Final Project-1

ALAZHAR UNIVERSITY
FUCLTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUTION DEPARTMENT
Graduation Project
The Effect of Fiber Steel On High

Strength Concrete
(2022/2023)
Supervised by
PROF. DR/ MOHAMED TAHA NOMAN
DR/ MOHAMED HAMDY AL-NAJAAR
ALAZHAR UNIVERSITY
FUCLTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUTION DEPARTMENT
The Effect of Steel Fiber On High

Strength Concrete
(2022/2023)
GROUP (5)
Presented by:
- Mustafa Ibrahim EL-Said Ahmed
- Moaz Mustafa Mohamed Shalata
- Ahmed Ali AbdEl-Rahman Hassan
- Mahmoud Mohamed Hassanein Mohamed

Chapter 1
CHAPTER ONE
Steel Fiber on High
Strength Concrete
The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 1

Chapter 1
Introduction
High strength concrete is used in the construction of long span bridges,

walkways, piles and high-rise structures, and the use of high strength
concrete in the construction industry is increasing rapidly, Furthermore,
the development of steel fiber reinforced concrete in 1874 by Bernard
improved the mechanical performance of concrete. High strength
concrete contains more cement and tends to shrink more. The use of
Portland cement and a reduction in the water content (w/c) will increase
the strength of concrete, once there is an increase in the strength, the
elastic modulus of the concrete will also increase.
Concrete is a construction substance composed of cement, gravel or
crushed stone (coarse aggregate) and sand (fine aggregate). Concrete is
strong in compression and poor in strain. Commonly said, concrete is
breakable in nature. Durability is for the most part influenced because of
cracks created by creep and shrinkage. So to compensate the formation
of the weakness the steel fiber is added inside the concrete which offers
the high tensile strength. Steel fiber reinforcement has the capacity to
resist tensile strength, fatigue resistance, ductility, crack arrest and shock
resistance. Its advantages is in addition of higher compressive strength in
concrete. The volume fraction is calculated 1% to 2% typically by the
volume of concrete. structure. Absorbing tensile stresses anytime and
toward any path, therefore. Steel fiber gets little cracks a lot quicker than
traditional reinforcement. At the point when the break happens, the
hooked ends of the fibers remain solidly anchored on each side of the
split, going about as a stress move media. The pull-out takes full effect
when the maximum bond strength is reached with the concrete. This
permits the subsequent fiber to take over, delaying cracks from
developing. Various burdens require distinctive steel fibers.

Chapter 1
Steel Fiber on High Strength Concrete
High strength concrete:

is defined as concrete that has compressive of 55 MPa or
greater.
1.1.1 Types:
High-Strength Concrete (50 – 100 MPa), ultra-High Strength
Concrete (100 – 150 MPa), especial Concrete (> 150 MPa)
1.1.2 Strength criteria:

It has high strength but does not necessarily possess superior
characteristic as high-performance concrete.
1.1.3 Durability criteria:

Durability of high strength is commonly improved by adding
pozzolanic materials.
1.1.4 Ductility: It is brittle.
1.1.5 Compositions:
Cement, fine and coarse aggregate; fine aggregates with higher
fineness modulus of around 3 is recommended, water, water
reducing admixtures.
1.1.6 Degree of quality control requirements:

High quality control is needed in order to maintain the special
properties desired.

Chapter 1
1.1.7 Production of concrete:

High-strength concrete is achieved at low water to cement ratio
which is obtained by adding water reducing plasticizer or high
range water reducing plasticizer. It is also essential to select a
high-quality Portland cement, and optimize aggregates, then
optimize the combination of materials by varying the
proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
1.1.8 Placement and compaction:

Placement would not be easy unless superplasticizer is used.
1.1.9 Advantages:
Reduce maintenance and repair, decline size of members and
cost of formworks, allow longer spans in bridge and hence
decrease number of vertical supports, and permits construction
of thinner slabs.
1.1.10 Disadvantages:
Low resistance to fire i.e., damage at high temperature, and
need great expertise in selection of constituents.
1.1.11 Applications:
High rise buildings, bridges with long spans, and high load
carrying buildings built on weak soil.

Chapter 1
1.2 Different types of steel fibers according to their

shape is shown in fig 1.
1.3 BENEFITS OF STEEL FIBRES

The addition of steel fiber in the concrete has following advantages: -
• Increase in tensile strength and flexural strength.
• Reduction in cracking due to the distribution of stress.
• High increase in ductility of concrete.

Chapter 1
• Steel fiber reinforced concrete has better properties than

conventional reinforced concrete. All these benefits are due to the various
factors such as shape, types, cross section, length, strength, fiber content,
mix design, mixing of concrete.
The one and only disadvantage of steel fiber reinforced concrete is the
reduction in workability. This problem can be overcome using different
super plasticizers which could help in regaining the workability
properties of concrete.
1.4 STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

APPLICATIONS:
Due to the various applications of steel fiber reinforced concrete its
use is increasing day by day. Some of the applications are: -
1.4.1 Highways
The use of steel fiber reinforced concrete in the construction and
repair of highways is increasing due to higher flexural strength and
impact resistance. With the help of steel fiber reinforced concrete
there is increasing tensile capacity which helps in decreasing the
crack width than the plain concrete.
1.4.2 Hydraulic Structures

The one of the most important benefits of using steel fiber
reinforced concrete is the cavitations resistance due to the velocity
of water as compared to normal reinforced concrete.
1.4.3 Tunnel Lining and Bridge Repairing
For the tunnel lining and bridge repairing fiber Shotcrete is used
which helps in preventing surface staining due to rusting of steel

Chapter 1
fibers. This method can also be used for the protection of steel
structures.
1.4.4 Refractory Concrete
This concrete is more durable than unreinforced concrete and it
helps in increasing the life span of concrete due to factors like crack
control, enhancement in toughness and abrasion resistance.
1.4.5 Precast Products
The precast products are manhole covers, machine bases concrete
pipes and frames. The use of steel fiber reinforced concrete in these
precast products helps in flexural strength improvement and impact
resistance.
1.4.6 Structural Benefits
Some of the benefits of use of steel fiber in concrete are: -
• Increase in impact resistance as compared to conventional reinforced
concrete. This helps in decreasing the damage to the structure.
• Decrease in the crack width and crack growth as compared to
conventional reinforced concrete.
• Increase in the ductility of the concrete and finally improve the
stability of structure under any conditions.
• Increase in the shear strength which helps in decreasing the sudden
failure of the structure.
1.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SFRC
According to previous research SFRC shows enhancement in the
mechanical properties of concrete. Firstly, SFRC decreases flexural
cracking and enhances the cracking behavior of concrete. It shows
better energy abortion capacity that is increase in toughness of the
structure.

Chapter 1
1.5.1 Compressive Strength

According to previous
studies it has been
found that the addition
of maximum 1.5% of
steel fiber shows an
increase in compressive
strength up to 15% it
also shows
improvement spalling
resistance, ductility and
toughness. Effect of SF
on compressive
strength is shown in fig 2:
1.5.2 Shear Strength
According to previous studies it has been found that with the
addition of steel fiber there is an increase in the shear strength of
concrete. The reinforced concrete containing 1% steel fiber shows
an increase in shear strength up to 170% as compared to the
reinforced concrete without steel fiber. So, it is proved that the
addition of steel fiber reference enhancing the shear strength of
concrete, and with the reference of previous research it is found that
the combination of steel fiber with different expect ratio is better in
improving the mechanical properties of concrete.

Chapter 1
1.5.3 Tensile Strength

According to previous studies it has been found that there is 40%
improvement in the tensile strength of the concrete with the addition
of 1.5% by volume of steel fiber. The steel fibers which are aligned
in the tensile stress direction shows increase in the tensile strength
of concrete up to 135% with the addition of 6% of steel fiber by
wait of different steel fiber it is also concluded that if the
distribution of fibers is less or more random then the increase in
strength is smaller, The split tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced
concrete similar results thus addition of fibers in concrete is better
to enhance the
tensile property of
concrete, but in
comparison steel
fiber shows more
increase in the post
cracking or
toughness. Effect of
SF on tensile
strength is shown in fig 3:
1.5.4 Impact Resistance

In case of impact resistance, it has been found that it is 8 to 10 times
higher than the plain concrete. According to previous studies,
crimped steel fiber with the diameter of 0.50mm indicates
improvement of about 400% and increase in strength with the
increase in steel fiber has also been found.

