 58 95, 96
668 59 96
669 60, 61, 62 96
670 51 94
673 52 94
674 53, 63 94, 96
674 Cu 97 104
675 54 94
Missing 39, 47 89, 93.
54.a, 55 94, 95
Missing Cu 98, 99, 100 105
BARAKA QĀN
676 109 108
677 110 109
678 111 109
Missing 111.a 109
SALĀMISH
678 115 111
QALĀʾŪN
681 129 116
682 Ꜹ 120 114
683 130 116
685 131 116
687 132 117
688 133 117
689 134 117
Missing 131.a 116
Missing Cu 141 119
KHALĪL
690 Ꜹ 148 122
690 151 123
Missing 152 123
Undated Cu 153 124
KITBUGHĀ
695 Ꜹ 156 126
695 159 127
LĀJĪN
696 165 130
698 Ꜹ 163 129
Undated Cu 166 131
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD (2nd
reign)
Missing Ꜹ 170 133
(3rd reign)
711 Ꜹ 178 138
713 Ꜹ 179 138
720 Cu 244 156
730 194 142
730 Cu 261 162
731 195 142
732 Cu 247, 262 157.163
733 Cu 248 158
734 196 142
734 Cu 249 158
735 Cu 222 150
736 Cu 223 150
737 Cu 224 150
738 Ꜹ 187 140
739 Ꜹ 188 140
739 Cu 225 150
740 Ꜹ 189 141
741 Ꜹ 190 142
741 Cu 226 151
Missing 196.a, 197 142
Missing Cu 216 148
157,
Undated Cu 246, 265
163
741 Cu 267 164
742 Cu 268 165
AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
168,
743 Cu 272, SS.2
395
743 Cu 287 173
744 277 170
744 Cu 288 173
745 278 170
746 279 171
746 Cu 289 173
Missing 280 171
AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN
746 Ꜹ 299 177
746 300 179
746 Cu 303 179
747 301 178
747 Cu 304 179
747 Ꜹ 306 180
747 307 181
748 308 181
Missing 309 181
748 Ꜹ 321 185
749 Ꜹ 322 185
745 Cu 327 187
750 Ꜹ 323 185
Missing Ꜹ 333 189
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2 nd reign)
756 Ꜹ 352 194
756 Cu 373 200
757 Ꜹ 353 195
758 Ꜹ 354, 355 195
759 Ꜹ 356 195
357, 358 359, 195,
760 Ꜹ
360 196
760 364 197
761 Ꜹ 361 196
762 Ꜹ 362 197
762 Cu 374 200
Missing 365 197
204,
762 Cu 388, 391
205
763 Ꜹ 380 202
763 Cu 389 205
764 Cu 390 205
Missing Ꜹ 381 202
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN
765 Ꜹ 416 211
766 Ꜹ 417 212
768 Ꜹ 418 212
770 430 215
770 Cu 454 220
771 Ꜹ 419 212
771 Cu 455, 456 220
772 Ꜹ 420 212
772 Cu 421 212
774 Ꜹ 422 213
775 Ꜹ 423 213
776 Ꜹ 424 213
Missing 431 215
Undated 458, 459 221
778 Ꜹ 489 232
779 Ꜹ 490 232
780 Ꜹ 491 232
781 Ꜹ 492 232
781 Cu 501 234
782 Cu 502 235
783 Cu 503 235
Missing Cu 503.a 235
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI (1st reign)
783 Cu 524 243
784 Ꜹ 514 239
Uncertain Ꜹ 515 240
(2nd reign)
791 Cu 532 246
792 Cu 533 246
BARQŪQ (1st reign)
784 Cu 558 257
785 Ꜹ 542 251
786 Cu 559 258
787 Ꜹ 543 251
787 Cu 560 258
790 Ꜹ 544 251
258,
790 Cu 561, 562
259
Missing PB 550 253
(2nd reign)
793 Ꜹ 572 261
795 Ꜹ 573 261
796 Cu 588 265
797 Cu 589 266
798 Ꜹ 574 262
798 Cu 590 266
799 Cu 591 266
800 Ꜹ 575 262
FARAJ
801 Cu 647 286
802 Cu SS.4 397
803 Cu 648 286
806 Cu 649 286
810 642 284
810 Cu 650 287
811 643 284
811 Cu 651 287
Missing Ꜹ 635 282
Missing 643.a 285
Missing Cu 652 287
815 Ꜹ 672 296
296,
815 675, 676
297
AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH
817 690 304
305,
818 691, 692, N, O
391
819 692.a, 693 305
P, Q 391
820 R 391
Missing S 392
Undated Cu 699 308
BARSBĀY
825 717 314
827 718 315
832 720,721 315
835 722 316
836 723 316
837 724 316
839 725 316
313,
Undated 714,715,716
314
JAQMAQ
322,
845 741, 746
323
847 742 323
848 743 323
849 744 323
Missing 745 323
AYNĀL
860 766 333
861 767 333
862 768 333
Undated 769 334
KHUSHQADAM
Missing Ꜹ 788 341
Missing 792 342
QĀʾITBĀY
Missing 822 353
Undated 823 353
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD b.
QĀʾITBĀY
902 Ꜹ 848 362
AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH
Missing Ꜹ 863 367
917 Ꜹ 883 375
918 Ꜹ 884 375
919 Ꜹ 885 375
376,
Undated 889, 890
377
Ḥalab (Aleppo)
QALĀʾŪN
Missing 136 118
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B.
QALĀʾŪN (2nd reign)
701 Cu 171 134
(3rd reign)
710 Cu 233, 238 153, 154
717 Cu 260 162
730 199 143
731 200 143
733 201 143
737 202 143
739 203 144
Missing 203.a 144
Missing Cu 228 151
Undated Cu 236, 252 154, 159
743 Cu 291 174
744 Cu 292 174
746 Cu 293, 294 174, 175
Missing 283, 284 172
Missing Cu 293.a 174
AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN
Missing 302 178
747 312 182
Missing 313 182
Undated Cu 314 182
Undated Cu 328 187
755 Cu 338 190
Missing (or Ḥamāh ?) SS.3 396
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd reign)
Missing 368 198
767 432 215
773 Ꜹ 425 213
777 Ꜹ 426 214
778 Ꜹ 427 214
468, 469 470, 471,
Undated Cu 225, 226
472
AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN
ʿALI
Missing 494 233
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (type of 1st
reign)
Missing 516 240
(type of 2nd reign)
Missing Ꜹ 529 245
BARQŪQ (1st reign)
784 Ꜹ 545 252
784 552 255
786 Ꜹ 546 252
787 Ꜹ 547 252
788 Ꜹ 548 252
788 Cu 564 260
789 Cu 565 260
790 Ꜹ 549 253
(2nd reign)
793 Ꜹ 576 262
793 Cu 593 266
798 Ꜹ 577 263
Missing Cu 592 266
Undated Cu 594, 595 268
FARAJ
802 Cu 653 288
803 Cu 654 288
804 Cu 655 289
Missing Ꜹ 636 282
Missing 644 285
Undated Cu 656 289
AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH
817 694, T, U 305, 392
306, 392,
818 695, V, W
292
Missing Z 393
AL-ṢĀLIḤ MUḤAMMAD
824 701, 720 310
BARSBĀY
838 726 317
839 727 317
Missing 727.a 317
JAQMAQ
845 Cu 752 326
846 and Cu 751 326
848 (?) Cu 751 326
Undated 747, 748 324, 325
Undated Cu 757 329
AYNĀL
862 770, 771 334
Undated 772 335
Missing Cu 778 337
KHUSHQADAM
865 Cu 800 345
Undated 794, 795, 796 343, 344
Undated Cu 798, 799 344, 345
SS .7 400
QĀʾITBĀY
879 Ꜹ 809 ref. 349
881 824 354
892 Ꜹ 809 ref. 349
Missing 825 354
809, 816, 826, 827, 349, 351,
Undated Ꜹ
828, 829, 830 } 354, 355
Missing Ꜹ 874 373
Undated 891 377
Ḥamāh
BAYBARS I
660 48 93
666 64 97
668 65 97
673 66 97
Missing 66.a, 67 97
BARAKA QĀN
678 112 109
QALĀʾŪN
689 SS.1 394
Missing 135 117
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN
(3rd reign)
715 204 144
719 205 144
730 206 144
733 207 144
734 208 145
735 209 145
736 210 145
Missing 169 133
210.a 145
212 146
146,
Armenian trams 213
147
overstruck.Undated Cu 229 151
241 155
250 158
251 158
AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
742 271 168
744 282 171
746 Cu 296 175
Missing 282.a 171
Undated Cu 295 175
AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI
Undated 311 182
Undated Cu 315 182
189,
755 335, 336
190
Missing (or Aleppo ?) SS.3 396
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN
Missing 367 198
392, 393,
Undated Cu 205,306
394
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN
764 Cu 466 224
765 Cu 467 224
766 433 215
768 434 215
771 435 216
778 436 216
Undated Cu 460 221
461, 462 222
463, 464,
223
465
Undated Cu 527 244
258 161
BARQUQ (1 reign)
Missing 553 255
(2nd reign)
799 Cu 596 269
Undated Cu 597, 598 269
599, 600 270
601 271
FARAJ
657, 658, 289,
Undated Cu
659 290
824 694 307
BARSBĀY
827 728 317
830 729 317
Missing 719 315
JAQMAQ
Undated 749 325
Missing Cu 861, bis 366
905 384
910 386
Ṭarāblus (Tripoli)
BAYBARS II
709 172 134
709 Cu 175 136
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD (3rd reign)
726 Cu 218 149
741 Cu 240 155
Missing 198 143
Missing Cu 227 151
Undated Cu 217 149
235 153
239 155
253 159
259 161
264 163
744 Cu 297 176
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN
750 Cu 329 187
Missing 326 181
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN
776 Cu 473 226
Undated Cu 474, 475, 476 227
477, 478, 479 228
480 229
Undated Cu 504 235
505, 506, 507 236
508, 509 237
Undated Cu 525 244
BARQŪQ
789 Cu 602 271
Undated Cu 603 271
604, 605, 606 272
FARAJ
804 Cu 660 291
Missing Ꜹ 637 283
Undated Cu 661 291
662, 663 292
JAQMAQ
85– Cu 753 327
UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTION
Undated Cu 906 384
Mint Missing or No Mint
BAYBARS I
658 41 90
659 Ꜹ 37 89
Missing Ꜹ 38 89
Undated 40 90
42, 43 91
44, 45, 46 92
49, 50 93
68 98
Undated Cu 94, 95, 96 104
QALĀʾŪN
Missing 137 108
Undated Cu 138, 139 118
KHALĪL
Missing 152.a 123
Missing Cu 154 124
KITBUGHĀ
Undated Cu 160, 161 128
BAYBARS II
709 Cu 173 135
174 136
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (3rd
reign)
Missing 191 151
Undated Cu 214, 215 148
219 149
230 152
234 153
237 154
245 157
254, 255,
160
256
257 161
745 Ꜹ 276 170
Missing 281 171
Missing Cu 290 174
747 Cu 316 183
Missing 310 181
752 Ꜹ 334 189
755 Cu 339 191
Missing 337 190
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd reign)
Missing 366, 368.a 198
762 382 203
763 383 203
764 384.a 203
Missing 384 203
Undated Cu 395 207
AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN
Missing 495 233
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st reign)
Undated Cu 526 244
(2nd reign)
Missing 530 246
BARQŪQ
607, 608,
Undated Cu 273
609
610, 611,
274
612
FARAJ
805 Ꜹ 635 283
808 Cu 669 294
810 Ꜹ 632 281
814 Ꜹ 633 281
Missing Cu 665, 666 293
668 294
Undated Cu 667 294
670 295
AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH
Undated M 390
Missing 698 307
ṬAṬAR
824 700 309
BARSBĀY
Missing Cu 731 318
AL-ʿAZĪZ YŪSUF
Missing 733 319
JAQMAQ
849 750 325
Undated Cu 754 327
857 Ꜹ 756 328
AYNĀL
863 Ꜹ 760 331
Missing Ꜹ 761, 762 331
Missing Cu 777 337
Undated Cu 773 335
Missing Ꜹ 780 338
781 339
Undated 782 339
KHUSHQADAM
866 Ꜹ 802, 803 343
Missing Ꜹ 801 346
Undated 804 347
Undated Cu 805, 806 347
QĀʾITBĀY
891 Cu 838 357
840 358
896 Ꜹ 814 351
Missing Ꜹ 807 348
808 349
813 350
Missing 821 353
Missing Cu 831 355
Undated Cu 839, 841 358
842, 843,
359
844
845 360
850, 851,
363
852
853, 854,
364
855
856 364
857, 858,
366
861
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD b. QĀʾLTBĀY
902 SS.10 401
AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH
904 SS.11 402
Missing Ꜹ 862 367
Undated Cu 864 368
JĀNBALĀṬ
Missing Ꜹ 865 369
AL-ʿĀDIL ṬUMĀNBĀY
906 Ꜹ 866 370
Missing Ꜹ 867 370
907 Cu 902 381
908 Ꜹ 870 372
909 Ꜹ 871 372
910 Ꜹ 872 372
911 Ꜹ 873 372
922 Br 896 379
Missing Ꜹ 868 371
869 372
Missing 887, 888 376
Missing Cu 897, 898 379
Missing Br 899 380
Undated Ꜹ 886 375
Undated 892 377
Undated Cu 900 380
903 382
Undated Br 901 381
907, 908,
Missing Cu 385
909
INDEX OF YEARS
Baḥri Mamlūks
Catalogue
Date (AH) Metal Mint Page
No.
SHAJAR AL DURR
648 Ꜹ Cairo 1 71
648 Cairo 2 71, 72
AL-ASHRAF MŪRÂ
649 Ꜹ Cairo 3 73
650 Ꜹ Cairo 4 73, 74
AYBAK
652 Cairo 8 76
653 Cairo 9 77
654 Ꜹ Alexandria 7 76
654 Ꜹ Cairo 6 75
654 Cairo 10 75
655 Cairo 11 77
AL-MANṢŪR ʿALI B.
AYBAK
655 Cairo 19 80
657 Ꜹ Alexandria 16, 17 79
657 Ꜹ Cairo 18 79
657 Cairo 20, 21 80, 81
QUṬUZ
657 Cairo 24 83
658 Ꜹ Cairo 23 82
658 Cairo 25 83
658 Cu Cairo 23 82
BAYBARS I
658 Cairo 69 98
658 Missing 41 90
659 Ꜹ Cairo 34 87
659 Cairo 70 98
659 Ꜹ Missing 37 89
660 Ꜹ Cairo 35 88
660 Cairo 46, 72 92, 99
660 ḤamĀh 48 93
661 Ꜹ Cairo 36 88
661 Cairo 73 100
662 Cairo 75, 78 100, 101
663 Ꜹ Cairo 29 86
100, 100,
663 Cairo 74, 76, 79
101
664 Cairo 77, 80 100, 101
665 Cairo 81 101
666 Cairo 82 101
666 Damascus 56 95
666 ḤamĀh 64 97
667 Cairo 83 102
667 Damascus 57 95
ṣafar
667 Damascus 58 96
jumĀda ii
668 Cairo 84 102
668 Damascus 59 96
668 ḤamĀh 65 97
669 Cairo 85 102
669 Damascus 60 96
ṣafar
669 Damascus 61 96
jumĀda i
669 Damascus 62 96
rajab
670 Cairo 86 102
670 Damascus 51 94
671 Cairo 87 102
672 Cairo 88 102
673 Damascus 52 94
673 ḤamĀh 66 97
674 Cairo 89 102
674 Damascus 53, 63 94, 96
675 Cairo 90 103
675 Damascus 54 94
676 Cairo 91 103
BARAKA QĀN
676 Cairo 105 107
676 Damascus 109 108
677 Cairo 106 108
678 Cairo 107 108
SALĀMISH
678 Cairo 113, 114 110
678 Damasucus 115 111
QalĀʿūn
678 Cairo 121 114
678 Cu Cairo 140 119
681 Cairo 122 115
682 Ꜹ Damascus 120 114
683 Cairo 123 115
684 Alexandria 129 116
685 Cairo 125 115
687 Ꜹ Cairo 117 111
115 (cf.
687 Cairo 127
L.780)
688 Ꜹ Cairo 118 113
688 Cairo 125 115
689 ḤamĀh SS.1 394
KHALĪL
690 Ꜹ Cairo 142 120
691 Cairo 143 120
Alexandria,
692 Ꜹ 147 122
military port
692 Ꜹ Cairo 144 121
kitbughĀ
694 Cairo 157 127
695 Ꜹ Cairo 155 126
695 Cairo 158 127
LĀJĪN
697 Ꜹ Cairo 162 129
698 Ꜹ Damascus (?) 163 129
AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD
B. QALĀʾŪN (2nd reign)
69– Ꜹ Cairo 167 132
701 Cu Aleppo 171 134
707 Ꜹ Cairo 168 132
BAYBARS II
709 Tripoli 172 135
709 Missing 173 135
709 Missing 174 136
709 Cu Tripoli 175 136
B. QALĀʾŪN (3rd reign)
710 Cu Cairo 232 152
710 Cu Aleppo 233, 238 153, 154
711 Ꜹ Cairo 176 137
713 Ꜹ Cairo 177 137
715 ḤamĀh 204 144
717 Cu Aleppo 260 162
719 ḤamĀh 205 144
720 Cu Cairo 242 156
720 Cu Damascus 244 156
721 Cu Cairo 243 156
724 Ꜹ Cairo 180 138
730 Aleppo 199 143
730 ḤamĀh 206 144
731 Aleppo 200 143
732 Cu Damascus 247, 262 157, 163
733 Ꜹ Cairo 181 139
733 Aleppo 201 143
733 ḤamĀh 207 144
734 ḤamĀh 208 145
735 ḤamĀh 209 145
736 Ḥamāh 210 145
737 Aleppo 202 143
738 Ꜹ Cairo 182 139
739 Ꜹ Cairo 183 139
739 Aleppo 203 144
740 Ꜹ Cairo 185 139
741 Ꜹ Cairo 186 140
742 Ꜹ Cairo 266 164
AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
742 Ꜹ Cairo 269 167
742 Ḥamāh 271 168
272,
743 Cu Damascus 168, 395
SS.2
743 Ꜹ Cairo 273 169
743 Cu Aleppo 291 174
744 Ꜹ Cairo 274 169
744 Cu Aleppo 292 174
744 Ḥamāh 282 171
745 Ꜹ Cairo 275 169
745 Cu Cairo 285 172
745 Ꜹ No mint 276 170
746 Cu Cairo 286 173
746 Cu Aleppo 293, 294 174, 175
746 Cu Ḥamāh 296 175
AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN I
747 Ꜹ Cairo 298 177
747 Damassus 301 178
747 Ꜹ Cairo 305 180
747 Aleppo 312 182
747 Cu Missing 316 183
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (Ist
reign)
748 Cairo 324 186
749 Ꜹ Cairo 317 184
750 Ꜹ Cairo 318 184
751 Ꜹ Cairo 319 185
752 Ꜹ Cairo 320 185
752 Ꜹ Cairo 330 188
752 Ꜹ Missing 334 189
753 Ꜹ Cairo 331 188
754 Ꜹ Cairo 331. a 188
755 Ꜹ Cairo 332 189
755 Cu Aleppo 338 190
755 HạmĀh 335 189
AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd
reign)
756 Ꜹ Cairo 340 192
757 Ꜹ Cairo 341 192
758 Ꜹ Cairo 342, 343 192
758 Ꜹ Damascus 354, 355 195
759 Ꜹ Cairo 344 193
759 Cu Cairo 369 199
760 Ꜹ Cairo 345, 346 193
760 Cu Cairo 370 199
357, 358
760 Ꜹ Damascus 195, 196
359, 360
761 Ꜹ Cairo 347 193
761 Cu Cairo 371 199
762 Ꜹ Cairo 348 193
762 Cu Cairo 372 199
AL-MANṢŪR
MUḤAMMAD
762 Ꜹ Cairo 375 201
762 Cu Cairo 385 204
762 Missing 382 203
762 Cu Damascus (?) 391 205
763 Ꜹ Cairo 376 201
763 Cu Cairo 386 204
763 Missing 383 203
764 Ꜹ Cairo 377 201
764 Cu Cairo 387 204
764 Missing 384 203
764 Ꜹ Cairo 396 208
764 Cu Cairo 437 217
764 Cu ḤamĀh 466 224
765 Ꜹ Cairo 397 208
765 Cu Cairo 438 217
765 Cu ḤamĀh 467 224
766 Ꜹ Cairo 398 208
766 Cu Cairo 439 217
766 Ḥamāh 433 215
767 Ꜹ Cairo 399 209
767 Cu Cairo 440 217
767 Aleppo 432 215
768 Cu Cairo 441 217
768 Ḥamāh 434 215
769 Ꜹ Cairo 400 209
769 Cu Cairo 442 218
770 Cu Alexandria 449 219
770 Cu Cairo 443 218
771 Ꜹ Cairo 401 209
771 Cu Damascus 455, 456 220
771 Ḥamāh 435 216
772 Ꜹ Cairo 402 209
773 Ꜹ Cairo 403 209
773 Cu Cairo 444 218
773 Ꜹ Aleppo 425 213
774 Ꜹ Cairo 404 209
775 Ꜹ Cairo 405 209
775 Cu Cairo 445 218
776 Ꜹ Cairo 406 210
776 Cu Cairo 446 218
777 Cu Alexandria 452, 453 219
777 Ꜹ Cairo 407 210
777 Cu Cairo 447 218
777 Ꜹ Aleppo 426 214
778 Ꜹ Cairo 408 210
778 Cu Cairo 448 218
778 Ꜹ Aleppo 427 214
778 Ḥamāh 436 2l6
AL-MANṢŪR ʿALI B.
SHAʿBĀN
778 Ꜹ Cairo 481, 482 230
779 Ꜹ Cairo 483 231
779 Cu Cairo 596 233
780 Ꜹ Cairo 484 231
781 Ꜹ Cairo 485 231
781 Cu Cairo 497 234
782 Ꜹ Cairo 486 231
782 Cu Cairo 498 234
AL-ṢALIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st
reign)
510, 511,
783 Ꜹ Cairo 238
512
517, 519,
783 Cu Cairo 241, 242
520
784 Ꜹ Cairo 513 239
784 Cu Cairo 518 241
(2nd reign)
791 Ꜹ Cairo 528 245
Burji Mamlūks
BURJI (1st reign)

