Open Eng.

2017; 7:407–415

Research Article Open Access

Piotr Połowniak* and Mariusz Sobolak

Mathematical description of tooth flank surface of

globoidal worm gear with straight axial tooth
profile
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0047 the conditions of force transmission. This kind of gear
Received November 17, 2017; accepted December 19, 2017 drive has the increased load capacity due to the higher
contact ratio in comparison with the conventional worm
Abstract: In this article, a mathematical description of
gear drives, higher efficiency results from the existence of
tooth flank surface of the globoidal worm and worm
more favourable lubrication conditions [2, 5]. The experi-
wheel generated by the hourglass worm hob with straight
ence of many years allows establishing design proportion
tooth axial profile is presented. The kinematic system of
for Hindley’s gear geometry. The standard [6] presents the
globoidal worm gear is shown. The equation of globoid he-
formulas for calculating general gearset proportions for
lix and tooth axial profile of worm is derived to determine
the globoidal wormgearing assembled with axes at a 90◦
worm tooth surface. Based on the equation of meshing the
degree angle. There are also available another standards,
contact lines are obtained. The mathematical description
which provide incomplete guidelines for the design of dou-
of globoidal worm wheel tooth flank is performed on the
ble enveloping worm gear [7–9].
basis of contact lines and generating the tooth side by the
Simplified geometrical analysis of TA worm drive was
extreme cutting edge of worm hob. The presented mathe-
presented in [5]. The helicoidal surface of the worm was
matical model of tooth flank of TA worm and worm wheel
not taken into consideration in the analysis. The investiga-
can be used e.g. to analyse the contact pattern of the gear.
tion was divided into unmodified and modified drives and
Keywords: globoid worm gear, TA worm, meshing analysis relevant modification parameter as centre distance and ve-
locity ratio. A new type of double-enveloping worm gear
drive was proposed [10, 11]. The gear tooth surface of the
worm gearing is smooth, and it is shaped by a flying tool
1 Introduction
whose cutting edge is identical to the profile of the enter-
ing edge of worm. The worm surface is with a circular lead
The double enveloping hourglass worm drive was initially
changed to the established rule. A method for the deter-
invented approximately in 1765 by H. Hindley [1, 2]. The
mination of load distribution in double enveloping worm
hourglass worm is lathed by a lathe tool with straight
gearing was developed [12]. A modified new type of dou-
blade. The meshing worm wheel is generated by an hour-
ble enveloping worm gearing was proposed. In this case
glass hob similar to the hourglass worm. This type of
the gear tooth surface is generated by a flying tool whose
gear is called TA worm drive. In the beginning of XX cen-
cutting edge has the modified profile of the entering edge
tury, Samuel I. Cone patented the applicable technology
of the worm. The load distributions were calculated and
to manufacture this worm drive [3, 4]. This type of gear
the elastohydrodynamic analysis of lubrication was car-
achieved wide application rapidly because of its advan-
ried out [13]. The meshing analysis for TA worm drive was
tages. The special shape of the worm increases the num-
presented in [14]. It was proved that the two contact lines
ber of teeth that are simultaneous in mesh and improves
exist simultaneously. The first determined as constant con-
tact line and the second as set of the instantaneous con-
tact points. The method for curvature analysis for the he-
*Corresponding Author: Piotr Połowniak: Department of Me- licoidal surface of TA worm was shown in [15], but with-
chanical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 8 Pow- out meshing analysis. The geometrical simulation of worm
stańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland, E-mail: ppolown-
wheel tooth generation using the different axial section
iak@prz.edu.pl
Mariusz Sobolak: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszow profiles of worm representing hob cutting edges was pro-
University of Technology, 8 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 posed in [16]. The intersection profile method, described
Rzeszow, Poland

