Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Mara

MEM634 ERGONOMIC DESIGN

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT
FORM

Group Name:

No. Name Student ID

1 MUHAMAD IDHAM DANIAL BIN ZUBIR 2019814714

2 MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ BIN AMIZAN 2019848332
3 MUHAMMAD AMIRULLAH IKHMAL BIN RAMLI 2018276424
4 MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI 2019602104
5 MUHAMMAD FIRAS BIN ZULKIFLI 2018801816

Guidelines:
Level Poor Fair Satisfactory Good Excellent
Scale 0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

Assessment Criteria Weight W % Scale Y Total = W x Y

Introduction, Content 50

Figures, Tables, Charts 20

Discussion, Conclusion 20

Format, Reference 10

Total 100%

Assessed by:

Signature:

Date:
PROGRAM: EM220 FACULTY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY
TEKNOLOGI MARA

COURSE CODE: MEM634

COURSE NAME: ERGONOMIC DESIGN

CLASS GROUP: EM220 8A5

LAB GROUP NO: 3
LAB REPORT NO: 2

LECTURER: ASSOC. PROF. ISMAIL NASIRUDDIN AHMAD

SUBMISSION DATE: 9/5/2022

Student
No. Full Name Mobile No. Signature
No.

MUHAMAD IDHAM DANIAL

1. 2019814714 011-3953 7839
BIN ZUBIR

2. 2019848332
MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ
BIN AMIZAN
016-777 5677 adeeb
MUHAMMAD AMIRULLAH
3. 2018276424 017-523 9503
IKHMAL BIN RAMLI

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT

4. 2019602104 012-271 8530
RAFFEI

MUHAMMAD FIRAS BIN

5 2018801816 012-700 6220
ZULKIFLI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would want to thank and praise to the Almighty God for giving us
with the strength and blessing that allowed us to complete this assignment. We would not have
reached this far without His blessing. Our group, which consists of Muhamad Idham Danial Bin
Zubir, Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq Bin Amizan, Muhammad Amirullah Ikhmal Bin Ramli,
Muhammad Azim Bin Mat Raffei and Muhammad Firas Bin Zulkifli, would not be able to finish
this lab report without their efforts and cooperation. With our entire commitment and responsibility,
we always strive hard to produce a good lab report.
Next, we would want to express our deepest gratitude to our lecturer, Assoc. Prof. Ismail
Nassiruddin Ahmad and our laboratory Supervisor, Encik Shahar bin Ismail, because without their
assistance, our lab report would not have been completed successfully. They always provide us with
encouragement and guidance on how to accomplish our lab report in order to get a positive outcome.
They were a great inspiration for us to work on this lab report. We'd also want to express our
gratitude to them for teaching us in this course with patient and motivated.
Moreover, we would like to thank University Technology Mara (UiTM) campus Shah Alam
for providing us with the chance to complete this writing lab report. Finally, no one has been more
important to us in the completion of this assignment than our family members. We'd want to express
our gratitude to our parents, who have always guided and supported us in our lab report project.
They are the essence of what it means to be a role model.
 Table of content
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 PROPER STEP TO USE THE EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................... 2

3.0 INFORMATION OF DATA COLLECTION VENUE ........................................................................ 4

4.0 RESULT OF CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 6

5.0 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 11

6.0 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 14

7.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 15

 List of Figures

Figure 1: Photo of GrayWolf Sensor/IQ 410 & TG 501 ................................................................................. 1

Figure 2: Data acquisition display (i) and graph analysis (ii) .......................................................................... 1
Figure 3: Athen’s location ............................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4: Hallym Medical University Chuncheon Sacred Hospital location................................................... 5
Figure 5: Daily variation of inorganic compounds in the museum.................................................................. 6
Figure 6: Hourly variation of inorganic compounds A) in the presser section (site 1) of the printer, B) in the
bookbindery section (site 2) of the printery, C) in the dispatch section (site 3) of the printery ...................... 7
Figure 7: Hourly variation of inorganic compounds A) in the smoker’s office, B) in the non-smoker office 8
Figure 8: Month against concentration graph for Otorhinolaryngology, Orthopedic, and Reception area ..... 9
Figure 9: Comparison of air quality indices among different areas in hospital A) carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2), B)
total volatile organic compound (VOCs), C) particulate matter with diameter of < 2.5µm (PM2.5), and D)
nitrogen dioxide (𝑁𝑂2).................................................................................................................................... 9

