12th (JEE Maths) Solution of Tringle

JEE Std.
12 Topic : Solutions of Triangles

SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE MODI SCHOOLS
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
1. INTRODUCTION :
In any triangle, the three sides and the three angles are often called the elements of the triangle. When
three elements of a triangle are given, the process of calculating its other three elements is called solution
of the Triangle.
In any triangle ABC, the side BC, opposite to the angle A, is denoted by a; the sides CA and AB
opposite to the angle B and C respectively are denoted by b & c.
A
In any triangle ABC
(i) A + B + C = 180º, A, B, C > 0 c b
(ii) a + b > c, b + c > a, c+a>b
(iii) |a – b| < c, |b – c| < a, |c –a| < b. B D C
a
(iv) a, b, c > 0
1.1 SINE RULE :
a b c
In any triangle ABC,   i.e., the sines of the angle are proportional to the opposite
sin A sin B sin C
sides.
Proof :-
A
Consider the acute angle triangle ABC
Draw AD perpendicular to the opposite side BC c b
AD
In the triangle ABD, we have = sin B, so that AD = c sin B B D C
AB a
AD
In the triangle ACD, we have = sin C, so that AD = b sin C
AC
Equating these two values of AD, we have,
MODI SCHOOLS 1
b c
c sin B = b sin C 
sin B sin C
Consider the obtuse angle ABC
A
AD AD
In a ABD, sin B = 
AB c c
b
AD AD –C
In a ACD, sin ( – C) =  B a C D
AC b
so, c sin B = b sin ( – C) = b sin C
In a similar manner, by drawing a perpendicular from B upon CA, we have
c a

sin C sin A
Consider right angled triangle C = 90º
A
If one of the angles C, be a right angle as in the figure, we have
a b c
b
sin C = 1, sin A = and sin B =
c c
B a C
a b c
So,   [Because sin C = 1]
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
Hence for any type of triangle,  
sin A sin B sin C
Illustration :
B C  A
Prove that a cos = (b + c) sin   .
2 2
 B C   B C 
2 sin  cos 
b  c sin B  sin C  2   2 
Sol.  
a sin A A A
2 sin cos
2 2
A  B C   B C 
cos cos  cos 
2  2   2 

A A A
sin cos sin
2 2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 2
 B C  A
so a cos   = (b + c) sin
 2  2
Illustration :
ab AB AB
Prove that  tan ·cot .
ab 2 2
 A B   A B 
2 cos  sin 
a  b sin A  sin B  2   2 
Sol.  
a  b sin A  sin B  A B   A B 
2 sin  cos 
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
 tan  cot  
 2   2 
a b  A B   A B 
so  tan  cot  
ab  2   2 
Illustration :
a 2 sin( B  C ) b 2 sin( C  A ) c 2 sin( A  B )

Prove that   0.
sin B  sin C sin C  sin A sin A  sin B
a 2 sin( B  C ) sin 2 A sin( B  C ) a b c

Sol.  K2  =  = K (constant)
sin B  sin C sin B  sin C sin A sin B sin C
sin A sin( B  C ) sin( B  C )

2 2 (sin 2 B  sin 2 C )
K  K sin A
sin B  sin C sin B  sin C
= K2 sin A (sin B – sin C)
b 2 sin( C  A ) 2 c 2 sin( A  B )
Similarly = K sin B (sin C – sin A), = K2 sin C (sin A – sin B)
sin C  sin A sin A  sin B
so sum of three terms = 0
Illustration :
1  cos( A  B ) cos C a 2  b 2
Prove that 
1  cos( A  C ) sin B a 2  c 2
MODI SCHOOLS 3
1  cos( A  B ) cos C 1  cos( A  B ) cos( A  B )
Sol. 
1  cos( A  C ) sin B 1  cos( A  C ) cos( A  C )
1  (cos 2 A  sin 2 B ) sin 2 A  sin 2 B a2  b2

  
1  (cos 2 A  sin 2 C ) sin 2 A  sin 2 C a2  c2
Illustration :
a 2  b 2 sin( A  B )
In any trianlge, if  . Then prove that the triangle is either right angled or
a 2  b 2 sin( A  B )
Isosceles.
a 2  b 2 sin 2 A  sin 2 B sin( A  B ) sin( A  B )

Sol.  
a 2  b 2 sin 2 A  sin 2 B sin 2 A  sin 2 B
sin( A  B ) sin( A  B ) sin( A  B )

So, 
sin 2 A  sin 2 B sin( A  B )
sin( A  B ) 1 sin C 1
 sin (A – B) = 0 or  or 
sin A  sin B sin( A  B )
2 2 2 2
sin A  sin B sin C
 so A = B or sin2 C = sin2A + sin2B, c2 = a2 + b2
so either isosceles or right angled triangle.
Illustration :
If A =75º, B = 45º, then prove that b + c 2 = 2a.
Sol. A = 75º, B = 45º  C = 60º

a b c sin 45º sin 60º
  so b+ 2c = a 2 a
sin 75º sin 45º sin 60º sin 75º sin 75º
1 3
2 a 2 2 a= 2 2 3a
b+c 2 = a  2a
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
Illustration :
cos A cos B cos C
If   and the side a = 2, then find the area of the triangle?
a b c
MODI SCHOOLS 4
cos A cos B cos C cos A cos B cos C
Sol.   ,  
a b c sin A sin B sin C
so cot A = cot B = cot C  equilateral triangle.
3 2 3
Area = a  ( 2 )2  3
4 4
Practice Problem
Q.1 In a triangle ABC, if cos2 A + cos2 B – cos2 C = 1, then identify the type of the triangle?
b 3
Q.2 If angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and if  , then find angle A.
c 2
Q.3 Prove that b2 cos 2A – a2 cos 2B = b2 – a2.
a sin(B  C) b sin(C  A) c sin(A  B)

Q.4 Prove that  
b2  c2 c2  a 2 a 2  b2
Q.5 If in any triangle angles are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then prove that the corresponding sides are as 1 : 3 : 2.
Q.6 If in a triangle ABC, a sin A = b sin B, then prove that the triangle is an isosceles triangle.
Answer key
Q.1 Right angle triangle Q.2 75º
1.2 COSINE RULE :
b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2 a 2  b 2  c2
In a ABC, we have cos A  , cos B  and cos C 
2bc 2ca 2ab
where a, b & c are sides and A, B & C are angle of the triangle.
MODI SCHOOLS 5
Proof : Consider the acute angle ABC,
By geometry, we have
AB2 = BC2 + CA2 – 2BC · CD …(i)
A
CD
But = cos C, so that CD = b cos C. c b
CA
Hence (i) becomes c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C. B D C

a
a 2  b2  c2
2ab cos C = a2 + b2 – c2 , so cos C =
2ab
Consider the obtuse angle ABC,

By geometry, we have AB2 = BC2 + CA2 + 2BC · CD …(ii)
A
CD
But = cos (ACD) = cos (180º – C) = – cos C
CA c
b
–C
so CD = –b cos C a
B C D
so equation (ii) becomes
c2 = a2 + b2 + 2a (–b cos C) = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
a 2  b2  c2
so once again, cos C =
2ab
Consider the right angle ABC, A

If C = 90º, then a2 + b2 = c2
c
b
a 2  b2  c2 c2  a 2
so cos C = = = 0, we know that cos 90º = 0 B a C
2ab 2ab
a 2  b2  c2
so here also our formula is valid. So we can say in any type of triangle ABC, cos C =
2ab
similarly cos B, cos A can be proved.
Note :-There is another way to prove cosine law consider the triangle as shown in figure.
AD = AC sin C, = b sin C, CD = AC cos C = b cos C
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so BD = BC – CD = a – b cos C. A
ADB is a right angle triangle so c b
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 , c2 = (b sin C)2 + (a – b cos C)2

B D b cos C C
c2 = b2 sin2 C + a2 + b2 cos2 C – 2ab cos C = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C a
a 2  b2  c2
cos C =
2ab
Note :-(a) If the three sides of a triangle are known, we can find all the angles by using cosine rule.
(b) If in ABC, a > b > c, then A > B > C or vice-versa.
Illustration :
In any triangle ABC, prove that a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2.
Sol. a (b cos C – c cos B) = ab cos C – ac cos B
( a 2  b2  c2 ) ( a 2  c 2  b2 )
 ab  ac
2 ab 2 ac
a 2  b 2  c2  a 2  c 2  b 2
= = b2 – c2
2
Illustration :
If a = 3,b=
1
2
 
6  2 , c = 2 , then find A?
2
b c a 2
1
4
84 3 23
2 
1 3    1
Sol. cos A =   
2bc 12  4 2 1 3   2

A=
3
Illustration :
If the angle A, B, C of a triangle are in A.P. and sides a, b, c are in G.P., then prove that a2, b2, c2
are in A.P.

Sol. Given, 2B = A + C =  – B  B =
3
Also, a, b, c are in G.P.  b2 = ac
1 c2  a2  b2
Now, cos B = cos 60º = =  ca = c2 + a2 – b2
2 2 ac
 b2 = c2 + a2 – b2  2b2 = a2 + c2  a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
MODI SCHOOLS 7
Illustration :
1 1 3
If in a triangle ABC, C = 60º, then prove that   .
ac bc abc
Sol. By the cosine formula, we have
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C,  c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos 60º = a2 + b2 – ab
1 1 3
Now,  
 ( b  c )( a  b  c )  ( a  c )( a  b  c )  3( a  c )( b  c ) 
 
 ( a  b )( b  c )( a  b  c ) 
( a 2  b 2  ab )  c 2
 0
( a  b )( b  c )( a  b  c )
1 1 3
so  
Illustration :
If the sides of a triangle are (x2 + x + 1), (x2 – 1) & (2 x + 1), then find the largest angle?
Sol. Let a = x2 + x + 1, b = 2x + 1, c = x2 – 1
a>0  xR
1
b>0  x> 
2
c>0  x < –1 or x > 1
So, x  (1, )
a – b = x2 – x > 0  a > b,
a–c=x+2>0  a>c
So angle A is the largest angle
b 2  c 2  a 2 ( 2 x  1 )2  ( x 2  1 )2  ( x 2  x  1 )2
cos A = 
2bc 2( 2 x  1 )( x 2  1 )


 2 x3  x2  2 x  1   1
3 2
2( 2 x  x  2 x  1 ) 2
2
 A =
3
MODI SCHOOLS 8
Practice Problem
1 ac
Q.1 In a triangle, the angles A, B, C are in A.P. show that 2 cos (A – C) = .
2 a  ac  c2
2
Q.2 If the sides of a triangle are a, b, (a 2  ab  b 2 ) , then find the greatest angle?
Q.3 If a cos A = b cos B, then prove that the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
sin A sin B sin C

Q.4 If in a triangle ABC,   , then the value of cos A + cos B + cos C?
4 5 6
Q.5 The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm. Prove that the greatest angle is double the smallest
angle.
bc ca a b cos A cos B cos C

Q.6 In a triangle ABC, if   . then prove that  
11 11 13 7 19 25
Answer key
2 69
Q.2 Q.4
3 48
1.3 PROJECTION FORMULA :
In any triangle with usual noations, a  b cos C  c cos B

b  c cos A  a cos C
c  a cos B  b cos A
Consider the acute angle ABC
A
BD
= cos B so that BD = c cos B
BA c b
CD
an = cos C so that BD = b cos C B D C
CA a
Hence, a = BC = BD + DC = c cos B + b cos C
MODI SCHOOLS 9
Consider the obtuse angle ABC
A
BD CD
= cos B, so that BD = c cos B and = cosACD c
BA CA
b
CD –C
= cos (180º – C) = – cos C, CD = – b cos C B a C D
CA
Hence, in the case, a = BC – BD = c cos B – (–b cos C)

A
a = c cos B + b cos C
Consider the right angle ABC, C = 90º c
b
then a = c cos B + 0 = c cos B + b cos 90º
so that in each case B a C
a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A
Illustration :
In any triangle prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c.
Sol. L.H.S. = (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C) + (b cos C + c cos B)

= a + b + c.
Illustration :
C A 3b
In any triangle a cos2 + c cos2 = , then find the relation between the sides of the
2 2 2
triangle?
C A 3b
Sol. a cos2 + c cos2 =  a (1 + cos C) + c (1 + cos A) = 3b
2 2 2
a + c + a cos C + c cos A = 3b, a + c + b = 3b, a + c = 2b
so, a, b, c are in A.P.
Practice Problem
Q.1 Prove that a3 cos (B – C) + b3 cos (C – A) + c3 cos (A – B) = 3abc.

Q.2 Prove that a (b2 + c2) cos A + b (c2 + a2) cos B + c (a2 + b2) cos C = 3abc.
Q.3 In a ABC, prove that c cos (A – ) + a cos (C + ) = b cos .
cos C  cos A cos B 1
Q.4 Prove that   .
ca b b
MODI SCHOOLS 10
1.4 TANGENT RULE (NAPIER ANALOGY) :
This rule is used when two sides and included angle are known.
 BC bc  A 
tan  cot 
 2  bc  2 
CA ca  B
 2  ca 2
 AB a b C
 2  ab  2
b sin B
In any triangle, we have 
c sin C
 BC  BC
2 cos  sin  
b  c sin B  sin C  2   2 
  
b  c sin B  sin C  BC  BC
2 sin   cos 
 2   2 
 BC  BC
tan  tan 
  2   2 
 BC A
tan  cot 
 2  2
BC bc A
tan   · cot
 2  bc 2
Illustration :
In any triangle ABC, if b = 3 , c = 1 and A = 30º. Find the value of a, c, A & C?
 B C   bc   A
Sol. We have tan   cot  
 2  bc  2 
 B C  bc  A ( 3  1)
tan   cot  · cot 15º
 2  bc 2 ( 3 1)
( 3 1) ( 3 1) 3 1
 · as tan 15º =
( 3 1) ( 3 1) 3 1
BC
= 45º, B – C = 90º,
2
MODI SCHOOLS 11
A + B + C = 180º, so B + C = 150º, B = 120º, C = 30º
Since A = C, we have a = c = 1.
1.5 AREA OF TRIANGLE :
1 1 1
  bc sin A  ca sin B  ab sin C  s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)
2 2 2
A
Different formulae for area of triangle are as follows :
AD = c sin B
c b
1 c sin B
Area of triangle ABC is  = (BC) (AD)
2
1 1 B D C
= (a) (c sin B) = ac sin B a
2 2
1 1
AD = b sin C, = (a) (b sin C) = ab sin C.
2 2
1 1 1
= ac sin B = ab sin C = bc sin A
2 2 2
From our tenth class knowledge, we know area of triangle with sides a, b & c is denoted by 
abc
= s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c) where s = .
2
Illustration :
( a  b  c )( b  c  a )( c  a  b )( a  b  c )
Prove that 2 2 = sin2 A
4b c
( a  b  c )( b  c  a )( c  a  b )( a  b  c )
Sol.
4b 2 c 2
( a  b  c )( b  c  a )( c  a  b )( a  b  c )
=
4b 2 c 2
4 s( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) 4  2 4 1 
2
= = 2 2  2 2  bc sin A 
b 2c 2 b c b c 2 
MODI SCHOOLS 12
= sin2 A
Illustration :
If the sides of a triangle are 17, 25, 28, then find the greatest length of the altitude.
Sol. Note that from geometry the greatest altitude is perpendicular to the shortest side.
Let a = 17, b = 25, c = 28
1 2
Now = AD (BC)  AD = A
2 17
where  = s( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) = 210
B D C
2  210 420
AD = 
17 17
Practice Problem
Q.1 If c2 = a2 + b2 , then prove that 4s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = a2b2 .
b 2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2B
Q.2 In ABC, find the value of ?