784 Ꜹ Cairo 534 249
784 Ꜹ Aleppo 545 252
784 Aleppo 552 255
785 Ꜹ Cairo 535 249
785 Cu Cairo 554 256
786 Ꜹ Cairo 536 249
786 Cu Cairo 555 256
786 Ꜹ Aleppo 546 252
786 Cu Aleppo 563 259
787 Ꜹ Cairo 537 249
787 Ꜹ Aleppo 547 252
788 Ꜹ Cairo 538 250
788 Ꜹ Aleppo 548 252
788 Cu Syria (?) 564 259
789 Ꜹ Cairo 539 250
789 Cairo 551 254
789 Cu Syria (?) 565 260
258,
790 Cu Damascus 561, 562
259
790 Ꜹ Aleppo 549 253
791 Cu Cairo 555.a 256
(2nd reign)
792 Ꜹ Cairo 566 260
792 Cu Cairo 578 263
793 Cu Cairo 579 264
793 Ꜹ Aleppo 576 262
793 Cu Aleppo 593 267
794 Ꜹ Cairo 567 260
794 Cu Cairo 580 264
795 Cu Cairo 581 264
796 Cu Cairo 582 264
797 Ꜹ Cairo 568 261
798 Ꜹ Cairo 569 261
798 Cu Cairo 583 264
798 Ꜹ Aleppo 577 263
799 Cu Cairo 584 264
799 Cu ḤamĀh 596 269
800 Ꜹ Cairo 570 261
801 Ꜹ Cairo 571 261
FARAJ
276,
801 Ꜹ Cairo 613, 614
277
802 Cu Damascus SS.4 397
802 Cu Aleppo 653 288
803 Ꜹ Cairo 615 277
803 Cu Aleppo 654 288
277,
804 Ꜹ Cairo 616, 624
279
804 Cu Aleppo 655 289
278,
617, 625,
805 Ꜹ Cairo 279,
626
280
805 Ꜹ Missing 638 283
806 Ꜹ Cairo 618 278
807 Ꜹ Cairo 619 278
808 Ꜹ Cairo 620 278
809 Ꜹ Cairo 621 228
Alexandria,
810 Ꜹ 634 282
military port
278,
622, 623,
810 Ꜹ Cairo 279,
628
280
810 Ꜹ No mint 632 281
8xx Damascus 643 284
8xx Cu Damascus 651 287
812 Ꜹ Cairo 629 281
813 Ꜹ Cairo 630 281
814 Ꜹ Cairo 631 281
814 Ꜹ No mint 633 281
815 Ꜹ Cairo 671 296
815 Cairo 673 297
296,
815 Damascus 675, 676
297
AL-MUʾAYYAD
SHAYKH
815 Ꜹ Cairo 677 299
815 Cairo 686 373
816 Ꜹ Cairo 678 300
303,
817 Cairo 687, A-D
388
305,
817 Aleppo 694, T, U
392
818 Ꜹ Alexandria 682, 683 301
304,
818 Cairo 688, E, F
389
691, 692, 305,
818 Damascus
N, O 391
306,
818 Aleppo 695. V, W 392,
393
304,
819 Cairo 689, G, H
389
305,
819 Damascus 693. P. Q
391
389,
820 Cairo I.J
390
820 Damascus R 391
821 Ꜹ Cairo 679 300
821 Cairo K, L 390
300,
823 Ꜹ Cairo 680, 681
301
AL-MUẒAFFRR AḤMAD
824 Ꜹ Cairo 696 307
824 ḤamĀh 697 307
ṬAṬAR
No dated coins
824 — —
known
AL-ṢĀLIḤ MUḤAMMAD
No dated coins
824 — —
Known
BARSBĀY
827 ḤamĀh 728 317
312,
829 Ꜹ Cairo 703. SS.5
398
312,
830 Ꜹ Cairo 704, SS.6
398
830 ḤamĀh 729 317
831 Ꜹ Cairo 705 302
832 Damascus 720, 721 315
834 Ꜹ Cairo 706 312
835 Ꜹ Cairo 707 312
836 Ꜹ Cairo 708 312
837 Ꜹ Cairo 709 312
838 Ꜹ Cairo 710 312
838 Aleppo 726 317
839 Aleppo 727 317
840 Ꜹ Cairo 711 312
841 Ꜹ Cairo 712 312
AL-AʿZĪZ YŪSUF
841 Ꜹ Cairo 732 319
JAQMAQ
842 Ꜹ Cairo 734 320
843 Ꜹ Cairo 735 320
844 Cairo 738 321
845 Cairo 739 322
322,
845 Damascus 741, 746
323
845 Cu Aleppo 752 326
846 Ꜹ Cairo 736 320
846 Cairo 740 322
846 Cu Aleppo 751 326
848? Cu Aleppo 751 326
(846)?
849 Aleppo 744 323
849 Missing 750 325
854 Ꜹ Cairo 737 321
857 Ꜹ Missing 756 328
AYNĀL
85– Cu Cairo SS.7 309
857 Ꜹ Cairo 758 330
861 Cairo 763 332
862 Cairo 764 332
862 Aleppo 770, 771 334
863 Cairo 765 332
336,
863 Cu Cairo 774, SS.8
399
863 Ꜹ Missing 760 331
864 Cairo 765.a 332
864 Cu Cairo 775 336
779, 780, 338,
865 Ꜹ Cairo
781 339
KHUSHQADAM
865 Ꜹ Cairo 783 340
865 Cu Aleppo 800 345
866 Ꜹ Cairo 784 340
866 Cairo 790 342
866 Missing 793 343
867 Ꜹ Cairo 785 340
868 Cairo 791 342
TEMIRBUGHĀ
872 Ꜹ Missing 802, 803 346
QĀʾITBĀY
879 Ꜹ Aleppo 809 ref. 349
881 Aleppo 824 354
810 ref.,
886 Ꜹ Cairo 350
811 ref.
886 Cairo 817 351
886 Cu Cairo 833, 834 356
886 No mint 820 352
887 Cairo 818 352
889 Ꜹ Cairo 810 ref. 350
891 Cu Cairo 838 357
891 Cu No mint 840 358
892 Ꜹ Aleppo 809 ref. 349
896 Ꜹ Cairo 814 351
897 Ꜹ Cairo 812 ref. 350
b. QĀʾITBĀY
902 Cairo 849 362
902 Cu Cairo 859 365
902 Missing SS.10 401
AL-ẒĀHIR QANṢŪH
904 Missing SS.11 402
AL-ʿĀDIL ṬUMĀNBĀY
906 Ꜹ Missing 866 370
908; written 905, but must
Ꜹ No mint 870 372
be
909 Cu Cairo 893 378
909 Ꜹ No mint 871 372
910 Ꜹ No mint 872 372
911 Ꜹ No mint 873 372
913 Ꜹ Cairo 875 373
914 Ꜹ Cairo 876 373
915 Ꜹ Cairo 877 374
916 Ꜹ Cairo 878 374
917 Ꜹ Cairo 879 374
918 Ꜹ Cairo 880 374
918 Br Cairo 895 378
‫‪918‬‬ ‫‪Ꜹ‬‬ ‫‪Damascus‬‬ ‫‪884‬‬ ‫‪375‬‬
‫‪919‬‬ ‫‪Ꜹ‬‬ ‫‪Cairo‬‬ ‫‪881‬‬ ‫‪374‬‬
‫‪919‬‬ ‫‪Ꜹ‬‬ ‫‪Damascus‬‬ ‫‪885‬‬ ‫‪375‬‬
‫‪920‬‬ ‫‪Ꜹ‬‬ ‫‪Cairo‬‬ ‫‪882‬‬ ‫‪374‬‬
‫‪922‬‬ ‫‪Br‬‬ ‫‪Missing‬‬ ‫‪896‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬
‫‪AL-ASHRAF‬‬
‫‪ṬUMĀNBĀY‬‬
‫‪922‬‬ ‫‪Ꜹ‬‬ ‫‪Cairo‬‬ ‫‪904‬‬ ‫‪383‬‬
‫‪ARABIC INDEX‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابوبكر‪,‬المنصور سيف الدين ابو السعادات ‪164–165‬‬
‫•‬ ‫فرج ‪276–295, 397‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر محمد بن قايتباى ابو سعيد‪ ,‬الظاهر ‪361–366, 401‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برقوق ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫تمربغا ‪346–347‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جقمق ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خشقدم ‪340–345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قانصوه ‪367–368‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو الفتح موسى ‪,‬االشرف ‪73–74‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو الفضل عباس المستعين باهلل ابو النصر ‪296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف اينال ‪330–337‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف برسباى ‪311–318, 398‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف جانبالط ‪369‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف طومانباى ‪383‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف قايتباى ‪348–360‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل طومانباى ‪370‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المويد شيخ احمد ‪299–306, 387–393‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو القاسم المستنصر باهلل ‪85‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر شهاب الدين ‪307–308‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المويد ابو الفتح ‪338–339‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر شهاب الدين ‪167–168, 395‬‬
‫•‬ ‫اسماعيل‪,‬اسمعيل‪,‬الصالح عماد الدين ‪169–176‬‬
‫•‬ ‫اسكندرية ‪,‬االسكندرية ‪50‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف االشرف ‪335‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو الفتح موسى ‪73–74‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو النصر جانبالط ‪369‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين اينال ‪330–337‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين برسباى ‪311–388, 398‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين قايتباى ‪348–360‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح الدين خليل ‪120–124‬‬
‫•‬ ‫طومانباى ‪383‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عال الدين كجك ‪166‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قاصوه الغورى ‪371–382‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين شعبان ‪208–229 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫)‪223 (no proper name‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االمام الحاكم ‪93–95, 97‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االمام المستعصم ‪73–74‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االمام المستنصر ‪89, 91, 92‬‬
‫•‬ ‫امير المومنين ‪296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ايبك ‪75–77‬‬
‫•‬ ‫اينال ‪,‬االشرف سيف الدين ‪330–337‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بدر الدين سالمش ‪ ,‬العادل ‪110–111‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برسباى ‪ ,‬االشرف سيف الدين ‪311–318, 398‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برقوق ‪,‬الظاهر سيف الدين ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برقوق عز نصره ‪254‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بركه قان ‪ ,‬السعيد ناصر الدين ‪107–109‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بسم هللا ‪15‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ‪15‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بلباى ‪ ,‬الظاهر سيف الدين بيبرس ‪345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر ركن الدين ‪85–106 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر ركن الدين ‪135–136 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫تمربغا ‪ ,‬الظاهر ابوسعيد ‪346–347‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ثغر‪,‬ثغور ‪50, 51, 282‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ثغر سكندرية ‪50, 282‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ثغر االسكندرية ‪122‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الثغور الشامية طرسوس ‪51‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جانبالط ‪,‬االشرف ابو النصر ‪369‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جقمق ‪ ,‬الظاهر سيف الدين ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جمال الدين العزيز يوسف حاجى ‪319‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالح صالح الدين ‪238–246 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر سيف الدين ‪180–183 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور صالح الدين ‪245 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور ناصر الدين ‪245–246 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حسام الدين الجين ‪129–131‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حسن‪ ,‬الناصر ناصر الدين ‪184–187, 192–200‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حلب ‪51‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حلب المحروسة ‪51‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حماة ‪51‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حماة المحروسة ‪51, 290‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خلد هللا ‪283‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خلد هللا انصاره وملكه ‪253‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خلد هللا سلطانه ‪15, 125, 249, 250, 260‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خلد هللا ملكه ‪15, 262, 263, 276, 277, 283, 296, 301, 302, 307, 315, 317, 324, 325‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خلد هللا ملكه ونصره ‪15 307‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خالد ملكه ‪245‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خليل ‪ ,‬االشرف صالح الدين ‪120–124‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خشقدم ‪,‬الظاهر ابو سعيد ‪340–345, 400‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خوشقدم ‪341‬‬
