State of matter

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and
some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein
condensates (in extreme cold), neutron-degenerate matter (in extreme density),
and quark–gluon plasma (at extremely high energy). For a complete list of all
exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.

Bromine in both liquid and gas state,

encased inside acrylic in solid state
 Helium's orange glow in its plasma
state

Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties.

Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in
temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (atoms,
molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state
maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure),
but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close
together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume
and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close
together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and
shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and
electrons, both of which can move around freely.

The term "phase" is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is
possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same
state of matter. For example, ice is the solid state of water, but there are multiple
phases of ice with different crystal structures, which are formed at different
pressures and temperatures.

Four fundamental states

Phase transitions

Non-classical states

Low-temperature states
High-energy states

Very high energy states

Other proposed states

Arbitrary definition

See also

Notes and references

External links

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Last edited 3 months ago by Sokolesq