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Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628

14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport

14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport
Engineering design of lifting device weighing up to 3.5 tons
Engineering design of lifting device weighing up to 3.5 tons
Matúš Čuchoraa*, Ľuboš Kučeraaa, Marián Dzimkoaa
Matúš Čuchor *, Ľuboš Kučera , Marián Dzimko
a
Univerzity of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, Žilina 010 26, Slovakia
a
Univerzity of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, Žilina 010 26, Slovakia

Abstract
Abstract
The paper deals with the engineering design of lifting device weighing up to 3.5 tons. The first part is devoted to market research
The the
and paper
usedeals with the
of lifting engineering
equipment. design
Variant of lifting
with device
a scissor weighingand
construction up to 3.5 tons. The
a hydraulic drivefirst part is devoted
is chosen. to market
The design itself research
follows.
and
The the use ofcomposes
machine lifting equipment.
five mainVariant
parts: with a scissor
the lower construction
frame, the scissorandstructure,
a hydraulic
the drive
ramp,isthe chosen. The design
mechanical lock itself
and thefollows.
drive
The machineThe
mechanism. composes
individualfive main parts:
chapters the lower
are devoted frame,and
to design theanalysis
scissorofstructure, the ramp, the mechanical lock and the drive
these components.
mechanism.
© 2021 The The individual
Authors. chapters
Published are devotedB.V.
by ELSEVIER to design and analysis of these components.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
© 2021
This is The
an Authors.
open access Published
article by ELSEVIER
under the CC B.V.
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an
Peer-reviewopen access
under article under
responsibility of the CC BY-NC-ND
scientific license
committee of the
theTRANSCOM
TRANSCOM2021: 2021:14th
14thInternational
Internationalscientific
scientificconference
conference
Peer-review
on
on under
sustainable,
sustainable, responsibility
modern
modern and
and safe of the scientific committee of the TRANSCOM 2021: 14th International scientific conference
safe transport
transport
on sustainable,
Keywords: modern
engineering and safe
design; transport
scissor cocnstruction; hydraulic drive
Keywords: engineering design; scissor cocnstruction; hydraulic drive

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The automotive industry is a key sector of the Slovak economy. The current but also future trend is the production
Theincreasing
of an automotive industry
number of iscars
a key
thatsector
need of the Slovak economy.
maintenance. Whether itThe is acurrent butchange
regular also future trend
of tires andis engine
the production
oil or a
of an increasing number of cars that need maintenance. Whether it is a regular change of tires and
repair of worn parts. There are many authorized and private car repair shops in Slovakia that provide these services. engine oil or a
repair of worn parts. There are many authorized and private car repair shops in Slovakia that
The main equipment of every car workshop is a lifting device. The market offers a wide range of quality and low- provide these services.
The main
quality equipment of every car workshop is a lifting device. The market offers a wide range of quality and low-
equipment.
quality equipment.
During the development of lifting equipment, several basic types of equipment were differentiated. They differ in
During thetype
construction, development of lifting used.
of drive, materials equipment, several
The device basic
that types
is the of equipment
content were
of this paper differentiated.
consists TheyThe
of five units. differ in
base
construction, type of drive, materials used. The device that is the content of this paper consists of five
is formed by the lower frame, to which the scissor structure is connected by means of pins. It is connected to a ramp. units. The base
is formed
The entireby the lower
device is setframe,
in motionto which
by a the scissor drive
hydraulic structure
unitisand
connected
the safetyby of
means of pins.
operation is It is connected
ensured to a ramp.
by a mechanical
The entire device is set in motion by a hydraulic drive unit
lock. This is the standard layout that can be found on today's market. and the safety of operation is ensured by a mechanical
lock. This is the standard layout that can be found on today's market.