‫•‬ ‫دمشق ‪51‬‬
‫•‬ ‫دمشق المحروسة ‪51, 197, 266‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الدينار المبارك ‪16‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ذو الحجة ‪180‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ربع و ثمن ركن الدين ‪314‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر بيبرس ‪85–106 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر بيبرس ‪135–136 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫زين الدين كتبغا ‪126–128‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السعيد ناصر الدين بركه قان ‪107–109‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سكندرية ‪50, 250‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سالمش ‪ ,‬العادل بدر الدين ‪110–111‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان االسالم والمسلمين ‪15, 307‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان خوشقدم ابو النصر الملك الظاهر ‪14, 341‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك ‪14‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك االشرف ناصر الدين شعبان بن حسن بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قالون ‪15‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك االشرف ‪223‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك الصالح ‪244‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك الظاهر ‪104–106‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك العادل ‪128‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك المظفر ‪183‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك المنصور ‪130, 205‬‬
‫•‬ ‫السلطان الملك الناصر ‪148, 149, 162‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سنة سيف الدين ‪14‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابوبكر ‪164–165‬‬
‫•‬ ‫اينال ‪330–337‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برسباى ‪311–318, 398‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برقوق ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بلباى ‪345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جقوق ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حاجى ‪180–183 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خشقدم ‪340–345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شعبان ‪177–179 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ططر ‪309‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل طومانباى ‪370‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قايتباى ‪348–360‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قطز ‪82–84‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قالون ‪112–119‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف‪,‬اينال ‪330–337‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف‪ ,‬برسباى ‪311–318, 398‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف‪,‬قايتباى ‪348–360‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر‪,‬برقوق ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر‪,‬بلباى ‪345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر‪,‬جقمق ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر‪,‬خشقدم ‪340–345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر‪,‬ططر ‪309‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل ‪,‬طومابناى ‪370‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الكامل شعبان ‪177–179 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر حاجى ‪180–183 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر قطز ‪82–84‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور ابوبكر ‪164–165‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور قالون ‪112–119‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شجر الدر المستعصيه الصالحيه ملكة المسلمين شعبان ‪71–72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف ناصر الدين ‪208–229 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الكامل سيف الدين ‪177–179 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شعبان )شهر' ‪180 (month‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهاب الدين‬
‫•‬ ‫المظفر احمد ‪307–308‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المويد احمد ‪338–339‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر احمد ‪167–168‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهور ‪267‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهور سنة ‪267‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شيخ‪,‬المويد ابو النصر ‪299–306 387–393‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح ‪ ,‬الصالح صالح الدين الصالح ‪188–191, 396‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح الدين حاجى ‪238–246 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح الدين صالح ‪188–191, 396‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عماد الدين اسماعيل ‪169–176‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين محمد ‪310‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالحى ‪15, 86–88, 91, 92, 94, 97–101, 105, 110, 113–117, 119, 145‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالحيه‪,‬شجر الدر صالح الدين ‪71–72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف خليل ‪120–124‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالح حاجى ‪238–246‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالح صالح ‪188–191, 396‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور محمد ‪201–207‬‬
‫•‬ ‫طرابلس ‪52‬‬
‫•‬ ‫طرابلس المحروسة طومانباى ‪52‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف ابو النصر ‪383‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل سيف الدين ‪370‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ططر‪ ,‬الظاهر سيف الدين ‪309‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر الظاهر ‪268‬‬
‫•‬ ‫برقوق ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بلباى ‪345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بيبرس ‪85–106 I‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ممربغا ‪346–347‬‬
‫•‬ ‫جقمق ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫خشقدم ‪340–345, 400‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ططر ‪309‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قانصوه ‪367–368‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر )‪104–106 (no proper name‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو سعيد تمربغا ‪346–347‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو سعيد قانصوه ‪367–368‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ركن الدين بيبرس ‪85–106‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين ابو سعيد برقوق ‪249–275‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين ابو سعيد جقمق ‪320–327‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين ابو سعيد خشقدم ‪340–345, 400‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين بلباى ‪345‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين ططر ‪309‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل العادل ‪72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫بدر الدين سالمش ‪110–111‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين طومانباى ‪370‬‬
‫•‬ ‫زين الدين كتبغا ‪126–128‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عام ‪14, 311, 312, 314, 315, 330, 336, 342, 343, 350–352, 398, 399, 342‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عباس ‪ ,‬ابو الفضل المستعين باهلل ‪296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عبد العزيز المنصور ‪ ,‬عز الدين ‪276‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عثمان ‪ ,‬المنصور فخر الدين ‪328–329‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عز هللا انصاره ‪15, 251‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عز الدين المعز ‪ ,‬ايبك ‪75–77‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عز الدين‪ ,‬المنصور عبد العزيز ‪276‬‬
‫•‬ ‫غز لموالنا ‪15‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪15, 162, 230, 245, 249, 263, 265, 291, 262, 296, 300, 311, 313–315, 317, 320,‬‬
‫‪327, 330–332, 338, 340–343, 348–352, 354, 361–363, 367, 369, 370, 372, 373,‬‬
‫عز نصره ‪375–378, 381, 383‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العزيز جمال الدين يوسف عال الدين ‪319‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف كجك ‪166‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور على على ‪230–237‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور عال الدين ‪230–237‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصور نور الدين ‪78–81‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عماد الدين ‪ ,‬الصالح اسماعيل ‪169–176‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الغورى ‪ ,‬االشرف قانصوه ‪371–382‬‬