Chapter 1
1.5.5 Durability
The main factor which affects the durability of concrete structure is
corrosion and the corrosion is due to the cracks in the concrete. It is
found that a well compacted steel fiber reinforced concrete shows
less corrosion than in the case of conventional reinforced concrete.
One of the researchers conducted experimental research for the
investigation of the corrosion due to the cracks steel fiber with the
dimension of 60 mm length and 0.8mm diameter were prepared.
After that the specimen with cracks were exposed to the
environment for one year. After one year load deflection graphs
were plotted and it is computed that the crack of 2 to 3mm exhibited
corrosion and no corrosion was in the case of 0.1mm cracks. It is
also found that there is no concrete bursting was found due to the
corrosion of fibers. Durability of concrete can also be observed by
the measurement of electrical resistivity due to the conductivity of
the steel fiber. it is found that with 1% addition of steel fiber
concrete electrical resistivity is found to be 20kΩ- cm.

Chapter 1
1.5.6 Flexural Strength and Toughness

According to previous researchers it has been found that with the
addition of steel fiber in the concrete the flexural strength shows
improvement more than its effect on direct tension and direct
compression. It is found that there is a 55% increase in flexural
strength with the addition of 2% of steel fiber. One of the
researchers done experimental research on twelve different steel
fiber reinforced concrete specimens and concluded that there is
maximum improvement in the flexural strength in case of less
dosage of steel fiber. Effect of SF on flexural strength is shown in
fig 4

Chapter 1
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW

Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 General
The addition of steel fiber will increase the compressive strength by a
certain percentage and will also increase the tensile strength of high
strength concrete to potentially produce improvements in the
workability of high strength concrete, The compressive strength of steel
fiber reinforced concrete usually ranges between 60MPa-100MPa. Song
and Hwang stated that the compressive strength increases at the volume
fraction of 1.5% steel fiber used, which means that the highest
compressive strength is produced at a volume of 1.5%. As the volume
of steel fiber increases to 2%, the compressive strength decreases
slightly. Further, the splitting tensile strength of the high strength fiber
reinforced concrete increases when there is an increase in the steel fiber
volume fraction. It has been found that the relationship between the
duration of mixing, the mixing sequence, the volume of steel fiber and
the steel fiber geometry has an influence on the segregation of the fiber
during mixing. The addition of steel fiber into a wet concrete matrix can
prevent fiber agglomeration because if the mix is too dry or wet it can
cause bundling of the steel fibers. For concrete which contains steel
fibers, the amount or the volume of the super plasticizer (SP) is used to
maintain the flow rate of the fresh mortar mix at around 150mm-160mm
to ensure good workability, The main purpose of a super plasticizer is to
control the water binder ratio and thus reduce the water content during
mixing. Steel fibers give the highest compressive strength. When
cracking occurs as the concrete hardens, the steel fibers are distributed
evenly to block the crack. Thus, the inclusion of steel fibers contributes
good mechanical strength to the concrete.

Chapter 2
2.2 Behavior of Concrete using Steel Fiber as a Tensile

Material
Abstract:
Concrete is widely used all over the world. It gives a compression
strength and when it is collaborated with the steel the tension strength is
increased. Traditional reinforcement will take time. So, by using the
steel fibers in the concrete it will give high strength and durability. The
fiber will lead to compensating for the weakness in the concrete. Steel
fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in slabs, flooring,
and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength
when it is added in the concrete. The Mix proportion followed in these
is M20 and M30 mixes. By using steel fibers, concrete is cast at a rate of
0 per cent, 0.25 per cent, 0.50 per cent, 0.75 per cent and 1 per cent of
the steel fibers applied. The important purpose is to provide high tensile
strength and flexural strength.

Chapter 2
2.3 Behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with steel

fibers
Abstract
This paper investigates the potential effect of steel fiber added into
reinforced concrete slabs. A four-point bending test is conducted on six
slabs to investigate the structural behavior of the slabs by considering
two different parameters: (i) thickness of slab (ii) volume fraction of
steel fiber. The experimental work consists of six slabs, in which three
slabs are designed in accordance to Eurocode 2 to fulfil shear capacity
characteristic, whereas, the other three slabs are designed with 17% less
thickness, intended to fail in shear. Both series of slabs are added with
steel fiber with a volume fraction of Vf = 0%, Vf = 1% and Vf = 2% in
order to study the effect and potential of fiber to compensate the loss in
shear capacity. The slab with Vf = 0% steel fiber and no reduction in
thickness is taken as the control slab. The experimental result suggests
promising improvement of the load carrying capacity (up to 32%) and
ductility (up to 87%) as well as delayed in crack propagation for the
slabs with Vf = 2%. In addition, it is observed that addition of fibers
compensates for the reduction in the slab thickness as well as changes
the failure mode of the slab from brittle to a more ductile manner.

Chapter 2
Concrete has become one of the most important construction materials

commonly used in many types of engineering structures. Concrete is a
material which is strong in compression and weak in tension, thus causes
cracking in the tension zone. Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel where the steel reinforcement improves the tensile
strength lacking in the concrete. In the past decades, fiber reinforced
concrete (FRC) has been gaining more attention in the development and
are used in numerous types of civil engineering application such as
shotcrete, pavement slabs, precast products, tunnel linings, seismic
structures, bridge deck slab repairs, marine and refractory applications [1-
5]. There are many advantages of adding fiber into reinforced concrete,
such as improving the load carrying capacity and ductility of the structural
members, controlling crack propagation, increasing energy absorption
and altering the mode of failure [6-11]. Steel fiber reinforced concrete
(SFRC) is a composite material containing Portland cement, water,
aggregate and adding discrete discontinuous steel fiber. Steel fiber has
been demonstrated its efficiency in enhancing the structural behaviour of
reinforced concrete structural members [12-17]. Based on the literature,
promising results were observed in the potential of steel fibers to serve as
part of shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams, columns and
beam-column joints. However, limited research is carried out to study this
potential in reinforced concrete slab, especially for the case in which the
thickness of the slab is controlled or reduced. Therefore, this study aims

Chapter 2
to investigate the effect of steel fiber added into reinforced concrete slabs
as well as its potential to serve as part of shear reinforcement through the
decrease in slab thickness.
Materials and methods

the concrete mixture was designed in accordance with British
Standards (BS EN 206-1, 2000) for 20 MPa of concrete compressive
strength. Three concrete mixtures were produced for SFRC using
different volume fraction (Vf) as listed in table 1. The first mixture was
a reference mixture (control) without adding any fiber, Vf = 0%.
Hooked-end steel fiber was added into the concrete mixtures. Table 2
presents the properties steel fiber. In addition, super plasticizer (SP)
was used in the mixtures to improve workability and achieve the
required slump.

Chapter 2
In order to measure the compressive and flexural stress of the concrete

mixtures, compression test and flexural test were conducted in this study
using compression (cube) test and four-point bending test, respectively.
Three cubes as well as three prisms were prepared for each mixture. A
total number of nine cubes with a standard size of 150 x 150 x 150 mm
as well as nine prisms with a dimension of 100 x 100 x 500 mm were
tested on 28th day as recommended in British Standards BS EN 12390-
3, 2009 and BS EN 12390-5, 2009, respectively. In this study, two
thicknesses of reinforced concrete slabs were prepared. The dimension of
the first series of slab (slab size 1) was 1000 x 500 x 120 mm, while the
dimension of the second series (slab size 2) was 1000 x 500 x 100 mm in
length, width and depth, respectively. The difference in the slab thickness
is to cater for the potential of the fibers to serve as part of shear
reinforcement in the reinforced concrete slab. The second series of slab
was designed with the thickness of slab less than the required so that the
slab would be failed in shear. The reinforcement of slab was provided as
mesh with the diameter of 10 mm, the main steel bar was H10 – 150 mm
(4H10) and secondary steel bar was H10 – 320 mm (4H10). The loading
arrangement and details of the slab are shown in figure 1. Six samples of
SFRC slabs were prepared for casting and were tested on the 28th day.
For the first series, the slab S1-0, S1-1, S1-2 were added with fibers by a
volume fraction of Vf = 0%, Vf = 1% and Vf = 2%, respectively, whereas
the second series, slab S2-0, S2-1, S2-2 were added with fibers by a

Chapter 2
volume fraction of Vf = 0%, Vf = 1% and Vf = 2%, respectively. Slab

S1-0 is considered as the control slab.
All specimens of the slab were tested under four-points bending test by
using a hydraulic machine (Magnus Frame) with a capacity of 300 kN
under static monotonic loading until failure over a clear span of 900 mm
with a shear span of 300 mm as well as the distance between the two
loading points of 300 mm. The mid-span deflection was measured by
using linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) which was located at
the center of the slab whereas the load cell indicated the applied load test
set up for the slabs as shown in the figure above. During the loading, the
crack propagation of the slabs sides was marked and identified their
location.

