Teo eeeuuw idavaruet oa a = a= 2 a a a s a = a == = = ee =e: a = =: UUUUUUES Standard Method of Test for In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) AASHIO AASHTO Designation: T 310-122 Technically Revised: 2022 Technical Subcommittee: 1b, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing 1. SCOPE 14 This test method describes the procedure for determining te in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of nuclear gauge. The density of the material may be determined by either Direct Transmission, Backscatter, or Backscatter/Air-Gap Ratio Method. The moisture of the material is determined only from measurements taken at the surface of the soil (Le, backscatter) 12. Density—The total or wet density of soil and soil-rock mixtures is determined by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source or detector is placed at 2 known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) ‘while the detector(s) or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method) or the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method). ‘The density in mass per unit volume ofthe material under testis determined by comparing the ‘detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data. 13, Moisture—The moisture content ofthe soil and soil-rock mixtures is determined by thermalization or slowing of fast neutrons where the neutron source andthe thermal neutron detector both remain atthe surface. 13.4 ‘The water content in mass per unit volume ofthe material under testis determined by comparing the detection rate of thermalized or slow neutrons with previously established calibration data, 14. ‘S1 Units —The values stated in $1 units are to be regarded as the standard, The inch-pound ‘equivalents may be approximate. tis common practice in the enginecring profession 10 concurrently use pounds to represent bath a unit of mass (Ibm) and of foree(Ibf). This implicitly combines two systems of units, that is, the absolute systom and the gravitational system. 444 ‘This standard has been written using the absolute system for water content (kilograms per cubic ‘meter) in St units. Conversion to the gravitational system of unit weight in Ibff® may be made. ‘The recording of water content in pound-force per cubic foot should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard, although the use is scientifically incorrect. 142, In the U.S. Customary units system, the pound (Ibf)represcuts a unit of force (weight), However, the use of balances or scales reoording pounds of mass (Ibm) of recording of density (Ibmif?) should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. TSib THOT ‘AASHTO (©2022 by he American Assocation of State Highway snd Transportation Offic {Allegis reserved. Duplication i velation of apliable aMOR DOR aA ee ee 15, 16. ‘This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6, Hazards The quality ofthe results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the ‘personnel performing the procedure and the capability. calibration. and maintenance ofthe ‘equipment used. Agencies tha meet the criteria of R18 are generally considered capable of competent and objective teting/sampling/inspectionet. Users ofthis standard are cautioned that compliance with R18 alone docs not completely assure reliable resus, Reliable resuls depend ‘on many factors; following the suggestions of R18 or some similar acceptable guideline provides 4 means of evaluating and controlling some ofthe factors. 22. 35, ~ SIGNIFICANCE REFERENCED DOCUMENTS AASHTO Standards: = R16, Establishing and implementing a Quality Management System for Construction ‘Materials Testing Laboratories mT 99, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-Ib) Rammer and 305-ram (22-in) Drop: mT 180, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-Ib) Rammer and a 457mm (18-in} Drop 1191, Density of Soil In-Place by the Sand-Cone Method mT 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils 1272, One-Point Method for Determining Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture ASTM Standards: mt D4253, Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using 1 Vibratory Table 'm_D4254, Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density i D7013/D7013M, Standard Guide for Calibration Facility Setup for Nuclear Surface Gauges The test method described is useful as 2 rapid, nondestructive technique forthe in-place determination of the wet density and water content of soil and soil-agsrogate. ‘The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and rock for construction and for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows for repetitive ‘measurements ata single test location and statistical analysis ofthe results, Density-—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and thatthe material under testis homogencous. Moisture—The fundamental assumptions inkerent in the test method are that the hydrogen present isin the form of water as defined by T 265 and that the material under test Js homogeneous. ‘Test resulis may be affected by chemical composition, sample heterogeneity, and to a lesser degree, material density and the surface texture of the material being tested. The technique also TSib T3102 ‘AASHTO (©2022 by ne Arperzan Assocation of State Highs and Transporation Offic. “All ight reserved Duplication sa violation a applicableexhibits spatial bias in that the gauge is more sensitive to water contained in the material in close proximity to the surface and less sensitive to water at deeper levels. 