Open Access. © 2017 Piotr Połowniak and Mariusz Sobolak, published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the
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408 | Piotr Połowniak and Mariusz Sobolak

in [17], is suitable in case of not complex geometry of the

cutter. In this article the generation of worm wheel tooth
flank by the fly cutter representing end tooth of hob was
presented. The proper design and control of the machined
parts quality are important for creating precision applica-
tions [18]. The manufacturing of gears requires the genera-
tion of the complex surfaces. The machining processes are
very often affected by an excessive vibration [19] and cut-
ting conditions [20], potentially damaging the surface of
the gear work piece [21].
The aim of this work is to present the full mathemati-
cal description of the tooth flank of worm and worm wheel
in the globoidal worm gear. The axial section of the worm
is straight-lined (TA worm), the worm wheel is generated
by the hob cutter which is identical to the TA worm. The
mathematical description of teeth surfaces of globoidal
worm gear can be used e.g. to analyse contact region of
such kind of gear.

Figure 1: Coordinate system of globoid worm drive.

2 Geometric and kinematic
coordinate system of globoidal M ′ 2′ 2 include rotation parameter of worm φ′1 and worm
wheel φ′2 .
worm gear  
cos(φ1 ) −sin(φ1 ) 0 0
 sin(φ ) cos(φ ) 0 0
As illustrated in Fig. 1 the two stationary coordinate sys- 1 1
M11′ =  (2)
 
tem S1 (x1 y1 z1 ) and S2 (x2 y2 z2 ) connected with worm and  0 0 1 0


worm wheel respectively were established. These systems 0 0 0 1

can be handled as systems associated with housing. The
For the homogenous matrix M1′ 1 in the equation (2)
moveable coordinate system S′1 (x′1 y′1 z′1 ) of worm and S′2
instead of (φ1 ), (−φ1 ) is inserted.
(x′2 y′2 z′2 ) of worm wheel was introduced. The axes of worm
drive are orthogonal. Worm rotates clockwise about z′1 axis
 
1 0 0 0
by the angle φ′1 . Then worm wheel rotates clockwise about  0 1 0 a 
M21 =  (3)
 
x′2 by the angle φ′2 (in case of lead left worm). φ1 is the ge-  0 0 1 0 

ometric surface parameter and φ2 is the auxiliary param- 0 0 0 1
eter. Between φ′1 and φ′2 as well φ1 and φ2 exists relation-
ship resulting from the worm drive transmission ratio: Inserting (−a) in the equation (3) instead of (a), the
homogenous matrix M12 is obtained.
φ′2 φ2
i= = (1)
φ′1 φ1  
1 0 0 0
Centres of coordinate systems are described as O1 and  0 cos(φ2 ) −sin(φ2 ) 0 
M22′ =  (4)
 
O2 . The centre distance a of the TA worm pair is also the  0 sin(φ2 ) cos(φ2 ) 0


distance between the centres of coordinate systems. 0 0 0 1
The surface of TA worm in S′1 coordinate system is rep-
1′ For the homogenous matrix M2′ 2 in the equation (4)
resented by a position vector r( ) . Similarly, the surface of
1

instead of φ2 , (−φ2 ) is inserted.
worm wheel in the S′2 coordinate system is represented by
2′
position vector r( ) . The worm and worm wheel surface as cos(φ′1 ) −sin(φ′1 ) 0 0
 
2
well meshing geometry is obtained using the transforma-  sin(φ′ ) cos(φ′ ) 0 0 
M ′ 11′ =  1 1 (5)
 
tion matrices. The matrices M11′ , M22′ , M1′ 1 , M2′ 2 include 0 0 1 0 


the surface parameter φ1 and φ2 , while M ′ 11′ , M ′ 22′ , M ′ 1′ 1 , 0 0 0 1

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 Mathematical description of tooth flank surface of globoidal worm gear with straight axial tooth profile | 409

 
Inserting (−φ′1 ) in the equation (5) instead of φ′1 , The parametric description of globoidal helix shows
1′
the homogenous matrix M ′ 1′ 1 is obtained. the vector r( ) :
R
1′
r(R ) = M * 1′ 1 · r(1)
 
