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Data Structures A computer network is an interconnected computing device that can exchange data and share 914k+ interested Geeks 47k+ intere
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use your
Here is a cheat sheet of computer networks personal
that is data to:
given below:
Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement,

Network Topologies: perm_identity audience insights and product development
devices Store and/or access information on a device

Name Description
expand_more Learn more
Your personal
A bus topology, alsodata will beaprocessed
called and information
line topology, is afrom yourof
type device
network topology in
(cookies, unique identifiers, and other device data) may be stored by,
Bus
which all network devices
accessed by are
and shared connected
with through
third party vendors, a central
or used RJ-45
specifically by network cable
Topology this site or app.
or coaxial cable.
Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
interest, which you can object to by managing your options below. Look for
a link at the bottom of this page or in our privacy policy where you can
withdraw
A ring topology isconsent.
a type of network topology in which each device is connected
to two other devices on either side using RJ-45 or coaxial cables.
Manage options Consent
Ring
Topology
A star topology is a network topology in which each element of the network is

Star physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub, or switch. In a star
Topology
topology, hubs act as servers, and connecting nodes act as clients.
Mesh In a mesh topology, each node is connected to at least one other node and often
Topology to multiple nodes. Each node can send and receive messages from other nodes.
A tree topology is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are

Tree
interconnected by bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical and each node
Topology
can have any number of child nodes.
A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more different
Hybrid
network topologies. These topologies can include mixed bus topologies, mesh
Topology
topologies, ring topologies, star topologies, and tree topologies.
Skip to content
Types of Network:
Network Description
Type
Personal Network is a network consisting of only a small number of devices

PAN owned by an individual.
A local area network is a network that covers a small area (for example, a
LAN
company’s network).
A wide Area Network is a network that includes many devices and covers a large
WAN
area. Usually collectively owned.
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that

MAN connects a findnumber of LANs to form a larger network so that the computer
resources can be shared.
TCP/IP Model and OSI Model:
TCP/IP OSI Model Protocols
Application DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, NTP,POP3, RTP,

Layer RTSP, SSH, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, TFTP
Application Welcome to geeksforgeeks.org

Presentation
Layer JPEG, MIDI, MPEG,
geeksforgeeks.org PICT,
asks for TIFFconsent to
your
Layer
use your personal data to:
Session LayerPersonalised
NetBIOS,
ads andNFS, PAP,
content, SCP,
ad and SQL,measurement,
content ZIP
perm_identity audience insights and product development
Transport devices Store and/or access information on a device

Transport Layer TCP, UDP
Layer
Your personal data will be processed and information from your device
Internet Layer Network(cookies,
LayeruniqueICMP, IGMP,
identifiers, IPsec,
and other IPv4,
device data)IPv6, IPX,
may be RIP
stored by,
accessed by and shared with third party vendors, or used specifically by
this site or app.
ARP, ATM, CDP, FDDI, Frame Relay, HDLC, MPLS, PPP,
Some
Data Link vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
Layer
STP,
interest, which you canToken
object toRing
by managing your options below. Look for
Link Layer a link at the bottom of this page or in our privacy policy where you can
withdraw consent.
Physical Layer Bluetooth, Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, 802.11 Wi-Fi
Computer Network Protocols:
Network Description Port

Protocol number of
protocol
A family of protocols that specify how devices on the same

Ethernet network segment format and transmit data. 44818, 2222
Wi-Fi or
A family of protocols that deal with wireless transmission. –
WLAN
Splits data into packets (reassembles later). Error checking is

TCP also included, as the acknowledgment is expected to be sent 22
within a specified timeframe.
UDP User Datagram Protocol 4096-65535
Every device has an IP address. Packets are “addressed” to

IP –
ensure they reach the correct user.
HTTP Used to access web pages from a web server. 80
HTTP’S uses encryption to protect data. 443

Skip to content
File Transfer Protocol: Handles file uploads and downloads,
FTP 21
transferring data and programs.
SMTP server has a database of user email addresses. Internet

SMTP Message Access Protocol: Handles incoming mail. 587
Internet Message Access Protocol: Process incoming mail.