4A 4nd. 4A2. 418. 42. 424. 422. 423. INTERFERENCES In-Place Density Interferences: ‘The chemical composition ofthe sample may affect the measurement, and adjustments may bbenecessary. ‘The gauge is more sensitive to the density ofthe material in close proximity to the surface in the Backscatter Method. Note 4—The nuclear gauge density measurements are somewhat biased to the surface layers of the soil being tested. This bias has largely been corrected out of the Direct ‘Transmission Method, ‘and any remaining bias is insignificant. The Backscatter Method is still more sensitive to the _material within the first several inches ftom the surface. Density measurements with direct ‘transmission is the proferred method. ‘Oversize rocks or large voids inthe source-detector path may cause higher or lower density determination, respectively. Where lack of uniformity in the soil due to layering, rock, or voids is suspected, excavate and visually examine the test site to determine ifthe test material is representative of the fall material in general, and if rock correction is required. ‘The sample volume is approximately 0.0028 m? (0.10 ft) for the Backscatter Method and 0.0057 m’ (0.20 ft) for the Direet Transmission Method when the test depth is 150 mm (6 in ‘The actual sample volume is indeterminate and varies with the gauge and the density of the ‘material. In general, the higher the density, the smaller the volume. Other radioactive sources must not be within 10 m (30 8) ofthe gauge in operation. In-Place Moisture Content Interferences ‘The chemical composition of the sample may dramatically affect the measurement and adjustments may be necessary. Hydrogen informs other than water will use measurements in ‘excess of the true value. Some chemical elements, such as boron, chlorine, and minute quantities of cadmium, will eause measurements lower than the true value, ‘The water content determined by this test method is not necessarily the average water within the ‘volume of the sample involved in the measurement. The measurement is heavily influenced by the ‘water content ofthe material closest tothe surface. The volume of soil and rack represented in the ‘measurement is indeterminate and will vary withthe water content of the material. In general, the seater the water content of the material, the smaller the volume involved in the measurement. At 160 kg/m (10 Th/F), approximately 50 percent ofthe typical measurement results from the water content of the upper 50 to 75 mm (2t0 3 in) (Other neutron sources must not be within 10 m (30 ft) ofthe gauge in operation, TS APPARATUS Nuclear Density/Moisture Gauge—Although exact details of construction ofthe gauge may vary, the system consists of: A sealed source of high-energy gamma radiation, such as cesium or radium. T3103 ~ AASHTO (© 2022by the American Associaton of Stat Highvay and Transportation Officials All ight reserved Duplication a volation of app lawMomo 2 we ewe ew ieonsod lo 1701.01 SF LEG SA DE CY (70 RGran (Oto eI MOM io eT pio 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 87. 587A. 58. Gamma Detector—Any type of gamma detector, such as a Geiger-Mueler tube(3). Fast Neutron Source—A sealed mixture of 2 radioactive material, such as americium, radium, oF califomnium-252, anda target material suchas beryltium. ‘Slow Neutron Detector—Any type of slow neutron detector, such as boron trifluoride or helium-3 proportional counter. Reference Standard—A block of material used for checking gauge operation, correction of source decay, and to establish conditions for a reproducible reference count rate, ‘Site Preparation Device—A plate, straightedge, or other suitable leveling tool that may be used for planing the test ste to the required smoothness, and in the Direct Transmission Method, guiding the drive pin to prepare a perpendicular hoe. Drive Pin—A pin not to exceed the diameter of the rod in the Direct Transmission gauge by more than 6 mm ("4 in), oF as recommended by the gauge manufacturer, used to prepare a hole in the ‘material under test for inserting the rod. A slide hammer, wit a drive pin attached, may also be used both to prepare a hole inthe material to be tested and to extract the pin without distortion to the hole. Drive Pin Extractor—A tool that may be used to remove the drive pin in a vertical direction so thatthe pin will not distort the hole inthe extraction process. 