‫•‬ ‫فخر الدين ‪ ,‬المنصور عثمان ‪328–329‬‬
‫•‬ ‫فرج ‪ ,‬الناصر ابو السعادات قانصوه ‪276–295, 397‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف ‪ ,‬الغورى ‪371–382‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الظاهر ‪ ,‬ابو سعيد ‪367–368‬‬
‫•‬ ‫القاهرة ‪50‬‬
‫•‬ ‫القاهرة المحروسة ‪50, 265, 277‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قايتباى ‪ ,‬االشرف سيف الدين ‪348–320‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قايتباى رحمه هللا ‪15, 362‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قسيم امير المومنين ‪14‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قطز ‪ ,‬المظفر سيف الدين ‪112–119‬‬
‫•‬ ‫كتبغا‪ ,‬العادل زين الدين ‪126–128‬‬
‫•‬ ‫كفى بالموت وعظا ‪16, 269‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الجين ‪ ,‬المنصور حسام الدين ‪129–131‬‬
‫•‬ ‫مثقال ‪17‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المحروسة محمد ‪84, 130‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالح ناصر الدين ‪310‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المستعين باهلل ناصر ناصر الدين بن قايتباى ناصر ناصر الدين بن قالون ‪296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫مدينة مدينة حلب ‪84‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المستعصم ‪73–78, 80‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المستعصمية ‪71–72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المستعين باهلل‪ ,‬ابو الفضل عباس المظفر ‪296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ركن الدين بيبرس ‪135–136‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين حاجى ‪180–183‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين قطز ‪82–84‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهاب الدين احمد ‪307–308‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المعز عز الدين ايبك ‪75–77‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك ‪14‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك االشرف ‪74, 220–222, 224–227, 229 335‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك االشؤف موسى ‪73‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك الصالح ‪175, 190, 191, 244, 245‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك الصالح ايوب ‪72, 75–76‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك الظاهر ‪91, 98, 104, 270–274, 322, 327, 386‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد ‪347, 385‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك العادل ‪128‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك هلل ‪16, 341‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك المظفر ‪182–183‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك المنصور ‪78, 80, 81, 205, 206, 235–237, 386‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الملك المنصور خليل امير المومنين ‪71‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ملكة المسلمين النمصور ‪71–72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫حسام الدين الجين ‪129–131‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين ابوبكر ‪164–165‬‬
‫•‬ ‫سيف الدين قالون ‪112–119‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح الدين حاجى ‪238, 241 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫صالح الدين محمد ‪201–207‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عز الدين عبد العزيز ‪276‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عال الدين الى ‪230–237‬‬
‫•‬ ‫فخر الدين عثمان ‪328–329‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين حاجى ‪238, 245, 246 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين على ‪232‬‬
‫•‬ ‫نور الدين على ‪78–81‬‬
‫•‬ ‫)‪130, 205 (no proper name‬‬
‫•‬ ‫المنصورى ‪126, 127, 129, 130, 135, 136‬‬
‫•‬ ‫موسى ‪ ,‬االشرف مظفر الدين ‪73–74‬‬
‫•‬ ‫موالنا السلطان الملك المويد ‪14, 123‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو النصر شيخ ‪299–306, 387–393‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهاب الدين احمد الناصر ‪338–339‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ابو السعادات فرج ‪276–297, 397‬‬
‫•‬ ‫شهاب الدين احمد ‪167–168, 395‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين حسن ‪184–187, 192–200‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين محمد بن قايتباى ‪361–366 401‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين محمد بن قالون ‪125, 132–134, 137–163‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الدين )‪148 149, 162 (no proper name‬‬
‫•‬ ‫االشرف شعبان ‪208–209 II‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الصالح محمد ‪310‬‬
‫•‬ ‫العادل بركه قان ‪107–109‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر حسن ‪184–187, 192–200‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر فرج ‪276–295, 397‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر محمد بن قايتباى ‪361–366, 401‬‬
‫•‬ ‫الناصر محمد بن قالون ‪125, 132–134 137–163‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ناصر الملة المحمدية ومحى الدولة العباسية ‪14, 120–124, 127, 129 130‬‬
‫•‬ ‫نصف ‪17, 352, 353‬‬
‫•‬ ‫نصف وربع ‪17, 314‬‬
‫•‬ ‫نور الدين على بن ايبك ‪71–81‬‬
‫•‬ ‫وما توفيقى اال باهلل ‪16, 140, 142, 171, 251‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪16, 137–140, 142, 147, 149, 150, 164, 167, 169–171, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184,‬‬
‫–‪185, 188, 189, 190, 192, 201, 202, 208, 211, 213, 230, 232, 238, 245, 249, 251‬‬
‫و ما النصر االمن عند هللا ‪253, 260, 262, 263, 277, 279, 282, 300, 301, 307‬‬
‫•‬ ‫والدة الملك المنصور ‪72‬‬
‫•‬ ‫يوسف ‪ ,‬العزيز جمال الدين ‪319‬‬
‫‪GENERAL INDEX‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪ʿAbbās, al-Mustaʿin Biʾllāh 296–298‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪ʿAbbāsid(s) 17, 39, 242‬‬
• ʿAbbāsid Caliph 5, 78
• ʿAbbāsid Caliph of Cairo 9, 85
• ʿAbbāsid Caliphate of Baghdad 6
• ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Manṣūr, ʿIzz al-Dīn 276
• ʿAbd al-Malik 39
• Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Ḥākim, ʿAbbāsid Caliph of Egypt 85
• Abū Bakr
• al-Manṣūr Sayf al-Dīn 164–165
• al-ʿĀdil (Ayyūbid) 72
• Abū al-Faḍl ʿAbbās al-Mustaʿin Biʾllāh 296 to 298
• Abū al-Fatḥ, al-Ashraf Mūsâ 73–74
• Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAli b. Yūsuf al-Ḥakīm 54
• Abū al-Naṣr 371
• Abū al-Naṣr
• al-Ashraf Aynāl 330–337
• al-Ashraf Barsbāy 311–318, 398
• al-Ashraf Jānbalāṭ 369
• al-Ashraf Ṭumānbāy 383
• al-Ashraf Qāʾitbāy 348–360
• al-ʿĀdil Ṭumānbāy 370
• al-Muʾayyad Shaykh 299–306, 387–393
• Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh, ʿAbbāsid Caliph of Egypt 14, 85
• Abū al-Saʿādāt
• al-Nāṣir Faraj 276–295, 397
• al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qāʾitbāy 361–366
• Abū Saʿīd 400
• Abū Saʿīd
• al-ẒĀhir Barqūq 249–275
• al-ẒĀhir Jaqmaq 320–327
• al-ẒĀhir Khushqadam 340–345
• al-ẒĀhir Temirbughā 346–347
• al-ẒĀhir Qānṣūh 367–368
• al-ʿĀdil
• Abū Bakr I (Ayyūbid) 72
• Badr al-Dīn Salāmish 110–111
• Sayf al-Dīn Ṭūmānbāy 369, 370
• Zayn al-Dīn Kitbughā 126–128
• al-Afḍal ʿAli 12
• Aḥmad
• Abū al-Qāsim, the Caliph al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh 85
• al-Muʾayyad Abū al-Fatḥ 338–339
• al-Muẓaffar Shihāb al-Dīn 307–308
• al-NĀṣir Shihāb al-Dīn 167–168, 395
• Ahmed Zeki Pasha 27
• ʿAkkā 7
• ʿAlā al-Dīn
• al-Ashraf, Kujuk 166
• al-Manṣūr, ʿAli 230–237
• Albuquerque 11
• Aleppo 7, 15–17, 26, 27, 48, 50, 51, 208, 230, 238, 240, 274, 313, 319, 344,
348, 371, 387
• Alexandria 15–17, 50, 51, 82, 208, 216, 233, 256, 257, 299
• ʿAli
• al-Manṣūr Nūr al-Dīn 78–81
• al-Manṣūr ʿAlā al-Dīn 230–237
• ʿAli Pasha 47
• Almoravid (dinar of) 54
• Amīr al-mūʾminīn 296, 297
• Annulets 21
• Antioch 7
• Antioch Hoard 1, 275
• Arabesque 18, 272, 347, 350–352, 356
• Aragonese 10
• Arbitrary measures 41
• Armenian Cilicia 7, 8
• Armenian coins 147
• Armenian king 42
• Armenian style dirhem of Baybars I 90
• Armenian trams 42
• Armenian trams overstruck 146
• Armorial roll 25–38
• al-Ashraf 306, 335
• al-Ashraf
• Aynāl 36, 330–337
• Barsbāy 10, 35, 311–318, 398
• Jānbalāṭ 38, 369
• Khalīl 7, 14, 16, 41, 50, 120–124, 282
• Kujuk 166
• Mūsâ 6, 12, 13, 17, 41, 52, 73–74
• Qāʾitbāy 10, 37, 348–360
• Qānṣūh al-Ghūri 10, 371–382
• Shaʿbān II 12, 15–17, 21, 23, 25, 30, 42, 51, 52, 162, 208–229, 233, 240, 242,
275, 384
• Ṭūmānbāy 11, 47, 53, 383
• Abū al-Naṣr AynĀl 330–337, 399
• Abū al-Naṣr BarsbĀy 311–318, 398
• Abū al-Naṣr JĀnbalĀṭ 369
• Abū al-Naṣr QĀʾitbĀy 348–360
• Abū al-Naṣr QĀnṣūh al-Ghūri 371–382
• Abū al-Naṣr ṬūmĀnbĀy 383
• ʿAlĀ al-Dīn Kujuk 166
• Muẓaffar al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ Mūsâ 73–74
• NĀṣir al-Dīn ShaʿbĀn II 208–229
• ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn Khalīl 120–124
• Ashrafi dinar 47
• Ashrafi dirhem 47
• Ashrafi silver 48
• Asia Minor 7–10, 18
• Assays (of silver) 45
• Assiut 39
• Aybak 6, 12, 13, 17, 41, 51, 52, 55, 73, 75–77
• AynĀl 14, 45, 53, 330–337
• Ayn JĀlūt 6
• Ayyūbids 5, 12, 16, 40, 41, 54, 75, 76
• Ayyūbid Princes 7, 18
• Ayyūbids of the Yaman 73
• Ayyūbid style dirhem 12, 78, 79
