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1/40/ECE
4.2
KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
Frequency compensation is needed when large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain is desired. Compensating
networks are used to control the phase shift and hence to improve the stability.
16. Mention the frequency compensation methods. (R)
*Dominant-pole compensation *Pole-zero compensation.
17. What are the merits and demerits of Dominant-pole compensation? (R)
*Noise immunity of the system is improved.*Open-loop bandwidth is reduced.
18. Define slew rate. (R) (Dec 2016) (April/May 2015) (June 2016) (April/May 2011)(Nov/Dec2010)
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input voltage. An
ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amp’s output voltage should change instantaneously in response
to input step voltage.
19. What causes slew rate? (R) (April/May 2015) (Dec 2016)
There is a capacitor with-in or outside of an op-amp to prevent oscillation. It is this capacitor which
prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.
20. Define an integrated circuit. (R) (April/May 2011)
An Integrated Circuit (IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive
components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active components are transistors and diodes
and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
21. Write the basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial growth process of pure silicon. (U)(April/May2011)
The basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial growth process of pure silicon is the hydrogen reduction of silicon
tetrachloride. 1200°C
SiCL4 + 2H2 ------------ Si+ 4HCL
22. List out the steps used in the preparation of Si – wafers. (R)
1. Crystal growth &doping 2.Ingot trimming & grinding 3.Ingot slicing 4.Wafer polishing & etching
5. Wafer cleaning
23. What are the two important properties of SiO2? (R)
1. SiO2 is an extremely hard protective coating and is unaffected by almost all reagents except by hydrochloric
acid. Thus it stands against any contamination.
2. By selective etching of SiO2, diffusion of impurities through carefully defined windows in the SiO2 can be
accomplished to fabricate various components.
24. Write the classifications of monolithic resistors. (R)
1. Diffused resistors. 2. Epitaxial resistors.
3. Pinched resistors. 4. Thin film resistors
25. Draw the pin configuration of IC741. (A) (Nov/Dec2010)
1.Gaseous mixture is used as the chemical reagent Chemical reagents used are in the liquid form.
2.Smaller line openings(≤ 1μm) are possible with
Line opening are larger.(> 1μm)
dry etching
3. It produces straight walled etching process. It produces patterns with undercutting.
4.4
KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
28. What are the two requirements to be met for a good current source? (R) (May/June 2012)
1) To reduce power supply variations
2) More economical than resistors in terms of die, area required to provide bias current is of small value.
29. List the various methods of realizing high input resistance in a differential amplifier. (R) (May/June 2012)
1) By employing a current source and current mirrors.
2) Switched capacitor filter.
30. What is meant by monolithic IC? (R) (Nov/Dec2014)
In monolithic integrated circuits, all circuit components, both active and passive elements and their
interconnections are manufactured into or on top of a single chip of silicon.
32. A differential amplifier has a differential voltage gain of 2000 and a common mode gain of 0.2.
Determine the CMRR in dB. (E) (April/May2015)
CMRR = 2000/0.2 = 10000dB
33. An operational amplifier has a slew rate of 4V/µs. Determine the maximum frequency of operation to
produce a distortion less output swing of 12V. (E) (April/May2015)
fmax = slew rate/2πVm =53kHz
Big Questions
1. Explain in detail the fabrication of ICs using silicon planar technology.(R) (June 2017) ((June 2016)
2. Discuss in detail the steps involved in the process of fabricating the transistor using monolithic IC
technology. (C) (June 2014) (Nov/Dec2013) (Nov/Dec2014) (June 2015) (June 2016)
3. Explain the working of a BJT differential amplifier with active load. (R) (Nov/Dec2013)
4. Design a Widlar current source and obtain the expression for output current. Also prove that widlar current
source has better sensitivity than constant current source.(A) (Dec 2016) (June 2016) (June2017)
5. Obtain the frequency response of an open-loop op-amp and discuss about the methods of frequency
compensation. (U) (April/May2015) (Nov/Dec2010)
6. i) With neat circuit diagrams, explain the operation of (May/June 2012)
a) Voltage reference circuit using temperature compensation.
b) Voltage reference circuit using avalanche diode reference.
ii) The current mirror shown below, is to provide a 1mA current with Vcc=10v.Assume β=125 and
VBE=0.7v
13. (i) Use appropriate block diagram, explain the general stages of an op-amp IC. (R) (Dec 2016)
(ii) Derive the transfer characteristics of dual input differential amplifier showing the linear and limiting
regions. Comment the same. (U) (Dec 2016)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable states. Thus, there are oscillations
between these two states and no external signals are required to produce the change in state.
16. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits? (U)
For sustained oscillations, the total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the desired frequency of
oscillation, fo. ie, Aβ =0 (or) 360° at fo, the magnitude of the loop gain | Aβ | should be equal to unity.
17. Mention any two audio frequency oscillators. (R)
*RC phase shift oscillator * Wein bridge oscillator
18. What are the demerits of passive filters? (R)
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductors become problematic, as
they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequency applications, more number of turns of wire must be
used which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie, low Q, resulting in high
power dissipation.
19. What are the advantages of active filters? (R)
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as passive elements.
*By enclosing a capacitor in the feedback loop, inductor less active filters can be obtained *Op-amp used in non
inverting configuration offers high input impedance and low output impedance, thus improving the load drive
capacity.
20. Mention some commonly used active filters. (R) (Nov/Dec2010)
* Low pass filter * High pass filter * Band pass filter * Band reject filter.
21. What is filter? (R) (April/May 2011)
A filter is a frequency selective circuit that allows a certain band of the input signal frequency components to
pass through and attenuates undesired of frequency components.
22. What is a voltage follower? (R)
The circuit in which the output voltage follows the input voltage both in magnitude & phase is called the
voltage follower circuit. It is a non-inverting amplifier with infinite input resistance & zero feedback resistance.
23. What is an integrator? (R)
By interchanging the resistor and capacitor of a differentiator, we obtain an integrator. The output is -1/Rfc1
times the integral of the input where Rfc1 is the time constant of integrator.
t
Vout = 1/R1Cf VO(t) dt + VO(o)
o
24. What is a differentiator? (R)
Op-amp circuit that contains capacitor acts as differentiation or differentiating amplifier.
The output wave form is the derivative of the input waveform.
VO = - Rf C1 (dVi / dt)
25. What is Clamper? (R)
It can be explained as introducing a dc level into an ac signal or shifting the ac signal to a predetermined dc
level other than zero. These also called as dc restorers.
26. What is Clipper? (R)
Clipping or limiter circuits are designed to reduce the positive or negative extremities of an input waveform to a
predetermined value which may zero.
27. Why active guard drive is necessary for an instrumental amplifier? (R) (May/June 2012)
Active Guarding is to reduce errors in an instrumentation amplifier.
28. Define Bandwidth of a filter. (R) (Nov/Dec2014)
The difference between upper cutoff frequency and lower cutoff frequency is called Bandwidth of a filter.
29. Design a second order LPF with a cut off frequency of 2 kHz. (A) (June 2014)
Given: N=2, fH =2kHz = 1/2πRC
Let C= 0.1µF, we get R= 0.8kΩ. For N =2, α=1.414
The pass band gain A = 3-α = 3-1.414 = 1.586
Hence the transfer function of second order LPF
H(s) =A/s2+1.414s+1= 1.586/s2+1.414s+1
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
Applications:
Analog computers,
Analog-to-digital converters
Wave-shaping circuits
35. For the non inverting operational amplifier with input resistance 2k and feedback resistance of 10k,
find the output voltage due to input voltage of 0.5 volts. (June 2017)
V0 = Vi (1+Rf/R)
= 0.5 (1+5) = 3V
Big Questions:
1. Discuss the need for an instrumentation amplifier? Give a detailed analysis for the same. (R)
(May/June 2013) (April/May 2015) (June 2016) (June 2015) (Nov/Dec2014) (Nov/Dec2013) (June 2014)
2. With circuit and waveforms explain the application of op-amp as (i) Summer (ii)Differentiator
(iii) Integrator. (U) (Nov/Dec2010) (Nov/Dec2013)
3. Discuss how a log and antilog amplifier is realized with op-amp circuitry. (R) (June 2015) (April/May 2015)
4. Sketch the peak detector using op-amp and explain its operation. (U) (April/May 2011)
5. Draw the comparator circuit using op-amp and explain its operation. (U) (April/May 2011)
6. Draw and explain clipper and clamper circuit. (U) (Nov/Dec2010)
7. Draw the schematic of an active second order LPF and sketch the frequency response. (U)
8. Sketch the basic circuit using op-amp to perform the mathematical operation of Differentiation and
explain. What are the limitations of an ordinary OP-AMP differentiator? (U) (June 2016) (Dec 2016)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
9. Draw and explain the circuit of voltage to current converter and current to voltage converter. (U)(June 2017)
10. Explain the working of OP-AMP based Schmitt trigger circuit. (R)(April/May 2015) (June 2017)
11. i) What do you understand by an integrator? (E) (May/June 2013)
ii) Draw and Explain an ideal active op-amp Integrator circuit.
iii) Draw the I/O waveforms for: Integrator
1) Step input signal 2) Square wave input signal 3) Sine wave input signal
iv) Derive the expression for change in output voltage.
v) List the applications of practical integrator.
vi) Design a practical integrator circuit with a dc gain of 10, to integrate a square wave of 10 kHz.