6.1. 62. HAZARDS: ‘The gauge utilizes radioactive materials that may be hazardous to the health of the users unless proper precautions are taken. Users of the gauge must become familiar with applicable safety procedures and government regulations. Effective user instructions together with routine safety procedures, such as source leak tests, recording and evaluation of film badge data etc., are a recommended part ofthe operation and storage of this gauge. CALIBRATION Calibration ofthe gauge will be in accordance with Annexes A1 and A2. (Soe also ASTM D7013/D7013M.) a2. ‘STANDARDIZATION All nuclear density/moisture gauges are subject to long-term aging of the radioactive sources, ddofectors, and electronic systems, which may change the relationship between count rates and the ‘material density and water content. To offset this aging, gauges are calibrated as a ratio of the ‘measurement count rate to a count rate made on a reference standard orto an air-gap count (for the bbackscatter/ai-gap ratio method), The reference count rate should be in the same or higher order ‘of magnitude than the range of measurement count rates over the useful range of the gauge. ‘Standardization of the gauge on the reference standard is required atthe start of each day's use. Retain a permanent record of these data. Perform the standardization with the gauge at least 10 ra (G0 ft) away from other nuclear density/moisture gauges and clear of large masses of water ot TS ib T3104 ‘AASHTO (© 2022 by the American Associaton of State Highway and Tesporation Offic All digas reserved Dupin sa volition of pliable lwion rw eee aned 1o4 70001 91 I LEG BA BE CY (Bo Ra ian ee abicn 824. 8.2.2. 823. other items that may affect the reference count rates. Take standard counts inthe same environment as the acta measurement counts. ‘Tum on the gauge and allow for stabilization according to the manufacturer's recommendations. If the gauge is to be used either continuously or intermittently during the day, it i best to leave it in the “power on” condition to prevent having to repeat the stabilization (refer to the manufacturer's recommendations). This will provide more stable, consistent results. Using the reference standard, take at least four repetitive readings at the normal measurement Period and obtain the mean. If available on the gauge, one measurement of four or more times the normal period is acceptable. This constitutes one standardization check. Use the procedure recommended by the gauge manufacturer for determining compliance with the ‘gauge calibration eurves. Without specific recommendations for the gauge manufacturer, use the procedure in Section 82:3. Ifthe mean ofthe four repetitive readings is ouside the limits set by Equation 1, repeat the standardization check. Ifthe second standardization check satisfies Equation I, the gauge is considered in satisfactory operating condition. Ifthe second standardization check does not satiaty Equation 1, check and verify the gauge according to Annexes Al and A2, Sections ALB and A2.5. Ifthe verification shows that here is no significant change in the calibration curve, establish anew reference standard count, Ns If the verification check shows that there i significant difference in ‘he calibration curve, repair and recalibrate the gauge. WN, =Nyt 196)0,]F) oY where: Ne = value of eurent standardization count; Ne average of the pat four values of Ns taken for prior usage; and F = factory prescale factor (contact gauge manufcturer forth factor). 9a. 92, 024 922 0.23. PROCEDURE ‘Selecta test location where the gauge will beat least 150 mm (6 in.) away from any vertical mass. 1feloser than 600 mm (24 in) to a vertical mass, such as ina trench, follow the gauge ‘manufacturer's correction procedures. Prepare the test stein the following marmer: Remove all loose and disturbed material and additional material, as necessary, to expose the top of | the material to be tested. Note 2 Consider the spatial bias in determining the depth at which the gauge isto be seated Prepare a horizontal area sufficient in size to accommodate the gmuge by planing the area toa smooth condition so as to obtain maximum contac between the gauge and material being tested. Do not exceed 3 mm (sn. void beneath the gauge. Use native fines or fine sand to fil the voids and smooth the surface with rigid plate or athe suitable tool. Do not exceed approximately 3 mim (7 in.) of fille. Note 3—The placement of the gauge on the surface of the material to be tested is critical to the successful determination of density. The optimum condition is total contact between the bottom surface of the gnuge and the surface of the material being tested. When optimal conditions are not present, correct surface irregularities by the use of sand or similar filler material, The total area filled should not exceed 10 percent of the bottom area of the gauge. Several tral seatings may be required to achieve these conditions. Tsib T3105 AASHTO (© 2022 by he American Assocation of Ste ghia and Tansperaion Oia Alleghs eserves. Duplication avlstion of epics awee com ba idalion iefcensod tort 7.0 1.81.98 LEG 8A DE CV (elo Adrian Torrab albamaviala Ce mers pa 93. 