Chapter 2
Results and discussion

Table 3 shows the average compressive and flexural strength of the
SFRC cubes and prisms. The observation shows that the compressive
and flexural strength of the concrete with added fibers were higher than
that of the concrete without fiber. The enhancement of compressive
and flexural strength increases with increasing fiber volume fraction.
The compressive strength of 1% and 2 % steel fiber specimens were
compared to the control concrete increased by 6.3% and 24.7%,
respectively. Furthermore, by adding fibers of 1% and 2 %, the flexural
strength was increased by 114% and 197 %, respectively. These
findings agree with previous studies [18, 19]
The relationship between load and deflection for first series and second
series slabs are illustrated in figure 2 and figure 3, respectively. From
figure 2, it can be seen that the inclusion of fibers has a moderate
influence on the structural performance of the SFRC slabs. The strength
of the SFRC slab with Vf = 1% and 2% are significantly higher in
comparison to the control slab. There was a sudden drop in the load-

Chapter 2
deflection curve for S1-2 which could be due to the over reinforcement
which in turn leads to the brittle behaviour as compared to the control
slab. In addition, the slab becomes stiffer and less deflection (this is
largely attributable to the fibers’ role in bridging cracks and limiting their
opening).

Chapter 2
For the second series slab, addition of fibers in the slab with reduced
thickness resulted in better strength as compared to the slab without fiber
(refer to figure 2 and 3). The results indicated that the steel fiber
demonstrates its capability to compensate the loss of the shear capacity
(from the slab thickness) and improves the slab structural behavior while
serving as part of shear reinforcement in the SFRC slabs. Furthermore,
there was a proportional relationship between the ductility and the fiber
volume fraction where the ductility of the SFRC slabs increases when
fiber volume fraction was increased. This confirms the fact that adding
fiber enhances the ductility of the brittle characteristics for concrete. It is
apparent that the deflection of the S2-1 and S2-2 slabs was higher as
compared to the slab S2-0. Moreover, the higher load was required to
produce the deflection, suggesting that the slab is ductile and can sustain
higher load carrying capacity

Chapter 2
The key parameters of strength and ductility from the load-deflection

curves in Figure 2 and Figure 3 were summarized in table 4 and table 5,
respectively. The key parameters involve the load at yield (Py) and its
respective deflection (δy), the ultimate load (Pu) which represents the
ultimate load at failure (taken as 85% of the maximum load) and its
respective deflection (δu) and the maximum load (Pmax) and its
respective deflection (δmax). Ductility ratio (μ) was computed by
dividing the deflection at ultimate load to the deflection at yield (μ= δu /
δy).
It can be seen from the tables that the maximum strength (Pmax) and yield
load (Py) for the second series of SFRC slabs are higher than that of slab
without fiber. Added fibers are acting to keep the concrete matrix
together. Subsequently, higher loading was needed to initiate the crack
propagation. Moreover, fibers also serve as part of shear reinforcement to
enhance the shear capacity of the slab as well as compensate the loss in
concrete shear capacity of slab due to a reduction in the slab thickness.

Chapter 2
In term of ductility, the ductility ratio (μ) of SFRC slabs continue to

increase with the increase in the fiber volume fraction. However, there is
an optimum amount of fiber depending on the amount of reinforcement
or concrete shear capacity of the slab. For instance, in the first series of
slab, the optimum number of fibers can be taken as 1%, whereas for the
second series of slab, the optimum number of fibers increased to 2%. This
because over reinforced of reinforced concrete structures tends to show a
more brittle behavior and should be avoided. Thus, it can be concluded
that the inclusion of fibers introduces a ductile property into the concrete
material, however, there is a certain limitation depending on the amount
of the initial reinforcement presents in the structure. Figure 4 to figure 7
illustrate the ratio of strength, ductility and energy absorption of the
SFRC slabs normalized to control slab (thickness of 120 mm and Vf =
0%) against fiber volume fraction.
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the ratio of the maximum load and the yield
load to control slab (Pmax/ Pmax,0) and (Py/Py,0), respectively.

Chapter 2
A similar pattern was observed from the ratio of the maximum load
(Pmax/Pmax,0) and load yield (Py/Py,0) as compared to the control slab.

Chapter 2
Slab S2-0 demonstrated a decrease in both maximum and yield ratios as

compared to the control slab. On the other hand, the slabs with fibers
show consistent enhancement the addition of fibers.
Figure 6 illustrates the results for the ratio between ductility ratio for each
slab (μ) and that of the control slab specimen (μ,0) plotted against volume
fraction of steel fiber. The performance of ductility of the first series slab
was an upward trend until Vf =1%, then followed by a sudden drop with
Vf =2% due to over reinforcement which indicates to the early failure
compared to the control slab. On the other hand, the ductility in second
series slab was more promising with a continuous upward pattern.
Moreover, at 1% of steel fiber volume fraction, the ductility ratio was
higher than that obtained from the control slab. One of the key indicators
of the structure’s ability to absorb deformations which is energy
absorption (Ea). Practically, energy absorption was calculated using the
area under the loaddeflection curve. The ratio between the energy
absorption capacity of each slab (Ea) to the control slab (Ea,0) is given in
figure 7. It is noticeable from the figures 6 and figures 7 that they have
almost same pattern ratio graphs which confirmed that the actual trend

Chapter 2
and energy absorption ratio is like the ductility ratio which ensures its
findings. These results agree with previous studies reported by [3, 14]. It
can be concluded that for significant improvement by inclusion steel
fiber, the energy absorption was enhanced as compared with the control
slab. Figures 8, 9 and 10 represent the cracking pattern of the SFRC for
the slabs S1-0, S1-1 and S1-2, respectively, whilst the cracking pattern of
the SFRC for the slabs S2-0, S2-1 and S2-2, are shown in figures 11, 12
and 13, respectively.

Chapter 2
From the previous figures, most of the slabs showed cracking propagation
along the mid-span and between support point and the loading.

Chapter 2
During testing, it was observed that S1-0 and S1-1 failed in bending,
whilst S1-2 failed in shear mode. As for the slabs with reduced in
thickness, S2-0, without adding fibers was observed to fail in shear.
Furthermore, as the fibers were added to the slabs, the mode of failure of
the slabs changed from shear to bending in S2-1 and S2-2.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it can be seen that the steel
fibers have the potential to serve as part of shear reinforcement in
reinforced concrete slabs as well as compensate the loss in concrete shear
capacity of slab due to the reduction in the slab thickness. The addition
of steel fibers improves the load carrying capacity of the slabs
consistently. In terms of ductility performance, the inclusion of fibers
improved the ductility, delayed the crack propagation and managed to
change the mode of failure of the slab from brittle to a more ductile
manner. However, the optimum amount of fibers will reduce if the
amount of initial steel reinforcement is higher. Reducing the shear
capacity (through reducing the thickness) of the reinforced concrete slab
causes higher optimum fiber volume fraction required to compensate the
loss in the shear reinforcement.

Chapter 2
Concrete admixture
Concrete consists of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates.
Sometimes, admixtures are used to improve strength and/ or workability
such as fly ash, silica fume, slag, metakaolin, limestone powder,
nanoparticles, and plasticizers. Also, there are many wastes and recycled
materials used as a replacement for cement [26] [27] [2].
• Silica Fume
Silica fume is very fine non-crystalline silica produced in electric
furnaces as an industrial by-product of the production of elemental silicon
or alloys containing silicon [28]
Previous researches have already shown that silica fume can improve the
microstructure of HSC by pozzolanic and filling effects, consequently
improving its strength, interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and durability
[29].
• Fly Ash
Fly ash is the by-product of coal burning. Such material was used as a
partial replacement of cement in high-strength concrete, reducing carbon-
dioxide gas emissions into the atmosphere. The replacement of cement
by fly ash up to 10% increases compressive strength of concrete, and
decreases the workability of fresh concrete and the density of concrete
[30].
The failure load for beams that contain different amounts of polyolefin
macro fibers and fly ash at amounts of 18.18% of cement mass is

Chapter 2
increased by increasing the amounts of fibers and the presence of fly ash
in concrete [31].
• Glass Powder
Glass powder has not only been used as a fine aggregate replacement but
also as cement replacement. Some researchers have reported that it has
some pozzolanic reaction depending on the fineness and composition of
the raw material. [32],[27],[33].
Experimentally, Selvakumar et al. determined the degree of improvement
in the properties of high-strength concrete with glass powder and basalt
fibers. By adding glass powder with basalt fibers, the concrete strength
was increased compared to conventional concrete, the density reduced,
the workability properties improved, and the cost of concrete production
reduced. [2].
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
High-strength concrete is characterized by higher brittle failure than in
normal concrete that limits its structural application. High brittleness can
be overcome through the inclusion of a small number of fibers [34].
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing short discrete
fibers material that has different forms and is randomly distributed in the
concrete matrix which increases its structural integrity [35] .
FRC can be used by itself, or in conjunction with conventional reinforcing
bars, depending on the application [1].

