Acknowledgements

First and foremost, we would like to express power sincere and grateful
thanks to the Almighty GOD, who has given us the great opportunity, power of
knowledge and strength to complete this project successfully. We wish to express
our heartfelt regards and sincere thanks to out beloved Dean Dr.
PETERDEVADAS Ph.D., for his constant encouragement during the course of
this project work. We express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved &
eminent head of the department in civil engineering Dr. S. RAJAKUMAR M.E.
Ph.D., and was a pillar of support for successful completion of the project without
her able support and guidance we would not have successfully complete our
project.

We thank our internal guide Dr. S. RAJAKUMAR M.E. Ph.D., for guiding
us from the beginning till the end with patience and special thanks to teaching and
non-teachingstaff in University V.O.C. College of Engineering for their valuable
advice which helped us in completing the project with hope and confidence.
Finally, we also thank our parents’ friends, all our teaching and all who
participated enthusiastically with their constructive criticism either directly or
indirectly making this project a grand success.
 ABSTRACT
In recent years the applications of high strength concrete have increased
many parts of the world.This growth has been possible as a result of
recent developments in technology and demand for highstrength
concrete. There are many advantages in using high strength concrete in
building construction.As in the case of conventional concrete, the use of
steel fiber substantially increases the energy at breakof high strength
concrete. Although the initial cost may be high. Significant long-term
saving would beensured in reducing the needs for maintenance, repair
and rehabilitation. The experimental programwas designed to the effect
of steel fibers on compressive strength, flexural strength of high
strengthconcrete and testing of cubes of size (150mmX150mmX150
mm), beam of 500mm length,depthof 100mm, width of 130mm
(500mmX100mmX130mm). The mix proportion for M30 grade of
concrete. Then, the steel fiber was added in theproportions.
KEYWORDS: - Steel Fiber, Concrete.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

The Construction of modern and complicated Civil Engineering

Structures have become a partof today’s fast developing world.
Concrete known for its compressive strength, workability and
its durability plays a vital role in Construction. Concrete is a
Homogeneous Material which isformed by mixing of Cement, Sand
and Aggregates in presence of water. Generally, Concrete
is used as a binder material and sand as a filler material which
occupies the voids betweenaggregates.Aggregate is the most
Common material in concrete and it occupies more than 70 - 80
percentage of the Total volume in concrete and it provides strength to
the concrete. Now a day,due to Huge Demand of Concrete in
construction work it is essential to develop or to find suchsources (or)
material which can replace sand in concrete. In recent years the
applications ofhigh strength concrete have increased many parts of
the world. This growth has been possibleas a result of recent
developments in technology and demand for high strength concrete.
Thereare many advantages in using high strength concrete in building
construction. As in the caseof conventional concrete, the use of steel
fiber substantially increases the energy at break ofhigh strength
concrete. Although the initial cost may be high. Significant long-term
savingwould be ensured in reducing the needs for maintenance, repair
and rehabilitation. In the recenttimes, construction activity has
increased in India. Fast growth in construction industry inour country
relies on the use of natural resources for infrastructure development.
Large scale production of Portland cement and rapid exploitation of
 environment for aggregates in the lastdecade, have dramatic impact
on the environment.

The available of natural resources is reducing in India, slowly down

the growth in construction activity. The rapid depletion of natural
resources along with the substantial increasein waste generation poses
a serious problem. Sand is one of the main constituent of
concretemaking which is about 35 % of volume of concrete used in
construction industry.

1.2 Need For the Study

The advantages of steel-Fiber Reinforced concrete are to evaluate its
economic and structural benefits and challenges compared to
conventional concrete
◦ SFRC were more efficient at bonding behaviour
◦ Steel fibre delayed the initial main cracks in all SFRC decks
◦ It improves the resistance of concrete decks against traffic and
environmental influences.

1.3 Objective
 The main objective is to study the behavior of concrete where the
addition of steel fibers in volume friction of cube.

 To optimize which percentage replacement is much as efficient

without affecting its strength.
 By addition of steel fibers with volume fraction of cube by 0.5%,
1.0%,1.5% and to compare their properties with standard mix of M30.

 To compare the result with normal conventional concrete cubes.