IMAP 993
ARP finds a host’s hardware address (also known as MAC (Media

ARP –
Access Control) address) based on its known IP address.
DNS is the host name for the IP address translation service. DNS
is a distributed database implemented on a hierarchy of name
DNS servers. It is an application layer protocol for messaging between 53
clients and servers.
FTPS is known as FTP SSL which refers to File Transfer Protocol

FTPS (FTP) over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which is more secure from 21
FTP. FTPS also called as File Transfer Protocol Secure.
POP3 is a simple protocol that only allows downloading

POP3 messages from your Inbox to your local computer. 110
Session Initiation ProtocolWelcome

was designed by IETF and is described
to geeksforgeeks.org
in RFC 3261. It’s the protocol of application layer that describes
geeksforgeeks.org asks for your consent to
SIP the way to found out Internet telephone calls, video conferences 5060,5061
and other multimedia connections, manage them and terminate
them. Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement,

The SMB protocol was developed by Microsoft for direct file
SMB 139
sharing over local networks.
SNMP is anaccessed
application layer
by and shared protocol
with third that oruses
party vendors, UDP port
used specifically by
this site or app.
SNMP numbers 161/162. SNMP is also used to monitor networks, 161
detect network errors,
interest, whichand sometimes
you can configure
object to by managing yourremote devices.
options below. Look for
withdraw consent.
SSH (Secure Shell) is the permissions used by the SSH protocol.

SSH That is, a cryptographic network protocol used to send encrypted 22
data over a network.
VNC VNC stands for Virtual Network Communication. 5900
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful technique for

building distributed client-server based applications. It is based
on extending traditional calls to local procedures so that the
RPC 1024 to 5000
called procedure does not have to be in the same address space
as the calling procedure.
NFS uses file handles to uniquely identify the file or directory on

which the current operation is being performed. Internet Control
NFS 2049
Message Protocol (ICMP) to provide error control. Used for
reporting errors and administrative queries.
Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an error

ICMP –
control. It is used for reporting errors and management queries.
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a network protocol used by

network management to assign IP addresses to each member of
BOOTP 67
that network in order to join other network devices through a
main server.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an application 68

layer protocol. DHCP is based onSkip
a client-server
to content model, based on
discoveries, offers, requests, and ACKs.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of translating

one or more local IP addresses into one or more global IP
NAT addresses, or vice versa, in order to provide Internet access to 5351
local hosts.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is basically an asymmetric protocol

suite for various connections or links without framing. H. Raw bit
PPP 1994
pipe. PPP also expects other protocols to establish connections,
authenticate users, and carry network layer data as well.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol

RIP that uses hop count as a routing metric to find the best path 520
between source and destination networks.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol

OSPF used to find the best path between a source and destination 89
router using its own shortest path first).
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a

EIGRP dynamic routing protocol used to find the best path and deliver 88
packets between any two Layer 3 devices.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a protocol used to exchange

Internet routing information and is to
Welcome used between ISPs in different
geeksforgeeks.org
BGP 179
ASes. geeksforgeeks.org asks for your consent to
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Personalised ads andiscontent,
used adtoandcreate a loop-free
content measurement,
STP network by monitoring the network, tracking all connections, and 0 to 255
devicestheStore
shutting down leastand/or
redundant connections.
access information on a device
RARP, stand
Yourfor Reverse
personal data willAddress
be processedResolution
and informationProtocol, is a
from your device
(cookies, unique identifiers,
computer network-based protocol and other
useddevice
by data) maycomputers
client be stored by, to
RARP –
request IP this
addresses
site or app. from a gateway server’s Address
Resolution Protocol table
Some vendors mayor cache.
process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
withdraw consent.
The D-channel LAPD or Link Access Protocol is basically the
LAPD Layer 2 protocol normally required for the ISDN D-channel. It is –
derived from the LAPB (Link Access Protocol Balanced) protocol.
IP Security (IPSec) is a standard suite of Internet Engineering

Task Force (IETF) protocols between two communication points
IPsec on IP networks to provide data authentication, integrity, and 4500
confidentiality. It also defines encrypted, decrypted, and
authenticated packets.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is

the standard character encoding used in telecommunications. The
ASCII ASCII representation “ask-ee” is strictly a 7-bit code based on 9500
the English alphabet. ASCII codes are used to represent
alphanumeric data.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Encoded Decimal Interchange Code)

(pronounced “ehb-suh-dik” or “ehb-kuh-dik”) is an alphanumeric
EBCDIC –
binary code developed by IBM to run large-scale computer
systems .
X.25 is an International Telecommunication Union

Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) protocol
X.25 PAD standard simply for Wide Area Network (WAN) communications –
that basically describes how the connections among user devices
and network devices are established and maintained.
Skip to content
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) commonly uses the term
“frame” to denote units or logs of units of data that are
HDLC frequently transmitted or transmitted from one station to –
another, express. Each frame on the link must start and end with
a flag sequence field (F).
SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is a TCP/IP