Chapter 2
The use of several fibers in the making of high-strength concrete and their
advantages has been studied by researchers. Fibers that are used in high-
strength concrete include polypropylene, aramid fiber, carbon fiber,
basalt fibers, steel fibers, and glass fibers as shown in Figure 0-2.
Recently, the addition of natural fibers to high-strength concrete has been
of great interest.
Figure 0-1 and Figure 0-2 illustrate the shapes and the types of fiber used
in concrete. Each of these types lends varying properties to the concrete.
In addition, the character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes with
varying concretes, fiber materials, distribution, orientation, and densities.

Chapter 2
Figure 0-1 Types of Fibers

Chapter 2
Figure 0-2 The shapes of some fiber
Advantages of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
It is known that concrete is a brittle material, therefore a sudden failure

may occur in the various concrete members that may lead to catastrophic
damage to the structure and the people living on these structures. Also,
concrete shrinkage and volume reduction happen due to the loss of
moisture, which results in cracks and more concrete deformation
[38][35].
So, due to the fiber high strength, energy absorption capacity, and strain-
hardening behavior with multiple micro-cracks, the use of various fibers
in the concrete has many advantages such as acting as crack arresters,
decreasing the propagation of cracks, increasing the ductility of the

Chapter 2
structural members, improving concrete brittle behavior, reducing

permeability, increasing toughness for concrete members, resistance to
crack growth and increasing the flexural capacity of the structural
members. Most of the conventional fiber-reinforced cementitious
materials involve the use of single fiber types or hybrid fiber types with
different sizes. The individual fiber reinforcement method is effective in
only a limited range of strain and cracks opening and improved strength
or ductility. Two or more types of fibers can be included to maximize the
improvement. Some studies have shown that hybrid fiber-reinforced
concrete (HFRC) can improve the bond between FRP bars and concrete
[1] [38].
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)
Steel fibers appear to have a better performance in flexural strength unlike
other fiber types [39]. Therefore, research has increased recently, which
studied the effect of the presence, size, and shape of steel fibers and being
single or hybrid with other fibers on the behavior and properties of
concrete, especially high-strength concrete, because it is more brittle than
ordinary concrete. Figure 0-1 shows shapes of steel fiber used in the
reinforcement of concrete structures.

Chapter 2
Figure 0-3 Steel Fiber Shapes
Some studies indicated that the addition of steel fiber increases the
compressive strength by 16%, 20%, and 3% at the age of 3, 7, and 28
days, respectively, and increases the flexural toughness index up to 7.7
times.
Bajgirani et al. indicated that the use of steel fibers with high aspect ratio
increases tensile strength and toughness, improve impact resistance, and
reduce workability and crack expansion.
Yoo and Banthia found that the use of twisted steel fibers in UHPFRC
increases the tensile strength, strain capacity, and flexural strength by
about 32%, 205%, and 167%, respectively, compared to short straight
steel fibers. They obtained higher flexural strength, deflection capacity
and toughness by increasing the length of the straight steel fibers.

Chapter 2
Jadidi et al. found that combining two types of steel fibers ( hooked and
crimped ) have aspect ratio of 30 and 50 with different weight percentages
(1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) caused considerable increase of concrete bending
strength compared to fibreless and single-fiber type concrete.
Yuan et al. investigated the effect of hybrid combinations of polyethylene
(PE) fiber and steel fiber (SF) using a fiber volume fraction of 0.0 and
1.5% on no-slump high-strength concrete (NSHSC). Specimens with a
hybrid of SF and short PE fibers exhibited a higher compressive and
flexural strength, flexural toughness, and energy dissipation capacity.
Karimipour et al., found that the steel fibers concrete that contains rubber
waste increased shrinkage deformation with the increased rubber waste
content, and used 2% SF with 5% rubber tire waste increased the flexural
strength of the specimens by 23%.
Jin et al. found that steel fibers in high-performance concrete under the
influence of static loads increased the ductility, hardness, tensile strength,
and decreased the ratio between the prism and cube compression when
increasing the proportion of steel fibers.
Qureshi et al. investigated the properties of high-strength concrete by
adding steel fibers. Test results revealed adding steel fibers increases
tensile strength in a linear manner with the increase rate higher in the first
7 days. Z. Li et al. found that a 1.0% steel fiber volume ratio in high-
strength concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars under repeated

Chapter 2
loading increased the beam service load, decreased deflection by 59.36%,

and improved the beam ductility by 17%.
Song and Hwang investigated the mechanical properties of high-strength
steel fiber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC). The compressive strength of the
concrete reinforced with 1.0% steel fiber improved by over 11.8% of the
HSC.
3.3 Cement
3.3.1 Types of Cement
The properties of cement during hydration vary according to:
• Chemical composition
• Degree of fineness
It is possible to manufacture different types of cement by changing the
percentages of their raw materials.
3.3.2 Types of Portland cement:
• Ordinary Portland cement - Type I
• Modified cement - Type II
• Rapid-hardening Portland cement - Type III
• Low heat Portland cement - Type IV
• Sulfate-resisting Portland cement - Type V It is possible to add
some additive to Portland cement to produce the following
types:

Chapter 2
• Portland blast furnace cement - Type IS

• Pozzolanic cement - Type IP
• Air-entrained cement - Type IA
• White Portland cement
• Colored Portland cement
3.3.3 Rapid Hardening Portland cement (Type III)
• This type develops strength more rapidly than ordinary Portland
cement. The initial strength is higher, but they equalize at 2-3
months.
• Setting time for this type is similar to that of ordinary Portland
cement.
• The rate of strength gain occurs due to increase of C3S
compound, and due to finer grinding of the cement clinker (the
minimum value of fineness is 320 m2 /Kg (according to IQS 5)
• Rate of heat evolution is higher than in ordinary Portland cement
due to the increase in C3S and C3A, and due to its higher
fineness.
• Chemical composition and soundness requirements are like that
of ordinary Portland cement.
fineness.
3.3.4 Use Portland cement
a) The use of this cement is indicated where a rapid strength
development is desired (to develop high early strength, i.e. its 3 days’
strength equal that of 7 days ordinary Portland cement), for example

Chapter 2
i) When formwork is to be removed for re-use

ii) Where sufficient strength for further construction is wanted as quickly
as possible, such as concrete blocks manufacturing, sidewalks and the
places that cannot be closed for a long time.
b) For construction at low temperatures, to prevent frost damage of the
capillary water.
c) This type of cement is not used at mass concrete constructions.
3.3.5 Special Types of Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
2.1 Ultra High Early Strength Cement
The rapid strength development of this type of cement is achieved by
grinding the cement to a very high fineness: 700 to 900 m2 /Kg. Because
of this, the gypsum content has to be higher (4 percent expressed as SO3).
Because of its high fineness, it has a low bulk density. High fineness leads
to rapid hydration, and therefore to a high rate of heat generation at early
ages and to a rapid strength development (7 days strength of rapid
hardening Portland cement can be reached at 24 hours when using this
type of cement). There is little gain in strength beyond 28 days. It is used
in structures where early putting in service is of importance. This type of
cement contains no integral admixtures.
3.4 Low Heat Portland Cement

Composition
It contains less C3S and C3A percentage, and a higher percentage of C2S
in comparison with ordinary Portland cement.