Answer key
Q.2 4
1.6 HALF ANGLE FORMULA :
1.6.1 Sine of half the angles in terms of the sides :-
A (s  b)(s  c)
sin 
2 bc
B (s  c)(s  a )
sin 
2 ca
C (s  a )(s  b)
sin 
2 ab
MODI SCHOOLS 13
Proof :
b 2  c2  a 2
In any triangle ABC, we know cos A =
2bc
A
But cos A can be wirtten as cos A = 1 – 2 sin2
2
A (b2  c2  a 2 )
Hence, 2 sin2 = 1 – cos A = 1 –
2 2bc
2bc  (b 2  c2 )  a 2 a 2  (b2  c2  2bc)

 
2b 2 2bc
a 2  (b  c) 2 (a  b  c)(a  b  c)
 
2bc 2bc
Let 2s stand for a + b + c
abc
so s= = semiperimeter..
2
a + b – c = a + b + c – 2c = 2s – 2c = 2 (s – c)
a – b + c = a + b + c – 2b = 2s – 2c = 2 (s – b)
A 2(s  c) 2(s  b) A (s  b)(s  c)

so 2 sin2 = , sin =
2 2bc 2 bc
B (s  c)(s  a ) C (s  a )(s  b)
Similarly sin = and sin =
2 ca 2 ab
1.6.2 The cosines of half the angles in terms of the sides :
A s(s  a )
cos 
2 bc
B s(s  b)
cos 
2 ac
C s(s  c)
cos 
2 ab
Proof :
A A
We know cos A = 2 cos2 – 1, 2 cos2 = 1 + cos A.
2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 14
A b 2  c2  a 2 b 2  c2  2bc  a 2 (b  c)2  a 2
2 cos2 =1+ = 
2 2bc 2bc 2bc
A (b  c  a )(b  c  a )
2 cos2 =
2 2bc
a + b + c = 2s a + b + c – 2a = 2s – 2a = 2(s – a)
A 2s(2)(s  a ) 2s(s  a )
2 cos2 = =
2 2bc bc
A s(s  a )
cos = Similarly
2 bc
B s(s  b)
cos =
2 ac
C s(s  c)
cos =
2 ab
1.6.3 The tangent of half the angles in terms of the sides :
A (s  b)(s  c) 
tan  
2 s(s  a ) s(s  a )
B (s  c)(s  a ) 
tan  
2 s(s  b) s(s  b)
C (s  a )(s  b) 
tan  
2 s(s  c) s(s  c)
Proof :
A
A sin
since, tan  2
2 cos A
2
(s  b)(s  c)
A bc (s  b)(s  c)
tan  
2 s(s  a ) s(s  a ) Similarly
bc
MODI SCHOOLS 15
B (s  c)(s  a ) C (s  a )(s  b)
tan  , tan 
2 s(s  b) 2 s(s  c)
Note :-
A
Since, in a triangle, A is always less than 180º, so is always less then 90º. Therefore, the sine, consine
2
A
and tangent of (half angle) are therefore always positive.
2
1.6.4 The sine of any angle of triangle in terms of the sides :
A A
We know sin A = 2 sin cos
2 2
But by the previous discussion
A (s  b)(s  c) A s(s  a )
sin = and cos =
2 bc 2 bc
(s  b)(s  c) s(s  a )
So sin A =
bc bc
2 2
 s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)  
bc bc
Illustration :
 A B C
In any triangle prove that (a + b + c)  tan  tan  = 2c cot
 2 2 2
 ( s  b )( s  c ) ( s  a )( s  c ) 
Sol. L.H.S. = ( 2 s )  
 s( s  a ) s( s  b ) 
(s c )  s b sa
 2s   
s  sa s b 
 s b s a  2 s( s  c ) c
 2 s( s  c )  
 ( s  a )( s  b )  ( s  a )( s  b )
MODI SCHOOLS 16
2c C
  2c cot
c 2
tan
2
Illustration :
If the sides of a triangle be in arithmetic progression, prove that the cotangents of half the angles
are also in arithmetic progression.
Sol. a + c = 2b (given)
A C B
we have to prove that cot + cot = 2 cot
2 2 2
s( s  a ) s( s  c ) s( s  b )
so  2
( s  b )( s  c ) ( s  a )( s  c ) ( s  c )( s  a )
( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
Multiplying both side by
s
(s – a) + (s – c) = 2(s – b)
a + c = 2b (which is the given relation)
Illustration :
A bc
If cos = , then prove that a2 + b2 = c2 .
2 2c
A bc
Sol. cos 
2 2a
s( s  a ) b  c
  (squaring)
bc 2c
 2s (2s – 2a) = 2b (b + c)
 (a + b + c) (b + c – a) = 2b2 + 2bc
 (b + c)2 – a2 = 2b2 + 2bc
 b2 + c2 + 2bc – a2 = 2b2 + 2bc
 c2 = a2 + b2
MODI SCHOOLS 17
Illustration :
If in a triangle ABC, if  = a2 – (b – c)2, then find the value of tan A?
Sol.  = (a + b – c) (a – b + c) = (a + b + c – 2c) (a + b + c – 2b)

 = (2s – 2c) (2s – 2b)
 2 = [2 (s – b) 2 (s – c)] 2
 s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = 16 (s – b)2 (s – c)2
( s  b )( s  c ) 1
 
s( s  a ) 16
A 1
 tan2 
2 16
A 1
 tan 
2 4
A 1
2 tan 2·
 tan A = 2  4  8
A 1 15
1  tan 2 1
2 16
Practice Problem
 B C A
Q.1 In any triangle ABC, prove that (b + c – a)  cot  cot   2a cot
 2 2 2
A 5 B 20 C
Q.2 In any triangle, if tan = and tan = . Find tan and prove that in this triangle a + c = 2b.
2 6 2 37 2
A B C
Q.3 If a, b and c be in A.P. Prove that cos A cot , cos B cot and cos C cot are in A.P..
2 2 2
A B C
Q.4 If a, b and c are in H.P. Prove that sin2 , sin2 and sin2 are also in H.P..
2 2 2
Q.5 If a2, b2 and c2 be in A.P. Prove that cot A, cot B and cot C are in A.P. also.
MODI SCHOOLS 18
Answer key
122
Q.2
205
1.7 m - n THEOREM :
Let D be a point on the side BC of a ABC, such that BD : DC = m : n and ADC = ,

BAD =  and DAC = . Prove that
(a) (m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot 
(b) (m + n) cot  = n cot B – m cot C.
Proof :
A
BD m
(a) Given  and ADC =   
DC n
ADB = 180º – , BAD =  and DAC = . 
So ABD = –  = B, C = 180º – ( + ) B m D n C
BD AD
From ABD,  …(i)
sin  sin(  )
DC AD
From ADC,  …(ii)
sin  sin(  )
Dividing equation (i) by (ii)
BD sin  sin(  ) m sin  sin(  )

·    …(iii)
DC sin  sin(  ) n sin  sin(  )
m sin  sin  cos   cos  sin 


n sin  sin  cos   cos  sin 
 m sin  (sin  cos  – cos  sin ) = n sin  (sin  cos  + cos  + sin )
Now dividing both sides by sin  sin  sin 
 m cot  – m cot  = n cot  + n cot 
 (m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot .
(b) We have, CAD = 180º – ( + C)
ABC = B, ACD = C, BAD = ( – B)
Putting these values in equation (iii) we get
MODI SCHOOLS 19
m sin ( + C) sin B = n sin C sin ( – B)
m (sin  cos C + cos  sin C) sin B = n sin C (sin  cos B – cos  sin B)
dividing both sides by sin  sin B sin C

 m (cot C + cot ) = n (cot B – cot )
 (m + n) cot  = n cot B – m cot C
Illustration :
In a triangle ABC, ABC = 45º. Point 'D' is on BC so that 2BD = CD and DAB = 15º. ACB in
degree equals.
(A) 30º (B) 60º (C) 75º (D) 90º
Sol. Applying m-n theorem, in ABC

A
(BD + DC) cot 60º = CD cot 45º – BD cot C
 3 cot 60º = 2 cot 45º – cot C 15º
 cot C = 2 – 3
45º 60º C
B D C
 C  75º Ans.
Illustration :
In a triangle ABC altitude AD, BAC = 45º, DB = 3 and CD = 2. The area of the ABC is?
15
(A) 6 (B) 15 (C) (D) 12
4
Sol. Let BAD = 
Applying (m – n) theorem, in ABC
(3 + 2) cot 90º = 3 cot  – 2 cot (45º – )
3 ( 1  tan  )
 0= 
tan  ( 1  tan  )
 3 – 3 tan  = 2 tan  + 2 tan2 

 2 tan2  + 5 tan  – 3 = 0
MODI SCHOOLS 20
A
1 45 – 
 tan  = ,–3 
2
1 C
tan  = [ (0, 45º), tan  (0, 1)] B 3 D 2 C
2
3 1
ABD, tan  =   AD = 6
AD 2
1
Area of ABC = × 5 × 6 = 15 units
2
Illustration :
tan A
If the median of a triangle ABC through A is perpendicular is AB then has the value equal to
tan B
1 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) –
2 2
Sol. Applying (m – n ) theorem, ABC

A
(BD + CD) cot (90º + B) = BD cot 90º – CD cot (A – 90º) (A–90º)
 –2 tan B = 0 + tan A
tan A (90º+B)
 = –2 Ans. B D C
tan B 2
1.8 CENTROID AND MEDIANS OF ANY TRIANGLE :
If ABC be any triangle, and D, E and F respectively the middle A

points of BC, CA and AB the lines AD, BE and CF are called  
F E
the medians of the triangle.
G
1 
AD  ( 2 b 2  2c 2  a 2 )
2 B D C
1
BE  ( 2c 2  2a 2  b 2 )
2
1
CF  ( 2a 2  2 b 2  c 2 )
2
MODI SCHOOLS 21
From geometry, we know that the medians meet in a common
point G, such that
2 2 2
AG = AD, BG = BE and CG = CF
3 3 3
The point 'G' is called the centroid of the triangle.
1.8.1 Length of the Medians :

a2 a
AD2 = AC2 + CD2 – 2ACCD cos C = b2 + – 2b cos C
4 2
a2
AD2 = b2 + – ab cos C.
4
and c2 = b2 + a2 – 2ab cos C
a2 1
so 2AD2 – c2 = b2 – so that AD = (2b 2  2c 2  a 2 )
2 2
1
we can also write, AD = (b 2  c2  b 2  c2  a 2 )
2
1
AD = ( b2  c2  2bc cos A) similarly
2
1 1
BE = ( 2c 2  2a 2  b 2 ) and CF = ( 2a 2  2 b 2  c 2 )
2 2
1.8.2 Angles that the Median AD makes with the sides :
Let BAD =  and CAD = , we have
sin  DC a a
  , sin  = sin C, where AD = x (say)
sin C AD 2x 2x
1 a sin C
x = AD = ( 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 ) , sin  =
2 (2b  2c2  a 2 )
2
MODI SCHOOLS 22
a sin B
Similarly, sin  =
(2b2  2c2  a 2 )
Again, if the ADC = , we have
sin  AC b b 2b sin C
  , sin  = sin C =
sin C AD x x (2b2  2c2  a 2 )
Note : The centroid lies on the line segment joining the circumcentre to the orthocentre and divides the line
segment in the ratio 1 : 2.
A
Let O and H be the circumcentre and orthocentre respectively.
Draw OD and HK perpendicular to BC.
F L
Let AD and OH meet in G. By geometry AGP and OGD G
O H
are similar
OG AG 2 B D K C
 
GP GD 1
The centroid therefore lies on the line segment joining the circumcentre to the orthocentre and divides it
in the ratio 1 : 2.
1.9 BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES :

If AD bisects the angle A and divide the base into portions x and y, we have by geometry. The length of
bisectors will be as follows :
2bc A A
AD  cos
( b  c) 2
2ca B F E
BE  cos
(c  a ) 2
2ab C
CF  cos B D C
(a  b ) 2
x AB c x y xy a A
  ,   = …(i)
y AC b c b bc bc
A/2 A/2
giving x and y 

Also, if  be the length of AD and  the angle it makes with BC, we have B x D y C
MODI SCHOOLS 23
1 A 1 A 1
ABD + ACD = ABC, c  sin + b  sin = bc sinA
2 2 2 2 2
bc sin A 2bc A
 ·  cos
b  c sin A ( b  c) 2
2
A
= DAB + B = + B.
2
Thus, we have the length of bisector and its inclination to BC.
1.10 CIRCUM CIRCLE :
To find the magnitude of R, the radius of the circum circle of any triangle ABC.
a b c abc
2R    R
sin A sin B sin C 4
Proof : Consider any triangle ABC as shown in three figure
A
E A
A D
B C
O E O B C
O
B D C
Figure (1) L Figure (3)
Figure (2)
Bisecting the two sides BC and CA in D and E respectivley and draw DO and EO perpendicular to BC
and CA.
By geometry, O is the centre of the circumcircle. Join OB and OC.

The point O may either lie within the triangle as in figure (1) or without it as in figure (2) or upon one of
the sides as in figure (3).
Taking the first figure, the two triangles BOD and COD are equal in all respects, so that
1
BOD = COD,  BOD = (2 BAC) = BAC = A
2
MODI SCHOOLS 24
Also, BD = BO sin(BOD) = BO sin A = R sin A [as R = BO]
a
= R sin A
2
If A be obtuse, as in figure (2), we have
1
BOD = BOC = BLC = 180º – A
2
sin(BOD ) = sin (180º – A) = sin A
a
and R=
2 sin A
If A be right angle as in figure (3) we have
a a
R = OA = OC = = as sin A = sin 90º = 1
2 2 sin A
so in all the three cases, we have
a b c
R= = =
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C
1
as we know = bc sin A
2
a
As sin A =
2R
1 a abc
 = bc =
2 2R 4R
abc
R
4
Note :
(a) In case of acute angle triangle, circumcentre lies within the triangle.
(b) In case of obtuse angle triangle, circumcentre lies outside the triangle.
(c) In case of right angle triangle, circumcentre lies on the mid point of hypotenuse.
MODI SCHOOLS 25
1.11 INCIRCLE :
 A B C
Radius of incircle r   (s  a ) tan  (s  b) tan  (s  c) tan
s 2 2 2
A B C
r  4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
1.11.1 The value of r, the radius of the incircle of the triangle ABC :
Proof : Consider the triangle ABC as shown in figure. Bisect the two
angles B and C by the two lines BI and CI meeting in I. A
By geometry, I is the centre of the incircle, join IA, and draw
F E
ID, IE and IF perpendicular to the three sides.
The ID = IE = IF = r I
B D C
1 1
We have Area of IBC = (ID) (BC) = ra
2 2
1 1 1 1
Area of ICA = (IE) (AC) = r.b
.b , Area of IAB = (IF) (AB) = r.c
.c
2 2 2 2
Hence by addition, we have

1
r (a + b + c) = Sum of Areas of IBC, IAC, IBA
2
= ABC = 
 
r 
a bc s
2
1.11.2 The same 'r' can be expressed in a different way also :

Consider the same figure ABC as shown above. The angles IBD and IDB are respectively equal to the
angles IBF and IFB, so the two triangle IDB and IFB are equal in all respects.
Hence, BD = BF, so that 2BD = BD + BF

so also, AE = AF, so that 2AE = AE + AF
and CE = CD, so that 2CE = CE + CD
MODI SCHOOLS 26
Hence, by addition, we have
2BD + 2AE + 2CE = (BD + CD) + (BF + AF) + (AE + CE)
 2BD + 2b = a + b + c = 2s,
Hence, BD = s – b = BF, similarly CE = s – c, AF = s – a
ID r B
tan IBD =   tan
BD (s  b) 2
B A C
r = (s – b) tan = (s – a) tan = (s – c) tan
2 2 2
1.11.3 A third value of r may be found as follows :
a = BD + CD = ID cot IBD + ID cot ICD
 B C
B C  cos 2 cos 2 
= r cot + r cot = r  
2 2 B C
 sin sin 
 2 2
 BC A
sin   cos
2 
a=r  r 2
B C B C
sin sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
B C
sin sin
2 2  a 
r=a as  2R 
A sin A 
cos
2
A A
As a = 2R sin A = 2R 2 sin cos
2 2
A B C
 r  4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 27
1.12 ESCRIBED CIRCLE :
1.12.1 To find the value of r1, the radius of the escribed circle opposite the angle A of the
triangle ABC :
 A A B C
r1   s tan  4R sin cos cos
(s  a ) 2 2 2 2
 B A B C
r2   s tan  4R cos sin cos
(s  b) 2 2 2 2
 C A B C
r3   s tan  4R cos cos sin
(s  c) 2 2 2 2
Proof : Produce AB and AC to L and M. Bisect the angles CBL and BCM by the lines BI1 and CI1 and let these
lines meet in I1.
Draw I1D1, I1E1 and I1F1 perpendicular to these lines respectively.
The two triangles I1D1B and I1F1B are equal in all respect, so that I1F1 = I1D1 similarly I1E1 = I1D1 .
The three perpendicular I1D1, I1E1 and I1F1 being equal, the point I1 is the centre of the required circle.
Now, the area ABI1C is equal to the triangles ABC and I1BC, it is also equal to the sum of the triangle
I1BA and I1CA.
Hence, ABC + I1BC = I1CA + I1AB
1 1 1 A
 + (I1D1) (BC) = (I1E1) (CA) + (I1F1) (AB)
2 2 2
D1 C
1 1 1 B
  + r1 a = r1 · b + r1 c F1
2 2 2
E1
I1
L
M
r1 r1
 = (b + c – a) = (a + b + c – 2a) = r1 (s – a)
2 2
  
r1 = similarly r2 = , r3 =
(s  a ) (s  b) (s  c)
MODI SCHOOLS 28
1.12.2 A Second Value of r1 can be obtained :
Since AE1 and AF1 are tangents, AE1 = AF1

Similarly, BF1 = BD1 and CE1 = CD1
 2AE1 = AE1 + AF1 = AB + BF1 + AC + CE1
= AB + BD1 + AC + CD1
= AB + AC + BC = 2s
 AE1 = s = AF1
Also BD1 = BF1 = AF1 – AB = s – c
similarly CD1 = CE1 = AE1 – AC = s – b  I1E1 = AE1 tan (I1AE1)
A
so r1 = s tan
2
1.12.3 A third value of r1 may be obtained :
For, since I1C bisects the angle BCE1, we have