9. eat, 9.42, 943. 9.44, 948. 95. 954 952, 9.53. 954, 955. 956. 98.7 9.5.8. 9.5.9. ‘Tum on and allovr the gauge to stabilize (warm up) according to the manufacturer's recommendations (see Section 8.2.1). Backscatter or Backscate/Air-Gap Ratio Method of n-Place Nuclear Density and Moisture Content Seat the gauge firmly. ‘Keep all other radioactive sources atleast 10 m (30 ft) away from the gauge to avoid affecting the measurement. Set the gauge into the Backscatter (BS) position (see Note 4). Secure and record one or more I-min readings (see Note 5). When using the backscatter/air-gap ratio method, follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding gauge setup. Take the same number (of readings for the normal measurement period in the air-gap position as in the standard backscatter position. Determine the air-gap ratio by dividing the counts per minute obtained in the air-gap position by the counts per sninute obtained in the standard position. Many gauges have built-in provisions for automatically calculating the air-gap ratio and wet density. Determine the in-place wet density by use of the calibration curve previously established or read the gauge directly ifso equipped Direct Transmission Method of In-Place Nuclear Density and Molsture Content: Selecta test location where the gauge in test position will be at least 150 mam (6 in.) away from any vertical projection, ‘Make a hole perpendicular to the prepared surface using the guide and the hole-forming device (Section 5) at least 50 mm (2 in.) deeper than the desired measurement depth and of an alignment {hat insertion of the source rod will not cause the gauge to tilt from the plane of the prepared area, Mark the test area to allow the placement of the gauge over the tet site and to allow the alignment of the source rod to the hole. Follow manufacturer recommendations, if applicable. Remove the hole-forming device carefully to prevent the distortion ofthe hole, damage to the ‘surface, or loose material to fll into the hole. Place the gange on the material tobe tested, making sure of maximum surface contact as described above. Lower the source rod into the hole tothe desired test depth. Pull gently on the gauge in the direction that will bring the side of the source rod to face the center of the gauge so that the source ‘rod isin intimate contact with the side of the hole in the gamma measurement path, Note 4—As a safety precaution, do not extend a rod containing radioactive sources out ofits shielded position prior to placing on the test site. Always align the gauge so as to allow placing the od directly into the test hole from the shielded position. Keep all other radioactive sources at least 10 m (30 ft) away fiom the gauge to avoid affecting the ‘measurement. ‘Ifthe gauge isso equipped, set the depth selector to the same depth as the source rod before recording the automated (gauge computed densitis, moistire contants, and weights) valies- ‘Secure and record on or more I-min readings (see Note 5), Tsp T3106 AASHTO (©2022 ty te Amica Association o State Highsay and Trampottion Oil Alt sights reserved. Duplication i velo of appli law.ton ee ON RAPA ACR AM IM BAG RA CREAR Beart Perce atbomandlandaversotoan 9.5.10. Determine the in-place wet density by use ofthe calibration curve previously established or read the gauge directly, if so equipped. Note 5—The gauge may be rotated about the axis ofthe source rod to obtain additional readings. 96. representative samples of material are to be taken for purposes of water content andlor density ‘determination, take the sample from directly undemeath the gauge. For the Backscatter Method, remove the material to a depth of approximately 75 mm (3 in.). For the Direct Transmission “Method, remove the material tothe approximate depth of the measurement of the gauge. 10. CALCULATION OF RESULTS 10.1. If dey density is required, the in-place water content may be determined by using the nuclear ‘methods described herein, gravimetric samples and laboratory determination, or other approved instrumentation 40.4.4 Ifthe water content is determined by nuclear methods, use the gange readings directly, or subtract the kg/m (Ibm/ft) of moisture from the kg/m? (Ibm?) of wet density, and obtain dry density in kg/m (bv). 