SLIP implementation which was described under RFC 1055 (Request
for Comments).
Link Access Procedure (LAP) is basically considered as an ITU

family of Data Link Layer (DLL) protocols that are subsets of
LAP High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). LAP is particularly derived –
from IBM’s System Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols that are part

NCP 524
of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending the

Mobile IP Internet Protocol, IP) that allows a user to move from one 434
network to another using the same her IP address.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allowing

you to make voice calls over a broadband Internet connection
VOIP instead of an analog (regular) phone line. Some VoIP services 5060
allow you to call people using the same service, but others may
geeksforgeeks.org
allow you to call anyone. asks for your consent to
Lightweight perm_identity
Directory Personalised
Accessads and content, ad(LDAP)
Protocol and content
is measurement,
an internet
audience insights and product development
protocol works on TCP/IP, used to access information from
LDAP devices Store and/or is
access information on ato
device 389
directories. LDAP protocol basically used access an active
directory.
GRE or Generic Routing Encapsulation is a tunneling protocol
this Cisco.
developed by site or app.
It encapsulates IP packets i.e. deliverable
GRE 47
inner packetsSome
intovendors
outermay process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
packets.
withdraw consent.
The HTTP headers Authorization header is a request type header
that used to contains the credentials information to authenticate
AH 51
a user through a server. If the server responds with 401
Unauthorized and the WWW-Authenticate header not usually.
Encapsulation security payload, also abbreviated as ESP plays a

ESP very important role in network security. ESP or Encapsulation 500
security payload is an individual protocol in IPSec.
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is the underlying

NNTP protocol of UseNet, which is a worldwide discussion system 119
which contains posts or articles which are known as news.
DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model– helps remote

RPC-
object via running on a protocol known as the Object Remote –
DCOM Procedure Call (ORPC).
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that was

developed by Jakko Oikarinen in Finland. Chat is the most
IRC convenient immediate way to communicate with others via 6667
Internet.
IEEE Standards:
Standards Description
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Skip to content

IEEE 802.1 LAN/MAN Bridging and management
IEEE 802.1s Multiple spanning tree
IEEE 802.1
Rapid reconfiguration of spanning tree
w
IEEE 802.1x Port-based network access control
IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD access method (Ethernet)
IEEE
10 Gigabit Ethernet
802.3ae
IEEE 802.4 Token passing bus access method and Physical layer specifications
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring access method and Physical layer specifications
Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) access method and Physical layer
IEEE 802.6
specifications (MAN)
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN
IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic

IEEE 802.9 Isochronousgeeksforgeeks.org
LANs (standard withdrawn)
asks for your consent to
IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN/MAN Security
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN MAC and Physical layer specifications
IEEE
Wireless with speed upto 54 Mbps
802.11a Your personal data will be processed and information from your device
IEEE this site or app.
802.11b Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
withdraw consent.
IEEE
802.11g
IEEE
802.11n
IEEE 802.12 Demand-priority access method, physical layer and repeater specifications
IEEE 802.13 Not used
IEEE 802.14 Cable modems (proposed standard was withdrawn)
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN)
IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Access
Networking Devices:
Device Description
Any device, such as a workstation, laptop, tablet, or smartphone, that is used to

Client
access a network.
Server Provides resources to network users, including email, web pages, or files.
Skip to content
A Layer 1 device that does not perform any inspection of traffic. A hub simply
Hub
receives traffic in a port and repeats that traffic out of all the other ports.
A Layer 2 device that makes its forwarding decisions based on the destination
Media Access Control (MAC) address. A switch learns which devices reside off
Switch
which ports by examining the source MAC address. The switch then forwards
traffic only to the appropriate port, and not to all the other ports.
A Layer 3 device that makes forwarding decisions based on Internet Protocol

Router (IP) addressing. Based on the routing table, the router intelligently forwards
the traffic out of the appropriate interface.
Can operate at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. Also called a Layer 3 switch, a
Multilayer
multilayer switch is a high-performance device that can switch traffic within
switch
the LAN and for- ward packets between subnets.
Media can be copper cabling, fiber-optic cabling, or radio waves. Media varies
Media
in its cost, bandwidth capacity, and distance limitation.
Modem is short for modulator/demodulator. An analog modem converts the