1 C
I1CD1 = (180º – C) = 90º –
2 2
B
so, I1BD1 = 90° –
2
 a = BC = BD1 + D1C = I1D1 cot I1BD1 + I1D1 cot I1CD1
 B C  BC
sin  
 B C  sin sin   2 
= r1  tan  tan  = r1  2  2  = r1
 2 2  cos B cos C  B C
  cos cos
 2 2 2 2
B C A
 a cos cos = r1 cos
2 2 2
B C
a cos cos
r1 = 2 2 as a = 2R sin A = 4R sin A cos A
A 2 2
cos
2
A B C
 r1 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
B C A
Similarly, r2 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 29
C A B
r3 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
Important results regarding r1, r2 and r3.
Given r1, r2, and r3
r1r2 r3
(i) semiperimeter = s = r1r2  r2 r3  r3r1  = r1r2 (ii) =  r1r2
r1r2 r3 r1  r2  r2  r3  r3  r1 

(iii) r= (iv) R=
r1r2 4  r1r2
r1 r2  r3  r r  r  r r  r  2r1 r2 r3

(v) a= ,b= 2 3 1 ,c= 3 1 2 (vi) sin A =
 r1r2  r1r2  r1r2 r1  r2  r1  r3 
Illustration :
If in a triangle, r1 = r2 + r3 + r, prove that the triangle is right angled.
Sol. r1 = r2 + r3 + r  r1 – r = r2 + r3
   
 – = +
(s a) s ( s b ) ( s c )
a ( 2s  b  c )
 =
s( s  a ) ( s  b )( s  c )
 s (s – a) = (s – b) (s – c)
 s2 – sa = s2 – (b + c) s + bc
 (b + c – a)s = bc, (b + c – a) 2s = 2bc
(b + c – a) (b + c + a) = 2bc, (b + c)2 – a2 = 2bc, b2 + c2 – a2 = 0
b2 + c2 = a2 , so the triangle is right angled.
Illustration :
r
Prove that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + .
R
A B C
Sol. cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 30
A B C
4 R sin sin sin
 1 2 2 2  1 r
R R
Illustration :
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C r
Prove that 
abc R
Sol. We have
a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 2R sin A cos A + 2R sin B cos B + 2R sin C cos C
= R (sin 2A + sin B + sin 2C)
= 4R sin A sin B sin C
A B C
a + b + c = 2R (sin A + sin B + sin C) = 2R · 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
4 R sin A sin B sin C 4 R sin sin sin
 so L.H.S. =  2 2 2  r
A B C R R
8 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
Illustration :
Prove that r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R.

   
Sol. r1 + r2 + r3 – r =   
sa s b sc s
( s  b )  ( s  a ) s  s  c   c c 
       
 ( s  a )( s  b ) 3( s  c )   ( s  a )( s  b ) s( s  c ) 
[ s( s  c )  ( s  a )( s  b )] c
= c  2 = [2s2 – s (a + b + c) + ab]
s( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) 
c abc
= [2s2 – 2s2 + ab] = = 4R
 
Practice Problem
Prove that in a ABC,
1 1 1 1 a 2  b2  c2 1 1 1 1
Q.1     Q.2   
r 2 r12 r22 r32 2 bc ca ab 2Rr
MODI SCHOOLS 31
Q.3 (r1 – r) (r2 – r) (r3 – r) = 4Rr2 Q.4 a (r r1 + r2 r3) = b (r r2 + r3 r1) = c (r r3 + r1 r2)
1 1 1 1
Q.5   
r1 r2 r3 r
1.13 ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE OF ANY TRIANGLE :
Let ABC be any triangle and let AK, BL and CM to be perpendiculars A

from A, B and C upon the opposite sides of the triangle. It can be easily
M L
shown from geometry, that these three perpendiculars meet in a common
point H. This point H is called the orthocentre of the triangle. The triangle
KLM, which is formed by joining the feet of these perpendicular, is
B K C
called the pedal triangle of ABC.
1.13.1 Distances of the orthocentre of the angular points of the triangle :
Consider an acute angle triangle ABC.

We have, HK = KB tan (HBK) = KB tan (90º – C) = KB cot C
cos C AB
= AB cos B cot C = AB cos B = cos B cos C
sin C sin C
c
HK = cos B cos C = 2R cos B cos C.
sin C
Again, AH = AL sec (KAC) = c cos A sec (90º – C)
c
= c cos A cosec C = cos A = 2R cos A
sin C
Similarly BH = 2R cos B and CH = 2R cos C.

The distances of the orthocentre from the angular point are therefore, 2R cos A, 2R cos B and
2R cos C. Its distance from the sides a, b, c are 2R cos B cos C, 2R cos C cos A and 2R cos A cos B
respectively.
MODI SCHOOLS 32
1.13.2 The sides and angles to the pedal triangle :
Consider an acute angle triangle ABC:

Since the angles HKC and HLC are right angles, the points H, L , C and K lie on a circle.
HKL = HCL = 90º – A Similarly.
H, K, B, M lie on a circle, and therefore,

HKM = HBM = 90º – A
Hence MKL = 180º – 2A = the supplement of 2A.
KLM= 180º – 2B, LMK = 180º – 2C.
Again, from the triangle ALM, we have
LM AL AB cos A c cos A c cos A

   
sin A sin(AML) cos(HML) cos(HAL) sin C
c c
LM = cos A sin A = sin A cos A = a cos A
sin C sin C
so LM = a cos A, similarly MK = b cos B, KL = c cos C
The sides of the pedal triangle therefore a cos A, b cos B and c cos C; also its angles are the supplements
of twice the angles of the triangle.
1.13.3 Excentric Triangle :
Let I be the centre of the incircle and I1, I2 and I3 the centres of
I3 A
the escribed circles. Which are opposite to A, B and C I2
respectively. IC bisects the angle ACB and I1C bisects the angle I
C
BCM. B
M
1 1
 ICI1 = ICB + I1CB = ACB + MCB I1
2 2
1 1
= (ACB + MCB) = (180º) = 90º
2 2
= A right angle.
MODI SCHOOLS 33
Similarly, ICI2 is a right angle. Hence I1CI2 is a straight line to which IC is perpendicular. So, I2AI3 is
a straight line to which IA is perpendiculars and I3BI1 is a straight line to which IB is perpendicular.
Also, since IA and I1A both bisect the angle BAC, the three points A, I and I1 are in a striaght line.
Similarly, B I I2 and C I I3 are straight lines. Hence, I1 I2 I3 is a triangle, which is such that A, B and C are
the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from its vertices upon the opposite sides and such that I is the
intersection of these perpendicular. i.e. ABC is its pedal triangle and I is its orthocentre. The triangle
I1I2I3 is often called the excentric triangle.
1.13.4 Prove that circumradii of HBC, HCA and HAB and ABC are equal :
In BHC, BHC =  – A
In BMC, B + BCM + 90º = 180º
BCM = 90º – B, KHC = 90º – (90º – B) = B
similarly KHB = C, so BHC = B + C = 180º – A
a A
In BHC, = 2R' (where R' is the circumcircle of BPC)
sin(  A) M
c H L
a a b
= 2R' But we know = 2R
sin A sin A
B K C
a
so 2R' = 2R  R' = R. So circum radii of HBC,
HCA and HAB and ABC are equal.
R
Note :- Radius of the circle circumscribing a pedal triangle in .
2
ML a cos A 2R sin A cos A

Proof : = 2R' = = =R
sin(MKL) sin(180º 2A) sin 2A
R
R'
2
MODI SCHOOLS 34
1.13.5 Distance between the circumcentre and the orthocentre :
OH  R (1  8 cos A cos B cos C)
If OF be perpendicular to AB, we have A

OAF = 90º – AOF = 90º – C
F L
Also, OAH = A – OAF – HAL
O H
= A – 2 (90º – C) = A + 2C – 180º
= A + 2C – (A + B + C) = C – B B D K C
Also, OA = R, HA = 2 R cos A
OH2 = OA2 + HA2 – 2 OA HA cos OAP = R2 + 4R2 cos2 A – 4R2 cos A cos (C – B)
= R2 + 4R2 cos A [cos A – cos (C – B)]
= R2 – 4R2 cos A [cos (B + C) + cos (C – B)]
OH2 = R2 – 8R2 cos A cos B cos C
OH = R (1  8 cos A cos B cos C)

1.13.6 Distance between the cirumcentre and incentre :
OI  R 2  2Rr
Let O be the circumcentre and OF be perpendicular to AB. A

Let I be the incentre and IE be perpendicular to AC.
Then, as in the previous article, F
E
OAF = 90º – C I
O
A
 OAI = IAF – OAF = – (90º – C) B C
2
A A  BC CB
= +C– =
2 2 2
A B C
IE r 4R sin sin sin
Also, AI =   2 2 2
A A A
sin sin sin
2 2 2
B C
so AI = 4R sin sin
2 2
 OI2 = OA2 + AI2 – 2OA · AI cos (OAI)
B 2 C B C CB
OI2 = R2 + 16 R2 sin2 sin – 8R2 sin sin cos  
2 2 2 2  2 
MODI SCHOOLS 35
OI2 B 2 C B C  B C B C
2
2 = 1 + 16 sin 2 sin 2 – 8 sin 2 sin 2 
cos cos  sin sin 
R  2 2 2 2
B C  B C B C
= 1 – 8 sin sin  cos cos  sin sin 
2 2  2 2 2 2
B C  BC A B C
= 1 – 8 sin sin cos   = 1 – 8 sin sin sin
2 2  2  2 2 2
 A B C
OI = R 1  8 sin sin sin 
 2 2 2
we can write this in another form also.
A B C
OI2 = R2 – 8R2 sin sin sin
2 2 2
 A B C
= R2 – 2R  4R sin sin sin 
 2 2 2
A B C
= R2 – 2R r as r = 4R sin sin sin .
2 2 2
1.14 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL AND REGULAR POLYGON :
1.14.1 Polygon :
(i) Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n – 2) × . where n  2 and n denotes number of sides of a
polygon.
(ii) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon is 2.
(iii) Convex polygon : If the highest interior angle is less than 180° then it is called convex polygon.
(iv) Concave polygon : Highest interior angle is more than 180° then it is concave polygon.
1.14.2 Cyclic Quadrilateral :
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral which can be inscribed by a circle.
Note : The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.

In a cyclic quadrilateral sum of the products of the opposite sides is equal to the product of the diagonals.
MODI SCHOOLS 36
Regular Polygon
A regular polygon is a polygon which has all its sides as well as its angles equal. If the polygon has n-
( n  2) 
sides, sum of its internal angles is (n – 2) and each angle is .
n
Note : In the regular polygon, the centroid, the circumcentre and the in-centre are the same.
To find the perimeter (P) and Area(A) of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle of radius ‘R’.
Let AB, BC and CD be three successive sides of the polygon and O be the centre of both the incircle
and the circumcircle of the polygon.
2 1  2   O
BOC = , so BOL =   = A D
n 2 n  n
R R
If ‘a’ be the side of the polygon, we have
L
B C

a = BC = 2BL = 2R sin (BOL) = 2R sin  
n
a 
So, R= cosec  
2 n
a a  a 
Again a = 2BL = 2OL tan (BOL), OL = = cot    r = cot  
 2 n 2 n
2 tan 
n
where R : Radius of circle circumscribing the polygon = OB = OC
r : Radius of circle inscribed in the polygon = OL
 
Perimeter P = nBC = n(2BL) = 2n R sin (BOL) = 2n R sin   = 2nR sin  
n n
1 nR 2  2 
Area A = n Area of BOC = n R · R · sin (BOC) = sin  
2 2  n 
Illustration :
Prove that the area of a regular polygon of 2n sides inscribed in a circle is the geometric mean of
the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons of n-sides.
Sol. Let ‘a’ be the radius of the circle.

1 2  2 
Then S1 = Area of regular polygon of n-sides inscribed in the circle = na sin  
2  n 
MODI SCHOOLS 37
 
S2 = Area of regular polygon of n-sides circumscribing the circle = na2 tan  
n
 
S3 = Area of regular polygon of 2n-sides inscribed in the circle = na2 sin  
n
1 2        
 Geometric mean of S1 and S2 = na 2 sin   cos  na 2 tan  = na2 sin   = S
2 n n n n 3
Illustration :
If the area of the circle is A1 and the area of the regular pentagon inscribed in the circle is A2. then
A1
find the ratio ?
A2
Sol. In OAB,
360
OA = OB = r and AOB = = 72°
5 D
1 r2
 Area of AOB = (r) (r) sin 72° = cos 18° E C
2 2 O
r
5r 2
A2 = Area of pentagon = cos 18° A B
2
A1 2  
A1 = Area of circle = r2 so A = sec   . Ans.
2 5  10 
Illustration :
The length of each side of a regular dodecagen is 20 cm. Find (1) The radius of its inscribed
circle (2) The radius of its circumscribing circle (3) its area ?
360
Sol. The angle subtended by a side at the centre of the polygon = = 30°.
12
20
Hence, = r tan 15° = R sin 15°
2
So,  
r = 10 cot 15° = 10 2  3 cm, R =
10
sin 15
= 10  6  2 cm 
MODI SCHOOLS 38
Area =
1
2
 
 20  r  12 = 10 × r × 12 = 1200 2  3 cm. Ans.
Practice Problem
Q.1 Find the difference between the areas of a regular octagon and a regular hexagon if the perimeter of each
is 24 cm.
Q.2 If an equilateral triangle and a regular hexagon have the same perimeter, prove that their areas are
as 2 : 3.
Q.3 Prove that the sum of the radii of the circles, which are respectively inscribed in and circumscribed about
a 
a regular polygon of n-sides is cot , where a is side of the polygon.
2 2n
Q.4 Of two regular polygon of n-sides, one circumscribes and other is inscribed in a given circle. Prove that
the perimeters of the circumscribing polygon, the circle, and the inscribed polygon are in the ratio
   
sec : cosec : 1 and that the areas of the polygons are in the ratio cos2 : 1.
n n n n
Q.5 Given that the area of a polygon of n-sides circumscribed about a circle is to the area of the circumscribed
polygon of 2n sides 3 : 2, find n ?
Answer key
Q.1 1.8866 cm Q.5 5
1.15 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES (Ambiguous cases) :
When three elements of a triangle are known, the other three elements can be evaluated. This process is
called solution of triangles. Note following points
(i) If the three sides a, b, c are given, angle A is a obtained from
A (s  b) (s  c) b2  c2  a 2
tan = or cos A 
2 s(s  a ) 2bc
B and C can be obtained similarly.
MODI SCHOOLS 39
(ii) If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then
 BC bc A BC BC A

tan  = cot gives also = 90°– ,
 2  bc 2 2 2 2
so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side is given by
b sin A
a= or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A.
sin B
c
(iii) If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, then sin C = sin B ,
b
b sin A
A = 180° – (B + C) and a = give the remaining elements.
sin B
Here in this segment there are many cases of possibility of triangle. We will study them one by one.
c b
c sin B
B C
Case-I : b < c sin B,
We draw the side c and angle B. Such kind of triangle is not possible.
Case-II : b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle possible.
C C sin B
b
B D
Case-III : If b > c sin B, b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two values of angle C.
A
c b b c sin B
B
C2 D C1
MODI SCHOOLS 40
Case-IV : b > c sin B, c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle possible.
b b C sin B
c
C2 B D C1
Case-V : b > c sin B, c > b and B is an obtuse angle. For any choice of point C, b will be greater
than c which is a contradiction as c > b (given). So there is no triangle possible.
Because B is obtuse .
c c sin B
b b
B C2 D C1
Case-VI: b > c sin B, c < b and B is an obtuse angle. We can see that the circle with A as
centre and b as radius will cut the line only in one point. So, one triangle is possible.
b c b
C2 B D C1
Case-VII: b > c and B = 90°
b c
C a B
MODI SCHOOLS 41
Again the circle with A as centre and b as radius will cut the line only in one point. So
only one triangle is possible.
Case-VIII: b  c and B = 90°
The circle with A as centre and b as radius will not cut the line in any point. So, no triangle is possible.
Point 'C' will coincide with point 'B'
C B
Alternative method :By applying the cosine rule, we have
a 2  c2  b2
cos B  .
2ac
 a2 – (2 c cos B) a + c2 – b2 = 0
 a = c cos B ± c cos B  c2 2

 b2 
 a = c cos B ± b 2
 c sin B2 
This equation leads to the following cases :
Case-I : If b < c sin B, no such triangle is possible.
Case-II: Let b = c sin B. There are further following two cases :
(a) B is an obtuse angle  cos B is negative. There exists no solution triangle.
(b) B is an acute angle  cos B is positive. There exists only one such triangle.
Case-III: Let b > c sin B. There are further following two cases :
(a) B is an acute angle  cos B is positive. In this cases two values of a will exists if and only if
c cos B > b 2

 c sin B2 or c > b  two such triangles are possible.
If c < b, only one such triangle is possible.
MODI SCHOOLS 42
(b) B is an obtuse angle  cos B is negative. In this case, triangle will exists if and only if
b 
 c sin B2  cos B   b > c. So in this case only one triangle is possible.
2
If b < c there exists no such triangle.
Illustration :
In a triangle ABC, the sides b, c and angle B are given such that a has two values a1 and a2. Then
prove that a1  a2  ( b 2  c 2 sin 2 B ) .
a2  c2  b2
Sol. cos B =  a2 – 2ac cos B + c2 – b2 = 0
2 ac
 a1 + a2 = 2 c cos B, a1a2 = c2 – b2
 (a1 – a2 )2 = (a1 + a2 )2 – 4a1a2 = 4c2 cos2B – 4(c2 – b2)
= 4b2 – 4c2 sin2B = 4(b2 – c2 sin2B)
 a1  a2 = 2 ( b 2  c2 sin 2 B ) .
Illustration :
In a ABC, a, c and A are given and b1, b2 are two values of the third side b such that
 9a2  c2 
b2 = 2b1. Then prove that sin A =  
 8c 2  .
 
b2  c2  a2
Sol. cos A =  b2 – 2bc cos A + (c2 – a2) = 0
2bc
b1 + b2 = 2 c cos A, b1b2 = c2 – a2
 3b1 = 2 cos A, 2b12 = c2 – a2
2
 2c cos A 
2  = c2 – a2  8c2 (1 – sin2 A) = 9c2 – 9a2
 3 
 ( 9a2  c2 ) 
sin A =  .
 8 c 2 
 
MODI SCHOOLS 43
Practice Problem
Q.1  
If in a triangle ABC, a = 1 3 cm, b = 2 cm, and C = 60°, then find the other two angles and the
third side ?
Q.2 If A = 30°, a = 7, b = 8 in ABC, then find the number of triangles that can be constructed.