List of Tables

Table 1: Main characteristic of the sampling sites........................................................................................... 4

Table 2: Air quality indices range reference .................................................................................................. 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the environmental qualities found inside buildings or
confine space that may have an impact on human health, comfort, or productivity. Regularly
measuring indoor air quality and comfort levels in the workplace allows for better indoor fresh air
control and lowers the risk of worker shortages due to illness. Measuring indoor air quality and
comfort levels can also leads to improved employee performance. Indoor air quality meter (IAQM)
that has been used is GrayWolf Sensor or IQ410 and TG501. The GrayWolf Sensor is used to
measure air quality inside a space, temperature, humidity including the existence of dangerous gases:
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (N2),
ammonium (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The price for the GrayWolf Sensor is RM 37,
825.00. This model is portable type, powered by 2 pieces of battery D 1.5V type and functioning
connected to specific hardware and software.

Figure 1: Photo of GrayWolf Sensor/IQ 410 & TG 501

Figure 2: Data acquisition display (i) and graph analysis (ii)

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2.0 PROPER STEP TO USE THE EQUIPMENT
2.1 Navigating in WolfSense IAQ HPC (Handheld Personal Computer)
1. GrayWolf logo was double clicked on the Handheld Personal Computer and the toolbar
buttons, and the pull-down menus were shown.

Pull Down Menus Toolbar Buttons

Pull Down Menus

File: To manage stored files. Open notebook, copy to clipboard and then to
pocket Excel or Word, e-mail location files from HPC, close, options,
auto backup to compact flash card, exit.
View: View readings, details, or statistics for live readings. View location
where reading has been logged. View All will display all
measurement parameters. Change Units of Measure.
Probe: View information about the probe or calibrate the probe. View Active
Cal for probe calibration data. Detect PCMA/Port Probes.
Log: Set up how readings will be logged: Snapshot, Standard Timed or
Auto Start/Stop. To view Log information. To set or create Location
files or Site folders. To Start or Stop a log.
Add-ons: Add-ons listed are explained in other manuals.
Help: See Help Topics on WolfSense IAQ HPC or Email for WolfSense
Support.

Toolbar Buttons
Log: Starts the timed log previously set-up.
Stop: Stops a time log in progress.
Snapshot: Manually captures live values instantaneously in a location file.
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 All: Displays all measurement parameters, updating readings
continuously.
Home: Returns to the main WolfSense screen.
Details: Displays multiple readings in columnar format.
Statistics: Displays statistics about a chosen parameter.
Notebook: Accesses Text Notes, Drawing Notes, and Report templates.
Locations: Opens LOCATIONS dialog box.

2.2 Live Mode Operation

1. The IQ-410/TG-501 probe was connected via a serial port adaptor. For outdoor use, a battery
was used as the power supply.
2. The handheld personal computer was turned on and the GrayWolf icon was double clicked.
3. ‘View’ was tapped from the drop-down menu and ‘Readings’ was selected.

2.3 Creation, Selection, and Deletion of Site Folders and Location Files
1. Log was tapped, Location/ Sites from the pull-down menu, or the Location toolbar button
was selected on the main WolfSense IAQ HPC.
2. Sites was selected in the LOCATIONS box. In the SITES dialog box, the name of the last
site folder in which a location file was created or selected will be highlighted.
3. A new site was created by tapping the NEW SITE NAME. the new site folder name was
typed, and Create Site was selected.
4. Location files were created in the Site folder by tapping on the Locations button in the dialog
box. The name of the new location file. Create Location was tapped.
5. A location file in an existing Site folder from the main WolfSense IAQ HPC screen was
created, Log was tapped, Location/Sites from the pull-down menu or the Locations toolbar
button.
6. ‘Sites’ was tapped in the LOCATIONS box. The desired site folder was tapped through the
Site folder.
7. File, Open, View, View Location can be tapped to delete a location file or the entire site
folder.
8. The DEL key should be pressed and yes should be tapped to confirm deletion of the desired
site or folder.