• Ayyūbid type 85
• al-ʿAzīz (FĀṭimid Caliph) 54
• al-ʿAzīz JamĀl al-Dīn Abū al-MaḥĀsīn Yūsuf 319
• al-ʿAzīz Yūsuf 53, 319
• ʿAzza AllĀh anṣĀrahu 15
• ʿAzza naṣrahu 15, 162, 230
• Badawi tribes 11
• Badr al-Dīn SalĀmish 110–111
• Baḥri Mamlūks 6, 25, 44, 52
• Baḥri type 13
• Bar 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 38, 384
• Baraka QĀn 12, 14, 21, 24, 26, 52, 85, 107–109
• Barqūq 1, 9, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 33, 42, 50, 51, 53–55, 238, 249–275,
284, 290, 293, 386, 397
• Barqūq ʿazza naṣrahu 254
• BarsbĀy 13–15, 17, 21, 22, 42, 43, 47, 48, 53, 54, 311–318, 398
• BĀyazīd II 10, 11
• Baybars I 7, 12–15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 26, 44, 50–52, 85–106, 110, 274
• Baybars II 8, 12, 14, 15, 52, 135–136
• Bedoukian, P. 147
• Bend 30
• Bendy 26, 29, 30, 38, 206, 222, 270, 273, 384
• Beyram 189
• BilbĀy 345, 346
• Bi-metallic system 39, 41, 42
• Bird 19, 21, 29, 190
• BiʾsmillĀh 15
• BiʾsmillĀh al-raḥmūn al-raḥīm 15
• Black dirhems 40, 45, 55, 146, 253
• Blazon 13, 19, 20, 85, 290
• Blessed dinar 16
• Buqjah 13, 22, 26, 35, 36, 321, 322, 324, 327, 400
• Burj 8
• Burji Mamlūks 8, 45, 52
• Burji type 13
• Byzantine(s) 41
• Cairo 9, 12, 15–17, 22, 23, 37, 39, 40, 48, 50, 55, 75, 82, 84, 208, 216, 233, 238,
240, 249, 257, 299, 320, 321, 330, 348, 356, 371, 387
• Cairo the well guarded 50
• Cables (or cable pattern) 227, 267, 293–295, 311, 319, 320, 324, 325, 330, 331,
338 to 342, 346, 348–351, 355, 358, 361, 362, 367, 369–377, 382, 383, 385
• Caliph al-ḤĀkim 93
• Caliph al-Mustaʿin (biʾllĀh) of Cairo 9, 34, 34
• Caliph al-Mustanṣir (biʾllĀh) of Cairo 85
• Caliph al-NĀṣir (li-Dīn IllĀh) 72
• Caliphal protocol 85
• Canonic dinar 42
• Canonic dirhem 17
• Cape of Good Hope 11
• Cartouche 221, 222, 332–337, 352, 354–356
• Castilians 10
• Casting of the die 55
• Ceremonial baldaquin 206
• Ceremonial saddle 21
• Chaldiran 11
• Chalice 13, 19, 22, 24, 29, 33, 35–38, 267, 270, 316, 321, 323, 327, 347, 381,
384
• Checkerboard 356
• Chemical tests 55
• Chessboard 23, 37
• Cilician Armenia 43
• Circassian Mamlūks 8
• Circular legend 57
• Classical dirhem 38
• Composite blazon 20, 24, 36, 269, 274, 290
• Composition of the Mamlūk fulūs 55
• Copper 48
• Crescent 19, 20, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 226, 237, 270, 290
• Crow 21
• Crusaders 7
• Cup 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 34, 128, 205, 267, 268, 274, 29O
• Currency reform of
• Faraj 13, 42, 43, 46, 276, 279, 280
• al-Muʾayyad Shaykh 43, 46, 47, 299, 300, 301
• Cut dirhems 214
• Cyprus 10
• Damascus 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26–28, 35, 40, 48, 50, 51, 89, 208,
212, 313, 371, 387, 397
• Damascus the guarded 51
• Damascus type 76, 79
• Dehli sultans 267
• Dekagram 331
• Deka-hexagram 279, 307
• al-Dhahabi 27
• Dhū al-Qadr 11
• Die(s) 54–56
• Dimishq 51
• Dimishq al-maḥrūsa 51, 266
• Dinar 16, 17, 398
• Dinar NĀṣiri 43, 280
• DīnĀr al-SĀlimi 279
• Dirhem 16, 45, 48, 49, 54
• Dirhem-fals 45
• Diyar Bakr 11
• Dodekalobe 112–114, 127, 130, 184, 188, 189, 194, 208, 230, 238, 249, 251,
252, 260, 261–263, 265, 266, 276, 282, 322, 323
• Double striking 56
• Duck 21, 26
• Eagle 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 33, 37, 163, 207, 270, 273, 360
• Eagle, double headed 21, 27, 163
• Egypt 5–11, 13, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 398
• Eight-pointed star 199, 204, 217–219, 241
• Exchange rate 39–49
• Exergue 57
• Fakhr al-Dīn, al-Manṣūr ʿUthmĀn 328–329
• Fals (pl. fulūs) 2, 12–16, 18–20, 22–24, 42, 44, 45, 48–51, 55, 216, 230, 233,
240, 256, 257, 263, 274, 290, 307, 335, 356, 384, 386
• Faraj 9, 13, 15, 16, 20–22, 24, 25, 42–44, 46, 51–55, 276–295, 397
• Faraj's monetary reforms 13, 42, 43, 46, 276, 279, 280
• FĀṭimid 17, 40, 41
• FĀṭimids 12, 55, 242
• FĀṭimid black dirhems 146
• FĀṭimid Caliphate 40
• FĀṭimid dinar 40
• Fayyūm 75
• Fesse 13, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28–36, 38, 131, 157 to 159, 175, 187, 190, 206, 220,
223, 224, 226, 235, 236, 244–246, 258, 259, 268, 270 to 274, 280, 281, 289–
292, 296, 299, 300, 318, 336, 365, 379, 384–386, 399
• Fineness (of silver) 45
• Fish 23, 31, 223, 385
• Flan 54
• Fleur-de-lis 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30–34, 36, 37, 160, 182, 224, 228, 234, 235, 243,
244, 257, 267, 268, 271, 288, 292–295
• Fleur-de-lis Chalice 32, 266, 267, 268, 397
• Floweret 18
• Four-pointed star 228
• Fourré coins 254
• Fractions of the dirhem 95, 146, 172
• Fulūs, cf. Fals
• Garlands 22
• Georgia 9
• Ghazza 36
• GhĀzĀn 8
• al-Ghūri 11, 14, 22, 47, 48, 371–382
• Globular dirhems 17, 40, 41, 54
• Gold 46
• Golden Horde 6, 9, 269
• Gothic shield 200
• Gresham's law 41
• ḤĀjji
• al-Manṣūr II (2nd reign) 245–246
• al-Muẓaffar I 180–183
• al-ṢĀliḥ II (1st reign) 238–246
• ḤĀjji
• al-Manṣūr NĀṣir al-Dīn (2nd reign of ḤĀjji II) 245–246
• al-Manṣūr ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn (2nd reign of ḤĀjji II) 245
• al-Muẓaffar Sayf al-Dīn (ḤĀjji I) 180–183
• al-ṢĀliḥ ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn (1st reign of ḤĀjji II) 238–245
• al-ḤĀkim, ʿAbbĀsid Caliph of Egypt 85
• al-ḤĀkim, FĀṭimid Caliph 54
• Ḥalab 51, 240, 296
• Ḥalab al-maḥrūsa 51
• Half-wuqīyah of al-ṢĀliḥ ḤĀjji 242
• ḤamĀh 21, 26, 50, 51, 240, 290, 313, 384, 394, 396
• ḤamĀh the guarded 51
• Ḥamawi dirhems 47
• Ḥasan (cf. al-NĀṣir Ḥasan) 184–187, 192–200
• Heavy coinage (of al-ṢĀliḥ HĀjji) 241–242
• Hexagram 22, 105, 134, 154, 155, 164, 165, 221, 226, 236, 244, 246, 258, 293,
326, 345, 347, 357, 366, 384, 395
• Hexagon 227, 235, 241, 242
• Hexalobe 225, 244, 337, 377, 378, 380, 397
• Ḥimṣ 7, 19
• Hoard
• Antioch hoard 64
• of al-Muʾayyad Shaykh 387–393
• Horse 21, 29, 206
• House of QalĀʾūn 8, 24, 238, 384
• Hulagu 6, 7, 85
• Human faced Sun 205
• Ḥusain Mūʾnis 54
• ḤusĀm al-Dīn LĀjīn 129–131
• Ibn Baʿra 54
• Ibn FurĀṭ 254, 257
• Ibn Taghri Birdi 47, 48
• Ikhshīdid 39
• IlbughĀ al-SĀlimi 279
• IlkhĀnids 7, 8
• IlkhĀnid Kufic 51
• ʿImĀd al-Dīn, al-ṢĀliḥ IsmĀʿīl 169–176
• al-imĀm al-Āʿẓam 296
• īnĀli dirhem 48
• Indian trade 10, 11
• Indication of value 16, 17
• Inflation 42
• Ingots 40
• ʿIrĀq 7, 18
• ʿIraqi Jazīrah 45
• Iskandarīyah, al-Iskandarīyah 50
• IsmĀʿīl, al-ṢĀliḥ ʿImĀd al-Dīn 169–176
• ʿIzz al-Dīn
• ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 385
• Aybak 75–77
• ʿIzz li-mawlĀnĀ 15
• JamĀl al-Dīn, al-ʿAzīz Yūsuf 319
• JĀnbalĀṭ, al-Ashraf 53, 369, 371
• Jaqmaq, al-ẒĀhir 13, 15, 22, 43, 48, 53, 320 to 327, 386
• Jarkas al-Khalīli 254, 284
• Jazīrah 18
• Kaffa biʾl-mawt waʿẓẓĀn 16
• Kalima 15, 46
• al-KĀmil Muḥammad (Ayyūbid) 17, 40, 71
• al-KĀmil Sayf al-Dīn ShaʿbĀn 177–179
• al-KĀmil ShaʿbĀn 14, 16, 44, 52
• Karak 8, 9
• KĀtib al-WilĀya Mosque 36
• Khalīl 51, 52
• Khallada AllĀh mulkahu 15
• Khallada AllĀh sulṭĀnahu 15
• Khushqadam, al-ẒĀhir 13, 14, 16, 53, 320, 340–345, 369, 386
• KitbughĀ, al-ʿĀdil 14, 16, 22, 24, 27, 28, 52, 126–128
• Kujuk, al-Ashraf 166
• LĀjīn, al-Manṣūr 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 52, 129 to 131
• Laqab 274, 275, 285
• Leon (Levon) IV of Armenia 42, 146, 147
• Leopard 21, 38
• Light-weight dirhems 43
• Lion 19, 20, 21, 24, 29, 223, 337
• Lion
• with tail curled back 32, 33, 35, 229, 236, 271, 273, 274, 292, 318, 359
• with knotted tail 21, 236, 271, 273, 359
• with long tail 21, 32, 33, 35
• with short tail 33
• Lion passant 20, 24, 26, 28, 31–38, 57, 85, 86–109,176, 205, 223, 229, 236, 268,
271, 273, 274, 289, 292, 294, 308, 318, 337, 359, 368, 385
• Madīnah 84
• Madīnat Ḥalab 51, 84
• Madīnat al-QĀhirah 84
• Madrasa 19
• Maḥmūd b. ʿAli al-UstĀdĀr 256
• Maḥmūd b. Zengi 19
• al-Malik 14
• al-Malik al-ʿĀdil 19
• al-Malik al-Ashraf 14
• al-Malik al-Manṣūr, al-Ashraf Mūsâ 73–74
• al-Malik al-ẒĀhir 1, 19, 254
• Malikat al-Muslimīn, Shajar al-Durr 72
• Mamlūk(s) 5, 40, 41
• Mamlūk blazon 1
• Mamlūk style dirhem of Baybars I 91
• al-Manṣūr 385
• al-Manṣūr
• ʿAlĀ al-Dīn ʿAli 230–237
• Fakhr al-Dīn Abū al-SaʿĀdĀt ʿUthmĀn 328 to 329
• ḤusĀm al-Dīn LĀjīn 129–131
• ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 276
• Nūr al-Dīn ʿAli 78–81
• ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn Muḥammad 201–207
• Sayf al-Dīn Abū-Bakr 164–165
• Sayf al-Dīn Qalāʾūn 112–119
• Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḥājji II (2nd reign) 238, 245
• Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥājji II (2nd reign) 238, 245 to 246
• al-Manṣūr ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 276
• al-Manṣūr Abū-Bakr 52, 164–165
• al-Manṣūr ʿAli 52
• al-Manṣūr ʿAli b. Aybak 1, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 52, 82, 78–81
• al-Manṣūr ʿAli b. Shaʿbān II 21, 23, 25, 31, 52, 162, 230–237
• al-Manṣūr Ḥājji 238
• al-Manṣūr Lājīn 129–131
• al-Manṣūr Khalīl 71
• al-Manṣūr Muḥammad 16, 21, 23–25, 29, 42, 50, 52, 201–207, 216, 233, 240,
385
• al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿAli 232
• al-Manṣūr Qalāʾūn 112–119
• al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān 53, 328–329
• al-Manṣūri 15