Q.3 If b = 3, c = 4 and B = in ABC, then find the number of triangles that can be constructed.
3
Answer key
Q.1 A = 75º, B = 45º, c = 6 cm Q.2 2 Q.3 0
MODI SCHOOLS 44
Solved Examples
sin A sin B sin C c b a

Q.1 In ABC, if   =   , then the value of angle A, is
c sin B c b ab ac bc
(All symbols used have their usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) 120° (B) 90° (C) 60° (D) 30°
Sol. We have
sin A sin B sin C c b a
  =  
c sin B c b ab ac bc
a b sin B  c sin C c 2  b 2 a
   
cb bc abc bc
 a (b sin B + c sinC) = b2 + c2
 b c  2
 a  b· c  = b + c2
 2 R 2 R 
a (b 2  c 2 )
 = b2 + c2
2R
 a = 2R
 ABC is a right angle triangle, A = 90º.
Q.2 In a triangle ABC, 3 sin A + 4 cos B = 6 and 3 cos A + 4 sin B = 1, then C can be
(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 150°
Sol. Given
3 sin A + 4 cos B = 6 …(i)
3 cos A + 4 sin B = 1 …(ii)
Squaring and adding equation (i) & (ii)
(3 sin A + 4 cosB)2 + (3 cos A + 4 sin B)2 = 36 + 1
 9 + 16 + 24 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) = 37
1
 sin (A + B) =
2
 A + B = 30º or 150º
when A + B = 30º then (3 sin A + 4 cos B) < 3 sin 30º + 4 cos 30º < 6
so A + B = 150º
 C = 30º
MODI SCHOOLS 45
Q.3 In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than B, if the measures of angles A and B satisfy the equation
3 sin x – 4 sin3 x = k, 0 < k < 1, then measure of angle C is
  2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 6
Sol. We have 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x = k
 sin 3x = k
 sin 3A = k, sin 3B = k
 sin 3A – sin 3B = 0
 3A  3B   3A  3B 
 2sin   cos   =0
 2   2 
3
 cos (A + B) = 0 A> B
2
3 
 (A + B) =
2 2

 A+B=
3
2
 C= Ans.
3
Q.4 If in a triangle ABC, sin A = sin2B and 2 cos2A = 3 cos2B, then the ABC is
(A) right angled (B) obtuse angled (D) isosceles (D) equilateral
Sol. sin A = sin2 B …(i)
2
2 cos A = 3 cos B 2 …(ii)
 2 (1 – sin2 A) = 3 (1 – sin A)
1
 sin A = 1 ,
2
But sin A  1 from equation (i)
1
 sin A =  A = 30º or 150º
2
1
sin2 A =  B = 45º or 135º
2
in each can triangle is obtuse angled.
MODI SCHOOLS 46
Q.5 In a triangle with sides a, b and c, a semicircle touching the sides AC and CB is inscribed whose diameter
lies on AB. Then, the radius of the semicircle is
(A) a / 2 (B)  / s
2 2abc A B C
(C) (D) cos cos cos
ab (s)(a  b) 2 2 2
Sol. Let radius of semicircle is r.

Area of ACB = Area of AOC + Area of BOC
C
1 1
  = ar  br
2 2 b a
r r
 2 
 r=   A O B
ab
2abc A B C 2abc s(s  a ) s(s  b) s(s  c)

cos cos cos =
s(a  b) 2 2 2 s (a  b ) bc ca ab
2abc s(b  a )(s  b)(s  c) 2

  r
(a  b) abc ab
Q.6 If in a triangle ABC, CD is the angular bisector of the angle ACB then CD is equal to
ab C ab C 2ab C b sin A

(A) cos (B) cos (C) cos (D)
2ab 2 ab 2 ab 2  C
sin  B  
 2
2ab C
Sol. We know that CD = cos C
ab 2
C/2 C/2
b a
C
 ADC = B + C + B+ C
2 B+ 2
2
A D B
Applying SINE Rule in ACD c
CD b b sin A
  CD =
sin A  C  C
sin  B   sin  B  
 2  2
MODI SCHOOLS 47
Q.7 In triangle ABC, |AB| = |AC|. Points D and E lie on ray BC A

such that |BD| = |DC| and |BE| > |CE|. Suppose that tan EAC.
tan EAD and tan EAB form geometric progression, and
that cot DAE, cot CAE and cot DAB from an arithmetic
progression. If |AE| = 10, then which of the following is/are
B D C E
true.

(A) DEA = (B) cot DAC = 3
4
50
(C) cot CAE = 2 (D) Area of the triangle ABC =
3
Sol. Let EAD = 
and BAD = DAC = 
 EAC =  – 
tan EAC, tan EAD and tan EAB form a geometric progression.
 tan2  = tan ( – ) · tan ( + )
 tan   tan   tan   tan 3  tan 2   tan 2 

  =  
 
tan2   tan  = 1  tan 2  tan 2 
2
 1  tan  tan   1  tan  tan  
 tan2  – tan4  tan2  = tan2  – tan2 
 tan  = 1   = 45º
 ADE is an isosceles triangle.
AE
AD = DE = =5 2
2
ACD,DC = AD tan 
Areaof ABC = AD · CD = AD2 tan 
cot DAE, cot CAE, cot DAB are in AP
 2 cot (45º – ) = cot 45º + cot 
2(cot 45º cot   1)
= 1 + cot 
cot 45º  cot 
 50 
By solving cot  = 3  Area of ABC =   unit2
 3 
Q.8 If the angles A, B, C of a triangle are in A.P. and sides a, b, c are in G.P. then a2, b2, c2 are in
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) None of these
Sol. 2B = A + C, B = 60º
a 2  c2  b 2 1
cos B =  , a2 + c2 – b2 = ac
2ac 2
MODI SCHOOLS 48
as ac = b2 so a2 + c2 – b2 = b2, a2 + c2 = 2b2
r r2
Q.9 If  then
r1 r3
(A) A = 90º (B) B = 90º (C) C = 90º (D) None of these
r r2    
Sol.   r r3 = r1 r2  
r1 r3 s (s  c) (s  a ) (s  b)
 (s – a) (s – b) = s(s – c)
(s  a )(s  b) c c
=1, tan2 = 1, tan =1
s(s  c) 2 2
c = 90º
Q.10 The ratio of the area of a regular polygon of n-sides inscribed in a circle to that of the the polygon of same
number of sides circumscribing the same circle is 3 : 4. Then the value of n is?
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 12
Sol. Let 'a' be the radius of the circle, then the ratio of the area of the regular polygen of n sides inscribed and
circumscribing the same circle is
1 2  2 
na sin  
s1 2  n 3  3
  cos2   
s2  4 n 4
na 2 tan 
n
 3  
cos  so  Ans. n = 6
n 2 n 6
Q.11 If in a ABC, sin3 A + sin3 B + sin3 C = 3 sin A sin B sin C. Find the value of determinant.
a b c
b c a
c a b
Sol. sin3 A + sin3 B + sin3 C = 3 sin A sin B sin C
 sin A = sin B = sin C
 a=b=c
MODI SCHOOLS 49
a b c
 b c a 0
c a b
Q.12 In a scalene acute ABC, it is known that line joining circumcentre and orthocentre is parallel to BC.
 
Prove that the angle A   ,  .
3 2
Sol. Distance of circumcentre (O)
from BC = Distance of orthocentre (H) from BC A
OM = HN
R cos A = 2R cos B cos C
O H
 cos A = 2 cos B cos C = cos (B + C) + cos (B – C)
B M N C
 cos A = – cos A + cos (B – C)
 cos (B – C) = 2 cos A
 0 < cos (B – C) < 1  0 < 2 cos A < 1
 1
 cos A   0, 
 2
 
 A  , 
3 2
Q.13 If A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 be the consecutive vertices of a regular hexagon inscribed in a unit circle.
Then find the product of length of (A0 A1), (A0 A2) and (A0 A4).
Sol. OA0A,
2 
A0OA1 = 
6 3 A3
A4 A2
2 2 2
 1  1  (A 0A1 ) 1
cos   O
3 2 ·1·1 2
A5 A1
A0A1 = 1
A0
2 12  12  (A 0 A 2 ) 2  1
A0OA2 cos   , A0A1 = 3
3 2 ·1·1 2
MODI SCHOOLS 50
Similarly A0A 4  3
 (A0A1) (A0A2) (A0A4) = 3

Q.14 Three circles with radius r1, r2, r3 touch one another externally. The tangents at their points of contact
 r r r 
meet at a point whose distance from a point of contact is 2. The the value of  1 2 3  is equal to
 r1  r2  r3 
Sol. a = r2 + r3 , b = r3 + r1 , c = r1 + r2
We have given ID = IE = IF = 2
Area of ABC
2
semi perimeter of ABC
A
r1 r1
  s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)  (r1  r2  r3 )r1r2 r3 F
r2 r3
B r2 r3 C
r r r (r  r  r ) r1r2r3
2 123 1 2 3 
(r1  r2  r3 ) r1  r2  r3
r1r2r3
 =4 Ans.
r1  r2  r3
Q.15 If in the triangle ABC, O is the circumcentre and R is the circumradius and R1, R2, R3 are the circumradii
a b c abc
of the triangles OBC, OCA and OAB respectively, then prove that    3 .
R1 R 2 R 3 R
Sol. BOC, using SINE rule
a
2R1 =
sin 2A
a
 = 2 sin 2A
R1
b c
Similarly = 2 sin 2B, = 2 sin2 C
R2 R3
a b c
   = 2 (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
R1 R 2 R 3
= 2 (4 sin A sin B sin C)
MODI SCHOOLS 51
a b c abc
= 8· · ·  3
2R 2R 2R R
Q.16 If x, y and z are respectively the distances of the vertices of the ABC from its orthocentre then prove
that
a b c abc
(i)    (ii) x + y + z = 2 (R + r)
x y z xyz
Sol. x = 2R cos A
y = 2R cos B
z = 2R cos C
a 2R sin A
(i)   tan A
x 2R cos A
b c
similarly = tan B, = tan C
y z
a b c
   = tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
x y z
a b c abc
   
x y z xyz
  A   B   C 
(ii) x + y + z = 2R (cos A + cos B + cos C) = 2R 1  4 sin   sin   sin   
  2   2   2 
 A  B   C 
 2 R  4R sin   sin   sin   
 2  2   2 
= 2 (R + r)
 A  B C
Q.17 If I be the in centre of ABC, then prove that IA · IB · IC = abc tan  tan   tan   .
 2 2 2
A B C
Sol. IA = r cosec , IB = r cosec , IC = r cosec
2 2 2
3
 A B C
 4R sin sin sin 
r3 2 2 2
IA · IB · IC  
A B C A B C
sin   ·sin   sin   sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A 2B 2C
 64R 3 sin 2 sin sin
2 2 2
MODI SCHOOLS 52
3
3  abc  (s  b)(s  c) (s  c)(s  a ) (s  a )(s  b)
 64R   · · ·
 4  bc ca ab
2
abc  2  abc
 3 ·   2
  r  s
A  B C (s  b)(s  c) (s  c)(s  a ) (s  a )(s  c)

abc tan   tan   tan   = abc
2 2 2 s(s  a ) s(s  b) s(s  c)
abc
 s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)
s2
 abc 
 2 
 s 
Q.18 If x, y, z are respectively be the perpendicular from the circumcentre to the sides of ABC then prove
a b c abc
that    .
x y z 4xyz
Sol. BOM
A
a/2 a
tan A  
x 2x
a A O
similarly tan (B) = x
2y
B a/2 M C
a
tan (C) =
2z
in a triangle tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
a b c a b c
    ·
2 x 2 y 2z 2 x 2 y 2z
a b c abc
   
x y z 4xyz
Q.19 If two times the square of the diameter of the circumcircle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares
of its sides then prove that the triangle is right angled.
Sol. In ABC
We have to prove that 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2
MODI SCHOOLS 53
using SINE Rule
8R2 = (2R sin A)2 + (2R sin B)2 + (2R sin C)2
 2 = sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C

1  cos 2A 1  cot 2B 1  cos 2C
 2  
2 2 2
 4 = 3 – [–1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C]
 cos A cos B cos C = 0
 one of A, B or C must be 90º
 right angle triangle.
Q.20 In an isosceles ABC, if the altitudes intersect on the inscribed circle then find the secant of the vertical
angle 'A'.
Sol. 2r = distance of orthocentre from BC
2r = 2R cos B cos C
 A B C
2 4R sin sin sin  = 2R cos B cos C
 2 2 2 A
n
 (cos A + cos B + cos C – 1) = cos B cos C
A r
 B=C  B = 
 2  r
cos A + 2 cos B – 1 = cos2 B B A C
A A
 cos A + 2 cos   – 1= cos2  
 2   2 
A A A
 1 – 2 sin2 + 2 sin – 1 = sin2
2 2 2
A 2
 sin 
2 3
2
A 2 1
 cos A = 1 – 2 sin2 =1–2     sec A = 9 Ans.
2 3 9
MODI SCHOOLS 54
MATHEMATICS
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) SINE RULE AND ITS APPLICATIONS DPP - 1
Subjective Questions
5
1. In ABC, a = 3, b = 8 and sin A  , then find the number of triangles.
13
2. In PQR, P : Q : R = 3 : 5 : 4, then find the value of p + q + 2 r in terms of q.
3. If A + B + C = , then prove that a3cos(B – C) + b3 cos (C – A) + c3 cos (A – B) = 3abc.
Only One Option Correct Type

4. If P + Q + R = 180°, then the value of psin(Q – R)+ q sin(R – P)+ rsin(P – Q) is–
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
5. In ABC, if ( 3  1) a = 2b, A = 3B, then the value of C is–
(1) 45° (2) 60° (3) 120° (4) 135°
pq
6. In PQR , if sinPsinQ = , then R is equal to–
r2
(1) 45° (2) 90° (3) 60° (4) 120°
cos A cos B cos C

7. In ABC,   and the side a = 2, then the area of triangle is–
a b c
(1) 2 3 sq units (2) 2 sq units (3) 3 sq units (4) 4 3 sq units
8. The value of a2 (cos2 B – cos2 C) + b2 (cos2 C – cos2 A) + c2 (cos2 A – cos2 B) is–

(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) abc (4) a2b2c2
a 2  b 2 sin(A  B)
9. If in ABC,  , then the triangle is–
a 2  b 2 sin(A  B)
(1) right angled (2) isosceles

(3) right angled or isosceles (4) right angled isosceles
10. We are given b, c and sinB such that B is acute and b < c sinB, then–
(1) no triangle is possible (2) one triangle is possible
(3) two triangles are possible (4) a right angled triangle is possible
55
One or More than One Options Correct Type
11. In ABC, A = 15°, b = 10 2 cm, the value of a for which there will be unique triangle meeting these
requirement is–
(1) 10 2 cm (2) 15 cm (3) 5( 3  1)cm (4) 5( 3  1)cm
12. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 7, then the sides opposite these angles are in the ratio–
 2  1  3 1
(1) 2 : 2 : ( 3  1) (2) 2 : 2 : ( 3  1) (3) 1 : 2 :  
 (4) : 1 :  

 3 1  2  2 
b 3
13. If angles A, B and C of a ABC are in AP and  , then–
c 2
(1) A = 75° (2) C = 45° (3) B = 60° (4) None of these
56
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) COSINE RULE AND PROJECTION FORMULAE DPP - 2
2 A A
1. In ABC, find the value of (b – c)2 cos  (b  c) 2 sin 2 .
2 2
2. In ABC, prove that a (cos B + cos C – 1) + b (cos C + cos A – 1) + c (cos A + cos B – 1) = 0.