Chapter 2
3.4.1 Properties
1) The delay Reduce the heat of hydration. British standard (B. S.1370:
1974) limit the heat of hydration of this cement by:
• 60 Cal/g at 7 days age
2) It has lower early strength (half the strength at 7 days age and two
thirds the strength at 28 days age) compared with ordinary Portland
cement.
3) Its fineness is not less than 3200 cm /g (according to B. S.
1370:1974).
3.4.2 Uses
It is used in mass concrete constructions because it limits the rate of heat
evolution in this type of construction.
3.5 Pozzolanic Cement

3.5.1 Production
This type of cement consists of a mixture of Portland cement and
pozzolana. American standard limit the pozzolana content by 15-40% of
Pozzolanic cement.
Pozzolana, according to American standard ASTM C618, can be
defined as - a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which
possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form
and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing
cementitious properties.

Chapter 2
3.5.2 Types of Pozzolana

- Natural Pozzolanic materials, such as
- Volcanic ash -Industrial Pozzolanic materials, such as
- Silica fume, rice husks ash Properties & Uses they are like those of
Portland blast.
-furnace cement.
3.6 White Cement

White Portland cement is made from raw materials containing very little
iron oxide (less than 0.3% by mass of clinker) and magnesium oxide
(which give the grey color in ordinary Portland cement). China clay
(white kaolin) is generally used, together with or limestone.
- Its manufacture needs higher firing temperature because of the

absence of iron element that works as a catalyst in the formation
process of the clinker. - The compounds in this cement are similar
for those in ordinary Portland cement, but C4AF percentage is very
low.
- The cost of grinding is higher, and this, coupled with the more
expensive raw materials, makes white cement rather expensive.
- It has a slightly lower specific gravity (3.05-3.1), than ordinary

Portland cement.

Chapter 2
- The strength is usually somewhat lower than that of ordinary

Portland cement.
- Its fineness is higher (4000-4500 cm /g) than ordinary Portland

cement.
3.7 Colored Portland Cement

It is prepared by adding special types of pigments to the Portland cement.
The pigments added to the white cement (2-10% by weight of the cement)
when needed to obtain light colors, while it added to ordinary Portland
cement when needed to obtain dark colors. The 28-day compressive
strength is required to be not less than 90% of the strength of a pigment-
free control mix, and the water demand is required to be not more than
110% of the control mix. It is required that pigments are insoluble. They
should be chemically inert and not contain gypsum that is harmful to the
concrete.

Chapter 3
CHAPTER THREE
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
AND TESTS

Chapter 3
Chapter Three
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
3.1.1 In concrete mixtures the proportions of cement

paste & aggregates are controlled by the following.
Factors:
1) Suitable workability & place ability of fresh mass.
2) Adequate strength & durability of hardened product.
3) Minimum cost of the final product.
The aggregate occupies (~ 70-75%) of the volume of concrete, so its
quality is of great importance.
Aggregates may affect the following properties of concrete:
- Strength - Durability
- Structural Performance - Economy
Concrete:
1) To provide a mass of particles which are suitable to resist the
action of applied loads & show better durability than cement
paste alone.
2) To provide a relatively cheap filler for the cementing material.
3) To reduce volume changes resulting from setting & hardening
process & from moisture changes during drying.
3.1.2 The properties of concrete are affected by the
properties of aggregate:

Chapter 3
1. The mineral character of aggregate affects the strength, durability,

elasticity of concrete.
2. The surface characteristics of aggregate affect the workability of fresh
mass & the bond between the aggregate & cement paste in hardened
concrete. If it is rough, workability decreases & bond increases.
3. The grading of aggregate affects the workability, density & economy.
4. The amount of aggregate in unit volume of concrete
3.1.3 Higher aggregate amount/unit volume of

concrete:
- Results in less volume changes during setting & hardening
or moisture changes. (Increase in volume stability)
- Increase in strength & durability.
- Decrease in cost.
- It is a common practice to use as much aggregate as possible
in concrete.
However, all aggregates are not inert:

- The physical action: swelling & shrinkage.
- The chemical action: alkali-agg. Reaction
- The thermal action: expansion & contraction

Chapter 3
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES

According to Source:
Natural aggregate:
Native deposits with no change in their natural state other than
washing, crushing & grading. (Sand, gravel, crush stone)
Artificial aggregates:
They are obtained either as a by-product or by a special manufacturing
process such as heating. (Blast furnace slag, expanded perlite)
According to Petrological Characteristics:

1. Igneous rocks: are formed by solidification of molten lava.
(Granite)
2. Sedimentary rocks: are obtained by deposition of weathered &
transported preexisting rocks or solutions. (Limestone)
3. Metamorphic rocks: are formed under high heat & pressure
alteration of igneous & sedimentary rocks (marble).
According to Unit Weight:
1. Heavy weight agg.: Hematite, Magnetite Specific Gravity,
Gs>2.8
2. Normal weight agg.: Gravel, sand, crushed stone 2.8 < Gs < 2.4
3. Light weight agg.: Expanded perlite, burned clay Gs < 2.4.
According to Size:
1. Fine aggregate: d ≤ 5 mm
2. Coarse aggregate: d > 5 mm - Aggregates containing a whole
range of particles are named as “all-in” or “pit-run” aggregates.

Chapter 3
3.3 Cement
3.3.1 Types of Cement
The properties of cement during hydration vary according to:
• Chemical composition
• Degree of fineness
It is possible to manufacture different types of cement by changing the
percentages of their raw materials.
3.3.2 Types of Portland cement:
• Ordinary Portland cement - Type I
• Modified cement - Type II
• Rapid-hardening Portland cement - Type III
• Low heat Portland cement - Type IV
• Sulfate-resisting Portland cement - Type V It is possible to add
some additive to Portland cement to produce the following
types:
• Portland blast furnace cement - Type IS
• Pozzolanic cement - Type IP
• Air-entrained cement - Type IA
• White Portland cement
• Colored Portland cement

Chapter 3
3.3.3 Rapid Hardening Portland cement (Type III)

• This type develops strength more rapidly than ordinary Portland
cement. The initial strength is higher, but they equalize at 2-3
months.
• Setting time for this type is similar to that of ordinary Portland
cement.
• The rate of strength gain occurs due to increase of C3S
compound, and due to finer grinding of the cement clinker (the
minimum value of fineness is 320 m2 /Kg (according to IQS 5)
fineness.
• Chemical composition and soundness requirements are like that
of ordinary Portland cement.
fineness.
3.3.4 Use Portland cement
a) The use of this cement is indicated where a rapid strength
development is desired (to develop high early strength, i.e. its 3 days’
strength equal that of 7 days ordinary Portland cement), for example
i) When formwork is to be removed for re-use
ii) Where sufficient strength for further construction is wanted as quickly
as possible, such as concrete blocks manufacturing, sidewalks and the
places that cannot be closed for a long time.
d) For construction at low temperatures, to prevent frost damage of the
capillary water.
e) This type of cement is not used at mass concrete constructions.

Chapter 3
3.3.5 Special Types of Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

Ultra High Early Strength Cement
The rapid strength development of this type of cement is achieved by
grinding the cement to a very high fineness: 700 to 900 m2 /Kg. Because
of this, the gypsum content has to be higher (4 percent expressed as SO3).
Because of its high fineness, it has a low bulk density. High fineness leads
to rapid hydration, and therefore to a high rate of heat generation at early
ages and to a rapid strength development (7 days strength of rapid
hardening Portland cement can be reached at 24 hours when using this
type of cement). There is little gain in strength beyond 28 days. It is used
in structures where early putting in service is of importance. This type of
cement contains no integral admixtures.
3.4 Low Heat Portland Cement

Composition
It contains less C3S and C3A percentage, and a higher percentage of C2S
in comparison with ordinary Portland cement.
Properties
1) The delay Reduce the heat of hydration. British standard (B. S.1370:
1974) limit the heat of hydration of this cement by:
2) It has lower early strength (half the strength at 7 days age and two
thirds the strength at 28 days age) compared with ordinary Portland
cement.
3) Its fineness is not less than 3200 cm /g (according to B. S.
1370:1974).