1.4 Methodology

T o p ic In tro d u ctio n

N eed F o r
S tu d y O b jectiv e
L iteratu re
M eth o lo d y R ev iew
M aterial T est R esu lt
T est & A n aly sis

C o n clu sio n
 CHAPTER 2
2. Literature Review
2.1 VENGATACHALAPATHY V, ILANGOVAN.R (2010),
Title: Dynamic behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beam under
loading
Result: The comparison reveals that the strength depends on the
presence of fiber and it increases with decrease in the spacing of stirrups
(increase in the percentage of web reinforcement)
This experimental study deals with the behavior and ultimate strength of
steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)deep beams with and without
openings in web subjected to two- pointloading, nine concrete deep
beams of dimensions 750mmÖ350mmÖ75mm thickness were testedto
destruction by applying gradually increased load. Simply supported
conditions were maintained for all the concrete deep beams. The
percentage of steel fiber was varied from 0 to1.0. The influence of fiber
content in the concrete deep beams has been studied by measuringthe
deflection of the deep beams and by observing the crack patterns. The
investigation alsoincludes the study of steel fiber reinforced concrete
deep beams with web reinforcement withand without openings. The
ultimate loads obtained by applying the modified Kong and
Sharp’sformula of deep beams are compared with the experimental
values. The above study indicatesthat the location of openings and the
amount of web reinforcement, either in the form of discrete fibers or as
continuous reinforcement are the principal parameters that affect the
behaviorand strength of deep beams.
2.2 MILINDV. MOHOD, (2012),
Title: Performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete
Result:

 it is observed that the workability of steel fibre reinforced concrete

gets reduced as the percentage of steel fibers increases.
 Optimum value of fiber content of steel fiber reinforcement
concrete was found to be 1%.
 The Optimum value for flexural strength offiber content of steel
fiber reinforcement cement concrete was found to be 0.75%
In this paper effect of fibers on the strength of concrete for M 30 grade
have been studied byvarying the percentage of fibers in concrete. Fiber
content was varied by 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%,1%, 1.5% and 2% by
volume of cement. Cubes of size 150mm X 150mm X150mm to
checkthe compressive strength and beams of size 500mm X100mm
X100mm for checking flexuralstrength were casted. All the specimens
were cured for the period of 3, 7 and 28 days beforecrushing. The results
of fiber reinforced concrete for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days curing
withvaried percentage of fiber were studied and it has been found that
there is significant strengthimprovement in steel fiber reinforced
concrete. The optimum fiber content while studying thecompressive
strength of cube is found to be 1% and 0.75% for flexural strength of the
beam.Also, it has been observed that with the increase in fiber content
up to the optimum valueincreases the strength of concrete. Slump cone
test was adopted to measure the workability ofconcrete. The Slump cone
test results revealed that workability gets reduced with the increasein
fiber content.
2.3 A.M. SHENDE, A.M. PANDE, M. GULFAMPATHAN, (2012),
Title: Experimental study on steel fiber reinforced concrete for M40
grade
Result:

 It is observed that compressive strength increases from 11 to 24%

with addition of steel fibers.
 It is observed that flexural strength increases from 12 to 49% with
addition of steel fibers.
 It is observed that split tensile strength increases from 3 to 41%
with addition of steel fibers.

Critical investigation for M-40 grade of concrete having mix proportion

1:1.43:3.04 with watercement ratio 0.35 to study the compressive
strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength ofsteel fiber reinforced
concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of 01aspect ratio were used. A
resultdata obtained has been analyzed and compared with a control
specimen (0between aspect ratiovs. Compressive strength, flexural
strength, aspect ratio vs. Split tensile strength representedgraphically.
Result data clearly shows percentage increase in 28 days Compressive
strength,Flexural strength, and Split Tensile strength for M-40 Grade of
Concrete.

2.4 KHADAKE S.N. KONAPUREC.G. vol 8 issue 12,2012

Title: Experimental Study on High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete using Metakaolin
Result:

 Density of the concrete goes on increase with the increase in steel

fiber.
 SFRC expensive due to high price of steel fiber but the drawback
is overcome by advantages of SFRC.
 Like crack resistance and highly improved mechanical property of
concrete.
This paper deals with Investigation for M-25 grade of concrete having
mix proportion 1:1.50:3.17with water cement ratio 0.465 to study the
compressive strength, and Flexural strength of steelfiber reinforced
concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of an interval of 0.5% from 0.0% to
1.5%volume fraction of hook end Steel fibers of 71 aspect ratio were
used. The percentage of Fly Ashby weight is to be increased by 10%
from 00% to 30%. After curing this specimen were testedas per relevant
codes of practice Bureau of Indian Standard. A result data obtained has
beenanalyzed and compared with a control specimen. A relationship
between Compressive strengthvs. days, and flexural strength vs. days
represented graphically. Result data clearly showspercentage increase in
7-, 28- and 45-days Compressive strength for M-25 Grade of Concrete.

2.5 Hamid Pesaran BehbahaniPublished at ICSECM

2011,
Title:Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Result :
 Steel fiber is the most popular one.
  The performance of the SFRC has shown a significant
improve in flexural strength and overall toughness compare
against conventional reinforcement concrete.