• al-Maqrīzi 40, 43, 45, 46, 54, 73, 253, 279–280
• Marginal legend 57
• Marj Dābiq 11, 44
• Maṣṣīṣah 51
• Mawlānā 185
• Mawlānā al-sulṭān al-malik 14, 123
• Miḥrāb 155
• Mimbar 19
• Mint 50ff., 54ff.
• Mithqāl 16, 17, 43, 46, 48, 49, 277, 299, 300, 301, 398
• Monetary standard 41
• Monetary system 41
• Money of account 45
• Mongols 7
• Mongols of Persia 8
• Mongol Kufic 51
• Mongol invasion (of the Mamlūk Empire) 6, 269
• Mongol invasion of Armenia 146
• Mosque lamp 379–381
• al-Muʾayyad Abū al-Fatḥ Aḥmad 338–339
• al-Muʾayyad Aḥmad 53, 335, 338–339
• al-Muʾayyad Sayf al-Dīn Abū al-Naṣr Shaykh 299–306, 387–393
• al-Muʾayyad Shaykh 9, 10, 13, 15–17, 35, 42, 43, 45–47, 51, 53, 299–306, 335,
387–393
• Muʾayyadi 10, 47
• al-Mughīth ʿUmar 6
• Muḥammad
• al-Mustaʿin biʾllāh, ʿAbbāsid Caliph of Cairo 296–298
• al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qāʾitbāy 361–366, 401
• al-NĀṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāʾūn 125,132 to 134, 137–163
• al-Ṣāliḥ Muḥammad b. Ṭaṭar 310
• Muḥammad b. Kitbughā 24
• al-Muʿizz ʿIzz al-Dīn Aybak 25, 75–77
• al-Mulk liʾllāhi 16
• al-Muqtadir biʾllāh 39
• Mūsâ, al-Ashraf Muẓaffar al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ 73–74
• al-Mustaʿīn, ʿAbbāsid Cāliph of BaghdĀd 39
• al-Mustaʿīn, ʿAbbāsid Cāliph of Cairo Abū al-Faḍl ʿAbbās, 13, 22, 47, 53, 296–
298
• al-Mustanṣir, ʿAbbāsid Cāliph of Cairo 14, 85
• al-Mustaʿṣim, ʿAbbāsid Cāliph of Baghdad 72,78
• al-Mustaʿṣimīyah (Shajar al-Durr) 72
• al-Muẓaffar 385
• al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad 15, 16, 21, 35, 53, 307 to 308, 385
• al-Muẓaffar Baybars II 135–136
• al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji I 16, 20, 25, 28, 52, 82, 180 to 183, 385
• al-Muẓaffar Quṭuz 6, 25, 82–84
• al-Muẓaffar
• Rukn al-Dīn Baybars II 135–136
• Sayf al-Dīn Ḥājji I 180–183
• Sayf al-Dīn Quṭuz 82–84
• Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-Saʿādāt Aḥmad 307 to 308
• Napkin 22, 24, 26, 156, 400
• al-NĀṣir 285, 347
• al-NĀṣir
• Aḥmad 16, 52, 167–168
• Faraj 12, 16, 17, 20, 23, 25, 29, 42, 49, 52, 162, 163, 184–187, 192–200, 216,
230, 233, 240, 285
• Muḥammad b. Qāʾitbāy 15, 22, 37, 44, 47 to 49, 53, 285, 361–366, 169, 371,
401
• Muḥammad b. Qalāʾūn 1, 7, 8, 12–16, 20, 22, 23, 26, 38, 41, 42, 44, 50–52, 54,
55, 125, 132–134, 137–163, 230
• Yūsuf of Aleppo, Ayyūbid 40
• al-Nāṣir Abū al-Saʿādāt Muḥammad 361–366, 401
• Nāṣir al-Dīn
• Baraka Qān, al-Saʿīd 107–109
• Faraj, al-Nāṣir 276–295, 397
• Ḥasan, al-Nāṣir 184–187, 192–200
• Muḥammad b. Qāʾitbāy, al-Nāṣir 361–366, 401
• Muḥammad b. QalĀʾūn, al-NĀṣir 125, 132 to 134, 137–163
• Muḥammad b. Ṭaṭar, al-ṢĀliḥ 310
• NĀṣir al-millat al-Muḥammadīyah wa-muḥī al-Dawlat al-ʿAbbĀsīyah 14
• al-NĀṣir NĀṣir al-Dīn
• Abū al-SaʿĀdĀt Faraj 276–295, 397
• Ḥasan 184–187, 192–200
• Muḥammad b. QĀʾitbĀy 361–366, 401
• Muḥammad b. QalĀʾūn 125, 132–134, 137 to 163
• al-NĀṣir ShihĀb al-Dīn Aḥmad 167–168, 395
• NĀṣiri dinar 46
• Naskhi 17, 75
• Nawrūz 9
• Neo-Kufic 76
• Niṣf 43, 46
• Niṣf wa-rubʿ 17
• Nuqrah 55
• Nūr al-Dīn ʿAli 78–81
• Obverse 13, 57
• Octogram (cf. eight-pointed star) 237, 256, 259, 291
• Octolobe 221, 225, 228, 322, 353, 377
• Orientation of axis 56
• Oshin 147
• Osmanli Turks 43
• Ottoman conquest 51
• Ottoman Sultans 10
• Ottoman Turks 11
• Palanquin 21, 29
• Parade saddle 21
• Peacock 19
• Pear-shaped shield 23, 29
• Pegged dies 56
• Pen box 36
• Pentagon 293
• Pentalobe 332
• Pile 56
• Pious invocations 15
• Polo sticks 20, 22, 24, 33, 34, 270, 290
• Port of Alexandria 282
• Portuguese 11, 41
• Prayer niche 379, 381
• Preparation of the die 55
• Protocol 57
• Pseudo-Ayyūbid 12, 17, 21, 54
• al-QĀhirah 50
• QĀʾitbĀy 10,14, 21–23, 37, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 348–360, 369, 371
• QĀʾitbĀy raḥimahu AllĀh 15
• QalĀʾūn 7, 15–17, 20, 22, 26, 50, 52, 110, 112 to 119
• Qalqashandi 46, 253
• QĀnṣūh 386
• QĀnṣūh (al-ẒĀhir QĀnṣūh) 367–368
• QĀnṣūh al-Ghūri 13, 15, 38, 43, 44, 48–50, 53, 55, 369, 371–382
• Qasīm amīr al-mūʾminīn 14
• Qubbah 21, 29, 206
• Queen (Shajar al-Durr) 71–72
• Quṭuz 7, 12, 15, 17, 52, 82–84
• al-RĀḍi biʾllĀh 39
• Rasūlid dynasty 19
• Rate of exchange 39–49
• Rising Sun 21, 24, 205
• Rosette 19, 20, 22, 24, 28–30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 160, 161, 162, 191, 225, 227, 228,
273, 274, 289, 293, 322, 344, 345, 347, 359, 366, 386
• Royal protocol 13, 14, 76
• Rubʿ wa-thumn 17
• Rukn al-Dīn
• Baybars I 85–106
• Baybars II 135–136
• al-ṢaffĀḥ 39
• al-Saʿīd NĀṣir al-Dīn Baraka QĀn 107–109
• Saladin 40
• ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn
• al-Ashraf, Khalīl 120–124
• al-ṢĀliḥ, ḤĀjji II 238–246
• al-ṢĀliḥ, ṢĀliḥ 188–191
• SalĀmish, al-ʿĀdil Badr al-Dīn 14, 52, 110 to 111
• al-ṢĀliḥ Ayyūb 5–7, 12, 15, 17, 40, 75
• al ṢĀliḥ
• ḤĀjji II 9, 12, 16, 25, 31, 52, 161, 189, 238 to 246, 384
• IsmĀʿīl 14, 20, 25, 28, 42, 44, 51, 52, 169 to 176, 181
• Muḥammad 15, 53, 310
• ṢĀliḥ 21, 22, 25, 29, 51, 52, 188–191
• al-ṢĀliḥ ʿImĀd al-Dīn IsmĀʿil 169–176
• al-ṢĀliḥ NĀṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad 310
• al-ṢĀliḥ ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn ḤĀjji II 238–246
• al-ṢĀliḥ ṢalĀḥ al-Dīn ṢĀliḥ 188–191
• al-ṢĀliḥīya (Shajar al-Durr) 72
• SĀlimi dinar 46, 279
• Sayf al-Dīn 400
• Sayf al-Dīn
• Abū-Bakr 164–165
• al-ʿĀdil ṬūmĀnbĀy 370
• AynĀl 330–337
• Barqūq 249–275
• BilbĀy 345
• ḤĀjji I 180–183
• IlbughĀ b. ʿAbdullĀh al-SĀlimi al-ẒĀhiri 279
• Khushqadam 340–345
• QĀʾitbĀy 348–360
• QalĀʾūn 112–119
• Quṭuz 82–84
• ShaʿbĀn I 177–179
• Shaykh 299–306, 387–393
• Ṭaṭar 309
• Scroll ( ) 18, 114–115, 117–119, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 135–139, 144,
177, 188, 189, 211, 231, 255, 260–263, 297, 299
• Selīm I 11
• Seljuks of Rūm 16
• Sequin 13, 46, 47, 54, 276, 280, 311
• ShaʿbĀn
• al-KĀmil Sayf al-Dīn I 177–179
• al-Ashraf NĀṣir al-Dīn 208–229
• ShaʿbĀn and ʿAli 24
• ShaʿbĀn and ḤĀjji 24
• Shadda 18
• Shajar al-Durr 6, 12, 17, 41, 52, 71–72, 73
• Shark 23, 31, 223
• Shaykh (al-Muʾayyad Abū al-Naṣr) 22, 299 to 306, 335, 387–393
• Shaykh al-Maḥmūdi 9
• Shield 20, 22–24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 38, 200
• ShihĀb al Din
• al-Muẓaffar, Aḥmad 307–308
• al-NĀṣir, Aḥmad 167–168
• Silver 47
• Silver-copper system 41
• Silver content 47, 48
• Sīs 42, 146
• Sitting prince 19
• Six-petaled flower 237
• Skandarīyah 50
• Square flan 55, 381
• Square-in-the-circle 12, 76, 77, 79–81, 83, 84, 103, 104, 118, 221, 223, 225,
241, 242, 337, 359, 363–366, 380, 384
• Standard of coinage 40
• Striking 56
• al-SulṭĀn 14
• SulṭĀn al-IslĀm waʾl-Muslimīn 15
• al-SulṭĀn Khushqadam abū al-Naṣr malik al-ẒĀhir 14, 341
• al-SulṭĀn al-Malik 14, 297, 341
• al-SultĀn al-malik al-Ashraf NĀṣir al-dunya waʾl-dīn ShaʿbĀn b. Ḥasan b. al-
malik al-NĀṣir Muḥammad b. QalĀʿūn 15
• Sun 23
• Sword 19
• Syria 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 40, 47, 50, 356, 387
• Syrian Ayyūbids 6
• Syrian Marches 9
• Table 384
• Table of mint activity 52–53
• Taghri Birdi 49
• Tamgha 21, 25, 76
• ṬarĀblus 52
• ṬarĀblus al-Maḥrūsa 52
• Ṭarsūs 51
• Ṭarsūs of the Syrian Marches 51
• Ṭaṭar 309, 386
• Technique of minting 54
• TemirbughĀ (al-ẒĀhir Abū-Saʿid) 22, 53, 346 to 347, 386
• Tetralobe 236, 363
• Thaghr 50
• Thaghr al-ShĀmīyah 51
• Thaghr Skandarīyah 50
• al-Thughūr MayafĀriqīn 51
• Tīmūr 9, 269
• Trade dinar 46
• Trade dirhem 46
• Tram(s) (Armenian) 42, 146
• Triangle 200, 204, 205
• Tricuspidated chalice 22
• Tripoli 14–16, 21, 26–28, 50, 52, 233, 369, 370, 384
• Triquetra 227, 385
• Trussel 56
• Tuktamish 9, 269
• ṬumĀnbĀy
• al-Ādil Sayf al-Dīn Abū al-Naṣr 370
• al-Ashraf Abū al-Naṣr 383
• Turcoman dynasties 45
• Turcoman Kūfic 319, 334
• Turkish Mamlūks 5
• Turcoman princes 10
• Turcoman vassals 10
• UljĀitu 8
• Umayyad 17–18, 39, 43
• Underweight dinar 39, 40
• Unidentified Baḥri 38
• Urtuqis 45
• UstadĀr 279
• ʿUthmĀn (al-Manṣūr Fakhr al-Dīn) 328–329
• Venetians 41
• Venetian sequin 43, 398
• WĀlidat al-Malik al-Manṣūr 72
• Walking eagle 21
• Wa-mĀ al-naṣr illĀ min ʿind allĀh 16
• Wa-mĀ tawfīqī illĀ biʾllĀhi 16
• Water-wheel 23, 30, 33, 37, 38, 227, 270, 272, 365, 366, 382
• Wheel 22, 29, 207, 386
• Whirling rosette 23, 37
• Wuqīyah-weight copper of al-ṢĀliḥ ḤĀjji II 240, 241, 242
• Yashbak 9
• Yemen 19
• Yūsuf (al-ʿAzīz JamĀl al-Dīn) 319
• al-ẒĀhir 1, 33, 274, 275, 386
• al-ẒĀhir
• Barqūq (cf. Barqūq) 8, 25, 32, 249–275
• Baybars I (cf. Baybars I) 85–106
• BilbĀy 345
• Jaqmaq (cf. Jaqmaq) 35, 275, 320–327
• Khushqadam 340–345
• QĀnṣūh 21–23, 38, 53, 366, 367–368, 371
• Ṭaṭar 275, 309
• TemirbughĀ 36, 346–347
• al-ẒĀhir Abū al-Fatḥ Sayf al-Dīn Ṭaṭar 309
• al-ẒĀhir Abū Saʿīd
• Barqūq 249–275
• Jaqmaq 320–327
• Khushqadam 340–345, 400
• TemirbughĀ 346–347
• al-ẒĀhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars I 85–106
• al-ẒĀhir Sayf al-Dīn
• Abū Saʿīd Barqūq 249–275
• BilbĀy 345
• Abū Saʿīd Khushqadam 340–345
• ẒĀhiri dirhem 48
• Zayn al-Dīn, al-ʿĀdil, KitbughĀ 126–128
PLATES
I
SHAJAR AL-DURR 648 H.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-FATḤ MŪSÂ 649–650 H.