1 0 0 0 (9)
 0 cos(φ′ ) −sin(φ′ ) 0  R
M ′ 22′ =  2 2 (6)
 
 0 sin(φ′2 ) cos(φ′2 ) 0 


0 0 0 1
  4 Mathematical model of globoidal
Introducing (−φ′2 ) for φ′2 in the equation (6) the ho-
mogenous matrix M ′ 2′ 2 is obtained.
worm with straight axial profile
Points A, B, C, D are introduced on the tooth profile for
the zero backlash gear set in the central plane (y1 z1 plane)
3 Equation of globoidal helix (Fig. 3). They lie in order: point A on the gear root surface,
point B on the worm addendum surface, point C on the
The globoidal helix equation can be derived based on gear addendum surface, point D on the worm root surface.
determination of next positions of point R on the worm To define the points A, B, C, D, the auxiliary point E lying
thread (Fig. 2). Point R lies on the tooth flank in the plane on the gear pitch circle and tooth profile was inserted.
y1 z1 . This point is described by vector: The coordinates of point E can be determined as:
d w2
 
0 y1E = y0 + · cos(τ)
 y  2
 1 
r(1)
R = (7) d
 z1  z1E = z0 + w2 · sin(τ) (10)

2
1 where: y0 , z0 – coordinates of gear centre in worm co-
ordinate system, d w2 – pitch diameter of gear, τ – angle,
which can be define basis on geometrical dependences
from Fig. 3:
s mx1
τ= 2
· 360◦ (11)
π · d w2
where: s mx1 – axial worm thread thickness.
The equation of the straight line passing through point
E in the S1 (x1 y1 z1 ) coordinate system is searched. The
general equation of the straight line represents the for-
mula:
z = tg (α1 ) · y + b (12)
The component b of the equation (12) is determined,
substituting coordinates of point E:
b = z1E − tg (α1 ) · y1E (13)

Figure 2: Globoidal helix with coordinate systems.

The path of the point R along the globoidal helix is de-

termined by a homogeneous transformation matrix: Figure 3: Fragment of the tooth profile of worm and worm gear in the
M *
= M1′ 1 · M12 · M2′ 2 · M21 (8) central section.
1′ 1

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410 | Piotr Połowniak and Mariusz Sobolak

where: α1 – axial pressure angle of worm. In the equation (18) in the homogenous matrix M2′ 2 for
The equation of the straight line in the S1 coordinate φ2 the expression (17) is substituted. To obtain mathemat-
system passing through tooth profile of worm is expressed ical description of globoidal hob cutter, the points A and C
as: have to be used. In description of worm the coordinates of
points B′ and D′ are necessary. If the mathematical model
z = tg (α1 ) · y + z1E − tg (α1 ) · y1E (14) will be used to define worm wheel tooth flank in the range
of meshing as well for tooth contact pattern analysis, than
In order to determine the coordinates A, B, C or D, the
the profile of worm cutter can be limited to points B and C
system of equations (15) is solved, taking into account the
and for worm to points B′ and D′ . Section BC(or B′ C′ ) de-
expressions (10) and (11).
termines the working depth along the tooth profile of en-
(
2 2
(y − y0 ) + (z − z0 ) = R2 gaged worm and worm gear. The parametric equation of
(15) hob cutter axial profile (section BC) in y1 z1 plane is deter-
z = tg (α1 ) · y + z1E − tg (α1 ) · y1E
mined as:
The relationship between the pressure angle of the    
x1 (u) 0
worm and worm wheel represents the formula [22]:  y (u)   y + (y − y ) · u 
 1   1B 1C 1B
r(1)
BC =  = (19)