Analog
digital signals generated by a computer into analog signals that can travel over
modem
conventional phone lines.
A digital modem used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service. Both
Broadband
operate in a similar manner to the analog modem, but use higher broadband
modem Welcome to geeksforgeeks.org
frequencies and transmission speeds.
A network device with a built-in antenna, transmitter, and adapter that
provides aperm_identity Personalised
connection ads and
point content, WLANs
between ad and content
andmeasurement,
a wired Ethernet LAN. APs
Access point audience insights and product development
usually have several wired RJ-45 ports to support LAN clients. Most small
(AP)
devices office
office or home Store and/or
(SOHO)access information
routers on a device
integrate an AP.
Cables in Networking Devices:
this site or app.
Ethernet Standards Data
interest, Cable
which you can object Fiber your
to by managing Type options below.Maximum
Look for Distance
(IEEE) withdrawRateconsent. (IEEE)
50m or 62.5um Multimode

Ethernet (10Base-FL) 10 Mbps 2km
@ 850nm
Fast Ethernet (100Base- 100 50m or 62.5um Multimode

2km
FX) Mbps @ 1300nm
Fast Ethernet (100Base- 100 50m or 62.5um Multimode

300m
SX) Mbps @ 850nm
Gigabit Ethernet 1000

50m Multimode @ 850nm 550m
(1000Base-SX) Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 62.5um Multimode @

220m
(1000Base-SX) Mbps 850nm
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 50m or 62.5um Multimode

550m
(1000Base-LX) Mbps @ 1300nm

9um Singlemode @1310nm 5km
(1000Base-LX) Mbps

9um Singlemode @1550nm 70km
(1000Base-LH) Mbps
Types of Ethernet Networks:
Skip to content
Speed Common Informal IEEE Formal IEEE Cable Type,
Name Standard Name Standard Name Maximum Length
10
Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Copper, 100 m
Mbps
100 Fast
100BASE-T 802.3u Copper, 100 m
Mbps Ethernet
1000 Gigabit
1000BASE-LX 802.3z Fiber, 5000 m
Mbps Ethernet
1000 Gigabit
1000BASE-T 802.3ab Copper, 100 m
Mbps Ethernet
10 10 Gig
10GBASE-T 802.3an Copper, 100 m
Gbps Ethernet
Types of Network Connections:
Type Description
A network of millions of interconnected and cooperatively connected computers is

Internet
called the Internet. Internet includes people, resources and means of collaboration
Welcome
It is an internal private network builtto geeksforgeeks.org
within an organization using Internet and
Intranet World Wide Web standards and products
geeksforgeeks.org asksthat
forprovides access to
your consent tocorporate
use your
information for the organization’s personal
employees. data to:
This is a type ofperm_identitynetwork that
audience allows
insights and external users to access an organization’s
product development
Extranet
intranet.
Transmission Meia:
Guided Media: accessed by and shared with third party vendors, or used specifically by
this site or app.
Type of media interest, which you can object to byDescription
managing your options below. Look for
withdraw consent.
It is a superimposed winding of two separately insulated conductors. As a
Twisted Pair
rule, several such pairs are grouped together in a protective cover. They are
Cable
the most widely used transmission media.
It has a PVC or Teflon insulating layer and an outer plastic sheath containing
Coaxial Cable
two parallel conductors, each with a separate conformal protective cover.
It uses the concept of light reflection through a glass or plastic core. The
Optical Fiber
core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic shell called the cladding.
Cable
Used to transfer large amounts of data.
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium

Stripline invented by Robert M. Barrett at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center in
the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of planar transmission line.
Microstripline Conductive material is separated from the ground plane by a dielectric layer.
Unguided Media:
Type of Description
media
These are easy to generate and can penetrate buildings. There is no need to
Radio
align the transmit and receive antennas. Frequency Range: 3kHz – 1GHz AM
waves
radios, FM radios, and cordless phones use radio waves for transmission.
Microwaves Multiplexer types: line-of-sight transmission. H. Transmitting and receiving

antennas should be placed properly. The distance a signal travels is directly
Skip to content
proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range: 1GHz – 300GHz
They are mainly used for mobile telephony and television distribution.
Infrared is used for short distance communication. Obstacles cannot be