Chapter 3
Uses
It is used in mass concrete constructions because it limits the rate of heat
evolution in this type of construction.
3.5 Pozzolanic Cement

3.5.1 Production
This type of cement consists of a mixture of Portland cement and
pozzolana. American standard limit the pozzolana content by 15-40% of
Pozzolanic cement.
Pozzolana, according to American standard ASTM C618, can be
defined as - a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which
possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form
and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing
cementitious properties.
3.5.2 Types of Pozzolana
- Natural Pozzolanic materials, such as
- Volcanic ash -Industrial Pozzolanic materials, such as
- Silica fume, rice husks ash Properties & Uses they are like those of
Portland blast.
-furnace cement.
3.6 White Cement

White Portland cement is made from raw materials containing very little
iron oxide (less than 0.3% by mass of clinker) and magnesium oxide

Chapter 3
(which give the grey color in ordinary Portland cement). China clay
(white kaolin) is generally used, together with or limestone.
- Its manufacture needs higher firing temperature because of the

absence of iron element that works as a catalyst in the formation
process of the clinker. - The compounds in this cement are similar
for those in ordinary Portland cement, but C4AF percentage is very
low.
- The cost of grinding is higher, and this, coupled with the more
expensive raw materials, makes white cement rather expensive.
- It has a slightly lower specific gravity (3.05-3.1), than ordinary

Portland cement.
- The strength is usually somewhat lower than that of ordinary

Portland cement.
- Its fineness is higher (4000-4500 cm /g) than ordinary Portland

cement.

Chapter 3
3.7 Colored Portland Cement

It is prepared by adding special types of pigments to the Portland cement.
The pigments added to the white cement (2-10% by weight of the cement)
when needed to obtain light colors, while it added to ordinary Portland
cement when needed to obtain dark colors. The 28-day compressive
strength is required to be not less than 90% of the strength of a pigment-
free control mix, and the water demand is required to be not more than
110% of the control mix. It is required that pigments are insoluble. They
should be chemically inert and not contain gypsum that is harmful to the
concrete.

Chapter 3
TESTING OF AGGREGATE
Test (1)
3.8 The specific weight of coarse aggregate
The purpose:
Determination of specific weight of coarse aggregate
Apparatus:
1 -balance has sensitivity equal 0.1 gm.
2 -container.
3- Oven
Samples:
2 kg of coarse aggregate
Results:
- Specific weight = (w)/(v1-v2) = 2000/ (7000- 6200) =2.5
- The weight of sample = 2000 gm.
- Specific weight of coarse aggregate = 2.5
Range of acceptance:
Aggregate (2.5 - 2.75)

Chapter 3
Test (2)
3.9 The percentage of absorption of coarse aggregate
The purpose:
It`s used to determine the percentage of absorption of different types of

aggregate.
Apparatus:
1-A sensitive balance 2-Basket
3-Water tank that the basket can fall in it 4-Two pieces of dry cloth
5-Sieve size 5 m
6-Drying oven with a high temperature of 115 C°
Samples: Must less than 100 times than the nominal maximum size
Results: The percentage of absorption of dolomite of water

m1 (wet weight) =2.4 kg. m2 (dry weight) = 2.2 kg.
The percentage of absorption = m1-m2\m2
= 2.4- 2.2 \ 2.2= .9 %
Range of acceptance: Coarse aggregate (0.5 – 1) %

Chapter 3
Test (3)
3.10 Test of crushing factor
The purpose:
This test is used to measure the resistance of crushing for the coarse
aggregate.
This test is useful in the concrete exhibition of erosion.
Apparatus:
1-Bushels cylindrical metal inner diameter of 120 mm and a height of 180

mm inner.
2- Metal rod straight to the blood round his sector in diameter 15 mm and
a length of 600 mm tapered tip.
3- Cylinder of steel piston with open sides and a base of steel and must
have the inner surface of the cylinder forming and packaging Hardness.
of metals to be a degree higher than are equal toVickers650.
4- Sensitive balance.
5- Standard sieves with square opening Sizes14 mm,10 mm, 2.36 mm.
6- pressure machines give about 400kN.
7-Hammer with a rubber head pumped.
Sample:
5kg of course aggregate.

Chapter 3
Results:
Is calculated for each
test of the coefficient of
crushing tests of large
debris.
Ab= ((w1-w2)/w1) *100
W1= 5kg
W2=3.8 kg
Ab= 24 %
Range of acceptance
For the surfaces do note exposed to corrosion ≤ 30 %
For the surfaces which exposed to corrosion ≤ 25 %

Chapter 3
Test (4)
3.11 Test method for determination of sieve Analysis
of Aggregates
(1) Introduction for this test

This test one of important tests it is make definition for distribution for
size of Aggregates that we take it from natural source if this Aggregates
can use in max design or not.
(2) Objective for this test

(a) Definition for titrated of smoothness.
(b) Definition for max size of aggregates
(3) Tools
-sensitive weighing devise
-the stander sieves
-mechanical vibrator
(4) test steps

- weight the dry sample of aggregates
- Put the sieves and put the sample on the top sieves.
-make the shacking process by mechanical vibrator at least 5 minutes -
the weight of aggregates on each sieve

Chapter 3
Result of test
Weight of sampler Aggregate Type of sampler
weight
sieve slot reserved total Pass
(mm) total Weight of
on each weight
weight pass (%)
sieve reserved
(%) (Kg)
(kg) (kg)
37.5 0 0 0 3 100
26.5 0 0 0 3 100
19 0.4 0.4 1.94 2.6 98.06
13.2 2.56 2.96 14.32 0.44 85.68
9.52 0.085 3.045 14.73 2.915 85.27
4.75 0.02 3.065 14.83 2.98 85.17
2.36 0.055 3.12 15.09 2.945 84.91
1.18 0.05 3.17 15.34 2.95 84.66
0.15 1.74 4.91 23.75 1.26 76.25
Sum 4.91 20.67 100 22.09 800

Chapter 3
120
100
80
60
Series1
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
sieve slot
Curve for result
max size of
19 aggregates
titrated of
1 smoothness

Chapter 4
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERMENTAL
PROGRAM
&TESTING
OF PRODUCTS

Chapter 4
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERMENTAL PROGRAM & TESTING OF
PRODUCTS
4. Practical program
The practical program of this research included the processing and
testing of concrete samples containing different volumetric ratios of iron
fibers (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%). Where cubic samples were equipped and
poured with dimensions of (150×150×150 mm)
4.1 Materials used in this research

Portland cement with a resistance of 52.5 ordinary and conforming to
standard specifications was used. Fine aggregate was also used, which is
a natural sand free of impurities and with granular gradient and physical
properties conforming to British specifications (BS882:2991). In this
research, gradient coarse aggregate measuring (5–19.5 mm) was used
basalt aggregate with granular gradient and physical properties
conforming to British specifications (BS882:1992). Potable mixing water

Chapter 4
conforming to the standard specifications used in concrete was also used.

Also, one type of Super Plasticizer, a product of SEKA, was used to
reduce the percentage of water in the concrete mix and obtain concrete
with suitable operation. As for the fibers, iron fibers (length) 35-25 mm
were used.
4.2 Preparation of mixtures and samples

During the practical program, a plan was developed to prepare and
implement a set of concrete mixtures sufficiently to cover the entire
variable approved for this research. Where the concrete mixes were
designed according to the absolute volume method so that the target
resistance of the reference sample mix made of high resistance concrete
with steel fibers Table )1(shows the balances of the materials used per
cubic meter in each concrete mix.
Preparation of mixtures and samples Table )1(

Chapter 4
4.2Procedure of tests
Methods of testing of fresh & hardened concrete which indicated in this
chapter are done according to lectures of concrete technology, Al-
Azhar university [prof. Dr. Nooman], [2020]
A-Fresh concrete
B-Hardened concrete
A. Fresh concrete
1- Consistency: The consistency of concrete expresses the degree of
wetness of the concrete.
Concrete consistency is determined by an appropriate consistency
test like: Slump Test.
Slump 0 - 20 10 - 40 30 - 120 100 - 200 180 - 220
Consistency Dry Stiff Plastic Wet Sloppy
2- Workability: Workability of Concrete is a broad and subjective

term describing how easily freshly mixed concrete can be mixed,
placed, consolidated, and finished with minimal loss of
homogeneity. Workability is determined by Compacting Factor
Test.

Chapter 4
Slump (mm) Compacting Factor Workability
0 - 25 0.78 Very Low
25 - 50 0.85 Low
50 - 100 0.92 Middle
100 - 175 0.95 High
B. Hardened Concrete Tests

The tests carried out for hardened concrete are the compressive strength
and the indirect tensile strength. The producers of these tests are as
follows:
Compressive Strength Test:

The compressive strength is carried out according to Egyptian Standard
Specifications
(E.S.S) No 1658/1988, Using (150 × 150 × 150 mms) Cubes and are
determined at ages 7 and 10 days.
Indirect Tensile Strength:

The indirect tensile strength is carried out according to Egyptian
Standard Specifications (E.S.S) No 1658/1988, Using (150 × 150 × 150
mms) Cubes and the indirect tensile strength is determined at 7 and 28
days.