AL-MU'IZZ 'ZZ AL-DĪN AYBAK 648–655 H.
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN 'ALL 655–657 H.
II
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN 'ALL 655–657 H.

AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYE AL-DĪN QUṬUZ 657–658 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS I 658–676 H.
III
IV
AL-SA'ĪD NĀŞIR AL-DĪN BARAKA QĀN 676–678 H.
AL-SA'ĪD NĀŞIR AL-DĪN BARAKA QĀN 676–678 H.

AL-ĀDIL BADR AL-DĪN SALĀMISH 678 H.
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN QALĀ'ŪN 678–689 H.
VI
AL-ASHRAF ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪ KHALĪL 689–693 H.
AL-'ĀDIL ZAYN AL-DĪN KITBUGHĀ 694–696 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ḤUSĀM AL-DĪN LĀJĪN 696–698 H.
VII
AL-MANṢŪR ḤUSĀM AL-DĪN LĀJĪN 696–698 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (SECOND REIGN) 698–708 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS II 708–709 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
VIII
IX
X
AL-NĀṢIR NĀSIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
XI
AL-NĀṢIR NĀSIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.

AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN ABU BAKR 741-742 H.
AL-NĀṢIR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 742-743 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ 'IMĀD AL-DĪN ISMĀ'ĪL 743-746 H.
XII
AL-ṢĀLIḤ 'IMĀD AL-DĪN ISMĀ'ĪL 743-746 H.

