Cc101 Introduction To Computing Module 7

02/05/2021
CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
MODULE 7: NETWORK and INTERNET
HARDWARE &
INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Stand-alone
Local Area Network
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HARDWARE &
Wide Area Network
HARDWARE &
Cloud Computing
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY?

Network topology refers to how various nodes,
devices, and connections on your network are
physically or logically arranged in relation to each
other. Think of your network as a city, and the
topology as the road map.
WHY IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY IMPORTANT?

The layout of your network is important for several reasons. Above
all, it plays an essential role in how and how well your network
functions. Choosing the right topology for your company’s
operational model can increase performance while making it easier
to locate faults, troubleshoot errors, and more effectively allocate
resources across the network to ensure optimal network health. A
streamlined and properly managed network topology can increase
energy and data efficiency, which can in turn help to reduce
operational and maintenance costs.
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LEARNING ENRICHMENT: NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Advantages and Disadvantages of these Network Topologies

(Give to class the PDF print-out of this site)
https://www.dnsstuff.com/what-is-network-topology
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THE INTERNET : HISTORY and EARLY USES
CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: WAN
 The Internet started in the

1960s as a way for government
researchers to share information.
Computers in the '60s were large
and immobile and in order to
make use of information stored in
any one computer, one had to
either travel to the site of the
computer or have magnetic
computer tapes sent through
the conventional postal system.
https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml
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CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: ARPANET

 Another catalyst in the formation of the
Internet was the heating up of the Cold
War. The Soviet Union's launch of the
Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defense
Department to consider ways information
could still be disseminated even after a
nuclear attack. This eventually led to the
formation of the ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network), the
network that ultimately evolved into what
we now know as the Internet. ARPANET was
a great success but membership was
limited to certain academic and research
organizations who had contracts with the
Defense Department. In response to this,
other networks were created to provide
information sharing
https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml
https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/arpanet-anniversary-the-internets-first-transmission-was-sent-50-years-ago-today
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https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/arpanet-anniversary-the-
internets-first-transmission-was-sent-50-years-ago-today
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CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: eMAIL

 In October 1972, Bob Kahn organized
a large, very successful demonstration
of the ARPANET at the International
Computer Communication Conference
(ICCC).
 This was the first public demonstration

of this new network technology to the
public. It was also in 1972 that the
initial “hot” application, electronic
mail, was introduced. In March Ray
Tomlinson at BBN wrote the basic
email message send and read software,
motivated by the need of the ARPANET
developers for an easy coordination
mechanism.
https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/
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CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: eMAIL

 In July, Lawrence Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first
email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and
respond to messages. From there email took off as the largest
network application for over a decade. This was a harbinger of the
kind of activity we see on the World Wide Web today, namely, the
enormous growth of all kinds of “people-to-people” traffic.
https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/
CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: TCP/IP

January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to
this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way to
communicate with each other.
A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control

Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of
computers on different networks to "talk" to each other.
ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP
standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All networks
could now be connected by a universal language.
https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/arpanet-anniversary-the-internets-first-transmission-was-sent-50-years-ago-today
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CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET:

WORLD WIDE WEB
The recent development and widespread deployment
of the World Wide Web has brought with it a new
community, as many of the people working on the
WWW have not thought of themselves as primarily
network researchers and developers.
A new coordination organization was formed, the

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Initially led from MIT’s Laboratory for Computer

Science by Tim Berners-Lee (the inventor of the
WWW) and Al Vezza, W3C has taken on the
responsibility for evolving the various protocols and
standards associated with the Web.
CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: WIFI
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Wi-Fi, (wireless fidelity) networking technology that

uses radio waves to allow high-speed data transfer over
short distances.
Wi-Fi technology has its

origins in a 1985 ruling by the
U.S. Federal Communications
Commission that released the
bands of the radio spectrum at
900 megahertz (MHz), 2.4
gigahertz (GHz), and 5.8 GHz
for unlicensed use by anyone.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Wi-Fi
Technology firms began building wireless networks and devices to take advantage of
the newly available radio spectrum, but without a common wireless standard
the movement remained fragmented, as devices from different manufacturers
were rarely compatible.
Eventually, a committee of industry leaders came up with a common standard, called

802.11, which was approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) in 1997.
Two years later a group of major companies formed the

Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA, now the Wi-Fi
Alliance), a global nonprofit organization created to promote the new wireless
standard. WECA named the new technology Wi-Fi.
Subsequent IEEE standards for Wi-Fi have been introduced to allow for greater
bandwidth. The original 802.11 standard allowed a maximum data transmission
rate of only 2 megabits per second (Mbps); 802.11n, introduced in 2007, has a
maximum rate of 600 Mbps.
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https://internethistory.org/historical-
timeline/
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LEARNING ENRICHMENT: HEAR IT DIRECTLY FROM

THE ARPANET COMPUTER SCIENTISTS ON THE
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
Internet50: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Internet on Oct. 29, 2019
Livestream of UCLA Samueli's 50th anniversary of the internet celebration at Royce Hall
on Oct. 29, 2019--50 years to the day the first message was sent over the Arpanet from
3420 Boelter Hall. Includes discussions with the Arpanet pioneers, including UCLA Prof.
Leonard Kleinrock, Vint Cerf, Charley Kline and Bill Duvall; Eric Schmidt, Jamie Dimon,
Mark Cuban, Ashton Kutcher, Peter Thiel, Robert Metcalfe, Jameela Jamil, Katelyn
Ohashi and many more.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqZmQhhd27o&featur
e=emb_title
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HOW IS THE INTERNET CONNECTED ACROSS THE WORLD?
LEARNING ENRICHMENT: SPECIAL VIDEOS ON

HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
1. What is the Internet?
https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-
internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:the-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:introducing-the-
internet/v/what-is-the-internet
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Most of what you see on the internet,

including possibly this article, travels to you
from underwater.
In fact, 99% of all international data is

transferred through a labyrinth of cables
stretching across the floor of the world's
oceans. There are 229 of them, each no
thicker than a soda can.
The United States is the most connected country on Earth, with

cables that link it to most other continents. The United Kingdom,
Senegal and Nigeria also boast large connection hubs.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/how-does-the-internet-cross-the-
ocean/#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%2099%25%20of%20all,floor%20of%20the%20world's%20oceans
.&text=The%20United%20States%20is%20the,it%20to%20most%20other%20continents.
Oxford Internet Institute
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Telegeography https://submarine-cable-map-2015.telegeography.com/
Submarine Cable Map 2015 https://submarine-cable-map-2015.telegeography.com/
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So when the internet is down, it is likely that there are

network malfunctions at the ocean floor
LEARNING ENRICHMENT: SPECIAL READINGS ON

“How does the internet cross the ocean”
1. Read this article from the World Economic Forum:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/how-does-the-internet-cross-the-
ocean/#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%2099%25%20of%20all,floor%20of%20the%20world
's%20oceans.&text=The%20United%20States%20is%20the,it%20to%20most%20ot
her%20continents.
2. Visit the Internet Map by Telegeography to see the internet cable
interconnectivity across the world:
https://submarine-cable-map-2015.telegeography.com/
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LEARNING ENRICHMENT: SPECIAL VIDEOS ON

“The Submarine World of Cyberspace”
3 Watch the a short video that explains the submarine world of cyberspace.
Vox
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve810FHZ1CQ&feature=emb_logo
4. What's inside the Undersea Internet Cable?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7stcJ65_X4
5. The Undersea Cable That Linked The World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV0Wc9Y33so
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02/05/2021

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

MODULE 7: NETWORK and INTERNET

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Local Area Network

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Wide Area Network

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY?

WHY IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY IMPORTANT?

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

LEARNING ENRICHMENT: NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Advantages and Disadvantages of these Network Topologies

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

THE INTERNET : HISTORY and EARLY USES

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: WAN

 The Internet started in the

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: ARPANET

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: eMAIL

 This was the first public demonstration

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: eMAIL

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: TCP/IP

A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET:

A new coordination organization was formed, the

Initially led from MIT’s Laboratory for Computer

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CATALYSTS FOR THE INTERNET: WIFI

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Wi-Fi, (wireless fidelity) networking technology that

Wi-Fi technology has its

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Eventually, a committee of industry leaders came up with a common standard, called

Two years later a group of major companies formed the

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

LEARNING ENRICHMENT: HEAR IT DIRECTLY FROM

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

HOW IS THE INTERNET CONNECTED ACROSS THE WORLD?

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

LEARNING ENRICHMENT: SPECIAL VIDEOS ON

CC 101: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Most of what you see on the internet,

In fact, 99% of all international data is

The United States is the most connected country on Earth, with