This paper presents an overview of the mechanical properties of Steel

Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC), its advantages, and its
applications. During the last decades incredible development have
been made in concrete technology. One of the major progresses is
Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) which can be defined as a
composite material consisting of conventional concrete reinforced by
the random dispersal of short, discontinious, and discrete fine fibres of
specific geometry. Unlike conventional reinforcing steel bars, which are
specifically designed and placed in the tensile zone of the concrete
member, fibers are thin, short and distributed randomly throughout
the concrete member. Among all kinds of fibers which can be used as
concrete reinforcement, Steel Fibers are the most popular one. The
performance of the Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) has
shown a significant improvement in flexural strength and overall
toughness compared against Conventional Reinforced Concrete.

2.6 Tomasz Blaszczynskia , Marta Przybylska-Faleka

Title: Steel fibre reinforced concrete as a structural
material volume 122 ( 2015 ) 282 – 289
Result:
  It should be assumed that during destruction, the presence of
dispersed reinforcement in concrete hinders propagation of cracks
and contributes to a reduced concentration of stresses at the places
of defects and discontinuities in the structure.
 The addition of fibers gives concrete elements greater ductility.
The conducted tests indicated that the course of destruction process of
concretes containing dispersed reinforcement in the quantity of 1 and
3% loses its three-stage character. It is not possible to determine in these
concretes the levels of stresses initiating cracking Vi . For these
concretes we may rather refer to "temporary" stable propagation of
micro-cracks, developing, in turn, into "temporary" sudden propagation
of micro-cracks. It should be assumed that during destruction, the
presence of dispersed reinforcement in concrete hinders propagation of
cracks and contributes to a reduced concentration of stresses at the
places of defects and discontinuities in the structure [16, 18].
Added fibers make cement matrix somehow "sown together". Under the
impact of load, energy cumulates to be Concrete Stress level values Vi
[-] variation factor Vcr [-] variation factor BZS 0,33 2,45 0,78 1,78 BZI
not observed - 0,80 1,84 BZ3 not observed - 0,81 1,50 Fig. 13:
Comparative graph of sigma – epsilon dependences for compressed
concretes of mix BZ1, BZ3 and BZS Tomasz Błaszczyński and Marta
Przybylska-Fałek / Procedia Engineering 122 ( 2015 ) 282 – 289 289
finally released at a level of critical stresses that is higher than for
"witness" concrete. So that an element with the addition of steel fibers
would be destroyed, adhesion between cement matrix and aggregate
must be lost, fibers must detach from the matrix, the matrix must be cut
along fibers or fibers should rupture.
The addition of fibers gives concrete elements greater ductility. At this
point, it is worth noting some analogy between the fiber-reinforced
concrete destruction process and the process of destruction of concrete
saturated with polymer: methyl-methacrylate [9, 16, 17]. The test proved
that in polymer-impregnated concrete being compressed it is not
possible to determine unambiguously the level of stresses initiating
cracking Vi. As a result of reinforcement of the concrete structure with
polymer inclusions, three-stage character of destruction is lost. In
addition, the level of critical stresses for concrete saturated with
methylmethacrylate is higher than for witness concrete.

2.7 D. V. Soulioti, N. M. Barkoula, A. Paipetis and T. E. Matikas

Title: Effects of Fibre Geometry and Volume Fraction on the Flexural
Behaviour of Steel-FibreReinforced Concrete
Results:

 The increase in the volume fraction of the fibres in the concrete

mixture increased the first-peak strength, the peak strength, the
residual strength and especially the flexural toughness of the
specimens.

In the current paper the effect of fibre geometry and fibre volume
fraction has been investigated for steel fibre reinforced concretes.
Specifically the compression strength, the flexural strength and
toughness were studied as a function of the above parameters and
compared to unreinforced concrete. The effect of the fibre inclusion on
the slump and air content properties of fresh concrete has been also
evaluated.The test results led to the conclusion that the fibres play an
important role, not only in the fresh state of the concrete, but also in the
mechanical properties of hardened concrete specimens.Concerning fresh
concrete, the addition of steel fibres in the concrete mixture reduced the
slump in the range of 65-90 mm, compared to plain concrete.The air
content increased with the raising of fibre volume fraction. Mixtures
with high fibre volume fraction (1 and 1.5% by concrete volume)
presented higher air content than mixtures with smaller fibre volume
fraction (0.5% by concrete volume). This is due to fact that
consolidation of fibre-reinforced concrete becomes moredifficult with
increasing the fibre volume fraction, leading to an increase of air content
in the material.Incorporation of fibres in concrete had small effect on the
compressive strength. It was also observedthat concrete mixtures with
waved fibres exhibited higher compressive strengths than concrete
mixtures with hooked-ended fibres, with the exception of the mixtures
W0.5 and H0.5 which showed comparable compressive strengths.
Plain concrete specimens failed catastrophically by a single crack, and
separation into two pieces. On the contrary, the fibre-reinforced concrete
specimens, even those with small fibre volume fraction (0.5%), retained
post-cracking ability to carry out loads.The increase in the volume
fraction of the fibres in the concrete mixture increased the first-peak
strength, the peak strength, the residual strength and especially the
flexural toughness of the specimens.Specimens with hooked-ended
fibres (HO.5, H1, H1.5) exhibited higher values of toughness and
residual strength (/100,0.50 /100,20) than specimens with waved fibres
(WO.5, W1, W1.5). On the contrary, concrete mixtures W0.5, W1, W1.5
showed higher first-peak strength and peak-strength than the mixtures
HO.5, H1, H1.5.