AL-KĀMIL SAYF AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN I 746-747 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYF AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI 747-748 H.
XIII
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN (FIRST REIGN) 748-752 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ṢĀLIḤ 752-755 H.
XIV
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN (SECOND REIGN) 755-762 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 762-764 H.
XV
AL-MANṢŪR ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 762-764 H.
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II 764-778 H.
XVI
XVII
XVIII
AL-MANṢŪR 'ALĀ AL-DĪN 'ALI 778-783 H.
XIX
XX

AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (FIRST REIGN) 783-784 H.
XXI
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (FIRST REIGN) 783-784 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (SECOND REIGN) 791-792 H.
XXII
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (FIRST REIGN) 784-791 H.
XXIII
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (FIRST REIGN) 784-791 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792–801 H.

AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801-808, 809-815 H.
XXVII
AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801–808, 809–815 H.
XXVIII
XXIX
AL-MUSTA'ĪN BI'LLĀH ABU AL-FAḌL 'ABBĀS 815 H.
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H.
XXX
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 824 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 824–825 H.
XXXI
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN BARSBĀY 825–841 H.
XXXII
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN BARSBĀY 825–841 H.

AL-'AZĪZ JAMĀL AL-DĪN YŪSUF 841–842 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN JAQMAQ 842–857 H.
XXXIII
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN JAQMAQ 842–857 H.

AL-MANṢŪR FAKHR AL-DĪN 'UTHMĀN 857 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN AYNĀL 857–865 H.
XXXIV
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN AYNĀL 857–865 H.

AL-MU'AYYAD SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 865 H.
XXXV
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN KHUSHQADAM 865–872 H.

AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD TEMIRBUGHĀ 872–873 H.
XXXVI
AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD TEMIRBUGHĀ 872–873 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN QĀ'ITBĀY 873–901 H.

XXXVII
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN QĀ'ITBĀY 873–901 H.
XXXVIII
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 901-904 H.
XXXIX
AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD QĀNṢŪH 904–905 H.

AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NAṢR JĀNBALĀṬ 905–906 H.
AL-'ĀDIL SAYF AL-DĪN ṬUMĀNBĀY 906 H.
AL-ASHRAF QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI 906–922 H.
XL
XLI
AL-ASHRAF ṬUMĀNBĀY 922 H.
UNCERTAIN
ADDITIONS
XLII
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H. SUPPLEMENT
XLIII
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H. SUPPLEMENT
XLIV
SECOND SUPPLEMENT
A. AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
B. AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ
C, D. BARSBĀY
E. KHUSHQADAM
F, G. AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD
H. AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH

Balog Monedas Arabes

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SHAJAR AL-DURR

648 H. = 1250 A.D.

All the marginal legends run counter-clockwise.

1. Border on both sides: circular line.

‫بالهدى ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬

‫كله الدين على ليظهره الحق ودين‬

Double circular line.

‫والدة المسلمين ملكة‬

‫خليل المنصور الملك‬

‫الدينار هذا صرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬

‫وستماية واربعين ثمان سنة بالقاهرة‬

Double circular line.

‫عبد احمد ابو باهلل‬

‫المومنين امير هللا‬

2. Border on both sides: circular line.

‫بالهدى ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬

(‫ستماية( و واربعين ثمان‬

Siouffi, in his Liste p. 78, describes a copper coin as follows:.

AL-ASHRAF MUẒAFFAR AL-DĪN ABŪ'L-FATḤ MŪSÂ II

The marginal legends run counter-clockwise on all coins.

3. Border on both sides: circular line.

‫بالهدى ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬

‫كله الدين على ليظهره الحق ودين‬

Double circular line.

‫موسى الفتح ابو‬

‫بالقاهرة الدينار هذا ضرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬

‫وستماية واربعين تسع سنة‬

‫‪Double circular line.‬‬

‫باهلل ابو احمد عبد‬

‫هللا امير المومنين‬

‫‪Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (21, 4.99). Plate I.‬‬

‫‪CAIRO, 650 H.‬‬

‫‪Circular legend ends with:‬‬

‫‪ ...‬وستماية خمسين سنة بالقاهرة‬

‫باهلل ابو احمد عبد‬

‫هللا امير المومنين‬

‫‪Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (22, 4.26). Plate I.‬‬

5. Border on both sides: circular line.

..... ‫ ودين بالهدى‬.....

Balog, BIE 1952, p. 426 (11×17, 2.30). Plate I.

AL-MU'IZZ 'IZZ AL-DĪN AYBAK

(Coinage from 652 H. only)

As already pointed out in the introduction, Aybak wanted to maintain a semblance of

All marginal legends counter-clockwise.

6. Border on both sides: circular line.

‫بالهدى ارسله هللا رسول محمد هللا اال اله ال‬

‫كله الدين على ليظهر الحق ودين‬

Double circular line.

‫بن ايوب الدين نجم‬

‫بالقاهرة الدينار هذا صرب الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم‬

‫وستماية وخمسين اربع سنة‬

Double circular line.

‫باهلل ابو احمد عبد‬

‫هللا امير المومنين‬

Thorburn. BMC IX, 470a (20, 4.21).

As above, but marginal legend ends:

‫ وستماية وخمسين اربع سنة باسكندرية‬...

MINT AND DATE MISSING

Balog, BIE 1950, p. 233.

Obv. on all dirhems:

‫ايوب الدين نجم‬

9. B ‫ | وستماية خمسين‬L ‫ | و ثلث سنة‬T ‫ | بالقاهرة ب‬R ‫ضر هللا بسم‬

12. B ‫ | ستماية‬L ‫ | وخمسين خمس‬T ‫ | سنة بالقاهرة‬R ‫ضرب هللا بسم‬