Chapter 4
4.3 Test Specimens

All Concrete mixes were tested at both fresh and hardened state.
Hardened concrete tests include 150 × 150 × 150 mms Cubes for
compression test at (7 and 28 days), (150 × 150 × 150 mms) Cube for
indirect tensile test.
4.4 Concrete Mixes and Mix Proportions

The current research consists of Four mixes, for each mix contains nine
cubes for compressive Strength, one cube for indirect tensile strength.
4.5 Mixing of Normal Concrete using dolomite
4.5.1 Mixing steps:

1) The weights are determined for each mixture of cement, Water,
fine and coarse aggregate (sand & basalt & steel fiber).
2) Put the coarse aggregate in the mixer and put a quantity of water and
then put the fine aggregate and amount of water then the cement and
water are put in the mixer until these components cohesion with each
other considering that the mixture is not completely dry then the
mixture is placed in the pan.

Chapter 4
3) Fill the cubes with the good compact concrete then leave them for 24
hours.
4) Disassemble the specimens then put them in the curing tubs for 7 and
the other for 28 days.
Completion of the process of mixing, pouring and leveling the surface of

the molds for 24 hours, after which the samples were dismantled from the
molds and the concrete cubes were placed in the water basins for
treatment until the test date (after 7 and 28 days) as shown in Figure.

Chapter 4
B. Hardened Concrete Tests

The tests carried out for hardened concrete are the compressive strength
and the indirect tensile strength. The producers of these tests are as
follows:
Test Specimens
All Concrete mixes were tested at both fresh and hardened state.
Hardened concrete tests include 150 × 150 × 150 mms Cubes for
compression test at (7 and 28 days), (150 × 150 × 150 mms) Cube for
indirect tensile test
Compressive Strength Test:

The compressive strength is carried out according to Egyptian Standard
Specifications
(E.S.S) No 1658/1988, Using (15×15×15cms) Cubes and are determined
at ages 7 and 28 days.
Indirect Tensile Strength:

The indirect tensile strength is carried out according to Egyptian
Standard Specifications (E.S.S) No 1658/1988, Using (15 ×15×15Cms)
Cubes and the indirect tensile strength is determined at 7 and 28 days.

Chapter 4
Compressive strength results for concrete

SFC-0%
Fracture Weight The Samples Cube Cube Cubes
load (Kg) dimensions age break casting
(KN) (cm) (Day) history history
1039 7.5 15*15*15 7 21 - March 14 - March 1

1035 7.5 15*15*15 7 21 - March 14 - March 2
1028 8.15 15*15*15 7 21 - March 14 - March 3
1192 8 15*15*15 28 4 - April 14 - March 4
1248 7.9 15*15*15 28 4 - April 14 - March 5
1217 7.55 15*15*15 28 4 - April 14 - March 6

SFC-0.5%
Fracture Weight The Samples Cube break Cube Cubes
load (Kg) dimensions age history casting
(KN) (cm) (Day) history
1115 8.3 15*15*15.1 7 26 - March 22 - March 1
970 8.15 15*15*15.2 7 26 - March 22 - March 2

1068 7.66 15*15*15.3 7 26 - March 22 - March 3
1329 8.25 15*15*15 29 15 - April 22 - March 4
1403 8.25 15*15*15 29 15 - April 22 - March 5

1452 8.5 15*15*15.3 29 15 - April 22 - March 6

Chapter 4

SFC -1%
Fracture Weight The Samples Cube break Cube Cubes
load (Kg) dimensions age history casting
(KN) (cm) (Day) history
1132 8.3 15*15*15.3 7 26 - March 19 - March 1
1237 8.25 15*15*15.1 7 26 - March 19 - March 2
1196 7.8 15*15*15 7 26 - March 19 - March 3
1452 8.2 15*15*15.3 29 15 - April 22 - March 4
1529 7.75 15*15*15 29 15 - April 22 - March 5
1532 7.36 15*15*15 29 15 - April 22 - March 6

Chapter 4

SFC-1.5%
1342 8.2 15*15*15.2 7 26 - March 19 - March 1
1337 7.82 15*15*15.1 7 26 - March 19 - March 2
1418 8.8 15*15*15.3 7 26 - March 19 - March 3
1532 7.66 15*15*15 32 15 - April 19 - March 4
1702 7.75 15*15*15 32 15 - April 19 - March 5
1695 8.36 15*15*15.3 32 15 - April 19 - March 6

Chapter 4
Results of indirect tensile resistance

147 8 15*15*15.1 28 4 - April 14 - March SFC-0
121 7.8 15*15*15 28 4 - April 14 - March SFC-0
132 8.1 15*15*15 28 4 - April 14 - March SFC-0

150 8.2 15*15*15 32 15 - April 19 - March SFC-0.5
145 8 15*15*15.2 32 15 - April 19 - March SFC-0.5
101 7.75 15*15*15 32 15 - April 19 - March SFC-0.5
151 8.15 15*15*15.3 32 15 - April 19 - March SFC-1
142 7.8 15*15*15 32 15 - April 19 - March SFC-1
158 8.2 15*15*15 29 15 - April 22 - March SFC-1.5
122 8 15*15*15.1 29 15 - April 22 - March SFC-1.5
103 7.95 15*15*15.2 29 15 - April 22 - March SFC-1.5
‫ تم تأخير تكسير بعض العينات عن موعدها الن عم محروس (امين‬:‫ملحوظة‬

‫المعمل) لم يكن متواجد في تلك األيام ألنه كان في حالة اعياء شفاه هللا وعفاه‬
.‫وعفانا‬

Chapter 4
Some results of compressive and indirect tensile strength

tests

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
4.6 Results and discussion
4.6.1 Pressure resistance:
Figure (1),(2) and (3) shows the results of the average compressive
strength of samples of concrete mixtures manufactured in this
research. From the figure, we notice that there is a clear impact on
the resistance of the resulting concrete due to the increase in the
percentages of ferrous fibers in it. Where the results recorded an
increase rate of approximately 19%, 28%, 43% and 60% when
adding fibers by 0.5% 1%. and 1.5% respectively. The reason for
this is due to the ability of steel fibers to add cohesion between the
components of the concrete mixture and help to give durability and
strength to reduce the occurrence of cracks and additional strength
of the concrete under the influence of different loads.

Chapter 4
Compressive strength results for concrete mixes after 7

days
70
Compressive resistance )MPA(
61
60
53
50 48
46
SFC- 0
40
SFC-0.5
30 SFC-1
SFC-1.5
20
10
0
Volume %
Figure (1)
Compressive strength results for concrete mixes after 28

days
80
73
Compressive resistance ) MPA(
70 67
62
60
54.1
50
SFC- 0
40 SFC-0.5
SFC-1
30
SFC-1.5
20
10
0
Volume %
Figure (2)

Chapter 4
Chart Title
80
COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE (MPA)
70
60
SFC-0
50
SFC-0.5
40 SFC-1
30 SFC-1.5
20
10
DAYS
0
7 28
SFC-0 46 54
SFC-0.5 46.7 62
SFC-1 52.8 66.8
SFC-1.5 61 73
Figure (3)

Chapter 4
4.6.2 Indirect tensile strength

Figure (2) It shows the increase in the indirect tensile strength of mixtures
containing steel fibers, and through this diagram we find that the addition
of L A to the indirect tensile strength compared to the results recorded in
steel fiber resistance has a very significant impact on pressure. With an
increase in the fiber content from 0.5% to 1.5%, the indirect tensile
strength increased compared to reference samples without fiber. This is
due to the increased bonding between the components of the concrete mix
by increasing the percentage of fibers in the concrete mixture, which in
turn delays the appearance of cracks and reduces their breadth. Also,
fibers have a significant role in the formation of connecting bridges in the
cracking area, which helps the section to increase endurance and create
additional resistance.
Results of indirect tensile resistance after 28 days

Indirect tensile resistance )MPA)
6.71
SFC- 0
6.67
SFC- 0.5
SFC-1
6.5 SFC- 1.5
Volume %

Chapter 4
Some Shapes of Failure

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
References
1. E.N. Antoine, Fiber Reinforcement for Concrete, Concrete
International, 8 (1985) 21-29
2. B. Miloud, Permeability and Porosity Characteristic of Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete, Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering (Building and
Housing), 6 (2005) 317-330.
3. G. Idorn, Durability of Concrete, 1992.
4. A.S. Ezeldin and P.N. Balaguru, Normal and High Strength Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Under Compression, Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 10(1992) 415-429.
5. B.P. Hughes and N.I Fatuhu, Workability of Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete, 1977.
6. S. Tokgoz, C. Dunbar, K. Tarinkulu, Experimental Behavior of Steel
Fiber High Strength Reinforced Concrete and Composites Columns,
Journal of Construction Steel Research 74 (2012) 98-107. MATEC Web
of Conferences 02004-p.8
7. P.S Song and S. Hwang, Mechanical Properties of High Strength Fiber
Reinforced Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 18(9) (2004)
669-673
8. R.N. Swamy, The Technology of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete for
Practical Applications. ICE Proceedings 56(2) 143-159.
9. W. Yao, L. Jie, K. Wu, Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Fiber
Reinforced Concrete at Low Fiber Volume, Cement & Concrete Research
33 (2003) 27-30.
10. Q. Chunxiang, I. Patnaikumi, Properties of High Strength Steel Fiber
Reinforced Beams in Bending, Cement and Concrete Composite 21(1)
(1999) 73-81.