2.8 Sumith Vangara, S Siva Rama Krishna, Venu

Malagavelli, K.Tarunkumar, A. Jagadish Babu
Title: Strength And Durability Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self
CompactingConcrete
Result:

 For M30 grade and M40 grade concrete the value of compressive
strength is observed as 2% to 10% more than plain concrete mix.
With increase of FIBER dosage, the workability decreases.
 Acid durability loss factor decreases with increases in grade of
concrete. When compared to the plainSCC, the SFRSCC was
found to be more durable against both acids and sulphate

 Fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete is made with steel

fiber to improve its strength properties.The aspect ratio of the
fiber is important factor in this study as per results 12mm
fibers with 30 aspect ratio is giving better results than other
cases.
 For M30 grade and M40 grade concrete the value of
compressive strength is observed as 2% to 10% more than
plain concrete mix. With increase of FIBER dosage, the
workability decreases. This problem of workability and flow
proprieties of concrete can be overcome by adding super
plasticizers and VMA. With the increase in the grade of
concrete the sorptivity of Steel FIBER Reinforced SCC was
found to be lower similarly in plain SCC also.
 In SFRSCC the amount of water absorption per unit area
decreases with increase in the grade of concrete. The
percentage loss of strength and percentage loss of weight
factors in durability is less for SFRSCC mix than SCC in case
of M30 and M40 grade concrete.
  WLF is less in Na2SO4 when compared to HCL and H2S04.
SFRSCC has shown 10%-13% more resistance to weight loss
when it is immersed in H2SO4, 15%-20% more resistance in
HCL, 16%-20% more | resistance in Na2SO4 when compared
to plain SCC.
 Acid weight loss factor is found to be decreases with
increases in the grade of concrete. The loss of dimension
stability is more in H2O4 when compared with HCl and
Na2SO4. SFRSCC has shown 1%-3% more. resistance to
dimension stability when immersed in H2O4, 5%-7% more
resistance in HCl and Na2504 when compared to plain SCC.
 The loss of dimension stability is found to be decreases with
increase in grade of concrete. Acid strength loss percentage is
more in H2O4 when compared with HCI and Na2SO4.
 SFRSCC has shown 5% more resistance to strength loss when
immersed in H2O4, 9% more resistance in HCl and Na2SO4
when compared to plain SCC. Acid strength loss percentage is
found to be decreases with increases in grade of concrete.
 Acid durability loss factor decreases with increases in grade
of concrete. When compared to the plainSCC, the SFRSCC
was found to be more durable against both acids and sulphate.
2.9 F.P. Bos, E. Bosco & T. A. M . Salet 2019
Title: Ductility of 3D printed concrete reinforced with short straight steel
fibers
Results:

 For larger separations, however, an accurate model needs to be

based on constitutive behavior obtained from uni-axial tensile
 testing, as the stress values cannot be determined unambiguously
from the CMOD test.
The effect of adding short straight steel fibers on the failure behavior of
Weber 3D 115-1 print mortar has been studied through several CMOD
tests on cast and printed concrete, on different scales. The experiments
have also been simulated numerically. The research has shown the fibers
cause an important increase in flexural strength, and eliminate the
strength difference between cast and printed concrete without fibers. The
post-peak behavior, nevertheless, has to be characterized as strongly
strain-softening. In the printed specimens, a strong fiber orientation in
the direction of the filament occurs. However, this has no notable effect
on the performance in the tested direction: cast and printed concrete with
fibers behave similarly in the CMOD test. For the key parameters, no
scale effect was found for the specimens with fibers, contrary to the ones
without fibers. Thus, it appears a characterization of material
performance based on a scaled down version of the standardized CMOD
test can be justified. Numerical modelling of the test by using the
Concrete Damage Plasticity material model of Abaqus, with a
Thorenfeldt-based constitutive law in compression and a customized
constitutive law in tension, based on tabulated stress and strain values
determined from the CMOD test and mesh geometry, result in a
reasonable fit with the experimental results up to a modest extent over
the onset of fracture. For larger separations, however, an accurate model
needs to be based on constitutive behavior obtained from uni-axial
tensile testing, as the stress values cannot be determined unambiguously
from the CMOD test.
2.10 Klaus Holschemacher, Torsten Müller 2013
Title : Influence Of Fiber Type On Hardened Properties Of Steel
FiberReinforced Concrete
Result:

 These fibre types could not provide a ductile material behaviour

after an initial high post crack load capacity.
 The shape of the post crack load-deflection curve did strongly
depend on the geometry of the fibres
It was investigated that the load bearing capacity was improved by
increasing aspect-ratio in case of straight fibre geometry and by higher
fibre contents for all tested fibers (see fibre variants 1 to 3). The fibre
types 1 to 4 are characterized by a ductile material behaviour.The
reached load level of the fibre 4 without end hooks always lay below
those of the fibers 1 to 3 with hooked ends.In general, it was determined
a lower loss of strength with increasing deflection by the fibre variants 1
to 4 in comparison to the corrugated fibres 5 and 6. These fibre types
could not provide a ductile material behavior after an initial high post
crack load capacity. The shape of the post crack load-deflection curve
did strongly depend on the geometry of the fibers. Then again the
reached load level after the crack load was defined predominantly by the
fiber content.
2.11 Maocos ,Torb, i tor: Michel, Alexander; Solgaard, Anders; Fischer,
Gregor; Edwardsen, Carola
Title: Corrosion resistance of steel fibre reinforced concrete
Result:

 This paper proposes an alternative deterioration theory for

corrosion of steel fibres bridging cracks in SFRC exposed to
chlorides and carbonation, focusing on the damage and healing at
the fibre-matrix interface.
  Further research in this field is required, in particular focusing on
the damage and healing mechanisms at the fibre-matrix interface
during partial fibre pull-out.

This paper reviews the existing literature investigating chloride- and

carbonation-induced corrosion ofSFRC. The paper reviews the main
factors influencing the durability of SFRC exposed to
corrosiveenvironments and analyses systematically the published
experimental data on the deterioration of SFRC subject to chloride and
carbonation exposure.superior durability against corrosion of carbon-
steel fibres embedded in uncracked SFRC relative to conventional steel,
obeys to three main components: the discrete nature of the fibres, the
more homogencous steel surface due to production processes of cold-
drawnwire steel fibres (cold-drawing) versus a rougher surface for
conventional reinforcing bars (hot-rolling mill), and the denser and more
homogeneous fibre-matrix interface compared to conventional steel
reinforcement.The durability of cracked SFRC exposed to chlorides and
carbonation is under discussion at the technical and scientific level.
There is substantial insight among academics regarding the existence of
a critical crack width, below 0.20 mm, where fibre corrosion is limited
and the structural integrity of SFRC can be ensured for long-term
exposures. However, the mechanisms governing corrosion of carbon-
steel fibres in cracked SFRC subject to chloride and carbonation
exposure are still unclear. In particular, the influence of fibre corrosion
on the residual strength of SFRC is in focus and under discussion.This
paper proposes an alternative deterioration theory for corrosion of steel
fibres bridging cracks in SFRC exposed to chlorides and carbonation,
focusing on the damage and healing at the fibre-matrix interface.
Further research in this field is required, in particular focusing on the
damage and healing mechanisms at the fibre-matrix interface during
partial fibre pull-out.

2.12 Samarul Huda, Anwar Ahmad, Syed Aqeel ahmad, Zishan Raza
khan,(2017)
Title: An Experimental Study of Fly Ash Concrete with Steel Fiber
Hooked Ends to obtain Strength of M30 Grade
Result:

 Based on the compressive strength and tensile strength it can be

concluded that the optimum percentage of steel fiber to be added in
the concrete mix is 1% by volume fraction.
Replacement of cement by fly ash (10%) and addition of 1% steel fibers
result in higher compressive strength further addition of more than 1%
steel fibers will bring down the compressive strength. Addition of 1%
steel fibers result in higher tensile strength and use of more than 1%
steel fibers will bring down the compressive strength. Based on the
compressive strength and tensile strength it can be concluded that the
optimum percentage of steel fiber to be added in the concrete mix is 1%
by volume fraction.
 Chapter 3
3.1 Material and methods
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

 CEMENT
 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
 FINE AGGREGATE
 COARSE AGGREGATE
 WATER
 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

3.1.1 CEMENT
Cement is binding material which having good role in concrete, its
having a peculiar propertyof strong adhesive premises. It can bind all
other mixtures of concrete through a series of chemical reaction termed
hydration reaction with the help of water and does it hardens. Cement is
a bluish grey colored fined powder, which is manufactured by smashing,
milling and proportioning of CaO (calcium oxide,67-61),SiO (silica,23-
19) AIO(aluminium,6-2.5) in a kilnat 2600F . Portland cement is also
named as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is a categorizedinto three
grades ie.,OPC 33grades, 43grades, 53grades on account of their 28 days
compressivestrength. In this thesis, OPC 53grade of cement is used for
mix design .
3.1.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade can be defined as the bonding
material having cohesiveadhesive properties which makes it capable to
unite the different construction materials andform the compacted
assembly. Ordinary/Normal Portland Cement is one of the most widely
used type of Portland Cement.