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2.4 Logging Mode Operation
1. The IQ-410 probe was connected via a serial port adaptor. For outdoor use, a battery was
used as the power supply.
2. The handheld personal computer was powered up and GrayWolf icon was double clicked.
3. The Live Mode screen will be displayed on the HPC. Tap on the View button from the drop-
down menu and select the parameters to be logged.

3.0 INFORMATION OF DATA COLLECTION VENUE

First case study had been conducted within Athens from article Indoor Air Quality by D. Saraga.

Figure 3: Athen’s location

The experiment was conducted for 8 days in Museum, 5 days Printery Industry and 13 days in 2
offices in the same building. The instrument used for this case study were particular matter, volatile
organic compound, and inorganic compound. Daily recording in a logbook of all relevant facts
regarding the number of residents and their activities is part of the measurement procedure. The
characteristic of the selected sample sites was shown in the figure of table below.
Table 1: Main characteristic of the sampling sites

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The second case study in the hospital based on the article Evaluation and Comparison of the Indoor
Air Quality in Different Areas of the Hospital by Hyun-Joo Lee. The experiment was conducted
different areas of Hallym Medical University Chuncheon Sacred Hospital which were
otorhinolaryngology clinic, orthopedic clinic, and reception area of the hospital. The measurement
was measure at 1-minute intervals. However, the author used the average values during the course
of 1 hour for statistical analysis. Since they were not normally distributed, continuous variable were
expressed as median with range.

Figure 4: Hallym Medical University Chuncheon Sacred Hospital location

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4.0 RESULT OF CASE STUDY
4.1 Study case 1
4.1.1 Museum
The 8-day campaign in the museum environment yielded concentrations of VOCs, inorganic
pollutants (NO, 𝑁𝑂2 , 𝑂3, 𝑆𝑂2), PM2.5, and particles in various size ranges. The windows were
always partially open due to the lack of an air conditioning system. Data from the Ministry of the
Environment's atmospheric pollution measurement stations were utilized to calculate the outdoor
concentration. In the Attica region, the ministry's network has 17 fully equipped stations. The current
study employed data from the closest station to our site (Goudi 20m distant).

Figure 5: Daily variation of inorganic compounds in the museum

4.1.2 Printery Industry

At three distinct industry sites, 24-hour gravimetric measurements of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP
concentrations were taken. The levels of NO, 𝑁𝑂2 , 𝑂3, and 𝑆𝑂2 were all routinely measured. At the
three industry sites, 2-hour samples of carbonyl compounds and 30-minute samples of VOCs were
taken once and twice each day, respectively. The elements expected to influence the interior air
pollutants levels were the surrounding region of the building (urban area with heavy automobile
traffic), the age of the construction materials, and the activities undertaken in the industry. Outdoor
concentrations were obtained from the Ministry of Environment's atmospheric pollution
measurement network station "Aristotelus."

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 Figure 6: Hourly variation of inorganic compounds A) in the presser section (site 1) of the printer, B) in the bookbindery section
(site 2) of the printery, C) in the dispatch section (site 3) of the printery

4.1.3 Two office in the same building

In the smokers' and nonsmokers' offices, measurements were taken on July 16 to 22 and July 23 to
27, respectively. Indoor PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations, as well as outdoor PM2.5 concentrations,
were sampled every 24 hours in both offices. In the inside of the offices, the number of particles as
a function of their size distribution, air temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were all
continually recorded. Additionally, daily 2-h carbonyl compound samples (formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde) were obtained. Finally, twice a day, 30-minute VOCs sampling was conducted
simultaneously indoors and outdoors (one in the morning and the other after personnel had left).