penetrated. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:
Infrared
300GHz – 400THz It is used in TV remote controls, wireless mice, keyboards,
printers, etc.
Types of Multiplexers:
Type Description
The frequency spectrum is divided into logical channels and each user has
Frequency
exclusive access to his channel. It transmits signals in several different
Division
frequency ranges and multiple video channels over a single cable. Each
Multiplexing
signal is modulated onto a different carrier frequency and the carrier
(FDM)
frequencies are separated by guard bands.
Time Division Each user gets full bandwidth for a short period of time on a regular basis.
Multiplexing
The entire channel is dedicated to her one user, but only for a short time.
(TDM)
Wavelength This is the same as FDM but applied to fiber, with the difference that here
Division the operating frequency is much higher, actually in the optical range. Due
Multiplexing to its extremely high bandwidth, fiber optic has great potential.
Collision Detection:
Type Description
Carrier Sense Multiple In this method, after sending a frame, the station monitors the media
Access with Collision to see if the transmission was successful. If successful, the
Detection (CSMA/CD) transmission is terminated, otherwise the frame is retransmitted.
The basic
accessed by andidea
sharedbehind
with third CSMA/CA
party vendors, is thatspecifically
or used stations by must be able to
Carrier Sense Multiple this site or app.
receive while transmitting in order to detect collisions from different
Access with Collision Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate
stations.
interest, whichAyou
collision
can objectinto abywired
managing network nearly
your options below.doubles
Look for the energy of
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) athe
link at the bottomsignal,
of this page or in our privacy policy
received allowing stations towhere
detectyou a
can
potential collision.
withdraw consent.
It was developed for wifi, but can also be used for shared media.
ALOHA Multiple stations can transmit data at the same time, which can lead
to collisions and data corruption.
Network Layer Services:
Type Description
The process of encapsulating data (also called payload) received from upper
layers of the network into network layer packets at the source and
Packetizing
decapsulating the payload from the network layer packets at the destination
is called packetization.
These are two other services provided by the network layer. A network has
Routing and
many routes from a source to a destination. The network layer sets some
Forwarding
strategies for finding the best possible route. This process is called routing.
Mode of Communication:
Types Description
In simplex mode, communication is one-way, like one-way. Only one of the two
Simplex
devices on the link can transmit, the other can only receive. Simplex mode allows
Mode
data to be sent in one direction using the full capacity of the channel.
Skip to content
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the
Half-
same time. When one device transmits, the other device can only receive and
Duplex
vice versa. Half-duplex mode is used when simultaneous communication in both
Mode
directions is not required.
In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time. In
full-duplex mode, signals in one direction share the capacity of the link with
Full- signals in the other direction. This sharing can be done in two ways:
Duplex Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one
Mode for sending and the other for receiving.
Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both directions.
Classes in Computer Networking:
CLASS LEADING NET ID HOST NO. OF ADDRESSES START

BITS BITS ID BITS NETWORKS PER ADDRESS
NETWORK
CLASS 24 2
0 8 24 27 ( 128) 0.0.0.0
A (16,777,216)
CLASS
10 16 16 14 2 (16,384) 16 2 (65,536) 128.0.0.0
B
CLASS 21 2
110 24 8 Welcome to geeksforgeeks.org
8 2 (256) 192.0.0.0
C (2,097,152)
CLASS NOT use your personal data to:
NOT
1110 NOT DEFINED NOT DEFINED 224.0.0.0
D DEFINED DEFINED
CLASS NOT Store NOT

1111 devices and/or access information
NOT DEFINEDon a device NOT DEFINED 240.0.0.0
E DEFINED DEFINED
Subnet Address or Subnet 1st
accessed by andUsable
shared withIP
third party Last usable
vendors, IP
or used specifically by Broadcast
this site or app.
ID Using/16Prefix Address Address Address
120.0.0.0/24 a link at the bottom of this page or in 120.0.255.254
120.0.0.1 our privacy policy where you can120.0.255.255
withdraw consent.
120.1.0.0/24 120.1.0.1 120.1.255.254 120.1.255.255
120.2.0.0/24 120.2.0.1 120.2.255.254 120.2.255.255
120.3.0.0/24 120.3.0.1 120.3.255.254 120.3.255.255
120.100.0.0/24 120.100.0.1 120.100.255.254 120.100.255.255
120.101.0.0/24 120.101.0.1 120.101.255.254 120.101.255.255
120.200.0.0/24 120.200.0.1 120.200.255.254 120.200.255.255
120.201.0.0/24 120.201.0.1 120.201.255.254 120.201.255.255
120.253.0.0/24 120.253.0.1 120.253.255.254 120.253.255.255
120.254.0.0/24 120.254.0.1 120.254.255.254 120.254.255.255
120.255.0.0/24 120.255.0.1 120.255.255.254 120.255.255.255
Subnetting:
Private IP Address with Private IP Range Private IP Range denoted