10.1.2. If the water content is determined by other methods, and isin the form of percent, proceed 2s follows: 2 =f x10 Sa @ where: pu = dry density in kg/m? (lbm/f®), Pr wet density in ka/m’ (Ibm), and w = water asa percent of dry mass. 102. Percent Density: 1024 It may be desired to express the in-place density as a percentage of some other reference density, for example, the laboratory densities determined in accordance with T 99, T 180, or T 272. This relation can be detcrmined by dividing the inplace density by the laboratory reference density and ‘multiplying by 100. Calculations for determining relative density are provided in ASTM D4253 or 104254, Perform corrections for oversize material, if requited 41. REPORT. 114 Include the following: WA ‘Standardization and adjustment data forthe date of the tess; 11.1.2, Make, model, and serial number of the test gange: 1143. Name of the operaton(s); 1144, Test site identification; 1145, ‘Visual description of material tested; 11.16 ‘Test mode (backscatter or direct transmission) and test depth (if applicable); TSib T3107 RASHTO (© 2022 by the American Association of State Highway and Transpiaton Offic, All ight reserved. Duplication sa vnian of pliable law.AZO OY NLD A DF CV (0 ARrian TOrro® albumen PABIMMION Mole 14a7. ‘Wetand dry densities in kg? or unit weights in hf 11.48. ‘Water content in percent of dry mass or dey unit weight; and 11.19, "Any adjustments made in the reported values and reasons for adjustments (Le, offset, oversize parle). 42, PRECISION AND BIAS 124 taad ty of wet density test results obtained by tis test method are given in Table 1. The figure in Column 3 represents the standard deviations that hhave been found tobe appropriat for the materials teste in Column 1. The figures given in Column 4 are the limis ofthe difference between the results of two propetly conducted test. The figures given are based on an interlaboratory study in which five test sites containing soils, with ‘wet densities as shown in Column 2, were tested by cight different devices and operators. The wet density of each test site was determined three times by each device. ‘Table 1—Results of Statistical Analysis (Wet Density)” “Aeceplablo Range Average, ‘Standard ‘of Two Results Soil Type bin? Cen") Deviation tv? (ep?) (Coumn 1) (Coloma 2) (Column 3) (Column 4) Single Opera Fon Direct Tssmission co. 147 08373) 0340548) 094.4506) sp 120919366) 027432) o7eqinas) ML 130.1 (20840) 046 (137) 128@050) Backosater: ML 124609959) 121 09.38) 339(5430) ‘Maldabormy Precision Direct Transmission: ce 114708373) 055 (087) 1.262929) ° 120909366), (05810389) 191 6059) ML 120.1 ae. 077223) 215448) Backseat: mL 124609959) 2380819) 6.57 10698) “The dia sat easy md mice sont eco eens ee coved n AST Rese Repe RACDIS TOO Simla al ype lag hr dsstetne jens bl eet sa reso bes 42.42. “oo spe reds tangs witht ae einen ad etn -otsture Content-—Crteria for judging the aeceptabilty of the mofsture content results obtained by this tet method are given in Table 2. The value in Column 2 i in the units actually measured by the nuclear gauge. The figures in Column 3 represent the standard deviations that have been ‘ound to be appropriate forthe materials tests in Colum 1. The figures given in Column 4 are the limits ofthe difference between the results of two properly conducted tests. The figures given are ‘based on an interiaboratory study in which five test sites containing soils, with moisture content as, shown in Column 2, were tested by eight diferent devices and operators. The moisture content of ‘each test site was determined three times by each device. T308 ‘AASHTO (©2022 by the American Assocation of State Highway and Transportation Officials Allsighs reserved. Duplication 18 vein o appa aw., ; ; ; } ) ) jalandaverde@gt ma MS puDIGHUON is Tcalisatl tot 70.01,01.94 LEG BA Di CV (lo Adrian Torres albar ‘Table 2— Results of Statistical Analysis (Moisture Content) ‘ccpiabie Range Avera standart ‘of Two Result" SoilType Cm’) Deviaon i (igi?) (Column) (Coturmn2) (Cotumn 3) (Column ) Single Opens Prodan a 1210938) 035156) os7aiss) se 187 239.5) 0360.4) 129@a7) om W611) 035(55) 0991153), Muttsbomioy Precision co 1210938) 05263) 14403.) st 1870995) 7520) 210635) Mi. 195140) 05863) 161) [Gee repre rng a arse ies pnp en ng 12.2. 12.2.4 Bias: “There are no accepted reference values for these test methods; therefore, bias cannot be determined. 13. 