NAME KAMAL LOCHAN

ROLL NO. 2214101146

COURSE NAME RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
COURSE CODE DMBA301
PROGRAM MBA
SEMESTER III

SET – 1

Answer-1
Meaning of Research - 'Re' and 'search' make up the two syllables that make up the word research. Re is a
prefix that means once more and again. It is a never-ending process. To search is to attentively investigate
anything. Together, they make the word "Research," which refers to an in-depth study and research in the
fields of science, the arts, humanities, etc. that is done with care, method, and patience.
A topic or an issue is typically the starting point for research. Through the use of systematic and scientific
approaches, it is carried out to find solutions. Thus, we might define research as a methodical quest for a
problem's answer.

• Basic Research: Research that is considered basic or fundamental focuses on advancing knowledge
and comprehension in a particular discipline. It seeks to unearth fundamental theories and concepts
and is motivated by curiosity. Although it doesn't have any immediate applications in practise, basic
research frequently paves the way for applied research.
• Applied Research: Applied research seeks to address relevant issues and identify solutions that may
be used in practical settings. To address particular problems, enhance procedures, or create new
technologies, it makes use of existing knowledge and approaches. The separation between theory and
practise is filled by applied research.
• Quantitative Research: The gathering and analysis of numerical data is a component of quantitative
research. It adopts a defined methodology and draws results using statistical techniques. In
quantitative research, procedures including surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of past data
are frequently used. It looks for statistical significance, correlations, and trends.
• Qualitative Research: Understanding subjective experiences, attitudes, and behaviours is the
emphasis of qualitative research. Through techniques including interviews, observations, case
studies, and textual analysis, it examines deep insights and meanings. Accurately capturing the
complexity and context of human experiences is the goal of qualitative research.
• Mixed Methods Research: To fully comprehend a study problem, mixed methods research
integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It entails gathering, examining, and
integrating data that is both numerical and non-numerical in order to create a better understanding.
• Action Research: Action research emphasises teamwork between academics and industry
professionals to address pressing issues. Cycles of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting are
repeated. The objective is to enhance practises, policies, or systems and bring about real change.
• Experimental Research: To establish cause-and-effect linkages, variables are manipulated and their
effects are observed. It frequently occurs in controlled settings and uses randomization to divide
individuals into experimental and control groups. Researchers can test theories through experimental
research and deduce causal relationships.
• Exploratory Research: Exploratory research is done to familiarise oneself with a topic that is
unknown or has not yet been studied in depth. It aids in the formulation of research questions, the
 identification of crucial variables, and the development of hypotheses for more study. Frequently
used qualitative techniques include interviews, focus groups, and literature reviews.
• Historical Research: To comprehend the significance and effects of past events, people, or social
changes, historical study studies these past occurrences. In order to accurately recreate and interpret
historical events, it entails analysing primary and secondary sources, archival data, and historical
records.

Answer-2
Primary data collection can be done in a variety of ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. Here,
we'll go through a few popular techniques:

• Surveys: One of the most common ways to get primary data is through surveys. They entail the use
of standardised questionnaires that can be sent via a variety of means, including face-to-face,
telephone, postal, or internet platforms. Surveys can reach a large sample size, provide quantitative
data, and are appropriate for generalising results. They do rely on self-reporting, though, which could
lead to response bias.
• Interviews: Through direct conversation between the researcher and the subject, interviews enable
in-depth topic exploration. There are three different types of interviews: structured (pre-determined
questions), semi-structured (pre-determined and open-ended questions combined), and unstructured
(open-ended questions). They offer qualitative information and make it possible to clarify and go
further. Interviews take time, call for experienced interviewers, and can be affected by interviewer
prejudice.
• Observations: Observational approaches entail routinely observing and documenting actions,
occurrences, or phenomena. This strategy can be either non-participant observation (researcher stays
apart) or participant observation (researcher actively participates). Observations can catch details that
are difficult to gather through other approaches and offer rich, real-time data. However, they may be
subjective, time-consuming, and natural behaviour may change if an observer is present.
• Experiments: To investigate cause-and-effect linkages, experiments entail changing variables under
supervised conditions. They might be carried out in the field or in a laboratory. High internal validity
provided by experiments enables the drawing of causality inferences. However, if the conditions
don't mimic real-world scenarios, they could be expensive, time-consuming, and lack external
validity.
• Focus Groups: Focus groups include gathering a small number of people to talk about particular
subjects under the direction of a moderator. This approach promotes group discussion and can bring
to light various viewpoints and beliefs. Focus groups offer qualitative information but might be
swayed by power players or groupthink. In order to ensure fruitful debates, they also require expert
moderating.
• Case Studies: A case study is a detailed analysis of a single thing, person, or circumstance. To
provide a comprehensive picture, they draw on a variety of data sources, including records,
observations, and interviews. Case studies provide in-depth and context-specific insights, but their
narrow scope prevents them from being generalised.
• Document Analysis: Document analysis entails the evaluation and interpretation of already-existing
materials, including books, letters, records, and reports. It can be an economical method and offers
secondary or historical data. However, the accessibility and dependability of papers might vary, and
the original document itself might be biassed.