ϵ  z1 (u)   z1B + (z1C − z1B ) · u 

α1 = α2 + (16)
2 1 1
where: α2 – pressure angle of worm wheel in the central
where: u – parameter (u p ≤ u ≤ u k , u p = 0, u k = 1).
plane, α2 = α x (α x – axialpressure angle), ϵ – angular pitch
o
 The parametric equation of worm axial profile (section
of globoidal worm drive ϵ = 360 z2 .
B′ C′ ) in y1 z1 plane is expressed as:
In the equation (15) as R is taken:
d
 
for point A: R = 2f 2 , 0
df 2  y + (y − y ) · u 
for point B: R = 2 + c2 , r(1) =
 1B′ 1C′ 1B′ 
(20)
BC′ ′
for point C: R = d2a2 ,  z1B′ + (z1C′ − z1B′ ) · u 
 

for point D: R = d2a2 + c1 . 1

where: d f 2 – gear root diameter, d a2 – gear throat diame-
Parametric equation of the worm tooth flank surface is
ter, c1 , c2 – clearance in the worm and gear.
obtained by moving the tooth profile along the globoidal
After solving the system of equations (15) for a
helix. The position vector of this surface is expressed as:
given point, coordinates of this point are obtained  
(A(y1A , z1A ), B (y1B , z1B ), C(y1C , z1C ), D(y1D , z1D )). These x1 (u)
 y (u) 
are the coordinates of the tooth profile on the one side. 1′
r(1 ) = M * 1′ 1 ·  1 (21)
 
 z1 (u) 

For the profile on the second side the coordinates are
defined as: A* (y1A , −z1A ), B* (y1B , −z1B ), C* (y1C , −z1C ), 1
D* (y1D , −z1D ).
where: x1 (u), y1 (u), z1 (u) are the parametric equation
Introducing the clearance, the worm tooth thickness
of worm tooth axial section profile, φ1 – parameter from
is reduced. The profile of worm can be obtained by tooth
matrix M * 1′ 1 , which defines effective worm thread length
profile rotation of non-backlash drive with ϑ angle corre-
(φ1p ≤ φ1 ≤ φ1k ).
sponding to the half of the circumferential backlash de-
The worm tooth surfaces are shown in Fig. 4.
fined in arc measure. The angle ϑ is expressed as:
The basic geometric parameters of the double en-
jx veloping worm gear appearing in the equations can be de-
ϑ= (17)
d w2 termined by the standards [6–9]. Depending on whether
the worm or the worm cutter is modelled to generate the
A given point vector must be transformed. For exam-
worm wheel tooth side, the appropriate parametric equa-
ple, for point B the transformation of the vector r(1)
B =
  tion of the profile and the values of the threat range are
0
 y  introduced. The model of the second tooth side surface of
 1B 
 is described as: worm can be derived, when the contact region analyses are
 z1B 

made in case of small backlash or introduction gear set er-
1
rors.
r(1) = M12 · M2′ 2 · M21 · r(1) (18) In consideration of worm wheel mathematical mod-
B′ B
elling, the model of the tool is rotated with respect to the

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 Mathematical description of tooth flank surface of globoidal worm gear with straight axial tooth profile | 411

tooth surface is presented. The worm wheel tooth surface

is generated by the hob cutter model (Fig. 6), because the
thread length of tool should be longer than in the worm.
The presented gear hob model is without intermediate cut-
ting edges. The continuous generative surface of the hob
cutter between the extreme cutting edges is established.
It is noted that worm wheel surface is divided into three
regions (Fig. 5) [5]. Region II is the envelope to the fam-
ily of contact lines of the globoidal worm gear. Region I
and III is formed by a first cutting edge of worm hob cutter
(Fig. 6) [5]. One extreme cutting edge of the tool forms one
side of worm wheel tooth and the second edge forms the
another flank.