3. If the angles of ABC are in AP, then–
(1) c2 = a2 + b2 – ab (2) b2 = a2 + c2 – ac (3) a2 = b2 + c2 – ac (4) b2 = a2 + c2
4. In ABC, if a2 + b2 = 3c2, then cotA + cotB – cot C is equal to–
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) None of these
5. In ABC, if (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = 3ac, then–
(1) B = 60° (2) B = 30° (3) C = 60° (4) A = C = 90°
1 1
6. If in a ABC, C = 60°, then  is equal to–
a c bc
1 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
a bc a bc a bc
7. In ABC, (b2 – c2 )cot A + (c2 – a2)cotB + (a2 – b2) cot C is equal to–
1
(1) 0 (2) a2 + b2 + c2 (3) 2(a2 + b2 + c2) (4)
2abc
2 cos A cos B 2 cos C a b

8. In ABC,     , then the value of angle A is–
a b c bc ca
(1) 45° (2) 30° (3) 90° (4) 60°
 ACB
9. In ABC, the value of 2ab sin  is equal to–
 2 
(1) a2 + b2 – c2 (2) b2 + c2 – a2 (3) c2 + a2 – b2 (4) None of these
10. If the line segment joining the points A(a, b) and B(c, d) subtends an angle  at the origin, then cos  is–
ab  cd ac  bd ac  bd
(1) 2 2 2 2 (2) 2 2 2 2 (3) (4) None of these
(a  b )(c  d ) (a  b )(c  d ) (a  c 2 )(b 2  d 2 )
2
57
a b bc ca cos A cos B cos C

11. If a, b, and c are the sides of a ABC such that   and   , then–
11 13 12 p q r
(1) p = 25 (2) q = 19 (3) r = 7 (4) None of these
12. If in ABC, B = 60°, then–
(1) (a – b)2 = c2 – ab (2) (b – c)2 = a2 – bc (3) (c – a)2 = b2 – ac (4) a2 + b2 + c2 = 2b2 + ac
13. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are a =  – , b =  +  and c  3 2   2 ( >  > 0), then–
2  3
(1) C  (2) A  B  (3) C  (4) None of these
3 3 4
One Integer Value Correct Type
14. In ABC, AB = 2, BC = 4, CA = 3 and D is the mid-point of BC, then 2AD2 =
15. If in a ABC, BC = 5, CA = 4, AB = 3 and D, E are the points on BC such that BD = DE = EC, then
16tan(CAE) = .......
58
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) NAPIER'S ANALOGY, AREA OF TRIANGLE,
HALF–ANGLE FORMULAE DPP - 3
 B C  2 B A C
1. In ABC, prove that  cot  cot  a sin  b sin 2   a cot .
 2 2  2 2 A
A
2. In ABC, if cos B + cos C = 4 sin2 , then prove that b, a, c are in AP..
2
A C 1
3. In ABC, if tan tan  , then prove that 3b = a + c
2 2 2
True/False Statements
4. In ABC, (s – b) (s – c) = s(s – a), then A is 90°.
2 C
5. In ABC, (s – a) (s – b) =  sin , then is bc.
2
A C
sin sin
2 2
6. In ABC, if a, b, c are in AP, then the value of B is–
sin
2
1
(1) 1 (2) (3) 2 (4) –1
2
B C
7. In ABC, the value of 1 tan tan is–
2 2
2a a 2 4a
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a bc a bc a bc a bc
B C bca
8. In ABC, if sin .sin  , then the triangle is–
2 2 a
(1) equilateral (2) isosceles (3) right angled (4) not possible
9. If in a ABC, a = 3 , b = 1 and A – B = 90°, then C is–
(1) 30° (2) 45° (3) 75° (4) 15°
2 B A 3c
10. If in a ABC, a cos  b cos 2  , then its sides are in–
2 2 2
(1) AP (2) GP (3) HP (4) None of these
59
B C
 tan
tan
2 2
11. In ABC, B C is equal to–
tan  tan
2 2
bc bc bc a

(1) (2) (3) (4)
bc a a bc bc
12. Observe the following statements :
2 C B
(I) In a ABC, b cos  c cos2  s
2 2
A bc
(II) In a ABC, cot   B  90º
2 a
Which of the following is correct?
(1) Both I and II are true (2) I is true and II is false
(3) I is false and II is true (4) Both I and II are false
A 5 C 2
13. In a ABC, tan  and tan  , then–
2 6 2 5
(1) a, c, b are in AP (2) a, b, c are in AP (3) b, a, c are in AP (4) a, b, c are in GP
A
14. In a ABC with fixed base BC, the vertex moves such that cosB + cosC = 4sin2 . If a, b and c denote the
2
lengths of sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A, B and C respectively, then–
(1) b + c = 4a (2) b + c = 2a
(3) locus of point A is an ellipse (4) locus of point A is a pair of straight line
15. Which of the following is/are not true in a ABC?
 BC A A  BC
(1) (b  c) sin    2a cos (2) (b  c) cos  2a sin 
 2  2 2  2 
A  BC  BC A
(3) (b  c) cos  a sin  (4) (b  c) sin    2a cos
2  2   2  2
Comprehension Type
Passage
G is centroid of ABC. Perpendiculars from vertices A, B, C meet on the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and
F, respectively. P, Q and R are feet of the perpendiculars from G on sides BC, CA and AB, respectively. L,
M and N are the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
16. Length of the side PG is–
1 1 2 1
(1) b sin C (2) c sin C (3) b sin C (4) c sin B
2 2 3 3
17. The ratio of area of GPL to the area of ALD is equal to–
1 1 2 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 9 3 9
60
18. Area of PQR is–
1 2 1 2
(1) (a  b 2  c 2 ) sin A sin B sin C (2) (a  b 2  c 2 ) sin A sin B sin C
9 18
2 2 1 2
(3) (a  b 2  c 2 ) sin A sin B sin C (4) (a  b 2  c 2 ) sin A sin B sin C
9 3
A 1
19. If area of triangle is given by  = a2 – (b – c)2, then tan  , thus  is.
2 
sa sb sc 2 A
20. In ABC, if 25 = a + b + c,   and 33  tan  65 , then  is.
11 12 13 2
61
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) HALF–ANGLE FORMULAE USING ‘S’, AREA OF TRIANGLE DPP - 4
1. The area of isosceles triangle is 9 cm2. If the equal sides are 6 cm, then the angle between them is–
(1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 90° (4) 45°
2. The area of ABC, in which a = 1, b = 2, C = 60°, is–
1 3 3
(1) sq units (2) 3 sq units (3) sq units (4) sq units
2 2 2
3. If the area of a ABC is , then a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A is equal to–
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) None of these
4. The area of ABC is 20 3 cm2, C = 60° and its perimeter is 20 cm, then the side c will be–
(1) 4 cm (2) 7 cm (3) 8 cm (4) None of these
5. If  = a2 – (b – c)2, where , is the area of the ABC, then tanA is equal to–
15 8 8 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
18 15 17 2
4
6. If in a ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A + B) = then its area will be–
5
(1) 5.4 sq units (2) 5 sq units (3) 3.2 sq units (4) None of these
 cot A  cot B 
7. In ABC, a2 + b2 = 1999c2, then 999   is equal to–
 cot C 
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) None of these
A 5 B 20
8. In ABC, if tan  and tan  , then the sides a, b, c of triangle are in–
2 6 2 37
Comprehension Type
Passage
In a triangle, if sum of two sides is p and product is q ( p  2 q ) such that (p + r) (p – r) = q, where r is the
third side of a triangle.
9. The greatest angle of triangle is–
(1) 105° (2) 120° (3) 135° (4) 150°
62
10. The area of triangle is–
3 3 3
(1) q sq units (2) p sq units (3) r sq units (4) None of these
4 4 4
11. The sides of triangle are–
p  p 2  4q q  q 2  4r r  r 2  4p
(1) ,r (2) ,r (3) ,r (4) None of these
2 2 2
12. The sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are in AP, the shortest side is 6 and the difference of the longest side and
the shortest side is also 6. Let A be the area of quadrilateral such that A2 = 1152, then  is.
A B B C C A 1 1 1
13. In a ABC, if cot cot  c, cot cot  a and cot cot  b , then the value of  
2 2 2 2 2 2 sa sb sc
is.
63
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES DPP - 5
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C r
1. In ABC, prove that  .
abc R
2. 2
In ABC, prove that 2R (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) = 4.
3. In ABC, if r + r1 + r3 – r2 = RcosB, then find the value of  .
Fill in the Blanks

A B C
4. If r1  R sin cos cos and  is any real constant, then  = ............
2 2 2
s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)

5. If sin C  . , then  = ...........
ab
6. In right angled ABC, if B = 90°, a = 6cm and the radius of the circumcircle is 5 cm, then the area of
ABC is.
(1) 24 cm2 (2) 30cm2 (3) 36 cm2 (4) None of these
7. If 3, 4, 5 be the sides of a ABC, then its inradius is–
8
(1) (2) 8 (3) 7 (4) None of these
7
8. In ABC, if a = 5, b = 12 and C = 90°, then R is–
a b c
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
2 sin B 3 sin B sin C
9. In ABC, 2R2 sinAsinBsinC is equal to–
(1) S2 (2) ab + bc + ca (3)  (4) None of these
10. In any ABC, the value of a cot A + b cotB + c cot C is–
(1) r + R (2) r – R (3) 2(r + R) (4) 2(r – R)
11. Let p, q, r be the sides of a PQR such that p : q : r = 4 : 5 : 6, then the ratio of radius of circumcircle to that
of incircle is–
(1) 16 : 7 (2) 7 : 16 (3) 5 : 16 (4) None of these
 R
12. In ABC, C = , a = 4 and b = 3, then the value of is–
2 r
3 5 5 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 2 3 5
13. The sum of radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles for an n-sided regular polygon of side a is–
a  a  
(1) cot (2) tan (3) a cot (4) None of these
2 2n 2 2n 2n
64
14. If in ABC, r1 = 2r2 = 3r3 then–
a 4 a 5 a 3 a 5
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
b 5 b 4 c 5 c 3
15. If in ABC, a, b, c are in AP and p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C respectively, then–
(1) p1, p2, p3 are in AP (2) p1, p2, p3 are in HP
3R 1 1 1 3R
(3) p1 + p2 + p3  (4) p  p  p  
 1 2 3
Comprehension Type
Passage–I
The  formed by joining the three excentres I1, I2 and I3 of ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle
and in this case internal angle bisector of ABC are the altitudes of I1I2I3.
16. The incentre I of ABC is the .......... of the excentral I1I2I3.
(1) circumcentre (2) orthocentre (3) centroid (4) None of these
17. Angles of the I1I2I3 are–
 A  B  C  A  B  C
(1)  ,  ,  (2)  ,  , 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
(3)  A,  B,  C (4) None of these
2 2 2
18. Sides of the I1I2I3 are–
A B C A B C
(1) R cos , R cos , R cos (2) 4R cos ,4R cos ,4R cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(3) 2R cos ,2R cos ,2R cos (4) None of the above
2 2 2
19. Value of I I12 + I2I32 = I I22 + I1I32 = I I32 + I1I22

(1) 4R2 (2) 16R2 (3) 32R2 (4) 64R2
20. If the area of equilateral ABC which contains three coins of unit radius, is 6 + 4 p . Then, the value of p
is.
r1 r2 r3 a b c 191
21. In ABC, if   and    , then the value of  is.
6 3 2 b c a 20
65
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) REVISAL PROBLEMS FOR JEE DPP - 6
1. If in ABC, (a + b + c)(b + c – a) = bc, then–
(1)  < 0 (2)  > 6 (3) 0 <  < 4 (4) > 4
 s
2. In ABC, if r = r1 + r3 – r2 and B > , then the range of is–
3 r
1  1  1 
(1)  ,2  (2)  ,   (3)  ,3  (4) (3, )
2  2  2 
3. In an equilateral triangle, R : r : r2 is equal to–
(1) 1 : 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 : 3 (3) 2 : 1 : 3 (4) 3 : 2 : 4
1 A 1 B 1 C
4. If p, q, r are the length of internal angle bisectors of a ABC, then cos  cos  cos is equal to–
p 2 q 2 r 2
(1) a–1 + b–1 – c–1 (2) a–1 – b–1 + c–1 (3) a–1 + b–1 + c–1 (4) None of these
5. If a, b, c are the sides of a ABC such that cos A cos B + sin A sin B sinC = 1, then a : b : c is equal to–
(1) 1 : 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 2 : 1 (3) 2 : 1 : 1 (4) None of these
6. In ABC, if sin A = x, cos B = y, then the value of cos2 C is–
(1) x2 – 2xy sin C + y2 (2) x2 + 2xy sin C + y2 (3) x2 – 2xy sin C – y2 (4) None of these
7. In ABC, 2a2 + 4b2 + c2 = 4ab + 2ac, then the numerical value of cos B is–
5 3 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
8 8 8
(a  b  c) 2
8. If a, b, c are the sides of a ABC and   , then 
ab  bc  ca
(1) [1, 2] (2) [3, 4] (3) [3, 4) (4) None of these
9. Circle with radii 3, 4, 5 touch each other externally. If P is the point of intersection of tangents to these circles
at their point of contact the distance of P from the point of contanct is–
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) None of these
10. If a, b, c are the sides of ABC and if roots of the equation a (b – c) x2 + b (c – a) x + c (a – b) = 0 are equal,
2 A B C
then sin , sin 2 , sin 2 are in–
2 2 2
66
MATHEMATICS
JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED) REVISAL PROBLEMS FOR JEE DPP - 7
1. If in ABC, b = c and A = 20°, then the value of a3 + b3 is–
(1) 3 a2b (2) 3 b2c (3) 3c2a (4) abc
2. If two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5 and the angle between them is 60°. If the area of
the quadrilateral is 4 3 sq units, then the remaining two sides are–
(1) 2, 3 (2) 1, 2 (3) 3, 4 (4) 2, 2
3. If p is the product of sines of angles of a triangle and q be the product of their cosines, then the tangents of
the angle are roots of the equation–
(1) qx3 – px2 + (1 + q) x – p = 0 (2) px3 – qx2 + (1 + p)x – q = 0
(3) (1 + q)x3 – px2 + qx – q = 0 (4) None of the above
4. Let F(x + y) = F(x) • F(y),x, y and F(1) = 2. If in a ABC, a = F(3), b = F(1) + F(3) and c = F(2) + F(3), then
2A is–
(1) C (2) 2C (3) 3C (4) 4C
bc ca ab  1 
5. In ABC, if r1, r2, r3 be the exradii and r  r  r   s  a  3 , then  is equal to–
1 2 3  
abc 2abc
(1) (2) (3) abc (4) None of these
 
7 27 R
6. In ABC, if cos A + cos B + cos C = , then is equal to–
4 r
(1) 26 (2) 36 (3) 18 (4) None of these
7. A triangle is inscribed in a circle. The vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of lengths 3, 4
and 5 units, then the area of triangle is–
9 3 (1  3 ) 8 3 (1  3 )
(1) sq units (2) sq units
2 2
9 3 (1  3 )
(3) sq units (4) None of these

a cos A  b cos B  c cos C a  b  c
8. In ABC, if  , then–
a sin B  b sin C  c sin A 9R
(1) A = 60° (2) B = 60° (3) C = 60° (4) None of these
9. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with base BC. If r is the radius of the circle inscribed in ABC and r1 is the
radius of the circle escribed opposite to the A , then the product r1. r can be equal to–
1 2 a2
(1) R2sin2 A (2) R2sin22B (3) a (4)
2 4
67
10. Lengths of the tangent from A, B and C to the incircle are in AP, then–
(1) r1, r2, r3 are in HP (2) r1, r2, r3 are in AP
4c  3b
(3) a, b, c are in AP (4) cos A 
2c
11. If p is the length of median from the vertex A to side BC of a ABC, then–
(1) 4p2 = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2 (2) 4p2 = b2 + c2 + 2bccosA
A
(3) 4p2 = a2 + 4bccosA (4) 4p2 = (2s – a)2 – 4bcsin2
2
12. In a ABC, if the radii of ex-circles r1, r2, r3 are given by r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24, then–
(1) r = 8 (2) a = 12 (3) b = 16 (4) c = 20