Each main data collection technique has advantages and disadvantages of its own. To ensure the validity
and reliability of the data gathered, researchers must carefully assess the research objectives, resources,
target population, and ethical factors before choosing the best method or set of procedures.

Answer-3
Here are various types of questions used in questionnaires and their importance:

• Open-ended questions: Open-ended inquiries let respondents give free-text answers in which they
can convey their ideas, judgements, or personal experiences. These inquiries offer in-depth
qualitative information and enlightening perceptions of the responders. Open-ended inquiries are
useful for delving into unfamiliar or complicated subjects, revealing unexpected insights, and
gathering a range of opinions. Open-ended responses can take some time to analyse and summarise,
and if respondents give terse or partial answers, it's possible to miss crucial information.
• Closed-ended questions: Closed-ended questions, like multiple-choice questions or rating scales,
provide respondents a list of predetermined response alternatives to pick from. These inquiries are
helpful for gathering quantitative data since they make statistical analysis and categorization simple.
Closed-ended inquiries are practical, lessen ambiguity in responses, and make it easier to compare
responses from different respondents. They might, however, restrict the possible solutions and leave
out complex data.
• Dichotomous questions: In a "yes" or "no" structure, dichotomous questions offer two mutually
exclusive response alternatives. These inquiries are helpful for obtaining clear and uncomplicated
data, allowing for easy analysis and comparison of results. When a binary choice must be made,
dichotomous questions are especially well suited for screening or filtering purposes. However, they
could oversimplify difficult problems and restrict the possible solutions.
• Likert scale questions: ask respondents to rate their level of agreement, satisfaction, or frequency
with a specific statement on a scale that normally ranges from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree"
or "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied." Likert scale questions give researchers the ability to
quantitatively measure attitudes, perceptions, or views because they provide ordinal data. They make
it possible to compare replies and spot patterns or trends. Individuals may interpret Likert scale
replies differently, so it is important to carefully create the scale categories to ensure clarity.
• Ranking questions: Respondents must rank a group of items or options in order of preference,
significance, or relevance in ranking questions. These inquiries reveal relative preferences or
priorities among a variety of options. Ranking exercises are helpful for deciphering preferences,
ranking features, or determining the most important elements. However, when comparing replies
across numerous items, they can be hard to analyse and may take a long time for respondents to
complete.
• Demographic questions: Demographic questions gather data on the characteristics of the
respondents, such as age, gender, level of education, income, or occupation. These inquiries are
crucial for classifying and defining the sample, enabling subgroup analysis, and figuring out how
various factors could affect responses. Demographic information is crucial for setting the scene and
ensuring the sample is representative. To prevent sensitive or discriminating questions, the
demographic groups used should, however, be pertinent to the research's goals.

SET – 2
Answer-4
Editing: In order to assure correctness, consistency, and quality, editing data involves evaluating, altering,
and upgrading data. It entails checking the data for mistakes, inconsistencies, or missing information, then
making the necessary corrections to increase its accuracy and value. There are various sorts of data editing,
each with a particular function in maintaining the accuracy and dependability of the data. After all the
Required data is collected, an editor edits it to ensure the data is as follows:
• Accurate as possible
• Consistent with other evidence
• Uniformly recorded or entered,
• Is complete as required
There are various forms of editing. Which are:

• Editing for quality: In this kind of editing, the editor looks for any prejudices, misconceptions, or
preconceived notions. The editor makes sure that the material is accurate and that there hasn't been
any deliberate data manipulation.
• Editing for Tabulation: The editor will occasionally make appropriate changes to the acquired data,
even removing some of it to make tabulation easier. An exceptionally high or low value data item,
for instance, might be ignored or grouped with the appropriate class interval.
• Field Editing: The interviewer does field editing. Some terms on the responders' schedules may be
misspelt or truncated. The enumerator corrects these. This is carried out right away following a
recording or interview. keep in mind that field editing should not be used to correct errors or
omissions.
• Centralized In-House Editing: After obtaining all the schedules, questionnaires, or forms from an
interviewer or the respondents themselves, a researcher does centralised in-house editing. Some
blatant mistakes are fixed. The editor may add data or information to make up for disregarded
information by looking over the responses of other respondents. If efforts to obtain the correct
response are unsuccessful, a clearly incorrect answer is eliminated and "no answer" is inserted.
• Data Cleaning - Also referred to as data cleansing, data cleaning focuses on finding and fixing
mistakes or discrepancies in the dataset. Duplicate entries must be eliminated, spelling and
formatting problems must be fixed, data formats must be standardised, and missing values must be
handled. Maintaining data accuracy and integrity requires regular data cleansing.
• Data Validation: Verifying the accuracy and completeness of the data is known as data validation. It
makes sure the data complies with predetermined standards or guidelines. Cross-referencing data
with outside sources, performing validation checks against preset rules or constraints, and locating
any anomalies or discrepancies are typical aspects of this type of editing.

It's important to keep in mind that the editing process for data can be iterative and that high-quality data may
take several rounds of editing. The data is validated, cleaned, transformed, and enhanced by skilled data
editors using a variety of methodologies and technologies, enabling trustworthy and insightful analysis and
decision-making. For businesses in a variety of sectors, efficient data editing is crucial because it results in
more precise insights, better decisions, and better business outcomes.

Answer-5
Structure of research report: A research report typically has the following sections: an introduction,
literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion. The study goals are stated in the
introduction, which also includes background information. Current research that is relevant is covered in the
literature review. The methodology explains the data gathering procedures and study strategy. The findings
of the investigation are shown in the results. The results are interpreted, and the discussion contrasts them
with earlier studies. The main findings and their consequences are summed up in the conclusion.

Research report has three parts in which 1st is Preliminary pages (it includes title and cover page, a
foreword, preface, acknowledgement, table of contents, list of tables, list of figures, list of appendices, list of
abbreviations and executive summary). 2nd part is main components of research report (it includes
introduction, literature review, methodology, research findings and discussion) and the 3rd one is the end
matter: conclusion and recommendations (it includes references, annexure).

Various components of research report:

• Title: The title effectively summarises the study's main points and grabs readers' attention.
• Abstract: An overview of the study topic, methods, key findings, and implications is given in a
succinct summary known as an abstract. It enables readers to rapidly understand the main ideas of
the study.
 • Introduction: the research topic or aims are stated, along with the history and context of the study,
and its relevance is discussed. A precise thesis statement or research topic should be included as
well.
• Literature Review: Offers a thorough analysis and synthesis of pertinent recent findings,
hypotheses, and academic publications. It builds the theoretical foundation and shows the depth of
the researcher's knowledge in the field. The study's purpose and the research need are also
identified.
• Methodology: Research design, sample procedures, data collecting strategies, and any equipment or
measurements utilised are all described in the methodology section. It describes the procedures used
in gathering and analysing data and justifies the selection of particular approaches.
• Results: Clearly and concisely presents the study's conclusions. To properly convey the data, it
could also incorporate tables, graphs, charts, or statistical analysis. The findings should be presented
in a straightforward manner in the results section without any interpretation or debate.
• Discussion: Examines the ramifications of the findings and how they compare to earlier research. It
evaluates the study topic in light of the data, spots patterns or trends, talks about any restrictions or
unexpected outcomes, and offers ideas or explanations. The study's importance and contributions to
the area should be covered in the discussion section as well.
• Conclusion: Reiterates the research topic or aims, summarises the key findings of the study, and
provides any remaining thoughts. It should also outline the limits of the study and make
recommendations for more research.
• References: Lists every source that was used in the report in detail. The references have to use a
standard citation format, such APA or MLA.
• Appendices: Section that is optional but may include further information like surveys, raw data, in-
depth analysis, or transcripts of interviews.

Answer-6
Here, given that 395 samples were taken.

First, we need to find out the expected values from the given table.

First, females 60 for high school.

To find the expected values for this, the total of a row * a total of a column / n is the formula.

So, for the female high school row total is 201

and column total is 100.

Here, n is the total number of samples, 395.

(201* 100)/395 = 50.886.

Like this, we need to find out the expected values for all the groups.
we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the education level depends on gender at a 5% level of
significance.