13.4, ANNEXES KEYWORDS ‘Compaction test; construction contro; density; moisture content; nuclear methods; quality control: ‘water contont. (Mandatory Information) At. AL A, ALB Anas TS%b WET DENSITY CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION Calibration Calibrate newly acquired gauges. Calibrate existing gauges after repairs that may affect the gauge geometry. Calibrate existing gauges to reestablish calibration curves, tables, or equivalent coefficients ifthe gauge does not meet the specified tolerances in the verification ‘process. Ifthe owner does not establish a verification procedure, calibrate the gauge at minimum Frequency of 24 months. Verification—Verify existing gauges at a minimum frequency of 12 months. Record and document the verification process and resultant tolerances obtained over the depths that the gauge ‘measures. Ifthe verification process indicates @ variance beyond the specified tolerances, calibrate the gauge. “The calibration response of the gauge sll be within +16 ke/m (41.0 If) on the blocks on ‘which the gauge was calibrated. This calibration may be done by the manufacturer, the user, or an independent vendor. Nuclear gauge response is influenced by the chemical composition of measured materials. This response must be taken into account in establishing the assigned standard block density. Use blocks for calibration that are cepable of generating a general and reliable curve covering the entire density range of the materials tobe tested in the field. Determine the density of these standard blocks to an accuracy of 10.2 percent. Calibrate the density of the blocks used to verify the gauge calibrations any time the blocks are damaged, structurally altered in any way, and at a period not to exceed 5 years. Verify the density of blocks composed of natural materials such as soil or rock annually. T3109 ~ ‘AASHTO (©2022 by the American Assocation of State Highs and Transporation Oficial All ets eserve, Duplestion ia vslaton of applicable av.ee MTB PMDICALON WMcoMboE ION B11 ON LEG BA OL OY (Oo RUM Toren aRarmcamnOnveNottyMi ton = = Ala, ANS. Ae. ANZ. ALB, A181. A194. A192, A121, Note A1—Unless calibration blocks are damaged during transportation from one. ‘another, they do not need to be re-verified for density. However, changes in the size and set up of | the calibration bays, or environmental conditions such as temperature changes and different background radiation levels, may affect the blocks and the gauge response on the calibration blocks. To determine the effect ofthe changes, it is recommended thet the gauge response be checked by one or more yauges recently calfbrated at the original location. ‘Take sufficient data on each density standard block to ensure a gauge count precision (see ‘Annex A3) ofa Jeast one half of the gauge count precision required for field use, assuming field use measurement of I-min duration and 4-min duration used for calibration, or an equivalent relationship. The data may be presented in the form of a graph, table, equation coefficients, or stored inthe gauge, to allow converting the count rate dala to density. Use the same method and test procedures in establishing the calibration count rate data as those used for obtzining the field count rate data, State the material type, actual density, or assigned standard block density of each calibration standard used to establish or verify the gauge calibration as part ofthe calibration data for each ‘measurement depth, ‘The standards should be sufficient in size to not change the count rate if enlarged in any dimension. Note A2—Minimum surface dimensions of approximately 610 mm by 430 mm (24 by 17 in.) have proven satisfactory. For the Backscatter Method, a minimum depth of 230 ram (9 in.) is adequate, whereas for the Direct Transmission Method the depth should be at least 5D mm (2 in.) deeper than the deepest rod penotration depth. Consider a larger surface area forthe backscalier air-gap method. For blocks with width and length smaller than the sizes specified, follow the block. ‘manufacturers" recommendations for proper installation and use. ‘The most successful standards that have been established for calibration have been made of ‘magnesium, aluminum, aluminum/magnesium, eranite, and limestone. These standards have been used in combination with each other, with historical curve information, and with other prepared block(s) to produce accurate and reliable calforation. ‘Standards of soll, rock, and concrete that have stable characteristics for reproducibility and ‘uniformity are difficult to prepare. These standards may be of use for specialty verification or field calibration where loca! site material chemistry or background situation require special adaptation. ‘Verify an existing calibration by taking a sufficient number of counts at cach measurement depth ‘on one or more blocks of established density to ensure the accuracy of the existing calibration within +32 ko’m? (42.0 b/f?) at each measurement depth. ‘Take sufficient data to ensure a gauge count precision of at least one half ofthe gauge ‘count precision required for field use assuming field use measurement of I-min duration and 4-min duration used for calibration, or an equivalent relationship. Calibration