13. Let ABC and ABC' be two non-congruent triangles with sides AB = 4, AC = AC' = 2 2 and B = 30°. The
absolute value of the difference between the areas of there triangles is.
14. If r and R be respectively the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles of a regular polygon of n-sides such
R
that  5  1 , then n is equal to.
r
15. Consider a ABC and let a, b, c denote the length of sides opposite to vertices A, B and C respectively.
Suppose a = 6, b =10 and the area of triangle is 15 3 . 1f ACB is obtuse and r denotes the radius of incircle
of the triangle, then r2 is equal to.
Comprehension Type
Passage I
Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in a circle of radius R.
a 2  b 2  c2  d 2 1
Then, cos B  and area of quadrilateral = (ab + cd )sin B  (s  a )(s  b)(s  c)(s  d )
2ab  2cd 2
abcd
when, s 
2
Also, AC2 • BD2 = (ac + bd)2
AC
i.e. AC • BD = AB • CD + BC • AD and R 
2 sin B
16. The sides of quadrilateral which can be inscribed in a circle are 6, 6, 8 and 8 cm. Then, radius of circumcircle
is–
5 24 11
(1) cm (2) cm (3) cm (4) None of these
12 7 7
68
17. The sides of a quadrilateral which can be inscribed in a circle are 5, 5, 12 and 12 cm. Then, the radius of
incircle of the quadrilateral is–
15 30 60
(1) cm (2) cm (3) cm (4) incircle does not exist
17 17 17
18. A quadrilateral ABCD is such that one circle can be inscribed in it and another circle circumscribed about it
A
then tan2 is–
2
bc ab ad  bc a c
(1) (2) (3) (4)
ad cd ad  bc bd
19. If a quadrilateral with side of lengths a, b, c, d can be inscribed in one circle and circumscribed about another
circle, then its area is–
(1) abcd (2) 2abcd (3) 2 abcd (4) None of these
Passage II
Consider a ABC, where x, y, z are the length of perpendicular drawn from the vertices of the triangle to the
opposite side a, b, c respectively and let the letters R, r, s,  denote the circumradius, inradius, semi-perimeter
and area of the triangle respectively.
bx cy az a 2  b 2  c 2
20. If    , then the value of k is–
c a b k
3
(1) R (2) s (3) 2R (4) R
2
 1 1 1
21. If cot A + cot B + cot C = k  x 2  y 2  z 2  , then the value of k is–
 
(1) R2 (2) Rr (3)  (4) a2 + b2 + c2
c sin B  b sin C a sin C  c sin A b sin A  a sin B
22. The value of   is equal to–
x y z
R s
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) 6
r R
69
DPP-1 ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A. 0 3q 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 All
Q. 12 13
A. 1,3,4 1,2,3
DPP-2 ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A. a2 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1,2,3
Q. 12 13 14 15
A. 3,4 1,2 5 6
DPP-3 ANSWER KEY

Q. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A. T F 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 2
Q. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A. 2,3 1,2,4 4 2 2 4 5
DPP-4 ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
Q. 11 12 13
A. 1 5 2
DPP-5 ANSWER KEY

Q. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A. 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 3 1 2
Q. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
A. 1 2,4 2,4 2 1 2 2 3 3
70
DPP-6 ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3
DPP-7 ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1,2,3 1,2,4 1,3,4
Q. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A. 1,2,3 2,3,4 4 5 3 4 3 1 1 3
Q. 21 22
A. 3 4
71
EXERCISE - I
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT TYPE
c2  a2
1. In a triangle A  55 and B  15 , then is equal to -
ab
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
2. In a triangle ABC a : b : c = 3 : 1 : 1, then the triangle is -
(1) right angled triangle (2) obtuse angled triangle
(3) acute angled triangle, which is not isosceles (4) Equilateral triangle
3. The sides of a triangle ABC are x, y, x2  y2  xy respectively. The size of the greatest angle in radians is -
2  
(1) (2) (3) (4) none of these
3 3 2
 a2 b2 c2  A B C
4. In a ABC     . sin sin sin simplifies to -
 sin A sin B sin C  2 2 2
 
(1) 2 (2)  (3) (4)
2 4
(where  is the area of triangle)
5. If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from its vertices A, B, C and , the area of the triangle ABC,
1 1 1
then + – is equal to -
p1 p2 p 3
s sc sb sa

(1) (2) (3) (4)
   
6. If in a triangle ABC angle B = 90° then tan2A/2 is -
bc bc bc bc
(1) (2) b  c (3) b  c (4)
a a
a 3  b3  c3
7. In a triangle ABC, if  3 43 , the diameter of the circle circumscribing the triangle is -
sin 3 A  sin 3 B  sin 3 C
(1) 7 units (2) 14 units (3) 21 units (4) none of these
B C
8. In a ABC if b + c = 3a then cot .cot has the value equal to -
2 2
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
a
9. If = K, then the area of ABC in terms of K and sines of the angles is -
sin A
K2 K2
(1) sinAsinBsinC (2) sinAsinBsinC
4 2
(3) 2K2sinAsinBsin(A + B) (4) none
10. In a  ABC, C  60  & A  75  . If D is a point on AC such that the area of the  BAD is 3 times the
area of the  BCD, then the ABD =
(1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 90° (4) none of these
MODI SCHOOLS 72
11. In a ABC, a semicircle is inscribed, whose diameter lies on the side c. Then the radius of the semicircle is
(Where is the area of the triangle ABC)
2 2 2 c
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a b a bc s 2
12. In a triangle ABC, right angled at B, the inradius is -
AB  BC  AC AB  AC  BC AB  BC  AC
(1) (2) (3) (4) none
2 2 2
13. In triangle ABC where A, B, C are acute, the distances of the orthocentre from the sides are in the proportion
(1) cos A : cos B : cos C (2) sin A : sin B : sin C
(3) sec A : sec B : sec C (4) tan A : tan B : tan C
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C
14. In a ABC, the value of is equal to -
a bc
r R R 2r
(1) (2) (3) (4)
R 2r r R
15. If the orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle ABC be at equal distances from the side BC and lie on the
same side of BC then tanBtanC has the value equal to -
1 1
(1) 3 (2) (3) – 3 (4) –
3 3
16. In an equilateral triangle, inradius r, circumradius R & ex-radius r1 are in -
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) none of these
1 1 1 1 1 1 K R3
17. With usual notation in a ABC  r  r   r  r   r  r   2 2 2 then K has value equal to -
 1 2 2 3 3 1 a b c
(1) 1 (2) 16 (3) 64 (4) 128
r1  r2
18. In a triangle ABC, is equal to -
1  cosC
(1) 2ab/c (2) (a + b)/c (3) abc/2 (4) abc/2
19. With usual notations in a triangle ABC, if r1 = 2r2 = 2r3 then -
(1) 4a = 3b (2) 3a = 2b (3) 4b = 3a (4) 2a = 3b
20. If r1, r2, and r3 be the radii of excircles of the triangle ABC, then r 1
is equal to -
r r 1 2
A A B A A
(1)  cot 2 (2)  cot 2 cot 2 (3)  tan 2 (4)  tan 2
21. If in a triangle PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in A.P., then -
(1) the altitudes are in A.P. (2) the altitudes are in H.P.
(3) the medians are in G.P. (4) the medians are in A.P.
22. In ABC, if r : r1 : R = 2 : 12 : 5, where all symbols have their usual meaning, then -
(1) ABC is an acute angled triangle (2) ABC is an obtuse angled triangle
(3) ABC is right angled which is not isosceles (4) ABC is isosceles which is not right angled
MODI SCHOOLS 73
23. If a, b, A are given in a triangle and c1 and c2 are two possible values of third side such that c12  c1 c2  c 22  a 2 ,
then A is equal to -
(1) 30° (2) 60° (3) 90° (4) 120°
24. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle which of the following will not imply it is equilateral -
(1) tanA + tanB + tanC = 3 3 (2) cotA + cotB + cotC = 3
(3) a + b + c = 2R (4) a2 + b2 + c2 = 9R2
25. If cosA + cosB + 2cosC = 2 then the sides of the ABC are in-
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) none
x y A
26. The line   1 cuts the co-ordinate axis at A & B. If O is origin, then  sin for the triangle OAB is -
6 8 2
(1) 5/6 (2) 1/10 (3) 5/4 (4) none of above
C 1 1 1 
27. In a triangle ABC, CD is the bisector of the angle C. If cos has the value and (CD) = 6, then   
2 3 a b
has the value equal to -
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) none
9 12 6
28. In the triangle ABC, CH and CM are the lengths of the altitude and median to the base AB. If a = 10, b = 26,
c = 32 then length HM is -
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 9 (4) none
29. The medians of a ABC are 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm respectively. Then the area of the triangle is -
(1) 96 sq cm (2) 84 sq cm (3) 72 sq cm (4) 60 sq cm
30. In an isosceles ABC , if the altitudes intersect on the inscribed circle then the cosine of the vertical angle ‘A’’
is :
1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) none
9 3 3
31. If in a triangle ABC p, q, r are the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides, then which of the
following does not hold good ?
 1  1  1
(2) (p) (a) =      
1
(1) (p)    = (a)   
p   a  p  a
 1  1 
1 1
(3) (p) (pq) (a) = (a) (ab) (p) (4)   p       a2 = 16R2
   p q r 
32. AD, BE and CF are the perpendiculars from the angular points of a ABC upon the opposite sides. The
perimeters of the DEF and ABC are in the ratio -
2r r r r
(1) (2) (3) (4)
R 2R R 3R
Where r is the inradius and R is circum-radius of the ABC
33. Two rays emanate from the point A and form an angle of 43° with one another. Lines L1, L2 and L3 (no two of
which are parallel) each form an isosceles triangle with the original rays. The largest angle of the triangle
formed by lines L1, L2 and L3 is -
(1) 127° (2) 129° (3) 133° (4) 137°
MODI SCHOOLS 74
cot A  cot B
34. In a ABC if 9(a2 + b2) = 17c2 then the value of the expression is :
cot C
13 7 5 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 4 4
35. Let H be the orthocenter of triangle ABC, then angle subtended by side BC at the centre of incircle of CHB
is :
A  BC  BC  BC 
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
36. Circum radius of a ABC is 3 units; let O be the circum centre and H be the orthocentre then the value of
1
(AH2 + BC2) (BH2 + AC2) (CH2 + AB2) equals :
64
(1) 34 (2) 93 (3) 276 (4) 814
37. The angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in arithmetic progression. If 2b2 = 3c2 then the angle A is :
(1) 15° (2) 60° (3) 75° (4) 90°

A C 1
38. In a triangle ABC, if tan tan  and ac = 4, then the least value of b is:
2 2 3
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 6
39. In a triangle ABC the expression a cos B cos C + b cos C cos A + c cos A cos B equals to :
rs r R Rs
(1) (2) (3) (4)
R sR rs r
2 2
40. The set of real numbers a such that a + 2a, 2a + 3, a + 3a + 8 are the sides of triangle, is:
 1 
(1) 0,   (2) 5, 8 (3)   , (4) 5,  
 3 
  sin BAD
41. In a ABC, B  and C  let D divide BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then is equal to :
3 4 sin CAD
1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 3 3
42. Let AD, BE, CF be the lengths of internal bisectors of angles A, B, C respectively of triangle ABC. Then the
A B C
harmonic mean of AD sec , BE sec , CF sec is equal to :
2 2 2
(1) Harmonic mean of sides of ABC (2) Geometric mean of sides of ABC
(3) Arithmetic mean of sides of ABC (4) Sum of reciprocals of the sides of ABC
43. In triangle ABC, if 2b = a + c and A – C = 90°, then sin B equals:
[Note : All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
7 5 7 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 8 4 3
MODI SCHOOLS 75
 BC
44. In a triangle ABC, if 2a cos   = b + c, then sec A is equal to :
 2 
(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle)
2
(1) (2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 3
3
45. Triangle ABC has BC = 2 and AC = 2, then maximum possible value of A is :
   
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 4 3 2
46. I1I2I3 is an excentral triangle of an equilateral triangle ABC such that I1I2 = 4 unit, if DEF is pedal
Ar( I1I2 I3 )
triangle of ABC, then 
Ar( DEF)
(1) 16 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 1
2
47. Let ABC be a triangle with and BAC  and AB = x such that (AB)(AC) = 1. If x varies then the longest
3
possible length of the internal angle bisector AD equals :
1 1 2 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 2 3 3
sin A sin A  B
48. In ABC if  , a2, b2, c2 then
sin C sin B  C 
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) none of these
3
49. In ABC, tan A = 2, tan B = and c  65 , then circumradius of the triangle is :
2
65 65
(1) 65 (2) (3) (4) none of these
7 14
50. If the sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC are the roots of the equation x3 – 13x2 + 54x – 72 = 0, then the value of
cos A cos B cos C
  is equal to :
a b c
61 61 169 59
(1) (2) (3) (4)
144 72 144 144
ac bc
51. In ABC, if C  90, then  is equal to :
b a
c 1 R
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4)
r 2 Rr r
52. 2 2 2
In a ABC, if a sin B = b + c , then :
(1) A is obtuse (2) A is acute (3) B is obtuse (4) A is right angle
53. If R and R’ are the circumradii of triangles ABC and OBC, where O is the orthocenter of triangle ABC, then :
R
(1) R '  (2) R’ = 2R (3) R’ = R (4) R’ = 3R
2
54. The acute angle of rhombus whose side is geometic mean between its diagonals, is:
(1) 15° (2) 20° (3) 60° (4) 75°
MODI SCHOOLS 76
55. In a ABC right angled at A, a line is drawn throught A to meet BC at D dividing BC in 2 : 1. If tan ADC  3
then BAD is :
(1) 30° (2) 45° (3) 60° (4) 75°
56. A circle is cirumscribed in an equilateral triangle of side ‘l’. The area of any square inscribed in the circle is :
4 2 1
(1) l2 (2) l2 (3) l2 (4) l2
3 3 3
 
57. If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 6 : 3  1 , then the largest angle of the triangle will be :
(1) 60° (2) 72° (3) 75° (4) 90°
s
58. In a triangle ABC is a, b, c are in A.P. and C – A = 120°, then 
r
(where motations have their usual meaning)
(1) 15 (2) 2 15 (3) 3 15 (4) 6 15
31
59. In a triangle ABC, a = 5, b = 4 and cos(A – B) = , then the third side is equal to :
32
(where symbols used have usual meanings)
(1) 6 (2) 6 6 (3) 6 (4) 2161/ 4
60. If semiperimeter of a triangle is 15, then the value of (b + c) cos (B + C) + (c + a) cos (C + A) + (a + b) cos
(A + B) is equal to : (where symbols used have usual meanings)
(1) – 60 (2) – 15 (3) – 30 (4) can not be determined
61. Let triangle ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Suppose that the angle bisector of its angle B meets
the side AC at a point D and that BC = AD. Measure of the angle A in degrees, is :
(1) 80 (2) 100 (3) 110 (4) 130
62. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
In triangle ABC if A : B : C = 1 : 2 : 4, then (a – b ) (b – c ) (c – a ) = a b c , where  =
(where notations have their usual meaning)
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 9
63. In a triangle ABC with altitude AD, BAC  45, DB  3 and CD = 2. The area of the triangle ABC is :
(1) 6 (2) 15 (3) 15/4 (4) 12

64. A triangle has base 10 cm long and the base angles of 50° and 70°. If the perimeter of the triangle is x + y cos
z° where z  (0, 90) then the value of x + y + z equals :
(1) 60 (2) 55 (3) 50 (4) 40
65. Triangle ABC is right angled at A. The points P and Q are on the hypotenuse BC such that BP = PQ = QC. If
AP = 3 and AQ = 4 then the length BC is equal to :
(1) 27 (2) 36 (3) 45 (4) 54
 