Fig 1.1: CEMENT

3.1.3 FINE AGGREGATE

The size of fine aggregate is below 4.75
mm, this may obtained from rivers,
lakes but when usedin concrete mix. It
should properly washed and tested to a
certain total percentage of clay,silt
and other organic matter does not exceed this specified limit. The
composition, shape, andsize of the aggregate of all have signified impact
on the workability , durability, strength weightand shrinkage of the
concrete.
 Fig 1.2: FINE AGGREGATE

3.2.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate sizes are larger than 4.75 mm, a maximum shape upto
20 mm is used forcoarse aggregate in most structural applications .
While for mass concreting purposes such asdams size upto 150 mm may
be used. Size of coarse aggregates depends upon the nature of thework.
The aggregates are free from dust before used in the dust. The coarse
aggregate used inthe experimental investigation is 20 mm sized crushed
angular in shape.It includes gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled
concrete and geosynthetic aggregates .
The following properties are strength, hardness, toughness, durability,
shape of aggregate andadhesion with bitumen. The Aggregates which
will get retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieveand will pass through a 3-
inch sieve are known as Coarse aggregate. The aggregates used in
theproduction of concrete are inert granular materials such as gravel,
crushed stone, sand, slag,and recycled concrete. The aggregates might be
natural, manufactured, or recycled. Usually,the aggregates are obtained
by crushing the naturally occurring rocks.

Fig 3.3: COARSE AGGREGATE

3.2.5 WATER
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odourless, and nearly colourless
substance, which is the mainconstituent of Earth stream, lakes, and
oceans and the fluids of most living organisms. Itschemical formula is
H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and
twohydrogen atoms, connected covalent bonds.

3.2.6 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is a composite material whose
components include thetraditional constituents of Portland cement
concrete and a dispersion of randomly orientedshort discrete steel fibers.
The development of steel fiber reinforced concrete began in the
early1960s. since then, the use of SFRC has gathered great interest, with
research demonstrating thepotential benefits that may lie in the use of
the material in both structural and non-structuralapplications.The most
common applications are pavements, tunnel linings, pavements and
slabs,shotcrete and now shotcrete also containing silica fume, airport
pavements, bridge deck slabrepairs, and so on. There has also been some
recent experimental work on roller-compactedconcrete (RCC) reinforced
with steel fibres.

Fig 3.4: Steel fibre

3.1 TESTS ON CEMENT

3.1.1 STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

The principle of standard consistency of cement is that the consistency at
which the Vi-catsplunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom
of Vi-cats mould. Apparatus used Vi-catsapparatus using 10mm
diameter plunger fitted into the needle-holder, vi-cats mould,
Gauging,Trowel Measuring jar, balance, glass plates, stop Watch,
mixing tray, and sample of cement.

Procedure:

 Take 400gms of cement and prepare a paste of weighed quantity of

water taking care thattime of mixing (gauging)is between 3 to 5
minutes and shall be completed before anysigns become visible. The
time of gauging shall be counted from the time of adding waterto the
dry cement until the commencement of filling mould.

 Fill the Vi-cats mould with the paste of the mould resting on a non-
porous plate andthen smooth off the surface of the paste making it
level with a top of the mould.
 Plan the test block in the mould together with the non – porous place
under the rodbearing the plunger lower the plunger gently to touch
the surface of the test block andquickly release allowing it to sink in
to the paste. The operation shall be carried outimmediately after
filling the mould and at room temperature. Prepare the trail paste
withvarying percentages of water and test ad described above and
measure the penetration ofthe needle. This test is be carried cut the
until specified penetrations is obtained.
 Repeat the till a paste which allows the plunger to settle to a point
with in 5mm to 7mm from bottom of Vicatsmould is got
S.no Percentage of Quantity Vi-cats
water of water plunger
added(ml) penetration
(mm)
1
2
3
4

Standard consistency of cement = 32%

3.1.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Specific Gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of a
given volume of material and weight of an equal volume of water. To
determine the specific gravity of cement, kerosene, which does not
recent with cement is used. Apparatus used are specific gravity bottle,
balance,weight box, cement, kerosene.
Procedure:

 weight the sample of cement using weighing balance.