blocks, which are used for calibration ofthe gauge, or prepared block(s), which are ‘capable of generating a general and reliable curve covering the range of densities ofthe materials, to be tested inthe field, can be used to verify the gauge calibration. Blocks prepared of soil, rock, concrete, asphalt, and engineered blocks that have characteristics of reproducible uniformity may be used, but care must be taken to minimize changes in density and ‘water content overtime. TStb T3010 ‘AASHTO (© 202 by te American Association of State Highway and Trneportation Official ‘All ght reserved. Duplication ia velato of appa lwPO B.S LEG GA BE CV (Ho Maran Torres abarteaansnveRotomaltor, = = = = = = MT (MDIRBUBH KMfceMsc io A19.22, A193. Determine the density values of prepared blocks fo an accuracy of 40. percent at each ‘measurement depth. State the assigned block density for each calibration depth used to verify the gauge calibration as part ofthe verification data. A.A. A244 A242, TS tb WATER CONTENT CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION Calibration—Calibrate nevly acquired gauges. Calibrate existing gauges after repairs that may affect the gauge geometry. Calibrate existing gauges to reestablish calibration curves, tables, or ‘equivalent coefficients ifthe gauze does not meet the specified tolerances in the verification process. Ifthe owner does not establish a verification procedure, calibrate the gauge at a minimum ‘requency of 24 months. Verification Verify existing gauges at a minimum frequency of 12 months, Record and document the verification process and resultant tolerances obtained over the depths the gauge ‘measures. Ifthe verification process indicates a variance beyond the specified tolerances, calibrate ‘the gauge. ‘The calibration response of the gauge shall be within 16 kg/m® (£1.0 Tb/#®) on the blocks on “which the gauge was calibrated. This calibration may be done by the manufacturer, the user, orn independent vendor. Use blocks for calibration that are capable of generating 2 gencral curve covering the entire water content range of the materials to be tested in the field. The calibration ‘curve can be established using counts and water contents of standard blocks, previous factory ‘curve information, or historical data, Duc tothe effect of chemical composition, he calibration, supplied by the manufacturer with the gauge will not be applicable to all materials. It shall be accurate for silica and water; therefore, the calibration must be verified and adjusted, ifnecessary, in accordance to Section A25. Calibration standards may be established using any of the following methods. Prepared Containers or standards must be large enough to not change the observed count rate if made larger in any dimension. Note A3—Dimensions of approximately 610 mm long by 460 mm wide by 360 mm deep (approximately 24 in. by 18 in. by 14 in.) have proven satisfactory. For blocks with width and length smaller than the sizes specified, follow block manufacturers’ recommendations for proper installation and use. Prepare a homogeneous standard of hydroyenous materials having an equivalent water content ‘determined by comparison (using a nuclear gauge) with a saturated silica sand standard prepared in accordance with Section A.2.4. Metalic blocks used for wet density calibration, such as ‘magnesium or aluminum, are a convenient zero water content standard, Prepare containers of compacted material with a percent water © (7265) and wet ensity eleulated fom the mass of is ten the container The water content my be calculated as fellows, paw w+100 ae tent determined by oven-dry land the inside dimenstons of where: ‘Mg = water content, kg/m? or Ibm/f, Pe = wet (total) density, kes or Tomi? and Ww = water content, percent of dry mass, T3041 ‘AASHTO (© 2022 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi All igh resersed. Duplication isa vilaton of applicable lawmore eoe eee ee MMS PUDIRRUON ico TboR owt! BI.04 LEO BA BE: GV (Wo Rurh PorrdW aS dMindy OFCOM A243. A258. A254 A281. A25A2. A252. A283. A284 A262. 286.3. A264, Tse ‘Where neither ofthe previous calibration standards are available, the gauge may be calibrated by sing a minimum of four selected test sites in an area of a compaction project where material has been placed at several different water contents. Te test sites shall represen the range of waler contents over which the calibration isto be used. Obtain atleast four replicate nuclear measurements a each ies site. Measure the density a each site by making four closely spaced determinations with calibrated equipment in accordance with T 191. The water content ofeach of the density tests shall be determined by 265. Use the mean value ofthe replicate readings asthe calibreGon point value for each ste Calioration Adjustments: Verify and adjust the