66. In a ABC if b  a 3  1 and C  30 then the measure of the angle A is :
(1) 15° (2) 45° (3) 75° (4) 105°
67. Through the centroid of an equilateral triangle, a line parallel to the base is drawn. On this line, an arbitrary
point P is taken inside the triangle. Let h denote the perpendicular distance of P from the base of the triangle.
Let h1 and h2 be the perpendicular distance of P from the other two sides of the triangle. Then:
(1) h 
h1  h 2
(2) h  h1  h 2 (3) h 
2h1  h 2
(4) h 
h1  h 2  3
2 h1  h 2 4
MODI SCHOOLS 77
68. The angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in arithmetic progression. AB = 6 and BC = 7. Then AC is :
(1) 41 (2) 39 (3) 42 (4) 43
1  cos C
69. In ABC, if A – B = 120° and R = 8r then the value of equals:
1  cos C
(All symbols used have their usual meaning in a triangle)
(1) 12 (2) 15 (3) 21 (4) 31
2
70. The lengths of the side CB and CA of a triangle ABC are given by a and b and the angle C is . The line CD
3
bisects the angle C and meets AB at D. Then the length of CD is :
1 a 2  b2 ab ab
(1) (2) (3) (4)
ab ab 2 a  b  a b
71. In ABC, angle A is 120°, BC + CA = 20 and AB + BC = 21, then the length of the side BC, equals :
(1) 13 (2) 15 (3) 17 (4) 19
72. A triangle has sides 6, 7, 8. The line through its incentre parallel to the shortest side is drawn to meet the other
two dies at P and Q. The length of the segment PQ is :
12 15 30 33
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 4 7 9
73. The perimeter of a ABC is 48 cm and one side is 20 cm. Then remaining sides of ABC must be greater
then : (1) 8 cm (2) 9 cm (3) 12 cm
(4) 4 cm
74. In an equilateral ABC, (where symbols used have usual meanings), then r, R and r1 form:
(1) an A.P. (2) an G.P.
(3) an H.P. (4) neither an A.P., G.P. nor H.P.
75. The expression

a  b  c b  c  a c  a  b a  b  c  is equal to :
4b 2 c 2
(1) cos2 A (2) sin2 A
(3) cos A cos B cos C (4) sin A sin B sin C
MODI SCHOOLS 78
EXERCISE - II
MORE THAN ONE CHOICE TYPE
 3 
1. In a ABC, A = and b : c = 2 : 3. If tan   , 0    , then -
3 5 2
(1) B  60    (2) C  6 0    (3) B  60    (4) C  6 0   
2. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are taken on sides BC such that DB = DE = EC. If ADE = AED = ,
then -
6 tan  A
(1) tan = 3tanB (2) tan = 3tanC (3) tan A  (4) 9 cot 2  tan 2 
tan 2   9 2
3. In a ABC, AD is the bisector of the angle A meeting BC at D. If I is the incentre of the triangle, then AI :
DI is equal to -
(1) (sinB + sinC) : sinA (2) (cosB + cosC) : cosA
BC BC BC BC
(3) cos   : cos  2  (4) sin   : sin  2 
 2     2   
s
4. In a ABC, is equal to -
R
A B C s
(1) sinA + sinB + sinC (2) 4 cos cos cos (3) 4sinA sinBsinC (4)
2 2 2 abc
5. D, E, F are the foot of the perpendiculars from vertices A, B, C to sides BC, CA, AB respectively, and H is
the orthocentre of acute angled triangle ABC; where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC, then
(1) H is the incentre of triangle DEF
(2) A, B, C are excentres of triangle DEF
(3) Perimeter of DEF is acosA + bcosB + c cosC
R
(4) Circumradius of triangle DEF is , where R is circumradius of ABC.
2
abc
6. If x, y and z are the distances of incentre from the vertices of the triangle ABC respectively then is equal
xyz
to -
A A A A
(1)  tan 2 (2)  cot 2 (3)  tan 2 (4)  cot 2
7. In triangle ABC, cosA + 2cosB + cosC = 2, then -
A C A C A C B A C
(1) tan tan  3 (2) cot cot  3 (3) cot  cot  2 cot (4) tan tan  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8. If ‘O’ is the circum centre of the ABC and R1, R2 and R3 are the radii of the circumcircles of triangles
a b c
OBC, OCA and OAB respectively then R  R  R has the value equal to -
1 2 3
abc R3 4 abc
(1) 3 (2) (3) 2 (4)
2R abc R R3
MODI SCHOOLS 79
9. In a triangle ABC, (r1 – r) (r2 – r) (r3 – r) is equal to -
4abc. 
(1) 4Rr2 (2) (a  b  c)2
3 A B C
(3) 16R3(cosA + cosB + cosC – 1) (4) r cosec cosec cosec
2 2 2
10. If r1, r2, r3 are radii of the escribed circles of a triangle ABC and r is the radius of its incircle, then the root(s)
of the equation x2 – r(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1) x + (r1r2r3 – 1) = 0 is/are :
(1) r1 (2) r2 + r3 (3) 1 (4) r1r2r3 – 1
11. In ABC, A = 60°, B = 90°, C = 30°. Let H be its orthocentre, then :
(1) AH = c (2) CH = a (3) AH = a (4) BH = 0
12. In an equilateral triangle, if inradius is a rotional number then which of the following is/are correct ?
(1) circumradius is always rational (2) exradii are always rational
(3) area is always ir-rational (4) perimeter is always rational
13. Let A, B, C be angles of a triangle ABC and let D  5  A , E  5  B , F  5  C , then :

32 32 32
n
(where D, E, F  , n  I, I denote set of integers)
2
(1) cot D cot E + cot E cot F + cot D cot F = 1 (2) cot D + cot E + cot F = cot D cot E cot F
(3) tan D tan E + tan E tan F + tan F tan D = 1 (4) tan D + tan E + tan F = tan D tan E tan F
14. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4, b = 8 and C = 60°, then : (where symbos used have usual meanings)
(1) c = 6 (2) c  4 3 (3) A = 30° (4) B = 90°
r r2
15. In a ABC if  , then which of the following is/are true ?
r1 r3
(1) a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2 (2) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2
(3) a2 + b2 = c2 (4) = s(s + c)
16. ABC is a triangle whose circumcentre, incentre and orthocentre are O, I and H respectively which lie inside
the triangle, then–
 A A
(1) BOC = A (2) BIC =  (3) BHC =  – A (4) BHC =  –
2 2 2
17. In a triangle ABC, tan A and tan B satisfy the inequality 3x 2  4x  3  0 , then which of the following
must be correct? (where symbols used have usual meanings)
(1) a2 + b2 – ab < c2 (2) a2 + b2 > c2 (3) a2 + b2 + ab > c2 (4) a2 + b2 < c2

18. If in a ABC; C  ; a  2 ; b  2  2 then the measure of A can be :
8
(1) 45° (2) 135° (3) 30° (4) 150°
MODI SCHOOLS 80
EXERCISE - III
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Comprehension # 01
Let A  23, B  75 and C  82 be the angles of ABC. The incircle of ABC touches the sides BC,
CA, AB at points D, E, F respectively. Let r’, r1’ respectively be the inradius, exradius opposite to vertex D
of DEF and r be the inradius of ABC, then
r'
1. 
r
A B C A B C
(1) sin  sin  sin  1 (2) 1  sin  sin  sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(3) cos  cos  cos  1 (4) 1  cos  cos  cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
r1'
2. 
r
A B C A B C
(1) sin  sin  sin  1 (2) 1  sin  sin  sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(3) cos  cos  cos  1 (4) 1  cos  cos  cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
Comprehension # 02
Internal angle bisectors of ABC meets its circum circle at D, E and F where symbols have usual meaning.
3. Area of DEF is :
A  B C A B C

(1) 2R 2 cos2   cos2   cos2   (2) 2R 2 sin   sin   sin 
2 2 2  2 2 2
A  B C A B C

(3) 2R 2 sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   (4) 2R 2 cos  cos  cos 
2 2 2  2 2 2
4. The ratio of area of triangle ABC and triangle DEF is :
(1) >1 (2) <1 (3) >1/2 (4) <1/2
Comprehension # 03
Let triangle ABC is right triangle right angled at C such that A < B and r = 8, R = 41.
5. Area of ABC is:
(1) 720 (2) 1440 (3) 360 (4) 480
A
6. tan 
2
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
18 3 6 9
(where notations have their usual meaning)
MODI SCHOOLS 81
Comprehension # 04
Let the incircle of ABC touches the sides BC, CA, AB at A1, B1, C1 respectively. The incircle of A1B1C1
touches its sides of B1C1, C1A1 and A1B1 at A2, B2, C2 respectively and so on.
7. lim A n =
n 
  
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
6 4 3
8. In A4B4C4, the value of A4 is-
3  A 3  A 5  A 5  A
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 8 16 16
Comprehension # 05
Let ABC be a given triangle. Points D and E are on sides AB and AC respectively and point F is on line
AD AE DF
segment DE. Let  x,  y,  z . Let area of BDF = 1, area of CEF = 2 and area of ABC
AB AC DE
= .
1
9. is equal to -

(1) xyz (2) (1 – x) y (1 – z) (3) (1 – x) yz (4) x (1 – y) z
2
10. is equal to -

(1) (1 – x) y (1 – z) (2) (1 – x) (1 – y) z (3) x (1 – y) (1 – z) (4) (1 – x) yz
Comprehension # 06
 c
a, b, c are the length of sides BC, CA, AB respectively of ABC satisfying log1    log a  log b  log 2
 a
.
Also the quadratic equation a(1 – x2) + 2bx + c (1 + x2) = 0 has two equal roots.
11. a, b, c are in -
(1) A. P. (2) G. P. (3) H. P. (4) None
12. Measure of angle C is -
(1) 30º (2) 45º (3) 60º (4) 90º
13. The value of (sin A + sin B + sin C) is equal to -
5 12 8
(1) (2) (3) (4) 2
2 5 3
MODI SCHOOLS 82
MATCH THE COLUMN
14. If p1, p2, p3 are altitudes of a triangle ABC from the vertices A, B, C respectively and  is the area of the
triangle and s is semi perimeter of the triangle, then match the columns
Column-I Column-I
1 1 1 1 1
(A) If p  p  p  2 then the least value of p1p2p3 is (p)
1 2 3 R
cos A cos B cos C
(B)The value of   is (q) 216
p1 p2 p3
b2 p 1 c2 p 2 a 2 p 3
(C) The minimum value of   is (r) 6
c a b
a 2
(D) The value of p 1–2 + p 2–2 + p 3–2 is (s)
4 2
15. Consider a right angled triangle ABC right angled at C with integer sides. List - I gives inradius. List - II gives
the number of triangles.
Column–I Column–II
(A) 3 (p) 6
(B) 4 (q) 7
(C) 6 (r) 8
(D) 9 (s) 10
(t) 12
MODI SCHOOLS 83
EXERCISE - IV
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Prove that : 4 R sinA sinB sinC = a cos A + b cosB + c cos C.

2. Prove that : a cos B cosC + b cos C cos A + c cosA cos B =
R
3. If p1, p2 , p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from the vertices A, B, C &  denotes the area of the triangle,
1 1 1 2ab C
prove that    cos2 .
p 1 p 2 p 3 (a  b  c) 2
abc A B C
4. Prove that : cos cos cos  
s 2 2 2
bc A bc
5. For any triangle ABC, if B = 3C , show that cos C = & sin  .
4c 2 2c
6. ABC is a triangle. D is the mid point of BC. If AD is perpendicular to AC, then prove that
2 (c 2  a 2 )
cosA . cosC = .
3 ac
1 (m  1)(m  3 )
7. Let 1 < m < 3. In a triangle ABC , if 2 b = (m+1) a & cosA = prove that there are two
2 m
values to the third side, one of which is m times the other.
1 1 1 1
8. Prove that :   
r1 r2 r3 r
9. Prove that : r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R
bc ca a b
10. Prove that :   0
r1 r2 r3
11. Consider a DEF, the pedal triangle of the ABC such that A–F–B and B–D–C are collinear . If H is the
incentre of DEF and R1, R2 , R3 are the circumradii of the quadarilaterals AFHE; BDHF and CEHD
respectively, then prove that  R1  R  r where R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of ABC.
12. DEF is the triangle formed by joining the points of contact of the incircle with the sides of the triangle ABC,
prove that
A B C
(1) its sides are 2r cos , 2r cos and 2r cos where r is the radius of incircle of ABC.
2 2 2
 A  B  C
(2) its angles are – , – and –
2 2 2 2 2 2
r2 s
(3) its area is where 's' is the semiperimeter and R is the circumradius of the ABC.
2R
MODI SCHOOLS 84
13. If sides a, b, c, of the triangle ABC are in A.P., then prove that
A B C
sin 2 cosec 2 A; sin 2 cosec 2B ; sin 2 cosec 2C are in H.P..
2 2 2
14. Sides a, b, c of the triangle ABC are in H.P., then prove that
cosecA (cosecA + cot A) ; cosec B (cosecB + cotB) & cosecC (cosecC + cot C) are in A.P.
15. In a  ABC, GA,GB,GC makes angles , ,  with each other where G is the centroid to the  ABC then
show that, cotA + cotB + cotC + cot  + cot  +cot  =0.
1
16. In a triangle ABC, the median to the side BC is of length & it divides the angle A into angles of
11  6 3
30° & 45°. Find the length of the side BC.
1 r 2 r3 r 1 1
17. Prove that : bc  ca  ab  r  2R
tan A2 tan B2 tan C2 1

18. Prove that :   
(a  b)(a  c) (b  a )(b  c) (c  a )(c  b) 
bc ca ab  a b b c c a 
19. Prove that in a triangle r  r  r  2R  b  a    c  b    a  c   3  .
1 2 3  
AC ac
20. In a triangle the angles A, B, C are in A.P. Show that 2cos  .
2 a  ac  c2
2
21. In a scalene triangle ABC the altitudes AD & CF are dropped form the vertices A & C to the sides BC & AB.
The area of ABC is known to be equal to 18, the area of triangle BDF is equal to 2 and length of segment DF
is equal to 2 2 . Find the radius of the circle circumscribing ABC.
22. With reference to a given circle, A1 and B1 are the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed regular polygons
of n sides, A2 and B2 are corresponding quantities for regular polygons of 2n sides : Prove that
(1) A2 is a geometric mean between A1 and B1
(2) B2 is a harmonic mean between A2 and B1
23. Let a, b, c be the sides of a trianlge &  its area. Prove that a 2  b2  c 2  4 3  , and find when does the
equality hold ?
24. If in a triangle of base ‘a’, the ratio of the other two sides is r ( < 1) . Show that the altitude of the triangle is
ar
less than or equal to .
1  r2
2
25. If the bisector of angle C of triangle ABC meets AB in D & the circumcircle in E prove that , CE  (a  b) .
2 DE c
MODI SCHOOLS 85
INTEGER TYE QUESTIONS

26. If the median AD of ABC makes an angle ADC = . Find the value of |cot B – cot C|.
4

27. In a ABC, a  3 , b = 3 and C  . Let internal angle bisector of angle C is intersects side AB at D and
3
altitude from B meets the angle bisector CD at E. If O1 and O2 are incentres of BEC and BED. Find the
distance between the vertex B and orthocentre of O1EO2.
28. In a ABC ; inscribed circle with centre I touches sides AB, AC and BC at D, E, F respectively. Let area of
C
cos 
2
quadrilateral ADIE is 5 units and area of quadrilteral BFID is 10 units. Find the value of .
 AB
sin  
 2 
29. If  be area of incircle of a triangle ABC and 1, 2, 3 be the area of excircles then find the least value of
1 2 3
.
7293
30. In ABC, b = c, A = 106º, M is an interior point such that MBA = 7º, MAB = 23º and MCA = º, then

is equal to. (where notations have their usual meaning)
2
31. In an acute angled triangle ABC, A = 20º, let DEF be the feet of altitudes through A, B, C respectively and
AH BH CH
H is the orthocentre of ABC. Find   .
AD BE CF
32. Let ABC be inscribed in a circle having radius unity. The three internal bisectors of the angles A, B and C
are extended to intersect the circumcircle of ABC at A 1 , B 1 and C 1 respectively. Then
A B C
AA1 cos  BB1 cos  CC1 cos
2 2 2
=
sin A  sin B  sin C
MODI SCHOOLS 86
EXERCISE - V (A)
PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAINS & AIEEE QUESTIONS
1. The sum the radii of the incircle and circumcircle of a regular polygon of n sides of length a is equal to
[AIEEE 2003]
a   a  
(1) cot (2) a cot (3) cot (4) acot
4 2n n 2 2n 2n
2. The sides of a triangle are sin  , cos  and 1  sin  cos  for some 0 <  < /2. Then the greatest angle of
the triangle is [AIEEE 2004]
(1) 120° (2) 90° (3) 60° (4) 150°

3. In a triangle ABC, let C  . If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius of the triangle ABC, then
2
2(r + R) equals [AIEEE 2005, IIT 2000]
(1) c + a (2) a + b + c (3) a + b (4) b + c
4. If in a  ABC, the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C on opposite sides are in H.P., then sin A, sin B, sin C are
in [AIEEE 2005]
(1) H.P. (2) Arithmetic - Geometric Progression
(3) A.P. (4) G.P.
5. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same is y. If x2 – c2 = y, where c is the third side
of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius of the triangle is : [JEE (Main) 2014]
3y 3y 3y 3y
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 x ( x  c) 2c( x  c) 4 x ( x  c) 4c( x  c)
6. Two sides of a rhombus are along the lines, x – y + 1 = 0 and 7x – y – 5 = 0. If its diagonals intersect at (–1,
–2), then which one of the following is a vertex of this rhombus - [JEE (Main) 2016]
1 8  10 7 
(1) (–3, –8) (2)  ,  (3)   ,  (4) (–3, –9)
3 3  3 3
7. Let k be an integer such that the triangle with vertices (k, –3k), (5, k) and (–k, 2) has area 28 sq. units. Then
the orthocentre of this triangle is at the point- [JEE (Main) 2017]
 1  1  3  3
(1)  2,  (2)  2,  (3) 1,  (4) 1, 
 2  2  4  4
8. With the usual notation, in ABC, if A  B  120o , a  3  1, b  3  1 then the ratio A : B,
is [JEE (Main) 2019]
(1) 9:7 (2) 7:1 (3) 5:3 (4) 3:1
9. In a triangle, the sum of lengths of two sides is x and the product of the lengths of the same two sides is y. If
x 2  c2  y, where c is the length of the third side of the traingle, then the circumradius of the traingle is :
[JEE (Main) 2019]
v c c 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) y
3 3 3 2
MODI SCHOOLS 87
bc ca a b cos A cos B cos C