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 Figure 7: Hourly variation of inorganic compounds A) in the smoker’s office, B) in the non-smoker office

4.2 Study Case 2

Figure 6 summarizes the results of indoor air quality measurements in each region. The average
yearly CO2 concentration in the otorhinolaryngology clinic was 1020 ppm, and the average monthly
value was always more than 800 ppm. Meanwhile, the average annual CO2 concentration at the
orthopedic clinic was 670 ppm and 528 ppm in the reception area (Figure 7A). The
otorhinolaryngology clinic's average annual VOC concentration (312 ppb) was much greater than
the reception area's (110 ppb) (Figure 7B). Furthermore, the average yearly PM2.5 concentration in
the otorhinolaryngology clinic (49.6 g/m3) was substantially greater than in the orthopedic clinic
(20.0 g/m3) or the reception area (20.5 g/m3) (Figure 2C). The average annual concentrations of
NO2 in the examined locations, however, did not change much (Figure 2D). Table 2 shows the
detailed reference range of indoor air quality indices.

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 Figure 8: Month against concentration graph for Otorhinolaryngology, Orthopedic, and Reception area

Figure 9: Comparison of air quality indices among different areas in hospital A) carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ), B) total volatile organic
compound (VOCs), C) particulate matter with diameter of < 2.5µm (PM2.5), and D) nitrogen dioxide (𝑁𝑂2 )

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Table 2: Air quality indices range reference

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5.0 DISCUSSION

CASE STUDY 1
The purpose of this study was to identify the most significant sources of air pollution in three
different indoor environments. The type of indoor activities, the existing equipment, the number of
occupants, the ventilation pattern, and the outdoor background all differ significantly between the
three sites. As a result, the comparison of the cases can be limited to a discussion of the unique
characteristics of each site and the observed differences in measured pollutants' levels.

Particulate matter (PM)

In terms of particulate matter, 𝑃𝑀2.5 values are being used for comparison because they are available
for all sampling locations. The bookbindery section of the printery industry had the highest
concentrations of (151 𝜇g 𝑚−3 ), while the museum had the lowest of (20.3 𝜇g 𝑚−3 ). Because
resuspension causes elevated fine particle levels, the number of occupants, which is higher in the
industry, is a significant factor in the different measured values. Emissions from equipment and the
outdoor environment (proximity to the street, floor level, building orientation) are also factors that
contribute to higher particle values in the industry.

VOCs

The highest levels of benzene and toluene were found in the presser section of the printery industry
(69.4 𝜇g 𝑚−3) and throughout the printery industry (147-155 𝜇g 𝑚−3), respectively. Even though
benzene levels were higher than the annual EU limit for ambient air (5 mg m3, 2000/69/EC) (mean
daily concentration values), the most elevated values were found to be much lower than the exposure
limit value for occupational environment in Greek legislation (National directive 90/1999 (94/A/13-
5-99)). The highest levels of m,p, and o-xylene were found in the offices. M,p-xylene and o-xylene
concentrations in the non-smokers’ office were measured to be 241 𝜇g 𝑚−3 and 174 𝜇g 𝑚−3,
respectively, possibly due to the use of photocopy machines and adhesive materials for the
placement of new tiles, as previously discussed.

Inorganic pollutants

The average NO2 concentration was higher in the printery industry's dispatch section (96.6 𝜇g 𝑚−3)
and lower in the smoker's office (24.9 𝜇g 𝑚−3). The highest concentration of O3 was found in the

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non-smokers’ office (238 𝜇g 𝑚−3), while the lowest was found in the printer industry's presser
section (11.0 𝜇g 𝑚−3). The presser section of the printing industry had the highest average SO2
concentration value of 47 𝜇g 𝑚−3. All other SO2 concentrations were less than 10 𝜇g 𝑚−3.

CASE STUDY 2

Various activities and procedures performed in hospitals, such as the use of chemicals,
pharmaceutical products, biological contaminants, cleaning compounds, sterilisation, and dust, have
an impact on indoor air quality. Previously, one study found that VOC and PM2.5 concentrations
above the acceptable limit were linked to the number of endoscopic procedures and PM2.5 in the
gastrointestinal endoscopic unit.