 Fill the kerosene in lechatelier flask and record the level of reading.
 Place a cement sample in lechatelier flask and record the level of
reading.
 And finally find out the displaced volume in lechatelier flask
 calculate the Density and specific gravity of cement.
Calculations:
Sample weight of cement = 64 grams
Displaced volume in lechatelier flask = 21 cm
Density of cement = Mass of cement/ Displaced volume = 64/21
= 3.04 g/cm3
Specific Gravity of cement sample = Density of cement/Density of water
= 3.04/1.0 = 3.04

Specific Gravity of cement is 3.04

3.1.3 FINENESS OF CEMENT

The fineness of cement is a measure of cement particles and is denoted
as terms of the specificsurface area of the cement. The fineness test of
cement of test is done by sieving cement samplethrough standard IS
sieve. The weight of the cement particles whose size is greater than
90microns is determined and the percentage of retained cement particle
are calculated. This isknown as the fineness of cement.
Apparatus Required:

 90 micron is sieve
 cement sample Opc 43 grade
 Tray
 weighing balance(0.1 accuracy)

Procedure:

 Weigh Accurately 100 g of cement and place it on a standard 90

microns is sieve.
 Break Down any air-set lumps in the cement sample with fingers.
 Continuously sieve the sample giving circular and vertical motion for
a period of 15minutes.
 As per IS code residue of cement sample left on the sieve should not
exceed 10%.
Result:
Fineness of cement sample is 4%.
Fineness of cement calculation
S.no Weight of Weight of Fineness of
cement sample Residue (w2 g) cement(w2/w1)x100
1. 100 4 4%

Conclusion:
As per IS code residue of cement sample should not exceed 10%.Hence
it should be useful forconstruction work.
3.2 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

3.2.1 FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

Sieve Analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the
fine Aggregate. This isdone by sieving the aggregate as per id 2386(part
1)-1963.In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code
and then pass through them and thus collect different sized particlesleft
over different sieves.
Apparatus:10mm,4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,
600micron,300micron,150microns.
Procedure:
 Take 500gms sample of fine Aggregate.
 Take set of sieves.
 Grading pattern of a sample fine aggregate is passed by sieving a
sample successively throughout all the sieves mounted one over the
other in order of size, with larger sieve onthe top.
 The material retained on each sieve after shaking, sieve can be done
either manually ormechanically.
 Operation should be continued such time that no particle is passing
through out. For accessing the gradation by sieve analysis in the
quantity of materials to be taken on thesieve is given in the table.
 From the sieve analysis the particle size distribution in a sample
aggregate in found out.

 All the retained material should weighed individually. By grading the

cumulative percentage of aggregate retained on the each of the
standard sieve and dividing sum by anarbitrary number 100 like this
fineness modulus is calculated.
Sieve Weight Cumulative %of % Zone II
size in Retained weight cumulative cumulativ
mm in gm retained weight e
gm Retainedin passing
gm
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600μ
300μ
150μ
pan

Fineness modulus of Given sand is = 270/100

The Fineness Modulus of Sand is = 2.70
3.2.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
Apparatus:

 Weighing Machine
 Pycnometer Bottle
 Fine Aggregate
Procedure:
Weigh the empty Pycnometer = W1gms
Take 2/3 of Fine aggregate in Pycnometer and weigh it = W2gms
Weigh of Pycnometer+ 2/3 of Fine aggregate + Water = W3gms
Pour water into the Pycnometer and weight it =W4gms

Calculations:

Weight of Pycnometer (w1) = 0.542 kg

Weight of Pycnometer with sand (w2) = 0.958 kg
Weight of Pycnometer with sand + water (w3) = 1.692 kg
Weight of Pyrometer with water (w4) = 1.434 kg
W2 − W1
SpecificGravity = --------------------------
W2 − W1 − (W3 − W4)

= 0.958-0.542/[(0.958- 0.542)-(1.692-1.434) = 2.60

Specific Gravity of given Sand is 2.60

3.3 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE

3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Apparatus:

 Weighing Machine
 Pycnometer Bottle
 coarse Aggregate
Procedure:

Weigh the empty Pycnometer = W1 gms

Take 2/3 of coarse aggregate in Pycnometer and weigh it = W2gms
Weigh of Pycnometer+ 2/3 of coarse aggregate + Water = W3gms
Pour water into the Pycnometer and weight it =W4gms
Calculations:

Weight of Pycnometer (W1) = 0.456 kg

Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate (W2) =1.040 kg
Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate +water (W3) = 1.718kg
Weight of Pycnometer with water (W4) = 1.344 kg

W2 − W1
Specific Gravity = ------------------------------
(3.2)
W2 − W1 − (W3 − W4)