10. Given   for a ABC with usual notation. If   , then the or--
11 12 13   
dered triad  ,  ,   has a value [JEE (Main) 2019]
(1) 19, 7, 25  (2)  7,19, 25  (3)  5,12,13 (4)  3, 4, 5 

11. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest angle is double the smallest, then a ratio of
lengths of the sides of thise triangle is : [JEE (Main) 2019]
(1) 5:9:13 (2) 5:6:7 (3) 4:5:6 (4) 3:4:5
12. The angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and a:b = 1: 3. If c = 4 cm, then the area (in sq. cm) of
this triangles is : [JEE (Main) 2019]
4 2
(1) 2 3 (2) 4 3 (3) (4)
3 3
13. A triangle ABC lying in the first quadrant has two vertices ad A (1, 2) and B (3, 1). If BAC  90o and area
 ABC   5 5 s units, then the abscissa of the vertex C is : [JEE (Main) 2019]
(1) 1  2 5 (2) 2 5  1 (3) 1  5 (4) 2  5
MODI SCHOOLS 88
EXERCISE - V (B)
PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. There exists a triangle ABC satisfying the conditions– [IIT 1986]
(1) b sin A = a, A < /2 (2) b sin A > a, A > /2
(3) b sin A > a, A < /2 (4) b sin A < a, A </2, b > a
2. In a triangle, the lengths of the two larger sides are 10 and 9, respectively. If the angles are in A.P. Then the
length of the third side can be– [IIT 1987]
(1) 5  6 (2) 3 3 (3) 5 (4) 5  6
3. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If the measures of angles A and B satisfy the equation
3 sin x – 4sin3x – k = 0, 0 < k < 1, then the measure of angle C is– [IIT 1990]
  2 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 2 3 6
4. Perimeter of a triangle ABC is 6 times of the AM of sines of its angles. If a = 1 , then  A is equal to
[IIT 1992]
(1) /6 (2) /4 (4) /3 (4) /2
5. If in an isosceles triangle ABC, circumradius = AB = AC, then  A is equal to [IIT 1992]
(1) 30° (2) 60° (3) 90° (4) 120°
cos A cosB cos C
6. In triangle ABC, if   and a = 2 , then area of this triangle is– [IIT 1993]
a b c
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 / 2 (4) 3
2cos A cosB 2cosC a b
7. In a triangle ABC, if     , then A is equal to– [IIT 1993]
a b c bc ca
(1) 30° (2) 45° (3) 60° (4) 90°
8. If lengths of sides of a triangle are 3,5 and 7, then its greatest angle is– [IIT 1994]
(1) 2/3 (2) 3/4 (3) 5/6 (4) /2
  sin BAD
9. In a triangle ABC, B = and C = . Let D divide BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3 then is
3 4 sin CAD
equal to– [IIT 1995]
1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 3 3
10. In a triangle ABC , a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6. The ratio of the radius of the circumcircle to that of the incircle is–
[IIT 1996]
16 16 11 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 7 7 16
11. If in a triangle PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in A.P., then– [IIT 1998]
(1) the altitudes are in A.P. (2) the altitudes are in H.P.
(3) the medians are in G.P. (4) the medians are in A.P.
MODI SCHOOLS 89
12. Let A 0A1A2A3A4A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of unit radius. Then the product of the lengths
of the line segments A0A1,A0A2 and A0A4 is– [IIT 1998]
3 3 3
(1) (2) 3 3 (3) 3 (4)
4 2
1
13. In a triangle ABC , 2ac sin (A–B +C) is equal to– [IIT 2000]
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) a + b – c (2) c + a – b (3) b – c –a (4) c –a –b
14. Which of the following pieces of data does not uniquely determine an acute angled ABC (R = circumradius).
[IIT 2002]
(1) a , sin A , sin B (2) a , b, c (3) a , sin B, R (4) a , sin A, R
15. The sides of a triangle are 3x + 4y, 4x + 3y and 5x + 5y where x, y > 0 then the triangle is– [IIT 2002]
(1) right angled (2) outuse angled (3) equilateral (4) none of these
16. In a triangle with sides a, b, c, r1 > r2 > r3 (which are the exradii) then– [IIT 2002]
(1) a > b > c (2) a < b < c (3) a > b and b < c (4) a < b and b > c
17. If the angle of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 1: 1, then the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter is–
[IIT 2003]
(1) 
3: 2  3  (2) 1 : 6 (3) 1: 2  3  (4) 2 : 3
 
18. In a triangle ABC, medians AD and BE are drawn. If AD = 4, DAB  and ABE  , then the area of
6 3
the ABC is– [IIT 2003]
64 8 16 32
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3 3
C 2 A  3b
  c cos   
2
19. If in a ABC a cos  , then the sides a, b and c– [IIT 2003]
2 2 2
(1) satisfy a + b = c (2) are in A.P. (3) are in G.P. (4) are in H.P.
20. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2 , then the angle of the triangle are in the ratio– [IIT 2004]
(1) 1 : 3 : 5 (2) 2 : 3 : 4 (3) 3 : 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 2 : 3
21. In ABC, a, b, c are the lengths of its sides and A, B, C are the angles of triangle ABC. The correct relation
is given by– [IIT 2005]
BC A A B C
(1) (b – c) sin  2   a cos 2 (2) (b  c ) cos 2  a sin 2 
   
BC A A B  C
(3) (b  c)sin  2   a cos 2 (4) (b  c)cos  2   2a sin  2 
     
MODI SCHOOLS 90
22. In an equilateral triangle, 3 coins of radii 1 unit each are kept so that they touch each other and also the sides
of the triangle. Area of the triangle is– [IIT 2005]
7 3 7 3
(1) 4  2 3 (2) 6  4 3 (3) 12  (4) 3 
4 4
23. One angle of an isosceles  is 120º and radius of its incircle  3 . Then the area of the triangle is sq. units
is– [IIT 2006]
(1) 7  12 3 (2) 12  7 3 (3) 12  7 3 (4) 4
24. In ABC, internal angle bisector of A meets side BC in D. DE  AD meets AC in E and AB in F. Then–
[IIT 2006]
2bc A
(1) AE is HM of b & c (2) AD  cos
bc 2
4bc A
(3) EF  sin (4) AEF is isosceles
bc 2
25. Let ABCD be a quadrialteral with area 18, with side AB parallel to the side CD and 2AB = CD. Let AD be
perpendicular to AB and CD. If a circle is drawn inside the quadrilateral ABCD touching all the sides, then
its radius is– [IIT 2007]
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 3/2 (4) 1
26. Let ABC and ABC’ be two non–congruent triangles with sides AB = 4, AC = AC’ = 2 2 and angle B = 30º.
The absolute value of the difference between the areas of these triangles is? [IIT 2009]
27. If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the lengths of
a c
the sides opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression sin 2C  sin 2A is–
c a
[IIT 2010]
1 3
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 3
2 2

28. Let ABC be a triangle such that ACB  and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite to A,
6
B and C respectively. The value(s) of x for which a = x2 + x + 1, b = x2 – 1 and c = 2x + 1 is (are)–
[IIT 2010]
(1)  ( 2  3 ) (2) 1 3 (3) 2  3 (4) 4 3
MODI SCHOOLS 91
29. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the incrits and the circumscribed circles. A false statement
among the following is– [IIT 2010]
r 1 r 2
(1) There is a regular polygon with  (2) There is a regular polygon with 
R 2 R 3
r 3 r 1
(3) There is a regular polygon with  (4) There is a regular polygon with 
R 2 R 2
30. Consider a triangle ABC and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices A, B and C
respectively. Suppose a = 6, b = 10 and the area of the triangle is 15 3 , if ACB is obtuse and if r denotes
the radius of the incircle of the triangle, then r2 is equal to? [IIT 2010]
7 5
31. Let PQR be a triangle of area  with a = 2, b  and c  ; where a, b and c are the lengths of the sides of
2 2
2 sin P  sin 2P
the triangle opposite to the angles at P.Q. and R respectively. Then equals– [IIT 2012]
2 sin P  sin 2P
2 2
3 45  3   45 
(1) (2) (3)   (4)  
4 4  4   4 
1
32. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P  . Further the incircle of the triangle touches the sides
PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M respectively, such that3 the lengths of PN, QL and RM are consecutive even
integers. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of the triangle is (are)– [JEE(Adv) 2013]
(1) 16 (2) 18 (3) 24 (4) 22
33. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same two sides is y. If x – c2 = y, where c is the
2
third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the circum-radius of the triangle is–
[JEE (Adv) 2014]
3y 3y 3y 3y
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2x(x  c) 2c ( x  c ) 4 x ( x  c) 4c ( x  c )
34. In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles X, Y and Z, respectively.
sin(X  Y)
If 2(a2 – b2) = c2 and   , then possible values of n for which cos(n) = 0 is (are)
sin Z
[JEE (Adv) 2015]
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 8
35. In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles X, Y and Z, respectively.
If 1 + cos2X – 2cos2Y = 2sinXsinY, then possible value(s) of a/b is (are) [JEE (Adv) 2015]
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 8
MODI SCHOOLS 92
36. Column I Column II

[JEE (Adv) 2015]
(A) In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles (P) 1
sin(X  Y )
X, Y and Z respectively. If 2(a2 – b2) = c2 and  , then possible
sin Z
values of n for which cos(n) = 0 is (are)
(B) In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles (Q) 2
X, Y and Z respectively. If 1 + cos2X – 2cos2Y = 2sinXsinY, then possible
a
value(s) of is(are)
b
(C) In R2, let 3î  ˆj, î  3ˆj and  î  (1  )ˆj be the position vectors of X, Y and Z (R) 3
with respect to the origin O, respectively. If the distance of Z from the bisector of the acute
3
— and — is
angle of O , then possible value(s) of || is (are)
X OY 2
(D) Suppose that F() denotes the area of the region bounded by x = 0, x = 2, y2 = 4x (S) 5
8
and y = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + x, where   {0, 1}. Then the value(s) of F() + 2 ,
3
when  = 0 and  = 1, is (are)
(T) 6
37. In a triangle XYZ, let x, y, z be the lengths of sides opposite to the angles X, Y, Z respectively, and 2s = x + y + z. If
sx sy sz 8
  and area of incircle of the triangle XYZ is , then - [JEE (Adv) 2016]
4 3 2 3
(1) Area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6
35
(2) The radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is 6
6
X Y Z 4 XY 3

2
(3) sin sin sin  (4) sin 
2 2 2 35  2  5
38. In a triangle PQR, let PQR  30 and the sides PQ and QR have lengths 10 3 and 10, respectively. Then,
which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE (Adv) 2018]
(1) QPR  45
(2) The area of the triangle PQR is 25 3 and QRP  120
(3) The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is 10 3 – 15
(4) The area of the circumcricle of the triangle PQR is 100
MODI SCHOOLS 93
39. In a non-right-angled triangle PQR, Let p, q, r denote the lengths of the sies opposite to the angles at P, Q,
R respectively. The median form R meets the side PQ at S, the perpendicular 4 from P meets the side QR at
E, and Rs and PE intersect at O. If p  3, q  1, and the radius of the circumcircle of the PQR equalt 1,
then which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE (Adv) 2019]
7 3
(1) Length of RS  (2) Area of SOE 
2 12
 
3 1
(3) Radius of incircle of PQR  2 3 (4) Length of OE 
2 6
40. Let x, y and z be positive real numbers. Suppose x, y and z are the lengths of the sides of a triangle opposite
X Z 2y
to its angles X, Y and Z, respectively. If tan  tan  , then which of the following statements
2 2 x yz
is/are TRUE ? [JEE (Adv) 2020]
x x
(1) 2Y  X  Z (2) Y  X  Z (3) tan  (4) x 2  z 2  y 2  xz
2 yz
MODI SCHOOLS 94
EXERCISE - I ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A. 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3
Q. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
A. 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 3 2
Q. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
A. 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3
Q. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
A. 3 3 3 2 1 2 4 3 4 1 4 2 4 1 3 4 1 2
EXERCISE - II ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 2,3 1,2,3,4 1,3 1,2 1,2,3,4 2,4 2,3 3,4 1,2,4 1,4
Q. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A. 1,2,4 1,2,3 2,3 2,3,4 1,2,3 2,3 1,3 1
EXERCISE - III ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 1 2 4 2 1 4 4 4 3 3
Q. 11 12 13 14 15
A. 1 4 2 q,p,r,s p,p,t,s
EXERCISE - IV ANSWER KEY

Q. 16 21 23 26 27
A. a=2 9/2 units b = c & a = 60 2 1
Q. 28 29 30 31 32
A. 3 1 7 2 2
EXERCISE - V(A) ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A. 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 1
EXERCISE - V(B) ANSWER KEY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A. 1,4 1,4 3 1 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 1 1 4 2
Q. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
A. 4 2 2 3 1,2,3,4 2 4 4 2 2 3 3 2,4 2 1,2,3 1
Q. 36 37 38 39
A. prs, p, pq, st 1,3,4 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4
MODI SCHOOLS 95

12th (JEE Maths) Solution of Tringle

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12th (JEE Maths) Solution of Tringle

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JEE Std.

12 Topic : Solutions of Triangles

1.1 SINE RULE :

a 2 sin( B  C ) b 2 sin( C  A ) c 2 sin( A  B )

a 2 sin( B  C ) sin 2 A sin( B  C ) a b c

sin A sin( B  C ) sin( B  C )

1  (cos 2 A  sin 2 B ) sin 2 A  sin 2 B a2  b2

a 2  b 2 sin 2 A  sin 2 B sin( A  B ) sin( A  B )

sin( A  B ) sin( A  B ) sin( A  B )

Sol. A = 75º, B = 45º  C = 60º

Q.3 Prove that b2 cos 2A – a2 cos 2B = b2 – a2.

a sin(B  C) b sin(C  A) c sin(A  B)

Q.1 Right angle triangle Q.2 75º

1.2 COSINE RULE :

Hence (i) becomes c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C. B D C

Consider the obtuse angle ABC,

Consider the right angle ABC, A

similarly cos B, cos A can be proved.

ADB is a right angle triangle so c b

AB2 = AD2 + BD2 , c2 = (b sin C)2 + (a – b cos C)2

Sol. a (b cos C – c cos B) = ab cos C – ac cos B

sin A sin B sin C

bc ca a b cos A cos B cos C

1.3 PROJECTION FORMULA :

In any triangle with usual noations, a  b cos C  c cos B

Hence, in the case, a = BC – BD = c cos B – (–b cos C)

a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A

Sol. L.H.S. = (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C) + (b cos C + c cos B)

Q.1 Prove that a3 cos (B – C) + b3 cos (C – A) + c3 cos (A – B) = 3abc.

In any triangle ABC, if b = 3 , c = 1 and A = 30º. Find the value of a, c, A & C?

1.5 AREA OF TRIANGLE :

Q.1 If c2 = a2 + b2 , then prove that 4s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = a2b2 .

1.6 HALF ANGLE FORMULA :

1.6.1 Sine of half the angles in terms of the sides :-

2bc  (b 2  c2 )  a 2 a 2  (b2  c2  2bc)

A 2(s  c) 2(s  b) A (s  b)(s  c)

1.6.3 The tangent of half the angles in terms of the sides :

1.6.4 The sine of any angle of triangle in terms of the sides :

If in a triangle ABC, if  = a2 – (b – c)2, then find the value of tan A?

Sol.  = (a + b – c) (a – b + c) = (a + b + c – 2c) (a + b + c – 2b)

Let D be a point on the side BC of a ABC, such that BD : DC = m : n and ADC = ,

BD sin  sin(  ) m sin  sin(  )

m sin  sin  cos   cos  sin 

dividing both sides by sin  sin B sin C

Sol. Applying m-n theorem, in ABC

 3 – 3 tan  = 2 tan  + 2 tan2 

Sol. Applying (m – n ) theorem, ABC

1.8 CENTROID AND MEDIANS OF ANY TRIANGLE :

If ABC be any triangle, and D, E and F respectively the middle A

The point 'G' is called the centroid of the triangle.

1.8.1 Length of the Medians :

and c2 = b2 + a2 – 2ab cos C

1.8.2 Angles that the Median AD makes with the sides :

Let BAD =  and CAD = , we have

Again, if the ADC = , we have

1.9 BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES :

Thus, we have the length of bisector and its inclination to BC.

1.10 CIRCUM CIRCLE :

Proof : Consider any triangle ABC as shown in three figure

By geometry, O is the centre of the circumcircle. Join OB and OC.

Hence by addition, we have

1.11.2 The same 'r' can be expressed in a different way also :

Hence, BD = BF, so that 2BD = BD + BF