12. Explain the working of i) Precision full wave rectifier ii) Schmitt trigger. (U)(Nov/Dec2014) (June 2016)
13. With neat block diagram explain the working of function generator IC 8038. (R)(June 2014)
14. Discuss in detail the operation of Astable multivibrator. (R) (April/May 2011)
15. Discuss in detail the operation of Monostable multivibrator. (R) (April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec2013)
16. Explain the operation of triangular wave generator saw tooth wave generator. (R) (Dec 2016)(June2017)
17. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits? Discuss any two sine
wave generators? (U) (June 2015)
18. Design a wideband pass filter having fL =400Hz, fH = 2kHz and pass band gain of 4. Find the value of Q of
the filter. (ANA) (April/May 2015)
19. (i) With the neat circuit diagram and mathematical expressions, explain the operation of scale changer.(R)
(ii) Design an OP-AMP based first order active low pass filter. (U) (Dec 2016)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
*It removes the high frequency components and noise. *Controls the dynamic characteristics of the PLL such as
capture range, lock-in range, band-width and transient response. *The charge on the filter capacitor gives a
short- time memory to the PLL.
12. Mention some typical applications of PLL in the field of communications. (R) (April/May 2015)
• Frequency multiplication/division • Frequency translation • AM detection • FM demodulation
• FSK demodulation.
13. A PLL frequency multiplier has an input frequency of f and a decade counter is included in the loop.
What will be the frequency of the PLL? (E) (May/June 2013)
F0=Nfs F0=output frequency, fs = input frequency, N= scaling factor of the counter
14. Draw the pin configuration of VCO. (U) (April/May 2011)
15. What are the advantages of variable transconductance technique?(R) (June 2016)
1. Simple to integrate into monolithic chip
2. Provides good accuracy
3. Very cheap hence economical.
4. It provides high speed of operation which is 2 to 3 time more than logarithmic method.
16. VCO is also called as V-F converter. Why? (R) (May/June 2012) (Dec 2016)
In VCO, applied input voltage controls output frequency. Therefore convert applied voltage into corresponding
frequency.
17. What is FSK? Give its application. (R) (June 2014)
Frequency shift keying is a type of frequency modulation, in which the binary data or code is transmitted by
means of carrier frequency, which is shifted between two fixed frequency values fi representing logic 0 and fc
representing logic 1 and the two frequencies are called mark and space corresponding to logic 1 and logic 0
respectively.
Application: Digital data communications and computer peripheral.
18. Draw the AM detector using PLL. (U) (June 2014)
AM
input 90 phase Demodulated output
Multiplie LPF
shift r
PLL
VCO o/p
19. Name a few applications of an analog multiplier? (R)
1. Frequency doubling 2. Multiplication 3. Frequency Shifting 4. Division
5. Phase angle detection 6. Waveform generation 7. Squaring
20. How do you convert a basic multiplier to a squaring and square root circuit? (A) (April/May 2011)
In a multiplier circuit both input signals are same the output must be equal to the square of the input.so
multiplier circuit act as squarer when both inputs are same. Both inputs of the multiplier is connected to the
output of the op-amp then the output voltage is square root of the input.
21. What is four quadrant multiplier? (R) (June 2017)
If both inputs are positive, the IC is said to be a one-quadrant multiplier. A two-quadrant multiplier will
function properly if one input is held positive and the other is allowed to swing both positive and negative. If
both inputs are either positive or negative, the IC is called a four -quadrant multiplier.
Big Questions:
1. Briefly explain the block diagram of PLL and derive the expression for Lock range and capture range.
(R) (June 2016) (June 2015) (April/May 2015) (Nov/Dec2013)
2. With a neat functional diagram, explain the operation of VCO. Also derive an expression for fo. (U)
(Dec 2016) (June 2016)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
3. Analyses the Gilbert’s four quadrant multiplier cell with a neat circuit diagram. Discuss its applications.
(ANA) (June2017) (Dec 2016) (June 2014) (Nov/Dec2013)
4. i) List and define the various performance parameters of a Multiplier IC.(April/May 2015) (May/June 2012)
ii) How the multiplier is used as voltage divider?
iii) How the multiplier is used as frequency doubler? (R) (June 2016) (Dec 2016)
5. Explain, with neat block diagrams, how PLL is used as (R) (Nov/Dec 2014) (June 2015) (June2017)
i) AM Detector ii) FM Detector iii) Frequency Synthesizer iv) FSK modulation and demodulation
6. Explain the working of IC565. (R) (June 2014) (June 2014) (Nov/Dec2013)
7. i) What do you mean by variable Transconductance analog multiplier. (U)
ii) State the advantages of variable Transconductance technique for analog multiplication.
iii) Draw the circuit and explain the working of one quadrant variable transconductance analog multiplier.