Indoor CO2 concentrations should be less than 700 ppm, according to the ASHRAE standard, to
prevent any harm to human health. Exposure to a CO2 concentration of 3000 ppm has been shown
to increase the frequency of high-intensity headaches, sleepiness, fatigue, and concentration
problems. The mean CO2 concentration in the otorhinolaryngology clinic was over 800 ppm every
month in this study, which was higher than the concentration in other outpatient areas. It means that
otorhinolaryngology clinic employees may be more susceptible to health problems because of high
CO2 levels.

The average VOC concentrations in the otorhinolaryngology clinic were higher than those in the
other areas studied in this study. In addition, VOC concentrations increased in all of the areas studied
during the winter. The frequent disinfection and cleaning of endoscopic equipment with various
chemical detergents and disinfectants may contribute to high VOC levels in the otolaryngology
clinic.

The otorhinolaryngology clinic had significantly higher PM2.5 concentrations than the other
analysed areas in this study, especially in the spring and winter. The higher PM2.5 concentrations
in the otorhinolaryngology clinic could be attributed to procedures and physical examinations
involving endoscopy or oronasal sprays. Furthermore, higher outdoor PM concentrations and a
higher number of patients visiting the clinic in the spring and winter seasons may explain the
seasonal differences.

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There were no significant differences in NO2 concentrations between the different hospital areas in
this study. However, in winter, the overall NO2 concentration was higher than in summer. This
finding may be explained by the continued use of heating systems in the winter.

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6.0 CONCLUSION
As for case study 1, the type and strength of indoor source emissions appear to have a
significant impact on the levels of pollutants in the three occupational environments. The
contribution of the outdoor environment is also significant. A further investigation of source
emissions in a diverse range of occupational environments, as well as measurements of exposure
levels at the employees' breathing height, could add significant knowledge and aid strategies for a
healthier working environment. As for case study 2, this study compared the ambient air quality
indices in different areas of a hospital and monitored the indoor air quality in an otorhinolaryngology
clinic. The findings suggest that otorhinolaryngology clinics are vulnerable to indoor air pollution,
which could harm clinicians and patients' health. As a result, otorhinolaryngology clinicians should
be aware of the potentially harmful health effects of indoor air pollution and incorporate indoor air
quality into their practise guidelines. Adequate special precautions should be taken to counteract the
effects of poor indoor air quality.

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7.0 REFERENCES

D. Saraga, S. Pateraki, A. Papadopoulos, Ch. Vasilakos, Th. Maggos (2022). Studying the indoor
air quality in three non-residential environments of different use: A museum, a printery
industry and an office.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215979894_Studying_the_indoor_air_quality_in_t
hree_non-
residential_environments_of_different_use_A_museum_a_printery_industry_and_an_office.

E. M. A. Zawawi, A. Z. Azaiz, S. N. Kamaruzzaman, N. M. Ishak, F. N. M. Yussof. (2018). MATEC

Web of Conferences. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Performance in Refurbished Projects: A Case
Study of Two Private Schools in Selangor.

Example of a Daycare Centre. Obtained from: https://100comments.com/blog/top-10-best-

childcare-centres-in-klang-valley-revealed/

I. Marzuki, N. Zafirah, M. Sofian, A. M. Abdullah, Indoor Air Quality in Selected Samples of

Environment Asia, pp.103–108. https://doi.org/10.14456/ ea.2010.48, (2010).

Instructions for DM106A Indoor Air Quality Monitor. Obtained from:

http://www.langder.com/pic/pic/DM106A-user-manual.pdf

Kamaruzzaman, K. and Samsul, A (2013). Thermal Comfort Assessment of a Classroom in Tropical

Climate Conditions. Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development, ISBN: 978-
1-61804-157-9.

Lee, H. J., Lee, K. H., & Kim, D. K. (2020). Evaluation and comparison of the indoor air quality in
different areas of the hospital. Medicine, 99(52), e23942.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023942

T. Cionita, N. M. Adam, J. Jalaludin, M. Mansor, and J. P. Siregar, “Measurement of indoor air

quality parameters in daycare centres in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol.
564, pp. 245–249, 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.564.245.

Yang, Z., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Mino, L. (2013). A study on student perceptions of higher education
classrooms: Impact of classroom attributes on student satisfaction and performance. Building
and Environment, 70(0), 171-188.

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