* Corresponding author.
* Corresponding matus.cuchor@fstroj.uniza.sk
E-mail address:author.
E-mail address: matus.cuchor@fstroj.uniza.sk
2352-1465 © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
2352-1465
This © 2021
is an open Thearticle
access Authors. Published
under by ELSEVIER
the CC BY-NC-ND B.V.(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
license
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the scientific
article under CC BY-NC-NDcommittee of the
license TRANSCOM 2021: 14th International scientific conference on sustainable,
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
modern and safe
Peer-review undertransport
responsibility of the scientific committee of the TRANSCOM 2021: 14th International scientific conference on sustainable,
modern and safe transport
2352-1465 © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the TRANSCOM 2021: 14th International scientific conference on
sustainable, modern and safe transport
10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.095
622 Matúš Čuchor et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628
2 Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000

The thesis deals with the design of a lifting device for lifting cars up to 3.5 tons, which is intended primarily for
tire service. The lifting device must meet several requirements. The first is the ability to lift a vehicle weighing a
maximum of 3.5 tons. In this category of vehicles, there are smaller city cars, but also limousines that have different
wheelbase dimensions, ground clearance and vehicle width. These parameters affect the overall shape of the device.
Another criterion in the design is the minimum stroke of the device 600 mm, for comfortable work of the technician.
Last but not least, the safety of the device is a priority. The equipment must be designed to meet these requirements.

2. Lifting device in practice

Lifting devices are used to lift loads in the vertical direction to a height of several centimeters to meters. There
are different types of lifting equipment. Each of them can be used for a different application. Safety in their use is
paramount, so there are standards that address this safety. Standard STN 27 0143 contains safety principles,
maintenance, and operation of lifting equipment.
According to the method of force transmission, they are divided into:
• mechanical,
• pneumatic,
• hydraulic,
• combined.

3. Design of lifting device dimensions

The design must be based on the dimensions of the lifted load, which is a car weighing up to 3.5 tons. In this
category of cars, there are small hatchback vehicles, but also vehicles with an SUV or limousine body. The decisive
parameters when designing the dimensions of the lifting device are the wheelbase, the ground clearance and width
of vehicle. These parameters belong to the standardized data on the vehicle, which are determined by the standard
STN 30 0026. When designing the height of the lifting device, the lowest clear height of cars, which starts at 130
mm, is limiting. The wheelbase is between 2500 mm for small vehicles and 3000 mm for limousines. The last
parameter influencing the shape of the device is width, which normally ranges around 1500 mm.
Figure 1 shows a hatchback car with a wheelbase of 2500 mm and a ground clearance of 140 mm on a lifting
device at the bottom dead center.

Figure 1 Car on a lifting device

 Matúš Čuchor et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628 623
Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 3

The dimensions of the lifting device at its bottom and top dead center are described in Figure 2. The top view is
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 Dimension of the lifting device: side view

Dimensions of the lifting device when viewed from the side:

ℎ𝐷𝐷 = 120 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝐻𝐻 = 602 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑧𝑧 = 482 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 1980 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙 = 1380 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙1 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Figure 3 Dimensions of the lifting device: top view

Dimensions of the lifting device when viewed from above:

𝐵𝐵 = 1730 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏 = 830 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏1 = 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

4. Forces acting on the structure

The calculation of the forces, stresses and reactions of the construction plays an important role in the design of
the device. The stability, safety and faultless operation of the whole mechanism depend on the results of the
calculation. The lifting device is a dynamic machine, where the individual components are given speed and
624 Matúš Čuchor et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628
4 Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000

acceleration. However, there are only three positions of the device that need to be verified for load. It is the bottom
dead center, the top dead center, and the position at which the piston must exert the greatest force in order to set the
device in motion. The following chapters show the calculation of the force required to move the device.

4.1. Forces acting on the structure at arm tilt BD, α=13˚

Figure 4 Position of the device when the arms are tilted 13˚

𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑅 = 1370 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑅 /2 = 685 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 1266,681 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = 17167,5 𝑁𝑁

Static equilibrium conditions according to figure 4:

𝑙𝑙 (1)
𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑅 𝐹𝐹. 𝑅𝑅
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0 → − 𝐹𝐹. + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 . 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0 → 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = 2 → 𝐵𝐵 = 0,512 . 𝐹𝐹 = 8789,760 𝑁𝑁
𝑦𝑦
2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0 → − 𝐹𝐹 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = 0 → −𝐹𝐹 + 0,512𝐹𝐹 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 = 0 → 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 = 0,512 . 𝐹𝐹 (2)