8. Explain in detail about the closed loop analysis of PLL. (R)
9. Describe the working of a analog multiplier using emitter coupled transistor pair. (U) (Nov/Dec 2014)
10. Explain the application of VCO for FM generation. (R) (April/May 2015)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
Big Questions:
1. What is integrating type converter? Explain the operation of dual slope ADC. (R) (June 2014)
2. Explain the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC. (R) (June2017) (June 2016)
3. Explain the various types of digital to analog converters. (R) (April/May 2011)
4. i) Explain the following types of electronic switches used in D/A converter, (R) (May/June 2012)
with suitable diagrams. 1) Totem pole MOSFET switch 2) CMOS inverter as a switch
(ii) Explain the working R-2R ladder DAC, by taking example of a three bit DAC circuit. Sketch the
corresponding equivalent circuits and hence obtain the equation for output. (U) (June 2014) (May/June 2013)
5. (i) With a neat circuit diagram and waveform of output , explain the working of dual slope A/D converter.
(ii) Give a table of comparison of Flash, dual slope and successive approximation ADC’s, in terms of
parameters like speed, accuracy, resolution, input hold time. (U) (June 2016) (May/June 2012)
6. Explain the working of weighted resistor D/A convertor. (R)(Nov/Dec2014) (June2016) (June2017)
7. i) Compare single slope and dual slope ADC. (ANA) (April/May 2015)
ii) For a particular dual slope ADC, t1 is 83.33ms and the reference voltage is 100mv.Calculate t2 if
1) v1 is 100mv and 200mv. (E)
8. Draw the block diagram and explain the working of
i) Charge Balancing VFCS ii) Voltage to time converter (R)
9. Discuss the operation of flash type A/D converter. (E) (June 2014) (Nov/Dec2014) (April/May 2015)
10. (i) Explain the operation of dual slope ADC. (R)
(ii)A dual slope ADC uses a 16 bit counter and a 4MHz clock rate. The maximum input voltage is +-10V.
The maximum integrator output voltage should be -8V when the counter has cycled through 2n counts. The
capacitor used in the integrator is 0.1µF. Find the value of the resistor R of the integrator. (E) (June 2015)
11.(i)With circuit, explain current mode type of DACs. Compare with voltage mode type. (ANA)
(ii) What are oversampling data converters. (R) (April/May 2015)
12.(i) Explain the working of a voltage to time converter. (R) (Dec 2016)
(ii) Discuss the specifications of ADC. (R) (Dec 2016)
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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/40/ECE
11. 10. Define line regulation. (R) (Dec 2016) (June2016)(Nov/Dec2014) (April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec2013)
Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the input voltage. It is
expressed in mill volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
11. Define load regulation. (R) (Dec 2016) (June2016) (Nov/Dec2014) (April/May 2011)
Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is expressed in mill
volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
12. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators. (R)
*The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line frequency.
*Because of low line frequency, large values of filter capacitors are required to decrease the ripple.
*Efficiency is reduced due to the continuous power dissipation by the transistor as it operates in the linear
region.
13. What is the advantage of switching regulators? (R) (June2017)
*Greater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low impedance switch. Power
transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a steady current flow.
*By using suitable switching loss reduction technique, the switching frequency can be increased so as to reduce
the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors.
14. What is an opto-coupler IC? Give examples. (R) (June 2014)
Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a photo sensing device. Examples for
opto-coupler circuit: LED and a photo diode, LED and photo transistor, LED and Darlington. Examples for
opto-coupler IC: MCT 2F, MCT 2E.
15. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers. (R)
*Better isolation between the two stages. *Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
*Wide frequency response. *Easily interfaced with digital circuit.
*Compact and light weight. *Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce, are eliminated.
16. What is an isolation amplifier? (R) (Nov/Dec2010)
An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its input and output terminals.
17. Draw the pin diagram of 555 timer. (U)
KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/43/ECE
4.15