=1.04-0.45/[(1.04- 0.45)-(1.718-1.344)] =2.78

The Specific Gravity of Coarse is 2.78
3.4 MIX DESIGN FOR M30
M30 grade of concrete was used in this work as per guidelines of Is
10262:2019 (NORMALCUBES).
TARGET STRENGTH:
Fck = fck + 1.65s
= 30+1.65*5.0
= 38.25 N/mm2
WATER CEMENT RATIO (W/C):
W/C = 0.42 [IS : 2000 , Table-5]
WATER CONTENT :
WATER CONTENT = 186kg[for 20 mm size of CA]
for 100 mm slump , [table-2]
water content = 186+(6/100x18.6)
= 197.60 liters.
For Super Plasticizer reduce 20%
=197 – (20/100 * 197)
=157.60 litres.
CEMENT CONTENT :
W/C = 0.42
cement content (c) = W/0.42
157.60/0.42
375kg/m3> 320kg/m3
VOLUME OF CA AND FA :
As per IS 10262:2019 , table-3 for zone-2 of 20 mm CA
Volume of CA = 0.63-(10% of 0.63)
= 0.549
Volume of FA = 1-0.549 = 0.451 m3
MIX CALCULATIONS :
Volume of concrete = 1 m3
Volume of cement = (mass of cement/sp.gravity of cement)x 1/1000
= (375/3.16)x 1/1000
= 0.118 m3
Volume of water = (mass of water/sp.gravity of water)x 1/1000
= (157.60/1.0) x 1/1000
= 0.158 m3
Volume of admixture
=mass – 1.1% of cement
=(1.1/100)*375/1.12 *1000
=0.00386m3
Volume of Fine and Coarse = [volume of concrete-(volume of cement+
volume of water)]
= [1.0 – (0.118+0.158)] = 0.276 m3
Mass of coarse aggregate = Total volume of aggregate x Volume of CA
x sp gravity x 1000
= 0.72X 0.549 X 2.73 X 1000 = 1079 kg/m3
Mass of Fine Aggregate = 0.72X 0.451X 2.46 X 1000 = 798.80 kg/m3
Final Mass Of Ingredients
Cement content = 375kg/m3
water content = 157.6kg/m3
Fine aggregate content = 798.80 kg/m3
coarse aggregate content = 1079 kg/m3
Volume of one cube = (0.15 X 0.15 X 0.15 ) X 1 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of 6 cubes = 0.003375 X 6.0 = 0.02025 m3
Volume of one beam = (0.50 X 0.10 X 0.13) X 1 = 0.0065 m3
Volume of 2 beam = 0.013 m3
Weight of cement = 375 X 0.02025 = 7.593 kg
Weight of water = 157.6 X 0.02025 = 3.19litre
Weight of fine aggregate = 798.8 X 0.02025 = 16.17 kg
Weight of coarse aggregate= 1079 X 0.02025 = 21.84 kg

Chapter 4
DESIGN FOR M30 (Mix Proportions for Steel
fiber reinforced concrete)
Table 4.1: Mix Proportion of Steel fiber reinforcement
S.no Content Total weight of 6
Cubes & 2 beams
1 Cement
2 Water
3 Fine aggregates
4 Coarse aggregates
5 Steel fibers

4.1 PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING OF CONCRETE beam &

CUBES
1) SAMPLING MATERIALS :- Samples of aggregates for each batch
of concrete shall be ofthe desired grading and shall be in an air-dried
condition. The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory, shall be
thoroughly mixed dry either by hand or in a suitable mixer in such a
manner as to ensure the greatest possible blending and uniformity in the
material.
2) PROPORTIONING :- The proportions of the material, including
water, in concrete mixes used for determining the suitability of the
materials available, shall be similar in all respects to those to be
employed in the work.
3) WEIGHING :- The quantities of cement, each size of aggregate, and
water for each batch.shall be determined by weight, to any accuracy of
0.1 percent of the total weight of the batch.
4) MIXING CONCRETE :- The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or
preferably, in a laboratory batch mixer, in such a manner as to avoid loss
of water or other materials. Each batchof concrete shall be of such a size
as to leave about 10 percent excess after moulding the desirednumber of
test specimens.
5) MOULD :- Test specimens cubical in shape shall be 15 x 15 x 15 cm.
If the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 2 cm, 10 cm
cubes may be used as an alternative.
Cylindrical test specimens shall have a length equal to twice the
diameter.
6) COMPACTING :- The test specimens shall be made as soon as
practicable after mixing, and in such a way as to produce full
compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive
laitance.
7) CURING :- The test specimens shall be stored in a place, free from
vibration, in moistair of at least 90 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27c for 24 hours from thetime of addition of water to the
dry ingredients.
8) PLACING THE SPECIMEN IN THE TESTING MACHINE :- The
bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any
loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen
which are to be in contact with the compressive platens.
In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the machine in such
a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite sides of the cubes as
cast, that is not to the top and bottom.

The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a

rate of approximately 140 kg/sq cm/min until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaksdown and no greater load can be
sustained.
The maximum load applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and
the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of
failure shall be noted.