Figure 4: Tooth surfaces of globoidal worm with straight axial pro- Figure 5: Illustrative figure of tooth side of globoidal worm wheel
file. with marked region I, II, III.

axis z′1 so that the first cutting edge of the tool is in the The condition of existence of an envelope is repre-
plane y′1 z′1 . This procedure facilitates to present the math- sented by the equation of meshing:
ematical description of the worm wheel surface. The pa-
rameters are introduced: φ1p_tool , φ1k_tool – the range of n·v=0 (22)
coil length for the tool (φ1p_tool – value „-”, φ1k_tool – where:
value „+”), φ1p_worm , φ1k_worm – the range of coil length - n (n x , n y , n z )- normal vector to the surface,
for the worm (φ1p_worm – value „-”, φ1k_worm – value „+”), - v (v x , v y , v z )- tangent vector.
 
∆φ1p = φ1p_tool − φ1p_worm  – difference in ranges of
 

tool beginning and worm thread beginning, φ′1_worm_base

– the angle, which the worm should be rotated that the
worm thread beginning is in the plane y′1 z′1 (value „-”),
φ′1_tool_base – the angle, which the tool should be rotated
that
 first cutting edge of the tool is in the plane y′1 z′1
φ1_tool_base = φ′1_worm_base − ∆φ1p .
′

5 Mathematical model of worm

wheel generated by the globoidal Figure 6: Illustrative figure of tool model with marked extreme cut-
ting edges.
worm hob cutter with straight
axial profile Relationship between rotation of worm wheel φ′2 to ro-
tation of tool φ′1 is given by homogenous matrix M2′ ′ 1′ :
The coordinate system by cutting the worm wheel is the
same like shown in fig. 1. The description of one side of the M2′ ′ 1′ = M2′ ′ 2 · M21 · M11
′
′ (23)

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The developed form of homogenous matrix M2′ ′ 1′ is presented:

     
cos φ′1 − sin φ′1 0 0
         
a · cos φ′2

 cos(φ′ )sin φ′ cos φ′2 · cos φ′1 sin φ′2 
′ 2 1
M 2′ 1′ =  (24)
   
      ′

 sin φ′ sin(φ′ )
 1 2 cos(φ ′
1 )sin φ′2 cos φ′2 a · sin φ2 

0 0 0 1

2′
The normal vector n(1 ) can be calculated on the basis of worm tooth surface description. It is expressed as:

2′
n(x1 )
 
1′ 1′
(2′ )  2′ 
( ) ∂r(1 ) ∂r(1 )
n1 =  n y1  = L2′ 1′ · (
  × ) (25)
∂φ1 ∂u
( 2′ )
n z1

where: L2′ 1′ – is the matrix of transformation from 1′ do 2′ .

 
cos(φ′1 ) −sin(φ′1 ) 0
=  cos(φ′2 ) · sin(φ′1 ) cos φ′2 · cos φ′1 sin(φ′1 ) 



L 2′ 1′ (26)
 
sin φ′1 sin(φ′2 ) cos(φ′1 )sin φ′2 cos(φ′2 )

L2′ 1′ is obtained by crossing out the last row and the last column of the homogeneous matrix of transformation (24).
1′
In equation (25) the partial derivative of position vector r( ) to surface parameter φ and u is calculated. Partial
1 1
(1′ )
∂r1
derivative ∂φ1 is obtained by substituting in equation (21) for φ2 = φ1 · i(φ2 – the auxiliary surface parameter). The
1′
( )
∂r1
expression ∂u can be calculated after extending the equation (21) by the parametric equation of tooth profile x1 (u),
y1 (u)and z1 (u).
Tangent vector can be calculated based on kinematics of worm gear machining. Tangent vector is given by the
following expression:
 (2) 
v x1 ′
 (2′ )  dr(2 ) ′
( 2′ )
 = 1 = dM2′ 1′ · r(1 )
′
v1 =  v
 y1′  dφ′ ′ 1 (27)
2 dφ 2
(2)
v z1

dM2′ ′ 1′ φ′2
The derivative dφ′2
in the eq. (27) is calculated by substituting in eq. (24) for φ′1 = i . In the general equation (22)
′ ′
of gear meshing the eq. of surface normal vector n(1 ) (25) and tangent vector v(1 ) (27) are introduced:
2 2