calibration of newly acquired or repaired gauges prior to se. Check calibration curves prior to performing tests on materials that are distinctly different from material types previously used in obtaining or adjusting the calibration. Sample materials may be selected by cither Section A2.5.1.1 or Section A25.1.2. The amount of water shall be within *2 percent of tthe water content established as optimum for compaction. Determine the water content im kg/m? or Ib/t® by Equation A2.1. A microwave oven or direct heater may be utilized for drying materials that are not sensitive to temperature, in addition tothe methods listed in Sectfon A243. A. ‘minimum of four comparisons is required and the mean of the observed differences used as the correction factor. Container(s) of compacted material taken from the test site may be prepared in accordance with Section A2.4.2 ‘Test site(s) or the compacted material may be selected in accordance with Section A2.4.3, ‘The method and test procedures used in obtaining the count rate to establish the error must be the samme as those used for measuring the water content of the material to be tested, ‘Use the mean value ofthe difference between the moisture content of the test samples as determined in Section A2.5.1.1 or Section A2.5.1.2 and the values measured with the gmuge as a correction to measurements made in the field. Some gauges utilizing a microprocessor may have provision to input a correction factor that is established by the relative values of water content as & percentage of dry density, thus eliminating the need to determine the difference in mass units of water. Verity an existing calibration by taking suificient number of counts on one oF more blocks of established water content to ensure the accuracy ofthe existing calibration within £16 kg/m’ (#1 lly). Prepare the water content block(s) in accordance with Sections A241 and A242. ‘Take sufficient data to ensure a gauge count precision (see Annex A3) ofa least one half ofthe gauge count precision required for field use, assuming field use measurement of I-min duration and 4-min duration used for calibration, or an equivalent relationship, Calibration blocks used to establish calibration parameters and prepared blocK(s) that are capable of generating a general and reliable curve covering the range of densities ofthe materials that are to be tested inthe field can be used to verity calibration, Prepared block(s) that have characteristics of reproducible uniformity may be used, but care must be taken to minimize changes in density and water content over time. State the assigned water content of the block(s) used for verification ofthe gauge as part of the verification data. Tao “AASHTO (©2002 by the American Association of Sue Hishoay snd Tranepration Officials ‘All eights reserved, Dpletion i velation of appaeT Toi MnOn inicoNbot lot 70 1.01.08 LEG SA BE CV (So Adrian Muirdy abantrimandaverdetgMaleony, > S ABA. 32. 34, GAUGE COUNT PRECISION ‘Gauge count precision is defined as the change in density or water content that occurs corresponding to a one standard deviation change in the count due to the random decay of the radioactive source. The density ofthe material and time period of the count must be sated. It may be determined using calibration data (Equation 3.1) or Sections A3.2 and A3.3. Determine the gauge count precision ofthe system, P, from the slope ofthe calibration curve S, and the standard deviation, o, ofthe signals (detected gamma rays or detected neutrons) in counts per minute (cpm), as follows: P=o0lS 3) where: P= precision; & = standard deviation, epm; and 5. =_ slope, epmikain? (opm. Note Aa—Displayed gauge counts may be scaled. Contact the manufacturer to obtain the appropriate prescale factor. Density Determine the slope ofthe calibration curve atthe 2000-Kg/m? (125-Ib/f") point io ‘counts per minute per kilogram per cubie meter (counts per minute per pound per cubic foot). ‘Determine the standard deviation of a minimum of 20 per pound repetitive readings of I min each (gauge is not moved after seating forthe first count) taken on material baving a density of | 2000: 80 kg/m? (125.0 + 5.0 lb/ft). The value of? is typically less than 10 kg/m? (0.6 Ib/) in the Backscatter Method and 5 kg/m! (0.3 Ib) in the Direct Transmission Method at 6-in. depth, _Moisture—Where the slope ofthe calibration curve is determined atthe 160-ka/m? (10-16) point and the standard deviation is determined from a minimum of 20 repetitive readings of 1 min ‘each (the gauge is not moved after the first count) taken on material having a moisture content of 160 10 kg/m? (10.0 + 0.6 Ibi’, the value of P is typically less than 4.8 kg/m? (0.30 Ih). Te Fao AASHTO (© 2022by the American Asocstion of State Highvay nd Transportation Officials ‘All igs reserved. Duplication ia veatio of applicable aw,