Chapter 4
11. J. Edgington, D.J. Hannat, R.I. Williams, Steel Fiber Reinforced

Concrete, Building Research Establishment Current Paper CP 69/74
(1974), British Research Establishment, Department of the Environment,
pg 17.
12. S. Yacizi, G. Inan and T. Volkan, Effect of Aspect Ratio and Volume
of Steel Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete. Construction And Building Material 21(6) (2007) 1250-1253.
13. ASTM C215, Standard Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
Longitudinal and Torsional Frequencies of Concrete Specimen, Annual
Book of ASTM Standards, American Society of Testing and Materials,
1991.
14. ASTM C109, Compressive strength of mortars, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, American Society of testing and materials, 1993.
15. ACI 544.1R, State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1996.
16. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/high-strength-high-performance-
concrete/8617/

Chapter 4
CHAPTER ONE
STEEL FIBER ON HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE .............................. 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 2
STEEL FIBER ON HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE .............................................. 3
High strength concrete:................................................................................. 3
1.1.1 Types: ................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Strength criteria: .................................................................................. 3
1.1.3 Durability criteria: ................................................................................ 3
1.1.4 Ductility: ............................................................................................... 3
1.1.5 Compositions: ...................................................................................... 3
1.1.6 Degree of quality control requirements: .............................................. 3
1.1.7 Production of concrete:........................................................................ 4
1.1.8 Placement and compaction: ................................................................. 4
1.1.9 Advantages:.......................................................................................... 4
1.1.10 Disadvantages: ................................................................................... 4
1.1.11 Applications:....................................................................................... 4
1.2 Different types of steel fibers according to their shape is shown in fig 1.
...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 BENEFITS OF STEEL FIBRES ...................................................................... 5
1.4 STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE APPLICATIONS: ............................. 6
1.4.1 Highways .............................................................................................. 6
1.4.2 Hydraulic Structures ............................................................................. 6
1.4.3 Tunnel Lining and Bridge Repairing ...................................................... 6
1.4.4 Refractory Concrete ............................................................................. 7
1.4.5 Precast Products .................................................................................. 7
1.4.6 Structural Benefits................................................................................ 7
1.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SFRC ........................................................ 7
1.5.1 Compressive Strength ......................................................................... 8
1.5.2 Shear Strength...................................................................................... 8
1.5.3 Tensile Strength ................................................................................... 9
1.5.4 Impact Resistance ................................................................................ 9
1.5.5 Durability............................................................................................ 10
1.5.6 Flexural Strength and Toughness ....................................................... 11

Chapter 4
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW .............................................................................................. 12
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 14
2.1 General ................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Behavior of Concrete using Steel Fiber as a Tensile Material ................ 15
2.3 Behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with steel fibers ......................... 16
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete .......................................................................... 32
3.3 Cement.................................................................................................. 39
3.3.3 Rapid Hardening Portland cement (Type III) ....................................... 40
3.3.5 Special Types of Rapid Hardening Portland Cement ........................... 41
3.4 Low Heat Portland Cement ................................................................... 41
3.5 Pozzolanic Cement ................................................................................ 42
3.6 White Cement ....................................................................................... 43
3.7 Colored Portland Cement ...................................................................... 44
CHAPTER THREE
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND TESTS
3.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS......................................................... 46
3.1.1 In concrete mixtures the proportions of cement paste & aggregates
are controlled by the following. .................................................................. 46
Concrete: .................................................................................................... 46
3.1.2 The properties of concrete are affected by the properties of
aggregate: ................................................................................................... 46
3.1.3 Higher aggregate amount/unit volume of concrete: .......................... 47
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES ......................................................... 48
According to Source: ................................................................................... 48
3.3 Cement.................................................................................................. 49
3.4 Low Heat Portland Cement ................................................................... 51
3.5 Pozzolanic Cement ................................................................................ 52
3.6 White Cement ....................................................................................... 52
3.7 Colored Portland Cement ...................................................................... 54
TESTING OF AGGREGATE .................................................................... 55
Test (1) ........................................................................................................ 55
3.8 The specific weight of coarse aggregate ................................................ 55

Chapter 4
Test (2) ........................................................................................................ 56

3.9 The percentage of absorption of coarse aggregate ............................... 56
Test (3) ........................................................................................................ 57
3.10 Test of crushing factor ......................................................................... 57
Test (4) ........................................................................................................ 59
3.11 Test method for determination of sieve Analysis of Aggregates.......... 59
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERMENTAL PROGRAM &TESTINGOF PRODUCTS
EXPERMENTAL PROGRAM & TESTING OF PRODUCTS .............. 63
4. Practical program .................................................................................... 63
4.1 Materials used in this research.............................................................. 63
4.2 Preparation of mixtures and samples .................................................... 64
4.2Procedure of tests .................................................................................. 65
4.3 Test Specimens...................................................................................... 67
4.4 Concrete Mixes and Mix Proportions .................................................... 67
4.5.1 Mixing steps: ...................................................................................... 67
B. Hardened Concrete Tests ........................................................................ 69
Test Specimens ........................................................................................... 69
SOME RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE AND INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH TESTS
....................................................................................................................... 74
4.6 Results and discussion ........................................................................... 78
SOME SHAPES OF FAILURE............................................................................ 82
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 85

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ALAZHAR UNIVERSITY

The Effect of Fiber Steel On High

The Effect of Steel Fiber On High

- Moaz Mustafa Mohamed Shalata

- Ahmed Ali AbdEl-Rahman Hassan

- Mahmoud Mohamed Hassanein Mohamed

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 1

High strength concrete is used in the construction of long span bridges,

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 2

Steel Fiber on High Strength Concrete

High strength concrete:

1.1.2 Strength criteria:

1.1.3 Durability criteria:

1.1.4 Ductility: It is brittle.

1.1.6 Degree of quality control requirements:

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 3

1.1.7 Production of concrete:

1.1.8 Placement and compaction:

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 4

1.2 Different types of steel fibers according to their

1.3 BENEFITS OF STEEL FIBRES

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 5

• Steel fiber reinforced concrete has better properties than

1.4 STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.4.2 Hydraulic Structures

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 6

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 7

1.5.1 Compressive Strength

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 8

1.5.3 Tensile Strength

1.5.4 Impact Resistance

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 9

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 10

1.5.6 Flexural Strength and Toughness

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 11

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 12

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 14

2.2 Behavior of Concrete using Steel Fiber as a Tensile

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 15

2.3 Behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with steel

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 16

Concrete has become one of the most important construction materials

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 17

Materials and methods

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 18

In order to measure the compressive and flexural stress of the concrete

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 19

volume fraction of Vf = 0%, Vf = 1% and Vf = 2%, respectively. Slab

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 20

Results and discussion

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 21

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 22

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 23

The key parameters of strength and ductility from the load-deflection

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 24

In term of ductility, the ductility ratio (μ) of SFRC slabs continue to

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 25

The Effect of Steel fibers on High Strength Concrete 26

Slab S2-0 demonstrated a decrease in both maximum and yield ratios as

Vf =2% due to over reinforcement which indicates to the early failure

series slab was more promising with a continuous upward pattern.

Moreover, at 1% of steel fiber volume fraction, the ductility ratio was

of the structure’s ability to absorb deformations which is energy