2′
  2′
n(x1 ) v( )
 

( 2′ ) ( 2′ )  2′   x12′
( )   ( )

n1 · v1 =   n y1  ·  v y1
=0
 (28)
2′ 2′
n(z1 ) v(z1 )

After solving the eq. (28), for given parameters u the solutions set of φ1 is obtained. Substituting the solutions to
eq. (21) the lines of contact between worm and worm wheel in x′1 y′1 z′1 coordinate system are received (Fig. 7):

r(1
′
) (1′ ) φ , u

cl = r 1 1 (29)

Worm surface is in tangent with worm wheel surface at every instant of two lines. One contact line lies in the central
plane of worm drive. It is constant and straight. The other contact line is curvilinear and is moving to the first on each
worm wheel tooth being in mesh with worm. These lines generate that part of worm wheel, which is described as region
′
II. Region II is generated as the envelope to the family of surface Σ 1 . This part of worm wheel (r(1 )
2_Region_II ) can be obtained
by rotation the worm with specified value in rotation range from 0 to 2π (0 ≤ r ≤ 2π) and determining the contact lines.

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These lines are selected, which are not lying in the axial mined, is taken into account:
section of worm. Then the selected contact lines should be * 1′ 1′
brought to the one tooth side of worm wheel, as shown as r cl( ) = M ′ 11′ · r(cl ) (30)
example in Fig. 8. In the matrix M ′ 11′ the expression φ′1 = φ′1_tool_base
is substituted. Contact line from equation (30) is trans-
formed to base position:
1′ ) *(1′ )
r(2region ′
(i, j) = M12 · M22 ′ · M 21 · r
cl
(31)
II

In the equation (31) in the matrix M2′ ′ 2 the expres-

sion φ′2 = −r · i is substituted. The set of determined and
transformed contact lines represents the region II of worm
1′
wheel tooth (r( ) ). Index (i, j) by the position vec-
2_region_II
tor determines the numerical representation of the surface
and refers to the indexes of the solution table (i, j - natural
numbers).
Region I and III is formed by a first cutting edge of
worm hob cutter. It is equivalent with the extreme contact
′
line (r(1
cl_2
)
from Fig. 7), lying in central plane. The alterna-
1′
tive is transformation of axial profile of tool r(1 φ) =φ us-
( 1 1p )
ing the equation (21) and then the next transformation of
the profile to central plane:
Figure 7: Contact lines shown in S′1 coordinate system.
* 1′ 1′
r1( φ)=φ = M ′ 11′ · r(1 φ) =φ (32)
( 1 1p ) ( 1 1p )
In the matrix M ′ 11′ the expression φ′1 = φ′1_tool_base
is substituted. The surface generated by the extreme cut-
ting edge represented in coordinate system of tool S′1 is ob-
tained by applying the following equation:
* 1′ *(1′ )
r2( ) = M * 1′ 1 · r cl_2 (33)

or
* 1′ * 1′
r2( ) = M * 1′ 1 · r1( φ)=φ
( 1 1p )
′ ′
)
where: r*(1
cl_2
– contact line r(1 )
cl_2
after taking equation (30)
into consideration.
In eq. (33) in the matrix M * 1′ 1 the range of parameter
φ1 is selected to obtain the worm wheel tooth surface of
a given width (φ1p ≤ φ1 ≤ φ1k ). In the fig. 9 the surface
Figure 8: Region II presented in S′1 coordinate system. generated by extreme cutting edge of tool on the basis of
eq. (33) is plotted.
From the surface shown in Fig. 9 region I and III have
In the developed algorithm contact lines are deter-
to be separated. The two contact lines in the area of the ex-
mined for one tooth side of worm wheel. The tool is set in
treme cutting edge of the tool are the boundaries of the re-
the base position (in this position the extreme edge of the
gions (Fig. 7). For region I there is the contact line, which
tool is in the central plane). For this purpose, by solving ′
) ′
)
doesn’t lie in the axial plane of tool (r*(1 cl_1
= r*(1
cl (
i, 1)),
the equation (28) the rotation parameter φ′1 includes the
marked in Fig. 7). For region III there is the contact line ly-
angle of rotation φ′1_tool_base , ie. φ′1 = φ′1_tool_base + r. The ′
) ′
)
ing in the axial plane (r*(1cl_2
= r*(1
cl (
i, 2) marked in Fig. 7).
solution of equation (28) for the contact line which doesn’t
The separated region I and III of the worm wheel tooth sur-
lie in the axial plane of the tool is inserted into (29). The
face generated during machining through the extreme cut-
position of the tool φ′1 at which the contact line is deter-
ting edge of the tool is shown in Fig. 10.