Subnet Mask in CIDR
10.0.0.0 to
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8
10.255.255.255
Skip to content
172.16.0.0 to
172.16.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0/12
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0/16
192.168.255.255
CIDR SUBNET WILDCARD # OF IP # OF USABLE IP

MASK MASK ADDRESSES ADDRESSES
/32 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 1 1
/31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1 2 2*
/30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 4 2
/29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7 8 6
/28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15 16 14
/27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 32 30
/26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 64 62
/25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 128 126
/24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 256 254

/23 255.255.254.0 geeksforgeeks.org

0.0.1.255 asks
512 for your consent
510to
/22 255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255 1,024
Personalised ads and content, 1,022
ad and content measurement,
/21 255.255.248.0 devices0.0.7.255 2,048on a device

Store and/or access information 2,046
/20 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 4,096 4,094

/19 255.255.224.0 accessed by and shared with third8,192
0.0.31.255 party vendors, or used specifically
8,190 by
this site or app.
/18 255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255
interest, which you can object to by16,384
managing your options below.16,382
Look for
withdraw consent.
/17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 32,768 32,766
/16 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255 65,536 65,534
/15 255.254.0.0 0.1.255.255 131,072 131,070
/14 255.252.0.0 0.3.255.255 262,144 262,142
/13 255.248.0.0 0.7.255.255 524,288 524,286
/12 255.240.0.0 0.15.255.255 1,048,576 1,048,574
/11 255.224.0.0 0.31.255.255 2,097,152 2,097,150
/10 255.192.0.0 0.63.255.255 4,194,304 4,194,302
/9 255.128.0.0 0.127.255.255 8,388,608 8,388,606
/8 255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 16,777,216 16,777,214
/7 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 33,554,432 33,554,430
/6 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255 67,108,864 67,108,862
/5 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 134,217,728 134,217,726
/4 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 268,435,456 268,435,454
/3 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 536,870,912 536,870,910

Skip to content
/2 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 1,073,741,824 1,073,741,822
/1 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 2,147,483,648 2,147,483,646
/0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 4,294,967,296 4,294,967,294
Methods of Network Security:
Method Description
Verify a user’s identity, usually by asking them to enter a password or

Authentication
biometric identifier.
Encrypt data with a key, that is, the same key is required to decrypt the
Encryption
data. This is how HTTPS works.
Firewalls Protect the network from unauthorized access.
MAC Address Allow devices to access or be prevented from accessing the network based
Filtering on their physical address embedded in the device’s network adapter.
Last Updated : 21 Sep, 2022 22
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Computer Science Subjects

Data Science & ML

School Content geeksforgeeks.org asks for your consent to

Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement,

devices Store and/or access information on a device

A star topology is a network topology in which each element of the network is

A tree topology is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are

Personal Network is a network consisting of only a small number of devices

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that

TCP/IP Model and OSI Model:

TCP/IP OSI Model Protocols

Application DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, NTP,POP3, RTP,

Application Welcome to geeksforgeeks.org

Transport devices Store and/or access information on a device

Computer Network Protocols:

Network Description Port

A family of protocols that specify how devices on the same

Splits data into packets (reassembles later). Error checking is

UDP User Datagram Protocol 4096-65535

Every device has an IP address. Packets are “addressed” to

HTTP Used to access web pages from a web server. 80

HTTP’S uses encryption to protect data. 443

SMTP server has a database of user email addresses. Internet

Internet Message Access Protocol: Process incoming mail.

ARP finds a host’s hardware address (also known as MAC (Media

clients and servers.

FTPS is known as FTP SSL which refers to File Transfer Protocol

POP3 is a simple protocol that only allows downloading

Session Initiation ProtocolWelcome

devices Store and/or access information on a device

SSH (Secure Shell) is the permissions used by the SSH protocol.

VNC VNC stands for Virtual Network Communication. 5900

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful technique for

NFS uses file handles to uniquely identify the file or directory on

Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an error

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a network protocol used by

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an application 68

Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of translating

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is basically an asymmetric protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a protocol used to exchange

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

IP Security (IPSec) is a standard suite of Internet Engineering

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Encoded Decimal Interchange Code)

X.25 is an International Telecommunication Union

SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is a TCP/IP

Link Access Procedure (LAP) is basically considered as an ITU

Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols that are part

Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending the

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allowing

Encapsulation security payload, also abbreviated as ESP plays a

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is the underlying

DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model– helps remote

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that was

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Skip to content

IEEE 802.1s Multiple spanning tree

IEEE 802.1x Port-based network access control