= 8789,760 𝑁𝑁

𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 = −𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦 (3)

𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = −𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦 (4)

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Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 5

4.2. Conditions of static balance of the BD arm

Based on the symmetry of the device, the uniform distribution of the forces acting on the structure and the
identity of the arms AC and BD, it is sufficient to perform the calculation for only one of these arms. For this
purpose, the arm BD is selected, the static release of the forces of which is shown in Figure 5, the forces acting
being shown in red and the reactions in green.

Figure 5 Forces on the BD arm

Static equilibrium conditions:

∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0 → 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 → 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 → 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (5)

∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0 → −𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 – 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = 0 → 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 – 𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦 → (6)

→ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 + 0,512𝐹𝐹 − 0,488𝐹𝐹 → 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑃𝑃. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 0,024𝐹𝐹

Rotation around point B:

𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 (7)
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0 → 𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦 (𝑙𝑙. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) − 𝑃𝑃. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 [( + 𝑎𝑎) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐] + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ( 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
2 2
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙
− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 [( + 𝑎𝑎) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠] + 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = 0
2 2

By calculating the system of equations, we achieve equation 8, which can be used to determine the required
force of the piston in any position:

𝐹𝐹 (8)
(𝑙𝑙. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑃𝑃 = 2
𝑎𝑎. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)

Based on the derived formula for calculating the force of the piston AE and the known angles of the arm BD and
the piston AE from the geometry, a clear Table 1 was compiled, where the forces of the piston AE at individual
inclinations of the arm BD are described. This development of piston force is graphically shown in Figure 6.
626 Matúš Čuchor et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628
6 Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000

Table 1 Piston forces at individual tilts of the BD arm

Angle α of the BD arm >˚@ Angle β of the piston AE >˚@ Piston force >N@

3 7,9 0

5 13 0

7 18 22398,602

9 22,7 35807,995

11 27,2 45419,092

13 31,4 53085,423

15 35,3 47841,020

17 38,9 43389,614

19 42,3 41075,039

21 45,4 38816,194

23 48,3 37031,032

24 49,6 36276,123

Figure 6 Development of piston force

The final solution and design of the lifting device is shown in the Figure 7. The design of the individual
components of the device was based on the calculated forces acting on the structure. The device consists of five
basic components, which are interconnected by pins. The lower part is formed by a lower frame to which the scissor
structure is attached. the upper part of the device is formed by a ramp, which serves to support the lifted vehicle. The
pistons set the whole device in motion. The safety of the device is ensured by a mechanical lock, which
mechanically closes the scissor system and prevents the scissor system from moving downwards.
 Matúš Čuchor et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 621–628 627
Matus Cuchor, Lubos Kucera, Marian Dzimko / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 7

Figure 7 Description of the lifting device

5. Conclusion

The result of the paper is the design of a lifting device weighing up to 3.5 tons, determined primarily for tire
service. Before the design, it is necessary to do a market research to find out what options and variants the market
offers. The survey shows that there are many devices that differ in the type of construction or the type of power
generation. Based on consultation with the trainer and personal judgment, a variant with a scissor construction is
chosen. The hydraulic type of drive is chosen because it outperforms competing drives.
Before the actual design, it is necessary to find out the basic dimensions of the lifted car, such as wheelbase,
ground clearance and width of the vehicle. These parameters are determined by the standard STN 30 0026 and affect
the dimensions of the lifting device. The wheelbase of the vehicle determines the length of the ramp. Thanks to the
adjustable approach platforms, it is variable and will thus suit vehicles with both short and long wheelbases. Another
important issue in the design is the height of the device itself. Comfortable handling of the lifted car must be ensured
for the operator, which makes the 600 mm stroke fully possible.
Device safety is a priority. The hydraulic piston system is reliable but equipping the device with a mechanical
lock is still necessary. The lock is designed to ensure the safe operation of the device. Manual operation of the
mechanical lock is simple and convenient.

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