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Figure 11: The worm wheel tooth surface of globoidal worm drive
Figure 9: Surface generated by extreme cutting edge of the tool.
generated by the tool with straight profile.

The worm wheel tooth surface is generated by the

combination of the regions I, II, III (Fig. 11):
1′ 1′ ) (1′ ) (1′ )
r(2 ) = r(2_region_I ∪ r2_region_II ∪ r2_region_III (38)

The worm wheel tooth profile in region I and III is

Figure 10: The separated region I and III of the worm wheel tooth straight and in the middle part – region II is concave.
surface generated during machining through the extreme edge of
the tool.

1′ )
6 Conclusions
The algorithm for selecting the region I (r(2_region_I )
consists in checking the condition: The presented mathematical model can be used in practi-
′ cal application by designing new transmission gear. The
r2(x )′ (i, j) < r*(1
* 1 ′
)
1 cl_ x ′ ( i, 1)
1
(34) double enveloping worm gear drive provides increased
load capacity in comparison with the cylindrical worm
* 1′
where: r2(x )′ (i, j) – element of coordinate table x1′ of worm gear drive. Because of this, it can replace the cylindrical
1
* 1′
wheel surface r ( ) determined on the basis on equation
2
worm gear in the gearbox, when the overall dimensions of
(33), generated during machining through the extreme the gear can’t be enlarged.
′
edge of the tool, r*(1 )
i, 1) – element of coordinate table Final conclusions can be formulated by following
cl_ x ′ ( 1
) ′ points:
x1′ of contact line r*(1
cl_1
(Fig. 10), i, j – natural numbers. 1. Presented mathematical model of globoidal worm
Equation (34) specifies the range of coordinates (i, j) drive with straight axial tooth profile shows that its deter-
of the table for region I. It can be expressed as: mination is complex. The theory of gearing and gear gen-
1′ ) *( 1′ ) eration mechanism was used.
r(2_region_I (i, j) = r2 (i, j) (35)
2. The extreme cutting edge of worm hob has a consid-
where: i, j are satisfying the condition (34). erable impact by generating the tooth side of worm wheel.
(1′ )
The algorithm for selecting the region III (r2_region_III ) It is circa 85% of tooth width of worm wheel.
is analogous and consists in checking the condition: 3. The presented mathematical model of tooth flank of
globoidal worm and worm wheel can be used for different
* 1′
r2(x )′ (i, j) > r*(1
′
) analysis, like contact pattern, lubrication condition of the
1 cl_ x ′ ( i, 2)
1
(36)
gear, etc.
′
)
where: r*(1
cl_ x ′ (
i, 2) – element of coordinate table x1′ of con- 4. The mathematical representation of tooth flank sur-
1
)′ face of hourglass worm and worm wheel can be helpful for
tact line r*(1
cl_2
(Fig. 10).
generation CAD models, which can be used for FEM anal-
Equation (36) specifies the range of coordinates (i, j)
ysis.
of the table for region III. It can be expressed as
1′ ) *( 1′ )
r(2_region_III (i, j) = r2 (i, j) (37)

where: i, j are satisfying the condition (36).

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 Mathematical description of tooth flank surface of globoidal worm gear with straight axial tooth profile |
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